Grand Canyon University

Turabian Style Guide for Writing

Introduction
Students of Grand Canyon University (GCU) are required to use the guidelines provided
by Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th
edition), otherwise known as the Turabian manual, for preparing written assignments,
except where otherwise noted. GCU has made a Turabian template and other resources
available within the Student Success Center and GCU Library; therefore, students are not
required to purchase the Turabian manual.
In most cases of style, paper format, organization, and mechanics, this style guide follows
the Turabian manual. The manual may allow for various options in format. In such cases,
this style guide will take precedence.
A Turabian template and a Turabian tutorial are provided in the Student Success Center
for student download and use.
PLEASE NOTE: GCU curriculum materials (syllabus, lectures/readings, resources, etc.)
are not prepared using the Turabian style detailed in this style guide, but rather in an
editorial format that relies on either APA or Turabian author-date style as a framework.
Thus, curriculum materials should not be used as examples of correct style or format in
student papers.

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 Turabian Format and Style

General
1) This style guide provides guidelines for and examples of the Turabian notes-bibliography
style of documentation used primarily in the humanities (literature, history, the arts, and
religion). This style presents bibliographic information in either footnotes at the bottom of
pages or endnotes at the end of a paper, and usually a bibliography. Grand Canyon
University students are required to document sources using footnotes and a bibliography in
paper assignments and endnotes with no bibliography in PowerPoint assignments.
2) Unless otherwise directed by the instructor or the nature of an assignment calls for first-
person narrative (e.g., personal reflection), papers are to be written in formal, academic style
using third person. First or second person pronouns are not acceptable. This includes I, we,
our, us, and you. Instead, use words such as: one, a person, the writer, etc. For example, if a
student as the writer of a paper wanted to express an opinion about something, it is incorrect
to write "I compared . . ." However, it is acceptable to write "The writer of this paper
compared . . ." Students should also avoid emotional language, contractions, slang, popular
clichés, and exclamations (and exclamation points) in writing.

Paper Format
1) Standard-sized paper (8.5 x 11 inches)
2) Margins: 1” top, bottom, left, right
3) Text font: Times New Roman, 12 pt.
4) Note font: Times New Roman, 10 pt.
5) Double space all text except the following: block quotations, titles of tables, captions of
figures, and items in the following lists: footnotes or endnotes, table of contents, and
bibliography. The items in the above lists would be separated by a blank single-spaced line.
6) Use tabs or indents instead of spaces for paragraph indentation. Set tabs at 0.5 inch.
7) Align the text flush left (not justified); there will be a ragged right edge.
8) Double space between the title of the paper and the first line of text.
9) Header and pagination: All pages, except the title page, should have a header consisting of
the author’s last name and the page number. The name should be flush left and the page
number flush right.

Organization
The basic organization of a Turabian-style paper includes the title page, text of the paper, and the
bibliography, though students should follow any specific directions given in the assignment.
Title Page
Place the title of the paper, double-spaced and in bold headline caps (the beginning of each major
word is capitalized), a third of the way down the page, centered. Seven double-spaced lines

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below it, place your name, course number and title, and date, not bolded, on separate lines
separated by a blank line.

Body of Paper
1) The text contains all of the author’s main points as well as detailed and documented support
for those ideas. It begins with an introduction and ends with a conclusion, both of which can
be a single paragraph or several paragraphs, depending on the scope of the assignment.
2) Sections and subsections: Papers can be divided into sections, which can be further divided
into subsections. Each section or subsection should have a double-spaced subheading. A page
should never end with a subheading nor should any single line end or begin any page. There
are three levels of subheadings. Each level should have two or more subheadings. If not,
remove that level. The format for the levels of subheadings is as follows with examples in
shaded text:
a) First level: centered, double spaced, boldface type, headline-style capitalization

Topic to Final Draft

b) Second level: centered, double spaced, regular type, headline-style capitalization

Processing the Topic

c) Third level: flush left, double spaced, italic type, headline-style capitalization

Managing the Topic

Bibliography
1) The bibliography should start on a new page, with a second-level subheading of
"Bibliography" centered at the top of the page.
2) Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry
3) The entries should be single-spaced with a hanging indent of 0.5 inch.
4) Leave one blank line between entries.

Mechanics:
Numbers
1) Spell out whole numbers from one to one hundred. Use a hyphen in numbers with two words.
Also spell out round numbers in hundreds, thousands, millions, etc., and for most other
numbers, use Arabic numerals (e.g., thirty-six, one hundred, two thousand, but 101 and
1,345).
2) For percentages, decimals, and fractions, use Arabic numerals (e.g., 35%, 2.9, 2⅔).
3) Use words for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (e.g., "One hundred seventy-
two subjects responded; 132 subjects improved.").
4) If there are numbers above and below 100 in a sentence and none begin the sentence, use
numerals for all of them (e.g., Out of 172 subjects, 132 improved and 40 did not.)

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5) For other rules and exceptions regarding numbers, see the chapter on numbers in Part III of
the Turabian manual.

Abbreviations
1) Acronyms and abbreviations must be spelled out completely on their initial appearance in
text. For example, "Both the Society of Biblical Literature Handbook of Style (SBLHS) and
the Christian Writer's Manual of Style (CWMS) capitalize 'the Way' when used in terms of
Christ. However, neither the SBLHS nor the CWMS give any guidance on the capitalization
of 'the Truth.'"
2) Use abbreviations sparingly. Use only if the abbreviation is conventional, is apt to be
familiar, will save considerable space, and will prevent cumbersome repetition.
3) Avoid beginning a sentence with an acronym or an abbreviation.
4) Usually, abbreviations given in capital letters do not include periods (e.g., BA, US, LPN), but
abbreviations made up of lowercase letters or a combination of capital and lowercase letters
have a period (e.g., Capt., Gov., Dr.). Notable exceptions, such as kg, PhD, and DMin, can be
found in the chapter on abbreviations in the Turabian manual.

In-Text Punctuation
1) Put only one space, not two, following the punctuation at the end of a sentence.
2) Commas: The following rules about commas are in sentences that are themselves examples
of the rules:
a) A comma is used in sentences with two or more independent clauses joined by
conjunctions, but a noun or pronoun must be the subject in the other clause(s).
b) If a sentence contains a nonrestrictive clause, which could be removed without
disrupting the subject-verb-object meaning, put commas before and after it.
c) In a series of three or more words, phrases, or clauses, a comma is placed before the
conjunction.
d) Except for short prepositional phrases, commas are used to set off introductory words
and phrases.
e) Words that precede clarifying comments should be followed by a comma and
preceded by a period or semicolon; for example, namely, that is, and for example.
f) Finally, interjections and conjunctive adverbs are set off by commas.
3) Quotation marks: Use quotation marks for direct quotes, titles of shorter works (chapter,
short story, article, song, and lecture), when a foreign word or phrase is defined, and when a
word or phrase is used in an unconventional way. (e.g., When the printer "ate" the original,
my French coworker used an idiom, c'est la guerre, meaning "That's war.")
4) Hyphens:
a) The best authority on whether two words should be hyphenated, joined together, or
used as two separate words is Webster's Third New International Dictionary or its
abridgement, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.
b) For compound words not in the dictionary, use hyphens for clarity rather than omit
them.

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 c) Hyphenate compound adjectives that precede a noun they modify but do not
hyphenate when they are after a noun:
i) open-ended discussion questions, but the discussion questions are open ended
ii) duty-free goods, but the goods were purchased duty free
iii) long-term goals, but the goals are long term.
d) Do not hyphenate a compound adjective if its meaning is established or it cannot be
misread:
i) grade point average
ii) sex role difference
e) Do not hyphenate words beginning with a prefix, unless the prefix is before a
capitalized word or number; the prefix would result in two i's or a's together; a word
that could be misread (e.g., re-form [form again], re-pair [pair again], and un-ionized
[not ionized]); the prefix precedes a compound word that is hyphenated or open (e.g.,
non-coffee-drinking and post-high school); or the prefix stands alone (e.g., "macro-
and microeconomics").
f) For other rules and examples of hyphenation, see the section on compounds and
words formed with prefixes in the Turabian manual.
5) Dashes
a) An en dash can be used to separate numbers or words in a range (e.g., pages 4‒12 of
the January‒March issue). To insert an en dash between two numbers or words, use
CTRL + minus sign on the number keypad on a Windows computer. On an Apple
computer, the keys are OPT + minus sign. The Turabian manual allows the use of a
single hyphen in place of an en dash. Whatever method is used should be consistent
throughout the paper.
b) The em dash is the longest dash and is used―as in this example―to indicate a
sudden break in thought that disrupts the sentence structure or to set off an amplifying
or explanatory element. To insert an em dash, type two hyphens between words
without any intervening spaces. Another way is to use the keyboard shortcut: CTRL +
ALT + minus sign on the number pad on a Windows computer. On an Apple
computer, the keys are SHIFT + OPT + minus sign.
c) There are no spaces before or after dashes.
d) A 3-em dash, which is created by joining three em dashes, is used in bibliographies as
a ditto mark in place of the author's name when there are two or more works by the
same author.
6) For more rules and examples of punctuation, see the chapter on punctuation in the Turabian
manual.

Capitalization
1) Appendix A: Capitalization of Biblical and Religious Words lists words that should be
lowercased or capitalized.

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2) Do not capitalize first-, second-, and third-person pronouns for God, Holy Spirit, and Jesus or
deities of other religions. However, when quoting from a source, retain the capitalization
style of that source.
3) Always use a capital when referring to the God of the Bible and for names or titles of
specific spiritual beings but not a devil, an angel, or a god when used generally or
descriptively. For example:
a) In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.
b) Many ancient Greeks believed that a god named Jupiter ruled the heavens.
c) Satan and his devils
d) Messiah
e) the Devil
f) the Trinity
g) the Creator
h) the Holy Spirit
i) Prince of Peace
j) Michael the Archangel and his angels
k) Son of God, Son of Man.
4) Capitalize synonyms for the Bible (e.g., Scripture, the Word of God, the Book) but do not
capitalize scripture when referring to sacred books of non-Christian religions, when used as
the adjective scriptural, or when using the plural form for referring to a passage(s) within the
group as a whole (She studied the scriptures from the Gospel of Mark). Do not capitalize
word when used in the sense of God's promise, or gospel when used generally in the sense of
the Christian message. Gospel, however, should be capitalized when referring to that part of
the canon as a whole (i.e., the Gospels) or one of the four synoptic gospels (e.g., the Gospel
of John).
5) Always use a capital for the names of people and titles used with the name. For example:
a) Prophet Noah
b) Adam HaRishon
c) King David
d) John the Baptist
e) Jesus Christ.
6) Always use a capital for the names of places. Both heaven and hell are not capitalized and
earth is not capitalized if used as a synonym for the world. For example:
a) Mount of Olives
b) Garden of Eden
c) The planet Earth
d) New Jerusalem
e) the Red Sea
f) move heaven and earth
7) Always capitalize for the name of people groups. For example:
a) Israelites
b) Babylonians
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 c) Canaanite, Canaanites
d) Pharisees, Sadducees, Samaritans
e) Christian, Christians, Christianity.
8) Capitalize holy days and religious observances. For example:
a) Advent
b) Epiphany
c) Michaelmas
d) Ash Wednesday
e) Holy Communion
f) National Day of Prayer
g) Christian Unity Week
h) Holy Week
i) Passover
j) Lent
k) Saint Valentine’s Day
9) Capitalize names of specific groups, movements, and denominations but not broad
movements or "church," unless it is the official title of a denomination. For example:
a) Baptist church
b) Pentecostal(ism)
c) charismatics
d) Puritan(ism)
e) church and state
f) Christ’s church
g) Episcopal Church
h) the church
i) Methodist church
j) Protestant church
k) Roman Catholic Church
l) United Methodist Church
10) In titles and subtitles and headings and subheadings, do not capitalize articles (a, an, the),
coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, for), or the words to or as, except when they are the
first or last word.
11) Do not capitalize prepositions (of, in, at, above, under, up, down, through, etc.), unless they
are used as adverbs (Shining Through) or adjectives (Up the Down Staircase).
12) Capitalize words after a colon in headings even if they are in sentence style. Sentence style is
a capitalization style in which only the first word, words after colons, and any proper nouns
or proper adjectives are capitalized.
13) Capitalize the second part and subsequent parts of hyphenated compound words unless the
word is an article, coordinating conjunction, or preposition, or unless the first part is a prefix
(re, pre, post, anti, etc.). For example, the title "Twenty-First-Century Constitutional Law
and the Re-establishment of a Black-and-White Interpretation." Note that Re-establishment

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 should not be hyphenated in Turabian style, but the original hyphenation must be followed in
titles as it is in quotations.
14) Lowercase the second part of a species name (e.g., Homo sapiens).
15) For the titles of works predating the year 1800, retain the original capitalization and spelling,
except that words in all capital letters, which should be spelled with an initial capitals only.
16) See the index of the Turabian manual for other general rules and exceptions for
capitalization.

Quotations
1) Introduce a quote with the source's name followed by an action term (writes, notes, claims,
etc.) and a comma or the word that.
2) Periods and commas should be placed inside quotation marks; semicolons and colons go
outside. If a quote ends with a semicolon or colon, change it to a period or comma. Question
marks and exclamation points should be placed outside quotation marks unless the question
or exclamation is part of the quotation.
3) To omit material within a quotation, use ellipsis points (…). When omitting an entire
sentence, end the previous sentence with a period and then add the ellipsis points. To add
material within a quotation, enclose the addition in square brackets.
4) Accuracy in quotes is essential—wording, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. You
must use the exact quote, even if it does not follow Turabian style. However, when
incorporating a quote into the syntax of your sentence, you can make minor changes (e.g.,
adding or removing first-word capital, using brackets for additions, or using ellipses for
omissions).
5) If the original quote has an obvious typographical error, correct it without comment, unless
leaving the error will illustrate a point the author is making, in which case, follow the error
with [sic].
6) Block Quotes:
a) Prose quotations of five or more lines should be set in block quotation format. A
block quote is set off from the text in single-spacing and indented in its entirety 0.5
inch from the left margin, with no quotation marks at the beginning or the end. If
there is more than one paragraph in the quote, indent the first line of subsequent
paragraphs an additional 0.5 inch.
b) Leave a blank line before and after a block quote.
c) Present a quotation of two or more lines from a poem as a block quote. Begin each
line of the poem on a new line, with punctuation as in the original poem.

Names
1) When referring to an outside source in the text of a paper for the first time, use the full name
of the author. In subsequent references, use only the author's last name in the text.
2) If a source is usually referred to by a first name (e.g., Michelangelo) name, refer to that
source using the first name only in the first and subsequent references.

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3) Italicize foreign words that are not familiar enough to be in the dictionary; species names; the
names of ships, aircraft, etc.; legal cases; and the first use of key terms. For other rules and
examples of names and terms, see the chapter on names, special terms, and titles of works in
the Turabian manual.

Source Citations
General:
1) All direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries must be cited. Only common knowledge
does not need to be cited. Information and ideas that are not common knowledge or are not
available in a standard reference work must be cited. For example, it is common knowledge
that Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, and The
Starry Night was painted by Vincent Van Gogh. However, sometimes it is difficult to know
for sure what is common knowledge, especially when writing about a subject that is new to
you. You may need to consult with an expert, such as a professor, within the discipline. If
you are not sure if something is common knowledge, document it to be safe.
2) Plagiarism: Plagiarism is the intentional or inadvertent use of someone else's published
words or ideas without proper attribution. Please refer to GCU’s Policy on Plagiarism in the
University Policy Handbook and view the Plagiarism Prevention Tutorial in the Student
Success Center.
3) Provide information necessary to identify the source and do not add unnecessary information.
For example, if you are citing the entire work and not a specific page or range of pages, it is
not necessary to provide the inclusive page numbers for the entire book.
4) If a source has no page numbers (for example, an online article), cite the paragraph number
of the reference within the source.
5) Citations of Bible and Ancient Texts:
a) Use Arabic not Roman numerals in biblical citations and do not write out numbers.
b) Use a period between chapter and verse for classical references and other literary
references, but a colon for biblical references. For example: Rom 6:4, but Homer, The
Odyssey 9.266–71. The only way to accurately cite classical works across all different
editions is by referring to the organizing principles they have come to have in
common (e.g., book, chapter, section, or paragraph numbers).
c) If citations to classical, patristic (church fathers), and medieval sources are from
modern English translations, the edition must be specified and the normal rules for
citing books should be followed.
d) For specific rules and examples for citing classical works, see the section on
additional types of published sources in the Turabian manual.
e) When referring to whole chapters or to whole books of the Bible or Apocrypha in
text, spell out the names of the books (do not italicize or underline them). The
abbreviations for them are to be used only in citations.
f) For quotes taken from the Bible, students should use one of the following versions:
the English Standard Version (ESV), the New International Version (NIV), or the
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 New American Standard Bible (NASB). Each of these versions is available in print.
These versions are also available free at www.BibleGateway.com. Students might
also find it helpful to choose a study Bible such as the Life Application Study Bible
NIV or the ESV Study Bible in order to take advantage of additional information.
These should be cited in text in parenthetical citations with just the book, chapter, and
verse numbers. However, the first in-text citation should have the specific version
attached to it after the chapter and verse number. When a different version is cited,
include the version abbreviation for the new version in the same way as mentioned
previously. For example, an ESV citation would be (John 1:6-8 [ESV]) for the first
reference, (John 1:6-8) if the version was previously mentioned, and (John 1:6-8
[KJV]) if the student wanted to compare the same verses from the King James
Version.
g) When citing multiple Bible passages, list each new book followed by the chapter
number and colon, and all verses in that chapter separated by a comma and a space. A
semicolon should separate references to subsequent chapters or books. Do not include
“and” or an ampersand (&) before the last citation. List passages in canonical and
numerical order. (e.g., Matt 2:3; 3:4–6; 4:3, 7; Luke 3:6, 8; 12:2, 5; Acts 15:1–5; Rom
1:8–12).
h) Abbreviations of books of the Bible should conform to the standard abbreviations
from the Turabian manual. These are listed in Appendix B of this style guide. Note
that abbreviations and full titles are not in italics and abbreviations end in periods. If a
scripture is used in the text instead of a reference in parenthesis, the name needs to be
spelled out instead of using the abbreviation.
i) Additional formatting help on the SBL website, The "Student Supplement for The
SBL Handbook of Style" (https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/SBLHSsupp2015-
02.pdf), provides helpful guidelines and examples for avoiding common citation
mistakes in biblical and theological studies. Only the sections in Part I on
Transliterating Greek and Hebrew Words should be consulted

Notes:
1) If adjacent to marks of punctuation, note numbers follow marks of punctuation (however,
they do precede a dash).
2) A note number should come at the end of a sentence, or at least at the end of a clause. If a
quotation is at the end of a sentence, put the note number after the closing quotation mark. If
it ends in the middle of a sentence, put the number at the end of the clause that includes the
quotation.
3) Notes should be numbered consecutively with a number not in superscript format, separated
from the note by a period and a space. Single-space the note with a blank line inserted
between each note, and the first line indented half an inch. This formatting is not
automatically established when you insert a footnote or endnote using Word's References
menu tools. The footnote will need to be manually formatted to comply with Turabian style,
which requires a period after the number and does not require it to be in superscript style. To

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 correct this, first highlight the number, then click the “Home” tab and then, in the Font group,
click the dialog box launcher (the small arrow icon in the bottom left corner of the group). In
the Font dialog box, uncheck the “Superscript” box under Effects and click “OK.” Then type
a period after the number. If you have more than one footnote on a page, you can highlight
all of them and follow the above steps. This will remove the superscript formatting from all
the footnote numbers at once. However, you will have to add periods after each number and
insert a blank single-spaced line between footnotes.
4) You may want to put substantive material (explanatory comments) in a footnote that you do
not want to include in the body of your text but also do not want to omit. However, do so
judiciously and sparingly. The Turabian manual suggests using symbols, such as an asterisk,
to distinguish substantive footnotes from numbered citation footnotes. However, due to the
limitations of Word, this is not possible. Therefore, they can be numbered footnotes.
5) After the first full note, a short form is used. Full words, rather than acronyms or initials,
should be used. The title can be shortened. If more than one work by the same author is cited,
use the title in the short form. If not, use just the author and page number. The author’s name
must appear in the note.
6) Italicize the title of whole published works. Use quotation marks around titles of chapters or
other parts of books and around titles of articles in journals and magazines.
7) Include secondary sources (those that quote an original or primary source) only if the original
is unavailable. Secondary sources can be formatted either with the primary source first or the
secondary source first, depending on the intent of the student. See the example in the section
on book citations.
8) Notes and bibliographies include reprint information and also give the date of the original
publication and, if possible, the original publisher. Original data comes first, then reprint
information. Do not cite new printings by the same publisher, only new editions.
9) Use separate notes for each quotation—do not use one note for a paragraph containing
several quotations.
10) Use of the abbreviation ibid. is allowed (capitalized, not italicized, and followed by a period).
Ibid. is used when notes to the same work follow one another with no intervening notes. The
author’s name and the title are never used with ibid. Use ibid. after the short form is used.
11) Use endnotes only in PowerPoints. Because PowerPoint does not have an insert endnote tool,
you will have to do it manually, using the following procedure:
a) For each quote or fact included in the presentation from another source, type a
number at the end of the sentence. Start with the first quote or fact; at the end of the
sentence or clause, type the number “1”.
b) Highlight the number “1”.
c) Click the “Home” tab and, in the Font group, click the dialog box launcher (the small
arrow icon in the bottom left corner of the group).
d) In the Font dialog box, click the “Superscript” check box under Effects and click
“OK.”

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 e) Move to the end of your presentation. Click the “Home” tab, click the “New Slide”
drop-down arrow in the Slides group, and select “Title and Content” for the layout of
your slide.
f) Type “Endnotes” in the title area of the slide. In the Paragraph group, click the icon
for Centered Text.
g) Click in the “Contents” area of the slide to add text. Click on the “Home” tab, and
then click the “Bullets” icon in the Paragraph group to remove the bullet. You do not
want to click the "Numbering" icon to insert numbers because you will be unable to
format the numbers.
h) Type the footnote number followed by a period and a space and type the endnote's
source information, using the format for that type of source.
i) Adjust the size of the text. Highlight the text and click the drop arrow on font size box
in the Font group. Select 10.
j) Set the text formatting so that it is indented 0.5 inch. Highlight the text and click on
the dialogue box launcher in the Paragraph group. In the Paragraph dialogue box, in
the Special Indentation setting, select First Line and 0.5".
k) Repeat steps i through iv and viii through x for each endnote. If, when you hit a hard
return for a blank line, the number automatically changes to a list number with a large
space between the number and first word, simply click the undo icon to restore your
formatting. Alternately, you can go to File>Options>Proofing>AutoCorrect
Options>AutoFormat As You Type and uncheck Automatic bulleted and numbered
lists.
12) Both notes and bibliography entries are structured according to the following patterns.
Depending on the type of source, some or all of the parts shown in the patterns below will be
present. The examples in the next part of this style guide ("Examples: Notes and
Bibliography Entries") may not have all parts shown. It is not practical to show every
possible example with different combinations of parts. Thus, for sources that have no exact
example in this style guide, refer to the patterns below. In notes, parts are separated by
commas (except for publication data, which are enclosed by parentheses). Bibliography
entries use a period where there is a comma in the note separating a part, there are periods
but no parentheses enclosing facts of publication, and there are either inclusive page numbers
or no page numbers instead of cited page numbers. For example, a note will have Author,
Title, (Publication Data), page cited, while a bibliography entry will have Author. Title.
Publication Data. Online source citations end with the accessed date followed by the URL or
doi number. When retrieving sources from a library database, the Turabian manual allows for
just the use of the database name instead of a URL. However, GCU students are encouraged
to use a persistent link URL or a doi number when available. Instructions on how to locate
persistent links are available under Research Guides on the GCU Library website.
a) The first note for a book should include the following information in the order shown:
i) Name of author(s), editor(s), or translator(s)
ii) Title and subtitle, if any
iii) Number or name of edition, if other than the first
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 iv) Name of editor, compiler, or translator, if any
v) Name of series in which book appears, if any, with volume or number in the
series
vi) Facts of publication, consisting of:
1. City and state or country of publication (if a state's city is familiar or
the state is obvious, you do not need to add the state's postal code
abbreviation)
2. Name of publisher. Do not include abbreviations such as Co., or Inc.
3. Year of publication
vii) Page number(s) cited
b) The first full note for an article in a journal or periodical generally includes the
following facts in the order shown:
i) Author(s)
ii) Title of article
iii) Title of periodical
iv) Volume and issue number (if available)
v) Publication date
vi) Page number(s)
c) Public documents vary considerably, and include congressional publications, reports
and documents, bills and resolutions, hearings, statutes, presidential publications,
publications of government departments and agencies, the US Constitution, treaties,
legal cases, state and local government documents, Canadian and British government
documents, publications of international bodies, and online public documents. It is
best to consult the Turabian manual for an example that is similar to the source you
are using. Generally, you will want to include the following:
i) Name of government (country, state, city, county, or other division)
ii) Governmental body that created the document
iii) Title, if any, or collection
iv) Name of individual author, editor, or compiler
v) Report number or other identifying information
vi) Publication data: place, publisher's name (e.g., Washington, DC: Government
Printing Office), date of publication
vii) Page numbers or other locators, if relevant
viii) Access date and URL if the document in online

Bibliography Entries:
1) Normally, use Bibliography for heading in headline caps, centered, and not boldface.
2) In most cases, include only sources that were actually cited in the paper. You may also
include sources that were important to your thinking but which you did not cite in your
paper.
3) For bibliography entries, use the same sequence of parts and punctuation specified for notes
above, except that parts separated by commas in notes are separated by periods in

13
 bibliography entries. Also, the facts of publication are not in parentheses as they are in notes,
but are separated by periods. The page numbers, if required, are inclusive of the entire
source.
4) If an assignment calls for an annotated bibliography, either as a separate assignment or as
part of a paper, add the annotation on a new line after the bibliography entries. Refer to the
Preparation of Annotated Bibliographies resource in the Student Success Center for
formatting guidelines and examples.
5) Bibliography entries have a half-inch hanging indent.
6) Bibliography entries are arranged alphabetically by author's last name, ignoring spaces,
hyphens, and other marks.
7) If there are two or more works by the same author, alphabetize them by title. In the case of
authors with identical last names, alphabetize by first name.
8) In a succession of works by the same author, arrange the entries alphabetically by title,
disregarding articles (a, an, the). The name is given for the first entry, and a 3-em dash
followed by a period replaces the author's name in subsequent entries. For example:

Plotnik, Arthur. Better Than Great: A Plenitudinous Compendium of Wallopingly Fresh

Superlatives. Berkeley: Cleis Press, 2011.

―――. The Elements of Editing. New York: Collier Books, 1982.

9) See the chapter on abbreviations in the Turabian manual for more rules of alphabetization.
10) Separate works edited by the author or coauthored with others from works written by the
author alone. In a bibliography that includes all three categories, the author’s own works are
listed first. Use a 3-em dash followed by a comma, a space, and ed., trans. or comp for works
edited, translated, and compiled, respectively, by the same author.
11) Do not use a 3-em dash for co-authored works (unless you are referring to all the names for
subsequent works by the same combination of authors). Co-authored books follow edited,
translated, and compiled works.
12) The following sources can be just cited in notes and need not be included in a bibliography
unless they are frequently cited or critical to a paper:
a) Articles in newspaper or newsletters
b) Classical works
c) The Bible and other non-Christian scripture
d) Standard reference works
e) Reviews
f) Abstracts
g) Pamphlets and brochures
h) Unpublished works
i) Blog and social media posts and comments
j) Entries on Facebook and other social networks, groups, or forums
k) The US Constitution, legal cases, and other public documents

14
13) E-mail and text messages may be cited in running text (“In a text message to the author on
July 21, 2012, John Doe revealed . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are rarely listed in a
bibliography.

15
 Examples: Notes and Bibliography Entries
Turabian style includes two options for citing sources: notes-bibliography style and author-date
style. This guide provides instructions for notes-bibliography style, which is required for GCU
papers. Endnotes, which are required for PowerPoint assignments, have the same format as
footnotes, only they are grouped together at the end of a PowerPoint presentation on one or more
slides. Bibliography entries are not required for PowerPoint assignments.
In the examples provided below, the first note for each citation category includes five variations:
1) Full note.
2) Subsequent note of the same work only if there are other works by the same author cited.
3) Subsequent note of the same work only if there are no other works by the same author cited.
4) Subsequent note of the same work with no intervening notes to other works.
5) Subsequent note of the same work on the same page with no intervening notes.
Please note: Shaded words in the Format entries represent actual text used in the notes, not just
instructions.

Citation Examples: Books and Parts of Books

Book: One Author, First Edition

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of
publication), page(s) cited.
Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of
publication.

[Please note: If editor or translator is listed on the title page instead of an author, use that name in the
author slot, followed by ed. or trans.]

Note Example:
1. A.W. Tozer, The Pursuit of God: The Human Thirst for the Divine (Camp Hill, PA: Wind Spread,
2006), 60.

2. Tozer, The Pursuit, 61.

3. Tozer, 61.

4. Ibid., 62.

5. Ibid.

Bibliography Example:
Tozer, A.W. The Pursuit of God: The Human Thirst for the Divine. Camp Hill, PA: Wind Spread, 2006.

16
Book: One Author, Later Edition
Note Format:
##.
Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book, edition # ed. (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher,
year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. edition # ed. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher,
year of publication.

[Please note: If editor or translator is listed on the title page instead of an author, use that name in the
author slot, followed by ed. or trans.]

Note Example:
1. Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style
for Students and Researchers, 8th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), 172.

Bibliography Example:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for
Students and Researchers. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Book: Two-Three Authors

Note Format:
##. Authors’ First and Last Names, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of
publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
First Author’s Last, First Name, Second Author’s First and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of
Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Arthur F Glasser, Charles Van Engen, and Dean S. Gilliland, Announcing the Kingdom: The Story of
God's Mission in the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2003), 52.

Bibliography Example:
Glasser, Arthur F., Charles E. Van Engen, and Dean S. Gilliland. Announcing the Kingdom: The Story of
God's Mission in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2003.

Book: More than Three Authors

Note Format:
##. First Author’s First and Last Name et al., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year
of publication), page(s) cited.
Bibliography Format:
First Author’s Last, First Name, Other Authors’ First and Last Names. Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Name of Publisher, year of publication.
17
Note Example:
1. Bernard B. Scott et al., Reading New Testament Greek (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1993), 50.

Bibliography Example:
Scott, Bernard B., Margaret Dean, Kristen Sparks, and Frances LaZar. Reading New Testament Greek.
Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1993.

Book: Editor and/or Translator in Addition to Author

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book, ed. and/or trans. First and Last Name(s) of Editor(s)
and/or Translator(s) (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last, First Name. Title of Book. Edited and translated by First and Last Name of Editor(s) and/or
Translator(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Science of Logic, ed. and trans. George di Giovanni (Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 642-43.

Bibliography Example:
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Science of Logic. Edited and translated by George di
Giovanni. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Electronic Book
Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of
publication), page(s) cited, accessed Month Day, Year, URL or database.

[Please note: If eBook is unavailable online, include the format of the eBook (Kindle, Adobe PDF, etc.) in
place of the URL or database, but do not include an access date. If there is no page number, use a heading
or paragraph number.]

Bibliography Format:
Author Last, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.
Accessed Month Day, Year, URL or database.

Note Example:
1. Nagel, Thomas. Concealment and Exposure and Other Essays (Cary, NC: Oxford University Press,
2002), 64, accessed August 14, 2014, ProQuest ebrary.

Bibliography Example:
Nagel, Thomas. Concealment and Exposure and Other Essays. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Accessed August 14, 2014. ProQuest ebrary.

18
Chapter in an Edited Book
Note Format:
##. Chapter Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Chapter,” in Title of Book, ed. First and Last Names
of editor(s) (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Chapter Author’s Last, First Name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Editor’s First and Last
Name, Inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Kenneth R. Calvert, “Why Educate? A Return to the Classical Christian Model,” in Christianity,
Education, and Modern Society, ed. William Jeynes and Enedina Martinez (Charlotte, NC: Information
Age Publishing, 2007), 68.

Bibliography Example:
Calvert, Kenneth R. “Why Educate? A Return to the Classical Christian Model.” In Christianity,
Education, and Modern Society, edited by William Jeynes and Enedina Martinez, 67-89.
Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 2007.

Secondary Source Book Quoting Original Book [only if original source is

unavailable]
Note Format:
##. Original Source Author's First and Last Name, Book Title, edition # ed. (Place of Publication,
Publisher, Year of Publication), page(s) cited, quoted in Secondary Source Author's First and Last Name,
Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Original Source Author's Last, First Name. Book Title, edition # ed. Place of Publication, Year of
Publication: page(s) cited. Quoted in Secondary Source Author's First and Last Name, Title of Book.
Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Jan Vansina, Art History in Africa (Oxford, England, Routledge, 1984), 40, quoted in Rosalind I.
Hackett, Art and Religion in Africa. (London: Continuum International Publishing, 1998).

[Please note: If your purpose is to make a point about the second author’s use of the material, list the
secondary source first in your citation and use quoting instead of quoted in]

1. Rosalind I. Hackett, Art and Religion in Africa (London: Continuum International Publishing, 1998),
quoting Jan Vansina, Art History in Africa, (Oxford, England, Routledge, 1984), 40.

Bibliography Example:
Vansina, Jan. Art History in Africa. Oxford, England, Routledge, 1984. Quoted in Rosalind I. Hackett, Art
and Religion in Africa. London: Continuum International Publishing, 1998.
Hackett, Rosalind I. Art and Religion in Africa. London: Continuum International Publishing, 1998.
Quoting Jan Vansina, Art History in Africa. Oxford, England, Routledge, 1984.

19
Foreword, Afterword, or Preface Written by Someone Other Than Author
Note Format:
##. Part Author’s First and Last Name, part name to Title of Book, by Book Author's First and Last
Names (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Part Author’s Last, First Name. Part name to Title of Book, by Book Author's First and Last Names,
inclusive page numbers of part. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Joseph C. Holbrook, foreword to Jonah: His Life, Character, and Mission, by Patrick Fairburn (Grand
Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1964), xii.

Bibliography Example:
Holbrook, Joseph C. Foreword to Jonah: His Life, Character, and Mission, by Patrick Fairburn, xii.
Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1964.

Book as Part of a Series

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Book, Title of Series, vol. # (Place of Publication: Name of
Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last, First Name. Title of Book. Title of Series, vol. #. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher,
year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Robert E. Webber, The Services of the Christian Year, The Complete Library of Christian Worship,
vol. 5 (Nashville: Star Song Publishing Group, 1994), 171.

Bibliography Example:
Webber, Robert E. The Services of the Christian Year. The Complete Library of Christian Worship, vol.
5. Nashville: Star Song Publishing Group, 1994.

Book as Part of a Commentary: Single Volume

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, Title of Bible Book Commented On, Title of Commentary (Place of
Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.
[Please note: The use of abbreviations for well-known biblical commentaries, dictionaries, encyclopedias,
and periodicals is permitted in notes, but only if you provide a list of abbreviations in your paper. Always
use full titles in bibliographic entries.]
Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last, First Name. Title of Book Commented On. Title of Commentary. Place of Publication:
Name of Publisher, year of publication.
Note Example:
1. Charles A. Wanamaker, The Epistles to the Thessalonians, New International Greek Testament
Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990), 23.
20
Bibliography Example:
Wanamaker, Charles A. The Epistles to the Thessalonians. New International Greek Testament
Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.

Signed Article or Chapter in Book as Part of a Commentary: Multi-Volume Work

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, "Title of Article or Chapter," in Title of Commentary, vol. # of Title of
Work, ed. First and Last Name of Editor (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication),
page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author Last, First Name. "Title of Article or Chapter." In Title of Commentary. Vol. # of Work Title.
Edited by First and Last Name of Editor. Inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of
Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. Patrick D. Miller, “The Book of Jeremiah: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections,” in
Introduction to Prophetic Literature, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah, Lamentations,
Ezekiel, vol. 6 of New Interpreter’s Bible, ed. Leander E. Keck (Nashville: Abingdon, 2001), 577.

Bibliography Example:
Miller, Patrick D. “The Book of Jeremiah: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections.” In Introduction
to Prophetic Literature, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Letter of Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel.
Vol. 6 of New Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck. 553-926. Nashville: Abingdon,
2001.

Unsigned Article in Book as Part of a Commentary

Note Format:
##. "Title of Commentary on Biblical Book," in Title of Commentary, ed. First and Last Name of Editor
(Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication), vol. #: page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
"Title of Commentary on Biblical Book." In Title of Commentary. Edited by First and Last Name of
Editor. Vol. #: Inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. "Interpretation of Daniel,” Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington,
DC: Review and Herald, 1953-57), 4:54.

Bibliography Example:
“Interpretation of Daniel.” Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. 4:53-56.
Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1953-57.

Bible (Citation for Bible quotes are not in note format)

Format for Parenthetical Citation:
(Abbreviation for Book Chapter #:Verse #(s) [Version]).

21
[Please note: Include version, either spelled out or abbreviated only in first citation. For most citations,
you will use the English Standard Version.]

Sample Parenthetical Citation:

(Isa 43:1-7 [ESV]).

Bibliography (if desired):

The Holy Bible, English Standard Version.
[Please note: Do not italicize the title of the Apocrypha; the Bible and its books and versions (e.g., the
Message); and sacred works of non-Christian religions (e.g., the Upanishads).]

Article or Note in a Study Bible

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Note or Article,” in Title of Book, ed. First and Last Names of
editor(s) (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last, First Name. "Title of Note or Article." In Title of Book, edited by Editor’s First and Last
Name, inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, year of publication.

Note Example:
1. David L. Petersen, “Ezekiel,” in The HarperCollins Study Bible Fully Revised and Updated: New
Revised Standard Version, with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, ed. Harold W. Attridge and
Wayne A. Meeks (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2006), 1096.

Bibliography Example:
Petersen, David L. “Ezekiel.” In The HarperCollins Study Bible Fully Revised and Updated: New Revised
Standard Version, with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Book., edited by Harold W. Attridge
and Wayne A Meeks, 1096-1167. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2006.

Classical Work: Primary Source

Note Format:
##. Author, Title Section number numerals and letters.
Note Example:
1. Augustine, De Doctrina Christiana 4.2.3.

Classical Work: English Language Translations

Note Format:
##. Author, Title, ed. First and Last Name of Editor (if any), trans. First and Last Name of Translator,
Title of Collection (if any), volume # (if any) (Publication Location: Publisher, Year of Publication),
page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author. Title. Edited by Editor’s First and Last Name. Translated by Translator’s First and Last Name.
Title of Collection (if any), Volume # (if any). Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication.

22
Note Example:
1. Augustine, The Trinity, ed. John E. Rotelle, trans. Edmund Hill, The Works of Saint
Augustine, I/5 (Brooklyn: New City Press, 1991), 332.
Bibliography Example:
Augustine. The Trinity. Edited by John E. Rotelle. Translated by Edmund Hill. The Works of Saint
Augustine, 1/5. Brooklyn: New City Press, 1991.

Citation Examples: Periodicals

Journal Article: Print, Single Author

Note Format:
##. Author First and Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season
Year): page number(s) cited.

[Please note: If a journal continues pagination across issues in a volume, you do not need to include the
issue #.]

Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season Year):
inclusive page numbers.

Note Example:
1. Nicholas M. Beasley, “Ritual Time in British Plantation Colonies, 1650-1780,” Church History:
Studies in Christianity and Culture 76, no. 3 (September 2007): 557.

2. Beasley, “Ritual Time," 558.

3. Beasley, 558.

4. Ibid., 559.

5. Ibid.

Bibliography Example:
Beasley, Nicholas M. “Ritual Time in British Plantation Colonies, 1650-1780.” Church History: Studies in
Christianity and Culture 76, no. 3 (September 2007): 541-568.

Journal Article: Print, Two or More Authors

Note Format:
##. First Authors’ First and Last Name and Next Authors’ First and Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal
Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season Year): page number(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
First Author’s Last Name, First Name, and Next Author’s First and Last Name. “Title of Article.”
Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season Year): inclusive page numbers.

23
[Please note: For bibliography, include all authors, regardless of number, in the order they appear in the
byline for the article. If there are four or more authors, use the first author followed by et al. in notes.]
Note Example:
1. Patricia O’Connell Killen and Eugene V. Gallagher, "Sketching the Contours of the Scholarship of
Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion," Teaching Theology & Religion 16, no. 2 (April 2013):
108.
Bibliography Example:
Killen, Patricia O’Connell, and Eugene V. Gallagher. "Sketching the Contours of the Scholarship of
Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion." Teaching Theology & Religion 16, no. 2
(April 2013): 107-124.

Journal Article: Online

Note Format:
##. Author First and Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season
Year): page number(s) cited, accessed Month Day, Year of access, URL.
Bibliography Format:
Author’s Last, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season Year):
inclusive page numbers. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Note Example:
##. Samuel Smith, “Milton’s Theology of the Cross: Substitution and Satisfaction in Christ’s
Atonement,” Christianity and Literature 63, no. 1 (Autumn 2013): 8, accessed August 21, 2014,
http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct
=true&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0001969087&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
Bibliography Example:
Smith, Samuel. “Milton’s Theology of the Cross: Substitution and Satisfaction in Christ’s Atonement.”
Christianity and Literature 63, no. 1 (Autumn 2013): 5-25. Accessed August 21, 2014.
http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.asp
x?direct=true&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0001969087&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Book Review in Journal

Note Format:
##. Reviewer’s First and Last Name, review of Title of Book, by Book Author's First and Last Name,
Journal Name volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season Year): page number(s) cited.
Bibliography Format:
Reviewer’s Last, First Name. Review of Title of Book, by Book Author's First and Last Name. Journal
Title volume #, no. issue # (Month/Season Year): inclusive page numbers.
Note Example:
1. Frank J. Matera, review of The Spirit and Christ in the New Testament and Christian Theology: Essays
in Honor of Max Turner, by Howard Marshall, Volker Rabens, and Conelis Bennema. The Catholic
Biblical Quarterly 76, no. 1 (January 2014): 184.
Bibliography Example:
Matera, Frank J. Review of The Spirit and Christ in the New Testament and Christian Theology: Essays
in Honor of Max Turner, by Howard Marshall, Volker Rabens, and Conelis Bennema. The
Catholic Biblical Quarterly 76, no. 1(January 2014): 184-85.
24
Magazine Article: Print
Note Format:
##. Author First and Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Name, Month Day, Year, page number
cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title." Magazine Name, Month Day, Year.

Note Example:
1. Alexandra Marks, "Faith in Work, God, and Himself," Christian Science Monitor, October 3, 2007, 4.

Bibliography Example:
Marks, Alexandra. “Faith in Work, God, and Himself.” Christian Science Monitor, October 3, 2007.

Magazine Article: Online

Note Format:
##. Author First and Last Name, "Title of Article," Magazine Name, Month Day, Year, page number
cited, accessed Month Day, Year of access, URL.
Bibliography Format:
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title." Magazine Name, Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day, Year.
URL.
Note Example:
1. David Neff, “The Roar of Worship,” Christianity Today, May 1, 2014, 28, accessed August 16, 2014,
http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=a9h&AN=95843768&site=eds-live&scope=site
Bibliography Example:
Neff, David. “The Roar of Worship.” Christianity Today, May 1, 2014. Accessed August 16, 2014.
http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9
h&AN=95843768&site=eds-live&scope=site

Newspaper Article: Print

Note Format:
##. Author First Name and Last Name, "Article Title," Newspaper Name, Month Day, Year.
Bibliography Format:
Author Last, First Name. "Article Title." Newspaper Name. Month Day, Year.
Note Example:
1. Nicholas D. Kristof, "Christianity is Booming in China Despite Rifts," New York Times,
February 7, 1993.
Bibliography Example:
Kristof, Nicholas D. "Christianity is Booming in China Despite Rifts." New York Times. February 7,
1993.
25
Newspaper Article: Online
Note Format:
##. Author's First and Last Name, "Article Title," Newspaper Name, Month Day, Year, accessed Month
Day, Year, URL.
Bibliography Format:
Author Last, First Name. "Article Title." Newspaper Name. Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day,
Year, URL.
Note Example:
1. Benjamin Russell, "Archbishop of Canterbury: Britain Has Been 'Shaped and Founded on'
Christianity," Express (Online), April 24, 2014, accessed August 21, 2014,
https://library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/docview/1518758
611?accountid=7374.
Bibliography Example:
Russell, Benjamin. "Archbishop of Canterbury: Britain Has Been 'Shaped and Founded on' Christianity."
Express (Online). April 24, 2014. Accessed August 21, 2014,
https://library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/docview/1
518758611?accountid=7374.

Letter to the Editor

Note Format:
##. Author’s First and Last Name, letter to the editor, Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year of
Publication.
Note Example:
1. Deborah D. Davies, letter to the editor, San Francisco Chronicle, May 16, 2005.

Citation Examples: Reference Works

Unsigned Entry in a Well-Known Reference Work: Print

Note Format:
##. Reference Work’s Title, edition # ed., s.v. "entry."
[Please note: This is a typical citation for a biblical dictionary/lexicon entry. The letters s.v. are an
abbreviation of sub verbo for "under the word."]
Note Example:
1. The Macmillan Dictionary of the Bible, 2nd ed., s.v. “faith.”
2. The Macmillan Dictionary.
3. Ibid.

26
Signed Article Entry in a Well-Known Reference Work: Print
Note Format:
##. Author's First and Last Name, "Article Title," in Reference Work's Title, edition # ed.
Note Example:
1. Stanley D. Walters, “Jacob Narrative,” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 3rd ed.

Signed Article in a Specialized, Less-Well-Known Reference Work

Note Format:
##. Author's First and Last Name, "Article Title," Reference Work's Title, edition # ed., ed.
Editor's First and Last Name, # vols. (Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication), volume #:
page(s) cited.
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last, First Name. "Article Title." Reference Work's Title, edition # ed. Edited by Editor's First
and Last Name. # vols. Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication.
Note Example:
1. William W. Bassett, “Eugenics and Religious Law: Christianity,” Encyclopedia of Bioethics,
rev. ed., ed. Warren T. Reich, 5 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1995), 2: 779-80.
BibliographyExample:
Bassett, William W. “Eugenics and Religious Law: Christianity.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev. ed.
Edited by Warren T. Reich. 5 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1995.

Signed Article in an Online Reference Work

Note Format:
##. Author's First and Last Name, "Article Title," Reference Work's Title, accessed Month Day,
Year, URL.
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last, First Name. "Article Title." Reference Work's Title. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Note Example:
1. Michael D. Pearson, “Adventism,” Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology, accessed
August 21, 2014, http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.
library.gcu.edu%3A2048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fcupdct%2Fadventism%2F0.
Bibliography Example:
Pearson, Michael D. “Adventism.” Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology. Accessed August 21,
2014,
http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.library.gcu.e
du%3A2048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fcupdct%2Fadventism%2F0.

Citation Examples: Government Documents

Statutes at Large
Note Format:
##. Title of Statute, Public Law #, US Statutes at Large volume # (year): page(s) cited, codified
at US Code volume # (year), §§ section # et seq.

27
Note Example:
1. "Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107-296, US Statutes at Large 116 (2002): 2163-
64, §§ 101 et seq.
2. Homeland Security Act, 2165.
3. Ibid., 2166.
4. Ibid.

Congressional Report
Note Format:
##. Title of Report, Congress # Cong., session # sess., year, S. or H. Rep. report # pt. part #,
page(s) cited.
Note Example:
1. Select Committee on Homeland Security, Homeland Security Act of 2002, 107th Cong., 2nd
sess., 2002, H. Rep. 107-609, pt. 1, 11-12.

Congressional Record (Bill and Resolutions)

Note Format:
##. Title of Bill or Resolution, Congress # Cong., session # sess., Congressional Record, vol. volume #,
daily ed. (Month Day, Year): page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
US Congress. House or Senate. Title of Bill. Congress # Cong., session # sess. Congressional Record
volume #, daily ed. (Month Day, Year): inclusive page numbers.

Note Example:
1. Food and Security Act of 1985, H. Res. 2100, 99th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record, vol. 131,
daily ed. (October 8, 1985): H8485.

Bibliography Example:
US Congress. House. Food and Security Act of 1985. H. Res. 2100. 99th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional
Record 131, daily ed. (October 8, 1985): H8353-H8486.

Presidential Proclamation or Executive Order

Note Format:
##. President's First and Last Name, Proclamation or Executive Order #, "Title," Federal Register
volume #, no. Issue # (Month Day, Year): page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
US President. Proclamation or Executive Order #. "Title." Federal Register volume #, no. Issue # (Month
Day, Year): inclusive page numbers.

Note Example:
1. Barack Obama, Proclamation 9071, “Wright Brothers Day, 2012," Federal Register 78, no. 244
(December 19, 2013): 76971.

28
Bibliography Example:
US President. Proclamation 9071. “Wright Brothers Day, 20112." Federal Register 78, no. 244
(December 19, 2013): 76971-72.

Legal Cases: Print

Note Format:
##. Full Case Name, volume # Abbreviation for reporter (publication documenting legal
decisions), opening page # of the decision, actual page cited (Abbreviated Name of the Court and year).
Note Example:
1. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 86 S. Ct. 1602, 436 (U.S. 1966).

Legal Cases: Online

Note Format:
##. Full Case Name, volume # Abbreviation for reporter (publication documenting legal
decisions), opening page # of the decision, actual page cited (Abbreviated Name of the Court and year),
accessed Month Day, Year of access, URL or Database.
Note Example:
1. Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 365 (2008), accessed March 1, 2010,
http://www.lexisnexis.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=4TX2-8KV0-
TXFX-13DV&csi=270944,270077,11059,8411&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=
00240&perma=true.

Citation Examples: Miscellaneous

Dissertation or Thesis, Published or Unpublished
Note Format:
##. Author First and Last Name, "Title of Dissertation," (PhD diss. or master's thesis, Name of
Institution, Year), page(s) cited.

Bibliography Format:
Author's Last, First Name. "Title of Dissertation." PhD diss., or master's thesis, Name of Institution, Year.

Note Example:
1. Robert Prescott-Ezickson, “The Sending Motif in the Gospel of John: Implications for Theology of
Mission” (PhD diss., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1986), 76-80.

2. Prescott-Ezickson, "The Sending Motif," 81.

3. Prescott-Ezickson, 81.

4. Ibid., 82.

5. Ibid.

Bibliography Example:

Prescott-Ezickson, Robert. “The Sending Motif in the Gospel of John; Implications for Theology of
Mission.” PhD diss., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1986.
29
Unpublished Interview (or Personal Communication) with Paper Author
Note Format:
##. First and Last Name of Person Interviewed, interviewed by Author First and Last Name, Location of
Interview, date of interview.

[Please note: If communication is other than an interview, modify descriptors in the note appropriately.
Personal communications can be "e-mail message to author," "letter to author," "telephone conversation
with author," "text message to author," etc.]

Note for Interview:

1. Jane Lope, interviewed by Johnny Lope, Phoenix, AZ, August 13, 2014.

Note for Personal Communication:

1. Johnny Lope, e-mail message to author, July 15, 2014.
2. Jane Lope, telephone conversation with pastor, January 22, 2012.

Website
Note Format:
##. "Website Name," Organization Owning Website, accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Note Example:
1. “College of Theology,” Grand Canyon University, accessed August 14, 2014,
http://www.gcu.edu/College-of-Theology.php.

Website Article Signed by Author

Note Format:
##. Author First and Last Name, "Title of Article," Name of the Website, Month Day, Year of publication
or last revision if available, accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last, First Name. "Title of Article." Name of the Website. (Month Day, Year of publication or
last revision if available). Accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Note Example:
1. David Allred, “The Platonic Foundation of The Great Divorce,” Into the Wardrobe—a C. S. Lewis
Web Site, accessed August 14, 2014, http://cslewis.drzeus.net/papers/platonic.html.
Bibliography Example:
Allred, David. “The Platonic Foundation of The Great Divorce.” Into the Wardrobe—a C. S. Lewis Web
Site. Accessed August 14, 2014. http://cslewis.drzeus.net/papers/platonic.html.

Web Page Article No Author

Note Format:
##. "Title of Article," last modified Month Day, Year, accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Bibliography Format:
Website Organization's Name. "Title of Article." Last modified Month Day, Year. Accessed Month Day,
Year, URL.

30
Note Example:
1“The Baptist Faith and Message,” last modified June 14, 2000, accessed August 14, 2014,
http://www.sbc.net/bfm2000/bfm2000.asp

Bibliography Example:
Southern Baptist Convention. “The Baptist Faith and Message.” Last modified June 14, 2000. Accessed
August 14, 2014. http://www.sbc.net/bfm2000/bfm2000.asp.

Paper Presented at Meetings

Note Format:
##. Presenter’s First and Last Name, "Title of Paper or Lecture" (paper presented at Name of Meeting,
Location, Month Day, Year).

Bibliography Format:
Presenter’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of Paper or Lecture." Paper presented at Name of Meeting,
Location, Month Day, Year.

Note Example:
1. Holly Taylor Coolman, “Christological Torah” (paper presented at the Annual Conference of the
American Academy of Religion, Chicago, November 2, 2008).

Bibliography Example:
Coolman, Holly Taylor. “Christological Torah.” Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the
American Academy of Religion, Chicago, November 2, 2008.
[Please note: The formats for Papers provided above may also be used for lectures (except published
GCU Lectures) by substituting "lecture" for "paper presented" and following similar formatting strategies.
For citing GCU Lectures, use the format provided below.]

GCU Lecture
Note Format:
##. Grand Canyon University, "Title of Lecture" (Published lecture, Course Title, copyright year
of lecture).
Bibliography Format:
Grand Canyon University. "Title of Lecture." Published lecture, Course Title, copyright year of lecture.
Note Example:
1. Grand Canyon University, “BIB-502 Lecture 1” (Published lecture, New Testament
Foundations, 2014).
Bibliography Example:
Grand Canyon University. "BIB-502 Lecture 1." Published lecture, New Testament Foundations, 2014.

31
Movies, Television, or Radio
Note Format:
##. Title of Movie, directed by First Last Name of Director (Name of Production or Distribution
Company, Year movie was released), Medium, [if applicable] accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Title of Television Program, season #, episode #, “Title of Episode,” directed by First and Last
name of Director, aired Month Day, Year, on Original Broadcast Company, [if applicable] accessed
Month Day, Year, URL.
"Title of Radio Episode," Author of the Episode, Name of Radio Show, aired Month Day, Year on
Radio Station or Network.
[Please note: Producing, writing, and acting contributors can also be included following the director if
significant. The second Movie sample below demonstrates the formatting for this additional information.]
Notes for Movie:
1. It’s a Wonderful Life, directed by Frank Capra (Liberty Films, 1946), DVD (Paramount, 2006).
1. The Book of Daniel, directed by Anna Zielinski, screenplay by Chuck Konzelman and Cary
Soloman, featuring Robert Miano and Lance Hendreksen (Pure Flix Entertainment, 2013), accessed
August 22, 2014, http://www.netflix.com.
Note for Television Broadcast:
1. The Bible, season 1, episode 2, “Exodus,” directed by Crispin Reece, aired March 3, 2013, on
The History Channel, accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.netflix.com.
Note for Radio Broadcast:
1. “The Confident Promise of Grace,” David Jeremiah, Turning Point, aired August 22, 2014, on
FaithTalk1360.

Music/Sound Recording
Note Format:
##. First and Last Name of Recording Artist, “Title of Song,” recorded Month Day, Year,
Recording Company, Company Location, Medium, [if applicable] accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Note for Music/Sound Recording:
1. Hillsong United, “Oceans (Where Feet May Fail),” recorded February 26, 2013, Hillsong
United, Sydney, Australia, MP3, accessed August 2, 2013, http://www.amazon.com/Oceans-Where-Feet-
May-Fail/dp/B00B9ZI5PC.

Images, Artwork, Photograph, or Graphic Art

Note Format:
##. Name of Artist, Title of Artwork/Photograph, date of creation, medium, source of publication,
[if applicable] accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Name of Creator [when possible], “title or caption” (type of graphic), Source, [if applicable]
accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
[Please note: If date of creation is approximate, use ca. (circa) before it.]
Notes for Images/Artwork/Photographs:
1. Michelangelo, Creation of Adam, 1508-12 (fresco), Sistine Chapel, Vatican, accessed August
15, 2014, http://www.italianrenaissance.org/michelangelo-creation-of-adam/.
32
 1. Annie Griffiths Belt, Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock, ca. 2014 (photograph), National
Geographic Website, accessed July 22, 2014, http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/israel-
guide/.
Note for Graphic Art:
1. Andromeda International, “The Wanderings of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob” (map), Atlas of the
Bible, Andromeda, accessed August 22, 2014, http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2F
search.credoreference.com.library.gcu.edu%3A2048%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fandatbib%2Fan_outline_o
f_biblical_history%2F0.
1. Michael Patton, “The Exegetical Process” (graphic), Parchment & Pen Blog, April 1, 2008,
Credo House Ministries, accessed August 21, 2014, http://www.reclaimingthemind.org/blog/2008/04/the-
exegetical-process-what-does-it-mean-to-you/.

Streaming Media, Videos, or Podcasts

Note Format:
##. First and Last Name of Author/Poster, “Title of Video or Podcast” (medium), Month Day,
Year posted, accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Note for Videos/Podcasts:
1. Grand Canyon University, “Welcome to Grand Canyon University” (video), August 11, 2014,
accessed August 22, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiq3KVTsHDo.
1. Beth Moore, “Wising Up-Part IV (11): The Wisdom of Restraint (a)” (podcast), August 11,
2014, accessed August 22, 2014, http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/living-proof-with-beth-
moore/listen/wising-up-part-iv-11-the-wisdom-of-restraint-a-419317.html.

Blogs
Note Format:
##. Author’s Name, “Title of Entry,” Title of Blog (blog), Month Day Year posted, accessed
Month Day, Year, URL.
[Please note: If title does not have "blog" in it, you may add (blog) after the title to make it clear.]
Note for Blog Post:
1. Scott Higa, “#914—Marriage and Baptism,” The Christian Nerd: Nerd Culture from a
Christian Perspective and Vice Versa (blog), August 21, 2014, accessed August 22, 2014,
http://thechristiannerd.com/2014/08/21/914-marriage-and-baptism/.

Discussion Groups
Note Format:
Correspondent’s Name, post to "Title of Forum Subject," Name of Forum, Month Day, Year
(time of message or post), accessed Month Day, Year, URL.
Note for Discussion Groups:
1. John Doe, post to "New Testament vs. Old Testament," BIB-650-Module 1 Discussion Forum,
August 12, 2014 (5:23:12 ET), accessed August 13, 2014, https://lc-grad2.gcu.edu/.https://lc-
grad2.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/home/course, student, and DQ location in the LMS.

33
Appendix A: Capitalization of Biblical and Religious Words
Aaronic priesthood apostolic faith book of the covenant
Aaronide (geneology of Aaron) apostolic fathers (the men) book of the law
Abba Apostolic Fathers, the (the corpus Book of the Twelve, the
abomination of desolation of writings) Book of Truth
Abrahamic covenant Arabah boy Jesus, the
Abyss, the Aramaean brazen altar
Achaemenid archangel (but Archangel Michael) Bread of Life (Bible or Christ)
Adapa archbishop of Canterbury (but Bridegroom, the (Christ)
Adonai Archbishop Smith) bride of Christ (the church)
advent, the ark, the (Noah’s) brotherhood of man
Advent season ark of the covenant bulla (pl. bullae)
Advocate, the ark of the testimony burning bush, the (Ex. 3)
Agabah Arminian(-ism) burnt offering
Agape ascension, the call of Amos, etc.
Age (eras, such as Bronze Age) Ascension Day Calvary
age of grace Athanasian Creed Calvinist(ic), -ism
agnosticism atheism, -ist Canon, the (Scripture)
Ahiram Inscription atonement, the canonical
Akhetaten (Tell el-Amarna) Atonement, the Day of Canonical Epistles, the (James,
Almighty, the Augsburg Confession et al.)
almighty God Baal canon of Scripture, the
Alpha and Omega (Christ) baalism captivity, the (of the Jews)
amillennial(-ism)(-ist) babe in the manger, the catechumen
ancient Near East(ern) baby Jesus, the catholic (universal)
Ancient of Days, the (God) Babylonian captivity (Jews) Catholic church, a (the building)
angel (cap if theophany) Babylonian Empire Catholic Church, the (the Roman
angel Gabriel, the baptism Catholic Church)
angel of the Lord (cap if baptism, the (of Christ) Catholic Epistles (or Letters)
theophany) Baptist, the (John the Baptist) Catholicism (faith)
annunciation, the (the event) battle of Armageddon (final battle) Celestial City (abode of the
Annunciation, the (the holiday) Beast, the (Antichrist) redeemed)
Anointed, the (Christ) beatification century (the first century)
Anointed One, the (Christ) beatific vision (theology) cereal offering
anointed Savior beatitude, a charismatic
ante-Christian Beatitudes, the charismatic church
antediluvian bedouin (sing. and pl.) charismatic movement
ante-Nicene fathers Beelzebub cherub(im)
anti-Catholic Beelzebul chief priest
antichrist (the general spirit) Begaa Chief Shepherd (Christ)
Antichrist (the person) Being (God) child Jesus
anti-Christian Beloved Apostle, the children of Israel
antichurch Ben Sira chosen people (Jews)
anti-God Ben-hadad Christ
antilegomena Benedictus (Song of Zechariah) Christ child
antimonarchic betrayal, the christen(ing)
anti-Semitism Bible, the Christian (n. and adj.)
anti-Trinitarian Bible Belt, the Christian Era
Apocalypse, the (Revelation of Bible school christianize, -ization
John) biblical Christianlike
apocalyptic bidding prayer Christian socialism
Apocrypha, the bishop of Rome (but Bishop Jones) Christlike
Apocryphal Black Obelisk Christmas Day
Apology of Hattusilis blessed name (Christ) Christmas Eve
Apostle Paul (but Paul the apostle, etc.) Blessed Virgin christocentric
apostles, the Blessing of Moses christological
Apostles’ Creed, the blood of Christ Christology
Apostle to the Gentiles (Paul) body, the (of Christ) christophany
apostolic body of Christ (the church) Chronicler, the
apostolic age Book, the (Bible) church, the (body of Christ)
apostolic benediction (2 Cor. 13) book of Genesis (etc.) church (building)
apostolic council (Acts 15) Book of Life (book of judgment) church (service)

34
church age deuterocanonical Eternal City, the (Rome)
church and state Deuteronomic eternal God, the
church father(s) (but Fathers of the deuteropauline eternal life
church) devil, a eternity
church in America Devil, the (Satan) Eucharist
church invisible Diaspora (the event and the eucharistic
church militant people) Evangel (any of the four Gospels)
Church of England diglot evangelical (adj.)
Church of Rome disciples evangelicals, -ism
church triumphant dispensation(alism)(alist) evangelist (John the; the fourth, etc.)
church universal dispensation of the Law evangelist (someone who
City of David dispersion, the evangelizes or a gospel writer)
city of God divided kingdom evensong
Classical Arabic divine Evil One, the (Satan)
Code of Hammurabi Divine Doctor (Christ) exile, the
College of Cardinals Divine Father (God) exodus, the (from Egypt)
Comforter, the (Holy Spirit) divine guidance extrabiblical
commandment (first, etc.) Divine King extreme unction
Commandments, the Ten Divine Liturgy (Eucharist, Eastern faith, the (Christianity)
Communion (sacrament) Orthodox) faith healing
compline divine office (canonical hours) fall, the
confirmation Divine Providence (God) fall of humanity
coregency divine providence (God’s fall of Jerusalem
Council of Trent providence) false christs
Counselor, the (Holy Spirit) Divine Warrior False Prophet (of Revelation)
Counter-Reformation Divinity, the (God) false prophet(s)
covenant, the (old, new) divinity of Christ, the Farewell Discourses (John)
Covenant Code (Exod 21–23) doctor(s) of the church Father (God)
covenant of grace Door, the (Christ) fatherhood of God
covenant of the Lord, the doxology Father of Lies (Satan)
covenant of works Dragon, the (Satan) Fathers, the (fathers of the church)
creation, the Dynasty (as in 18th Dynasty) fathers of the church, the
Creation Epic early church Feast (meaning Passover)
Creator, the early church fathers Feast of Pentecost (etc.)
creator God, the Early Church Fathers (title of work) Feast of Tabernacles
creed, the (Apostles’ Creed) Eastern church Fertile Crescent
cross, the (both the wooden Eastern Orthodox church, an (a fertility god(dess)
object and the event) building) Festival of Passover (etc.)
crown Eastern Orthodox Church, the first Adam, the
crown prince Eastern religions first advent
Crucified One, the Eastern Rites Firstborn, the (Christ)
crucifixion, the Easter Sunday firstborn Son of God
crucifixion of Christ, the ecumenism, -ical First Cause, the
Crusades, the Eden First Estate (Second Estate, etc.)
cupbearer Eighteen Benedictions First Evangelist
curse, the El firstfruits
Daniel’s Seventieth Week elect, the; God’s elect first person of the Trinity
Davidic covenant Eleven, the First Vatican Council (1869–70)
Davidic law Elohim flood, the
day hours (first seven canonical Elohist source footwashing
hours) El Shaddai Former Prophets
Day of Atonement Emmaus road four evangelists, the
day of grace emperor, but Emperor Constantine Four Gospels, the
day of judgment empire, the Fourth Gospel, the
day of Pentecost Empire, (Babylonian, Roman, etc.) free will
day of the Lord end-time (adj.) Friend (Quaker)
Dead Sea Scrolls end time(s), the fundamentalist(s), -ism
Decalogue (Ten Commandments) Enemy, the (Satan) fundamentals of the faith
Defender (God) enemy, the (satanic forces) Galilean, the (Christ)
deism, -ist Epiphany garden, the (Eden or Gethsemane)
Deity, the epistle (John’s epistle, etc.) garden of Eden
deity of Christ epistle to the Romans garden of Gethsemane
deluge, the (the flood) Epistles, the (NT apostolic letters) gehenna
demiurge Epistles, Paul’s (etc.) Gemara
demon(ic) eschatology, -ical gematria
demotic Eternal, the (God) General Epistles (or Letters)

35
Gentile, a (distinguished from Jew) Hasidim infant Jesus, the
Gentile laws Head, the (Christ, head of the Inklings, the (Lewis, Tolkien, et al.)
Gloria Patri church) inner veil
gnosis heaven (abode of the redeemed) Intercessor, the (Christ)
gnostic (generic) heavenly Father intertestamental
Gnostic(ism) (specific sect) Hebraism Isaian or Isaianic
god (pagan) Heidelberg Catechism Jacobian
God (Yahweh) Heilsgeschichte Jacob’s trouble
God Almighty hell Jehovah
God-given Hellenism (-istic) Jehovah’s Witness
Godhead (essential being of God) hellenize jeremiad
godhead (godhood or godship) henotheism Jeremian or Jeremianic
godless Heptateuch Jesus Prayer, the
godlike Herodian Jewish Feast (Passover)
godly Herod’s temple Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah)
God-man Hexaemeron Jewish War
God Most High Hexapla Johannine
godsend high church John the Baptist
God’s house high priest, a John the Beloved
Godspeed High Priest, the (Christ) John the Evangelist
God’s Son High Priestly Prayer, the Jordan River (but the river Jordan)
God’s Spirit Historical Books, the (of Bible) Jubilee (year of emancipation)
God’s word (his statement or Hittite Law Code Jubilee Year
promise) holiness Judaic
God’s Word (the Bible) Holiness Code (Lev 17–26) Judaism, -ist, -istic
godward Holiness Movement, the Judaize, Judaizer
golden calf, the Holy Bible Judean
golden candlesticks, the Holy Book (Bible) Judeo-Christian
Golden Rule, the Holy City judges, the
Good Book, the (Bible) Holy Communion judgment day
Good Friday holy day of obligation (Roman judgment seat of Christ
good news, the Catholic) Kabbalah
Good Samaritan, the (but the Holy Eucharist Kaddish
parable of the good Samaritan) holy family kerygma
Good Shepherd (Jesus) Holy Father (pope) King (God or Jesus)
good shepherd, the parable of the Holy Ghost (prefer Holy Spirit) King Herod (etc.)
gospel (the Christian message ) Holy God (but a holy God) kingdom, the
gospel (John’s gospel, etc.) Holy Grail kingdom age
Gospel of Matthew Holy Land (Palestine) kingdom of God/heaven
Gospels, the (division of the Canon) Holy of Holies kingdom of Israel
gospel singer holy oil kingdom of Satan
gospel truth Holy One, the (God, Christ) King James Version
grain offering holy order(s) King of Glory (Christ)
Great Awakening, the Holy Place King of kings (Christ)
Great Commandment, the Holy Roman Empire kingship of Christ
Great Commission, the Holy Saturday kinsman-redeemer
Great High Priest, the Holy Scriptures koinonia
great judgment, the Holy See Koran, Koranic (prefer Qur’an)
Great Physician, the Holy Spirit Lady, our
Great Schism (of 1054) Holy Thursday lake of fire
Great Shepherd, the Holy Trinity Lamb, the (Christ)
great tribulation, the holy war Lamb of God
great white throne, the holy water Lamb’s Book of Life
Ground of Being Holy Week (before Easter) land of Canaan
Guide, the (Holy Spirit) Holy Writ (Bible) Land of Promise
guilt offering homologoumena last day(s), the
Hades (Greek mythology) house of David last judgment, the
hades (hell) house of the Lord last rites
Haggadah humanity Last Supper, the
hagiographa imago Dei Latin Rite
Hail Mary immaculate conception, the Latter Prophets, the
halakah Immanuel lauds
Hallel incarnation, the laver
hallelujah incarnation of Christ law (as opposed to grace)
Hanukkah (Feast of the Dedication) Indo-European Law, the (Pentateuch)
Hasidic infancy gospels, the Lawgiver (God)

36
law of Moses messianic age One, the (but the one true God
Lent(en) Middle Ages and God is the one who . . .)
Letter to the Galatians (etc.) midtribulation(al) Only Begotten, the
Letters, the millenarian(ism)(ist) only begotten of the Father
Levant, the millennial kingdom only begotten Son of God
Levantine millennium, the orders (sacrament)
Leviathan minor judges Orient
Levite minor prophets (people) oriental
Levitical Minor Prophets, the (div. of OT) original sin
Levitical decrees Miserere, the Orthodox(Judaism; Eastern Orthodox)
Light (Truth or Christ) Mishnah, Mishnaic orthodox(y)
Light of the World (Christ) modernist(s), -ism outer court (of the temple)
Litany, the (Anglican) monarchic period pagan
living God moon-god Palestinian covenant
living Word, the (Bible) mosaic (type of art) Palm Sunday
loanword Mosaic covenant papacy
Logos, the Mosaic law (Pentateuch or Ten parable of the Wicked Tenants, etc.
Lord, the Commandments) Paraclete, the
Lord Almighty, the Most High, the Paradise (garden of Eden)
Lord of Hosts Mot (Death personified) paradise (heaven)
Lord of lords Mount of Olives parousia
Lord’s Anointed, the (Christ) Mount of Transfiguration partial rapture
Lord’s anointed Savior, the (Christ) Mount Olivet paschal
Lord’s Day, the Mount Olivet Discourse Paschal Lamb (Jesus)
lordship of Christ Mount Sinai passion, the
Lord’s Prayer, the Muhammad (preferred) Passion Narrative
Lord’s Supper, the Muslim (preferred) Passion Sunday (fifth Sunday in
Lord’s Table, the Nag Hammadi codices Lent)
lordship name of Christ, the Passion Week
lordship of Christ name of God, the Passover
Lost Tribes nativity, the Passover Feast or Seder
lost tribes of Israel nativity of Christ, the Passover Lamb (Jesus)
Love Chapter, the (1 Corinthians 13) Near East Pastoral Epistles
low church Neo-Babylonian Empire Pastoral Letters
Lucifer (Satan) neo-Evangelicalism patriarch, a
Lukan neo-orthodox(y) Patriarch, the (Abraham)
Ma'at neo-Pentecostalism patriarchal period/age
Maccabean neoplatonic patriarchs, the (church fathers)
magi new age patristic(s)
Magnificat, the (“Song of Mary”) new birth Pauline Epistles
Majority Text New City (part of modern Paul’s Epistles or Letters
Major Prophets, the (div. of OT) Jerusalem) Paul the apostle
major prophets (people) new covenant (NT) peace offering
Maker, the (God) new heaven and new earth penance
mammon (cap for the god) New Jerusalem (heaven) Pentateuch
Man, the (Jesus) New Testament church pentateuchal
Man of Sin (Satan) New Year festival Pentecost
Man of Sorrows Nicene Creed pentecostal (adj.)
Manichaen Nicene fathers Pentecostal(ism)
Markan or Marcan night office (canonical hour) period, as in Roman period
Masorah Ninety-five Theses person of Christ
Masoretes noncanonical persons of the Trinity (but Third
masoretic (but Masoretic Text) non-Christian (but unchristian) Person of the Trinity)
Mass, the (liturgy of the Eucharist) Nonconformism, -ist Pesach (Passover)
Master, the (God) none (canonical hour) Petrine
matins non-Pauline Pharaoh (when used as name
matrimony (sacrament) northern kingdom without article)
Matthean Nunc Dimittis pharisaic (attitude)
Mediator, the (Christ) Old City (part of modern Pharisaic (in reference to Pharisees)
medieval Jerusalem) Pharisee
menorah old covenant (OT) Pilgrim Fathers
mercy seat Old Testament pilgrim festivals
merkabah Olivet Discourse Pilgrims, the
messiah, a (in general) Omega, the pillar of cloud
Messiah, the (Christ) omnipotence of God pillar of fire
messiahship Omnipotent, the Poetical Books, the

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pope, the Sabbath rest (for the people Sukkoth (Feast of Booths)
Pope John XXIII of God) Sunday school
postbiblical sabbatical (n. and adj.) sun-god
post-Christian Sabbatical Year Sun of Righteousness
postexilic sacrament(s) Supreme Being, the
postmillennial(ism)(ist) sacramentalism, -ist Sustainer (God)
postmodern Sacramentarian(ism) synagogue
post–Nicene fathers sacrament of baptism, Synoptic Gospels
pre-Christian confirmation, etc. Synoptics, the
predestination Sacred Host synoptic writers, the
premillennial(ism)(ist) sacred rite(s) tabernacle, the (OT building)
pretribulation(al) Sadducees table of shewbread
priesthood of Christ Sanhedrin Talmud, talmudic
prime (canonical hour) Satan Tanak
Prime Mover satanic Targum, targumic
Prince of Darkness Savior (Jesus) Te Deum
Prince of Peace (Christ) scribe televangelist
Prison Epistles or letters scriptural temple, the (at Jerusalem)
Prodigal Son Scripture(s) (Bible; n. and adj.) Temple Mount
Promised Land (Canaan or scripture(s) (other religions) temptation, the
heaven) Sea of Galilee Ten Commandments (but the
Promised One, the (Christ) second Adam, the (Christ) second commandment, etc.)
Prophetic Books, the second advent, the tent
Prophet Isaiah, et al., the second coming, the Tent of Meeting
Prophets, the (books of OT) Second Temple period Tent of the Testimony
prophets, the (people) Second Vatican Council (1962–65) Ten Tribes, the
Protestant(ism) seder ten tribes of Israel, the
proverb, a (general) Semite, -ic, -ism terce (canonical hour)
Proverbs, the (OT book) Septuagint Testaments, the
Providence (God) seraph(im) Tetragram/Tetragrammaton
providence of God Sermon on the Mount Tetrateuch
providential Serpent, the (Satan) Textus Receptus
psalm, a Servant of the Lord (Second Isaiah) third world
Psalm 119 (etc.) servant passages Thirty-nine Articles (Anglican)
psalmic Servant Songs throne of grace
psalmist, the settlement period Thummim
Psalms, the (OT book) seven deadly sins, the time of Jacob’s trouble
Psalter, the (the Psalms) seven sacraments, the time of the Gentiles, the
pseudepigrapha(l) Seventh-day Adventist time of the judges, the
purgatory Seventieth Week tomb, the
Purim (Feast of Esther) sext (canonical hour) Torah
Queen of Heaven Shabuoth (Pentecost) Tower of Babel
Queen of Sheba shalom transfiguration, the
Qumran(ic) shalom aleichem Transjordan
Qur’an, Qur’anic (preferred ) shekinah Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
rabbi Sheol (italicized only when referred Tree of Life
rabbinic(al) to as a Hebrew word) tribe of Judah
rapture, the Shepherd Psalm, the tribulation, the (historical event)
real presence shofar Trinitarian
Received Text, the Shulammite Trinity, the
Redeemer, the (Jesus) Sinai Desert triumphal entry
Reformation Sinai peninsula triune God
Reformed church Sin-Bearer, the True Cross, the
Reformers sin offering Twelve, the
Renaissance Solomon’s temple twelve apostles, the
resurrection, the son of David twelve disciples, the
resurrection of Christ Son of God Twenty-third Psalm (etc.)
risen Lord Son of Man unchristian
rite(s) sonship of Christ ungodly
River of Life, the (Christ) southern kingdom Unitarian
Rock, the (Christ) Sovereign Lord united kingdom (of Israel)
Roman Catholic Church Spirit, the (Holy Spirit) universal church
Roman Rite spirit of God universalism, -ist
Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) star of Bethlehem unscriptural
Sabbath (day) stations of the cross Upanishads
sabbath rest (for the land) Suffering Servant upper room, the

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Upper Room Discourse
Urim and Thummim
Ur text
utopia
vacation Bible school
Vedas, Vedic
version (Greek version, but King
James Version)
vespers
viaticum
Vicar of Christ
Victor, the (Christ)
Vine, the (Christ)
Virgin, the (Mary)
Virgin and child
virgin birth, the
visible church
voice of God
Vulgate
Wailing Wall
Wandering Jew, the (legend)
Water of Life (Christ)
Way, the (Christ)
way, the truth, and the life
Weeping Prophet, the (Jeremiah)
Western church
Western Rites
Westminster Catechism
whole burnt offering
whole offering
Wicked One, the (Satan)
wilderness (but Wilderness of Zin)
wilderness wanderings
wisdom (movement, quality)
Wisdom (personified)
Wisdom literature, the
wisdom tradition
wise men
Word, the (Bible or Christ)
Word made flesh (Christ)
word of God (his statement or
promise)
Word of God (the Bible)
Word of Life
Word of Truth, the
worldview
Writings, the (div. of Canon)
Yahweh (italicized only when
referred to as Hebrew word)
Year of Jubilee
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)
Yuletide
Zealots
ziggurat

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Appendix B: Abbreviations for Books of the Bible

Old Testament

Gen. Genesis Song of Sol. Song of Solomon (Songs)

Exod. Exodus Isa. Isaiah
Lev. Leviticus Jer. Jeremiah
Num. Numbers Lam. Lamentations
Deut. Deuteronomy Ezek. Ezekiel
Josh. Joshua Dan. Daniel
Judg. Judges Hosea Hosea
Ruth Ruth Joel Joel
1–2 Sam. 1–2 Samuel Amos Amos
1–2 Kings 1–2 Kings Obad. Obadiah
1–2 Chron. 1–2 Chronicles Jon. Jonah
Ezra Ezra Mic. Micah
Neh. Nehemiah Nah. Nahum
Esther Esther Hab. Habakkuk
Job Job Zeph. Zephaniah
Ps./Pss. Psalm/Psalms Hag. Haggai
Prov. Proverbs Zech. Zechariah
Eccles. Ecclesiastes Mal. Malachi

New Testament

Matt. Matthew 1–2 Thess. 1–2 Thessalonians

Mark Mark 1–2 Tim. 1–2 Timothy
Luke Luke Titus Titus
John John Philem. Philemon
Acts Acts Heb. Hebrews
Rom. Romans James James
1–2 Cor. 1–2 Corinthians 1–2 Pet. 1–2 Peter
Gal. Galatians 1–3 John 1–3 John
Eph. Ephesians Jude Jude
Phil. Philippians Rev. Revelation
Col. Colossians

© 2015 Grand Canyon University 40 Last updated: September 27, 2016