2.

Linear State Method

1. Consider the following statements:  [GATE 2004 : 1 Mark]

1. The limit state of collapse is defined as the 8. The partial factor of safety for concrete as per IS 456 :
acceptable limit for the stresses in the materials. 2000 is
2. Limit state method is one that ensures adequate (a) 1.50 (b) 1.15
safety of structure against collapse. (c) 0.87 (d) 0.446
3. In the limit state design method, actual stresses  [GATE 2005 : 1 Mark]
developed at collapse differ considerably from the 9. According to IS code, the partial safety factor for
theoretical values. reinforcing steel is taken as
Which of these statements is/are correct? (a) 0.87 (b) 1.15
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 1.50 (d) 3.00 [UPPSC : 2007]
(c) 2 and 3 (d) None [ESE : 2004]
10. For limit state of collapse, the partial safety factors
2. Which one of the following states falls under the ‘Limit recommended by IS 456 : 2000 for estimating the
state of Serviceability’ as per IS-456? design strength of concrete and reinforcing steel are
(a) Stability under load respectively
(b) Loss for equilibrium of a structure (a) 1.15 and 1.5 (b) 1.0 and 1.0
(c) Floor vibration (c) 1.5 and 1.15 (d) 1.5 and 1.0
(d) Formation of mechanism [ESE : 2013]  [GATE 2009 : 1 Mark]
3. When assessing the strength of a structure as per the 11. In the limit state design method of concrete structures,
limit state of collapse, the value of partial safety factor the recommended partial safety factor (Vm) for steel
for steel is taken as according to IS 456 : 2000 is
(a) 2.0 (b) 1.5 (a) 1.5 (b) 1.15
(c) 1.15 (d) 1.00 [ESE : 1998] (c) 1.00 (d) 0.87 [UPPSC : 2011]
4. Partial safety factor for concrete and steel are 1.5 and 12. Grade of steel is designated as Fe 415, if
1.15 respectively, because
(a) the upper yield stress of the steel is 415 N/mm2
(a) concrete is heterogeneous while steel is (b) the ultimate stress of the steel is 415 N/mm2
homogeneous (c) the partial safety factor is 1.15
(b) the control on the quality of concrete is not as (d) the characteristic strength is 415 N/mm2
good as that of steel  [ESE : 2012]
(c) concrete is weak in tension
13. The partial safety factor applied to the reinforcement in
(d) voids in concrete are 0.5% while those in steel are
the design of RC structures in the limit state of strength
0.15% [ESE : 2000]
is :
5. According to IS : 456, the partial safety factor for
(a) 1.15 (b) 1.50
concrete is taken as
(c) 0.87 (d) Equal or less than 1.0
(a) 0.87 (b) 1.15  [MPSC : 2013 (I)]
(c) 1.50 (d) 3.00 [UPPSC : 2003]
14. Factor of safety is the ratio of
6. According to IS : 456, the partial safety factor for
(a) tensile stress to working stress
concrete is taken as
(b) compressive stress to working stress
(a) 0.87 (b) 1.15 (c) bending stress to working stress
(c) 1.50 (d) 3.00 [UPPSC : 2004] (d) yield stress to working stress [ESE : 2013]
7. In the limit state design method of concrete structures, 15. The factored loads at the limit state of collapse for DL
the recommended partial material safety factor (γm) + LL, DL + WL and DL + LL + WL combinations,
for steel according to IS 456 : 2000 is according to IS 456: 1978 are respectively.
(a) 1.5 (b) 1.15 (a) 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL, 1.2 DL + 1.2 WL, 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL
(c) 1.00 (d) 0.87 + 1.5 WL
6 Limit State Method

(b) (0.9 or 1.5) DL + 1.5 LL, 1.5 DL + 1.5 WL, 1.2 DL a structure is __________. [2015 : 2 Marks, Set-II]
+ 1.2 LL + 1.2 WL 22. The basic assumption of plane sections normal to
(c) 1.2 DL + 1.2 LL, 1.5 DL + 1.5 WL, 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL the neutral axis before bending remaining plane and
+ 1.5 WL normal to the neutral axis after bending, leads to
(d) 1.5 DL + 1.5 LL, (0.9 or 1.5)DL + 1.5 WL, 1.2 DL + (a) uniform strain over the beam cross-section
1.2 LL + 1.2 WL (b) uniform stress over the beam cross-section
 [GATE 1993 : 1 Mark] (c) linearly varying strain over the cross-section
16. Combination of partial safety factors for loads under limit (d) stresses which are proportional to strains at the
state of collapse and limit state of serviceability will be cross-section [GATE 1995 : 1 Mark]
(a) 1.5 (DL + LL) or 1.5 (DL + WL) or 1.2 (DL + LL + 23. In a R.C. section under flexure, the assumption that
WL) and DL + 0.8 (LL + WL) "a plane section before bending remains plane after
(b) 1.5 (DL + LL) and DL + 0.8 (LL + WL) bending" leads to
(c) 1.5 (DL + LL) or 1.5 (DL + WL) or 1.2 (DL + LL + (a) Strain distribution being linear across the depth
WL) and 1.0 (DL + LL) or 1.0 (DL + WL) or DL + (b) Stress distribution being linear across the depth
0.8 (LL + WL) (c) Both stress and strain distribution being linear
(d) 1.2 (DL + LL + WL) and 1.0 (DL + LL) or 1.0 (DL across the depth
+ WL) or DL + 0.8 (LL + WL) [ESE : 1998] (d) Shear stress distribution being uniform along the
17. A reinforced concrete beam is subjected to the following depth [ESE : 2011]
bending moments: 24. Consider the singly reinforced beam shown in the
Dead load – 20 kN-m figure below:
Live load – 30 kN-m P P
Seismic load – 10 kN-m
X
The design bending moment for limit state of collapse is
(a) 60 kN-m (b) 75 kN-m
(c) 72 kN-m (d) 80 kN-m [ESE : 2003]
18. For avoiding the limit state of collapse, the safety of X

RC structures is checked for appropriate combinations L L/2 L

of Dead Load (DL), Imposed Load or Live Load (IL), At cross-section XX, which of the following statements
Wind Load (WL) and Earthquake Load (EL). Which of is TRUE at the limit state?
the following load combinations is NOT considered?
(a) The variation of stress is linear and that of strain is
(a) 0.9 DL + 1.5 WL non-linear
(b) 1.5 DL + 1.5 WL (b) The variation of strain is linear and that of stress is
(c) 1.5 DL + 1.5 WL + 1.5 EL non-linear
(d) 1.2 DL + 1.2 IL + 1.2 WL [GATE 2004 : 1 Mark] (c) The variation of both stress and strain is linear
19. Un-factored maximum bending moments at a section (d) The variation of both stress and strain is nonlinear
of a reinforced concrete beam resulting from a frame  [GATE 2015 : 1 Mark, Set-I]
analysis are 50, 80, 120 and 180 kNm under dead, live, 25. If fcu and fy are cube compressive strength of concrete
wind and earthquake loads respectively. The design and yield stress of steel respectively and Es is the
moment (kNm) as per IS 456: 2000 for the limit state of modulus of elasticity of steel for all grades of concrete,
collapse (flexure) is the ultimate flexural strain in concrete can be taken as
(a) 195 (b) 250 f
(c) 345 (d) 372 (a) 0.002 (b) cu
1000
 [GATE 2008 : 2 Marks] fy
20. The probability of failure implied in limit state design is (c) 0.0035 (d) + 0.002
1.15Es
of the order of
 [ESE : 1995]
(a) 10–2 (b) 10–3
26. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost
(c) 10 –4
(d) 10–5 [ESE : 2001]
compression fiber in the limit state design of flexural
21. According to the concept of Limit State Design as per IS member is (as per IS:456-1978)
456 : 2000, the probability of failure of
(a) 0.0020 (b) 0.0035
 Limit State Method 7

(c) 0.0065 (d) 0.0050 [ESE : 1996]

27. The limiting compressive strain of concrete in bending
is (d)
(a) 0.0035 (b) 0.0015 Neutral Axis
(c) 0.0025 (d) 0.015 [ESE : 1998]
28. As per IS:456-1978, the ratio of stress in concrete to its
characteristic strength at collapse in flexure for design 31. As per IS 456 : 2000, the maximum compressive stress in
purposes is taken as concrete for design purpose is
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.576 (a) 0.37 fck (b) 0.416 fck
(c) 0.447 (d) 0.138 [ESE : 1999] (c) 0.446 fck (d) 0.67 fck[UPPSC : 2004]
29. The design for the limit state of collapse in flexure is 32. The maximum strain in concrete in compression in
based on the following assumptions: bending is taken as
1. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane (a) 0.003 (b) 0.0035
after bending f
(c) 0.002 (d) ck  [UPPSC : 2008]
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost Ec
tension fibre is 0.0035. 33. Stress-strain curve of concrete is
3. The relationship between the compressive stress (a) A perfect straight line upto failure
distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete (b) Straight line upto 0.002 strain value and then
may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic upto failure.
parabolic or any other shape which results in (c) Nearly parabolic upto 0.002 strain value and then
prediction of strength in substantial agreement a straight line upto failure
with the results of tests. (d) Hyperbolic upto 0.002 strain value and then a
Select the correct answer using the codes given below : straight line upto failure [ESE : 2011]
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 3 34. If fcu and fy are the cube compressive strengths, of
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2 [ESE : 2001] concrete and yield stress of steel respectively and Es
30. Stress-strain diagram of concrete in compression is is the modulus of elasticity of the steel. For all grades
given below: of concrete, what can be taken as the ultimate flexural
strain in concrete?
f
(a) 0.002 (b) cu
1000
Stress

fy
(c) 0.0035 (d) + 0.002
1.15Es

 [MPSC : 2013 (I)]
Strain 35. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in
The corresponding stress block represented by the section at failure when designed for the limit state
of collapse should be
 fy 
(a) (a) >  + 0.002
 1.15Es 
Neutral Axis
 fy 
(b) <  + 0.002
 1.15Es 
 fy 
(c) exactly equal to  + 0.002
(b)  1.15Es 
Neutral Axis (d) < 0.002
where, fy = Characteristic strength of steel, and
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel [ESE : 2006]
36. The design stress for mild steel in limit state design
method is taken as:
(c)
Neutral Axis
8 Limit State Method

(a) 1.5 fy (b) 1.15 fy 42. The minimum strain at failure in tension steel having
(c) fy (d) 0.87 fy yield stress fy = 415 MPa and Young’s modulus Es = 200
where, fy is the yield stress of steel [UPPSC : 2007] GPa, as per Limit State Method of Design, is
37. The maximum strain in tension reinforcement in (a) 0.0025 (b) 0.0038
reinforced concrete structures is (c) 0.0045 (d) 0.0050 [ESE : 2015]
(a) 0.0035 (b) 0.002 43. In the limit state method of design, the failure criterion
fy fy for reinforced concrete beams and columns is
(c) 0.87 (d) 0.87 + 0.002 (a) maximum principal stress theory
Es Es
 [UPPSC : 2008] (b) maximum principal strain theory
(c) maximum shear stress theory
38. In limit state of collapse against flexure, the maximum
(d) maximum strain energy theory [ESE : 1998]
strain in tension reinforcement at failure shall not be
44. According to IS 456:2000, the maximum depth of stress
less than
block for balanced section of beam of effective depth d
f
(a) 0.002 (b) 0.002 + y using steel with fy = 250, is given by
Es (a) 0.43 d (b) 0.53 d
fy fy (c) 0.68 d (d) 0.73 d
(c) 0.002 + (d) 0.002 +
0.87Es 1.15Es  [SSC : JE : 2011]
 [SSC : JE : 2011] 45. The maximum depth of neutral axis for a beam with ‘d’
39. The minimum strain at failure in the tensile as the effective depth, in limit state method of design for
reinforcement (fy = 400 MPa) of RCC beam as per limit Fe 415 steel is
state method is (a) 0.46d (b) 0.48d
(a) 0.0020 (b) 0.0028 (c) 0.50d (d) 0.53d [ESE : 2002]
(c) 0.0037 (d) 0.0045 [ESE : 2011] 46. In limit state design of concrete for flexure, the area of
40. The maximum strain in steel at failure in limit state stress block is taken as
method of design is considered as (a) 0.530 fck ⋅ Xu (b) 0.446 fck ⋅ Xu
fy fy (c) 0.420 fck ⋅ Xu (d) 0.360 fck ⋅ Xu
(a) + 0.002 (b) + 0.0035  [ESE : 2011]
1.15Es 1.15Es
fy fy ANSWERS
(c) + 0.0035 (d) + 0.002 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.5Es Es
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
 [MPSC : 2012 (I)]
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
41. As per IS 456: 2000, in the Limit State Design of a 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
flexural member, the strain in reinforcing bars under 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
tension at ultimate state should not be less than 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
f fy 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
(a) y (b) + 0.002
Es Es 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
fy fy 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
(c) (d) + 0.002 46.
1.15Es 1.15Es
 [GATE 2012 : 1 Mark] qqq