27/8/2021 Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Notes Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE

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Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Notes
Chapter 1
July 2, 2019 by Bhagya

Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Notes Chapter 1

1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences
electric and magnetic effect.

2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them
are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the
passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon.

3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity.

4. Additivity of Charges Charges are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system
consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn.

5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final
charge of the system will be same.

6. Quantisation of Charge Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence,
quantised.

Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne

where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets
rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised.

7. Units of Charge

(i) SI unit coulomb (C)

(ii) CGS system

(a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C)

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(b) electromagnetic
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emu of charge
MCQS orMCQS
ab-C (ab-coulomb)

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1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C
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8. Coulomb’s Law It states that the electrostatic force of interaction or repulsion acting between two
NCERT SOLUTIONS
stationary RD SHARMA
point charges is given by
CLASS 12 CLASS 11 CLASS 10 CLASS 9

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9. Electrostatic forces (Coulombian forces) are conservative forces.

10. Principle of Superposition of Electrostatic Forces This principle states that the net electric force
experienced by a given charge particle q0 due to a system of charged particles is equal to the vector sum of
the forces exerted on it due to all the other charged particles of the system.

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11. Electrostatic Force due to Continuous Charge Distribution

The region in which charges are closely spaced is said to have continuous distribution of charge. It is of
three types given as below:

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12. Electric Field Intensity The electric field intensity at any point due to source charge is defined as the
NCERT
force SOLUTIONS
experienced RD SHARMA
per unit positive test chargeCLASS
placed12at that CLASS 11
point without CLASS 10 the source
disturbing CLASScharge.
9 It
is expressed as

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13. Electric Field Intensity (EFI) due to a Point Charge

14. Electric Field due to a System of Charges

Same as the case of electrostatic force, here we will apply principle of superposition, i.e.

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15. Electric
PAPERSFieldMCQS
Lines Electric
MCQS field lines MCQS
MCQS are a way of pictorially
MCQS MCQS mapping
MCQS the electric
NOTES field around
QUESTIONS a
SYLLABUS
NCERT
configuration of charge(s). These lines start IMPORTAN
on positive MATHS
charge and end on negative charge. The tangent on
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these lines at any point gives the direction of field at that point.

16.NCERT SOLUTIONS
Electric field lines due toRD SHARMA
positive CLASScharge
and negative 12 CLASS
and their11 CLASS 10
combinations CLASS
are shown 9
as below:

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17. Electric Dipole Two point charges of same magnitude and opposite nature separated by a small
distance altogether form an electric dipole.

18. Electric Dipole Moment The strength of an electric dipole is measured by a vector quantity known as
electric dipole moment (p) which is the product of the charge (q) and separation between the charges (2l).

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19. Electric Field due to a Dipole Electric field of an electric dipole is the space around the dipole in which
the electric effect of the dipole can be experienced.

21. Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field (E) is given by

24. Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when angle between p and E is 0° and in unstable
equilibrium when angle θ= 180°.

25. Net force on electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field is zero.

26. There exists a net force and torque on electric dipole when placed in non-uniform electric field.

27. Work done in rotating the electric dipole from θ1 to θ2 is W = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)

28. Potential energy of electric dipole when it rotates from θ1 = 90° to θ2 =0

U = pE (cos 90° – cosθ) = -pE cos θ = – p .E

29. Work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium to unstable equilibrium, i.e. when
θ1 = 0° and θ2 = π.

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W = 2 pE
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30. Work done in rotating the dipole from the position
SOLUTIONS of stable
QUESTION equilibrium to the position in which dipole
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27/8/2021 Electric Charges and Fields Class 12 Notes Chapter 1 - Learn CBSE

experiences maximum torque, i.e. when θ1 = 0° and θ2 = 90°.

W =NCERT
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