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Q1. (A) State The Meaning of The Term Electronegativity

This document discusses atomic structure. It contains questions about electronegativity, ionization energy, atomic number, isotopes, mass spectrometry, and relative atomic mass. The questions assess understanding of trends in the periodic table, electron configurations, atomic structure, and mass spectrometry techniques.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

76 views97 pages

Q1. (A) State The Meaning of The Term Electronegativity

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faiz

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Atomic Structure

Q1. (a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity values across Period 3 from sodium
to chlorine.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(3)

(c) What is meant by the term first ionisation energy?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The diagram below shows the variation in first ionisation energy across Period 3.

(i) What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an s

sub-level?

.............................................................................................................

Page 1
Atomic Structure
.............................................................................................................

(ii) What evidence from the diagram supports your answer to part (d)(i)?

.............................................................................................................

(iii) What evidence from the diagram supports the fact that the 3p sub-level is
higher in energy than the 3s?

.............................................................................................................

(iv) What evidence from the diagram supports the fact that no more than three
unpaired electrons can be accommodated in the 3p sub-level?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Q2. (a) Define the term atomic number of an element.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for an atom of an
element which contains 12 neutrons and 11 electrons.

Page 2
Atomic Structure
......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) In terms of s and p sub-levels, give the electronic configuration of an aluminium

atom.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) How many neutrons are there in one Al atom? 27

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Parts (i) to (iv) below refer to the operation of a mass spectrometer.

(i) Name the device used to ionise atoms in a mass spectrometer.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Why is it necessary to ionise atoms before acceleration?

.............................................................................................................

(iii) What deflects the ions?

.............................................................................................................

(iv) What is adjusted in order to direct ions of different mass to charge ratio onto
the detector?

Page 3
Atomic Structure
.............................................................................................................
(4)

(g) A meteorite was found to contain three isotopes of element X.

A mass spectrometer gave the following information about these isotopes.

m/z 24.0 25.0 26.0

Relative abundance 64.2 20.3 15.5

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of X.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Using the Periodic Table, suggest the most likely identity of element X.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest one reason why the relative atomic mass of X, given in the Periodic
Table, differs from your answer to part (g)(i).

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 16 marks)

Q3. (a) State the relative charge and relative mass of a proton, of a neutron and of an
electron.
In terms of particles, explain the relationship between two isotopes of the same
element.
Explain why these isotopes have identical chemical properties.

Page 4
Atomic Structure
(7)

(b) Define the term relative atomic mass. An element exists as a mixture of three
isotopes.
Explain, in detail, how the relative atomic mass of this element can be calculated
from data obtained from the mass spectrum of the element.
(7)
(Total 14 marks)

Q4. (a) Ionisation is the first of the four main stages involved in obtaining the mass
spectrum of a sample of gaseous titanium atoms. Explain how ionisation is
achieved. Name the remaining three stages and, in each case, state how each
stage is achieved. Explain why it would be difficult to distinguish between Ti and
48 2+

24
Mg ions using a mass spectrometer.
+

(10)

(b) State any differences and similarities in the atomic structure of the isotopes of an
element. State the difference, if any, in the chemistry of these isotopes. Explain your
answer.
(4)

(c) The table below gives the percentage abundance of each isotope in the mass
spectrum of a sample of titanium.

m/z 46 47 48 49 50

% abundance 8.02 7.31 73.81 5.54 5.32

Define the term relative atomic mass of an element. Use the above data to calculate
the value of the relative atomic mass of titanium in this sample. Give your answer to
two decimal places.
(4)
(Total 18 marks)

Page 5
Atomic Structure

Q5. There is a general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements
Na to Ar. The first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the
energy change is the first ionisation energy of Na.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) State and explain the general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of
the elements Na to Ar.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements Al and S deviate from the general trend.

How the values deviate from the trend .........................................................

Explanation for Al .........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Explanation for S ..........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6. (a) Complete the following table.

Page 6
Atomic Structure

Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton

Neutron

Electron

(3)

(b) An atom of element Z has two more protons and two more neutrons than an atom of
. Give the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom of
Z.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

S 1s .......................................................................................................
2

S 1s .......................................................................................................
2– 2

(2)

(d) State the block in the Periodic Table in which sulphur is placed and explain your
answer.

Block ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Sodium sulphide, Na S, is a high melting point solid which conducts electricity when
2

molten. Carbon disulphide, CS , is a liquid which does not conduct electricity.

(i) Deduce the type of bonding present in Na S and that present in CS 2 2

Bonding in Na S ..................................................................................
2

Bonding in CS .....................................................................................
2

Page 7
Atomic Structure
(ii) By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of electrons, how Na S 2

is formed from its atoms.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the bonding
present in CS 2

(iv) When heated with steam, CS reacts to form hydrogen sulphide, H S, and
2 2

carbon dioxide.
Write an equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................
(7)
(Total 16 narks)

Q7. (a) Give the relative charge and relative mass of an electron.

Relative charge ...........................................................................................

Relative mass ..............................................................................................

(2)

(b) Isotopes of chromium include Cr and Cr 54 52

Page 8
Atomic Structure
(i) Give the number of protons present in an atom of Cr 54

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Deduce the number of neutrons present in an atom of Cr 52

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Apart from the relative mass of each isotope, what else would need to be
known for the relative atomic mass of chromium to be calculated?

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(i) Give two reasons why it is necessary to ionise the chromium atoms in the
sample.

Reason 1 ...........................................................................................

Reason 2 ............................................................................................

(ii) State what is adjusted so that each of the isotopes of chromium can be
detected in turn.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Explain how the adjustment given in part (c)(ii) enables the isotopes of
chromium to be separated.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

Page 9
Atomic Structure

(d) (i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) A chromium compound contains 28.4% of sodium and 32.1% of chromium by

mass, the remainder being oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q8. (a) (i) Complete the electronic configuration of aluminium.

1s .......................................................................................................
2

(ii) State the block in the Periodic Table to which aluminium belongs.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Describe the bonding in metals.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 10
Atomic Structure
(c) Explain why the melting point of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Explain how metals conduct electricity.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q9. The diagram below shows the values of the first ionisation energies of some of the
elements in Period 3.

(a) On the above diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of the values
of the first ionisation energies for the elements Na, P and S. Complete the diagram
by joining the crosses.
(3)

Page 11
Atomic Structure

(b) Explain the general increase in the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements Na–Ar.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) In terms of the electron sub-levels involved, explain the position of aluminium and
the position of sulphur in the diagram.

Explanation for aluminium ............................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Explanation for sulphur .................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q10. A gaseous sample of chromium can be analysed in a mass spectrometer. Before

deflection, the chromium atoms are ionised and then accelerated.

(a) Describe briefly how positive ions are formed from gaseous chromium atoms in a
mass spectrometer.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) What is used in a mass spectrometer to accelerate the positive ions?

Page 12
Atomic Structure
......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) What is used in a mass spectrometer to deflect the positive ions?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) The mass spectrum of a sample of chromium shows four peaks. Use the data below
to calculate the relative atomic mass of chromium in the sample. Give your answer
to two decimal places.

m/z 50 52 53 54

Relative abundance / % 4.3 83.8 9.5 2.4

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q11. (a) One isotope of sodium has a relative mass of 23.

(i) Define, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term
isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

Page 13
Atomic Structure
(ii) Explain why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the mass, in grams, of a single atom of this isotope of sodium.
(The Avogadro constant, L, is 6.023 × 10 mol ) 23 –1

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(b) Give the electronic configuration, showing all sub-levels, for a sodium atom.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) An atom has half as many protons as an atom of Si and also has six fewer 28

neutrons than an atom of Si. Give the symbol, including the mass number and the
28

atomic number, of this atom.

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q12. Lithium hydride, LiH, is an ionic compound containing the hydride ion, H –

Page 14
Atomic Structure
The reaction between LiH and aluminium chloride, AlCl , produces the ionic compound 3

LiAlH 4

(a) Balance the equation below which represents the reaction between LiH and AlCl 3

LiH + AlCl → LiAlH + LiCl

3 4

(1)

(b) Give the electronic configuration of the hydride ion, H –

......................................................................................................................
(1)

Shape ..........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) A bond in can be represented by H → Al

Name this type of bond and explain how it is formed.

Type of bond ................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q13. The values of the first ionisation energies of neon, sodium and magnesium are 2080,

Page 15
Atomic Structure
494 and 736 kJ mol , respectively.
–1

(a) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation of an atom.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation
energy of magnesium is measured.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of neon is higher than that of
sodium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q14. (a) Complete the following table.

Page 16
Atomic Structure

Relative mass Relative charge

Proton

Electron

(2)

(b) An atom of element Q contains the same number of neutrons as are found in an
atom of A1. An atom of Q also contains 14 protons.
27

(i) Give the number of protons in an atom of A1. 27

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Deduce the symbol, including mass number and atomic number, for this atom
of element Q.

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of
a sample of magnesium.

m/z 24 25 26

Relative abundance (%) 73.5 10.1 16.4

Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of
magnesium.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 17
Atomic Structure

(e) State how the relative molecular mass of a covalent compound is obtained from its
mass spectrum.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q15. (a) Define the terms

(i) mass number of an atom,

.............................................................................................................

(ii) relative molecular mass.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(b) (i) Complete the electron arrangement for a copper atom.

1s .......................................................................................................
2

(ii) Identify the block in the Periodic Table to which copper belongs.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Deduce the number of neutrons in one atom of Cu 65

.............................................................................................................
(3)

atomic mass, A , less than 64. The mass spectrum of this sample shows major
r

peaks with m/z values of 63 and 65, respectively.

(i) Explain why the A of this sample is less than 64.

Page 18
Atomic Structure
.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how Cu atoms are converted into Cu ions in a mass spectrometer.
+

.............................................................................................................

(iii) In addition to the major peaks at m/z = 63 and 65, much smaller peaks at m/z
= 31.5 and 32.5 are also present in the mass spectrum. Identify the ion
responsible for the peak at m/z = 31.5 in the mass spectrum. Explain why your
chosen ion has this m/z value and suggest one reason why this peak is very
small.

Identity of the ion

............................................................................................................

Explanation for m/z value ....................................................................

.............................................................................................................

Reason why this peak is very small ....................................................

.............................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Q16. A sample of iron from a meteorite was found to contain the isotopes Fe, Fe and 54 56

57
Fe.

(a) The relative abundances of these isotopes can be determined using a mass
spectrometer. In the mass spectrometer, the sample is first vaporised and then
ionised.

(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

Page 19
Atomic Structure
(ii) Explain how, in a mass spectrometer, ions are detected and how their
abundance is measured.

How ions are detected.........................................................................

.............................................................................................................

How abundance is measured...............................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(b) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) The relative abundances of the isotopes in this sample of iron were found to
be as follows.

m/z 54 56 57

Relative abundance (%) 5.8 91.6 2.6

Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of iron in this
sample. Give your answer to one decimal place.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(c) (i) Give the electron arrangement of an Fe ion. 2+

.............................................................................................................

(ii) State why iron is placed in the d block of the Periodic Table.

.............................................................................................................

Page 20
Atomic Structure

(iii) State the difference, if any, in the chemical properties of isotopes of the same
element. Explain your answer.

Difference ...........................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q17. A sample of element Q was extracted from a meteorite. The table below shows the
relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of this sample of Q.

m/z 64 66 67 68

Relative abundance (%) 38.9 27.8 14.7 18.6

(a) Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.

(2)

(b) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of Q. Give
your answer to one decimal place. Suggest the identity of Q.
(3)

(c) In order to obtain a mass spectrum of Q, a gaseous sample is first ionised. Describe
how ionisation is achieved in a mass spectrometer. Give three reasons why
ionisation is necessary.
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 21
Atomic Structure

Q18. (a) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy of an atom.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Complete the electron arrangement for the Mg ion. 2+

1s ................................................................................................................
2

(1)

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second ionisation
energy of magnesium is measured.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) The Ne atom and the Mg ion have the same number of electrons. Give two
2+

reasons why the first ionisation energy of neon is lower than the third ionisation
energy of magnesium.

Reason 1 .....................................................................................................

Reason 2 .....................................................................................................
(2)

(f) There is a general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements, Na
– Ar

(i) State and explain this general trend.

Trend ……….......................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

Page 22
Atomic Structure
.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than would be
predicted from the general trend.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

Q19. (a) Complete the following table.

Relative mass Relative charge

Neutron

Electron

(2)

(b) An atom has twice as many protons as, and four more neutrons than, an atom of
9
Be. Deduce the symbol, including the mass number, of this atom.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom. Name the shape of each molecule.

BeCl 2 Cl O
2

Page 23
Atomic Structure

Name of shape ................................ Name of shape ..................................

(4)

(d) The equation for the reaction between magnesium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
is shown below.

Mg(OH) (s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl (aq) + 2H O(l)

2 2 2

Calculate the volume, in cm , of 1.00 mol dm hydrochloric acid required to react

3 –3

completely with 1.00 g of magnesium hydroxide.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Q20. (a) State, in terms of the fundamental particles present, the meaning of the term
isotopes.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) An atom contains one more proton than, but the same number of neutrons as, an
atom of S. Deduce the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number,
36

of this atom.

......................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 24
Atomic Structure
(c) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in a mass spectrum of
a sample of germanium, Ge.

m/z 70 72 74

Relative abundance (%) 24.4 32.4 43.2

(i) Complete the electron arrangement of a Ge atom.

1s .......................................................................................................
2

(ii) Use the data above to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of
germanium. Give your answer to one decimal place.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) State what is adjusted in a mass spectrometer in order to direct ions with
different m/z values onto the detector. Explain your answer.

Adjustment ..........................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iv) One of the isotopes of Ge, given in the table in part (c), has an ion that forms a
small peak in the mass spectrum which is indistinguishable from a peak
produced by
36
S ions. Identify this Ge ion and explain your answer.
+

Ion .......................................................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(8)

Page 25
Atomic Structure
(Total 11 marks)

Q21. In one model of atomic structure, the atom has a nucleus surrounded by electrons in
levels and sub-levels.

(a) Define the term atomic number.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Explain why atoms of an element may have different mass numbers.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The table below refers to a sample of krypton.

Relative m/z 82 83 84 86

Relative abundance / % 12 12 50 26

(i) Name an instrument which is used to measure the relative abundance of

isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Define the term relative atomic mass.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of krypton.

.............................................................................................................

Page 26
Atomic Structure
.............................................................................................................
(5)

(d) Give the complete electronic configuration of krypton in terms of s, p and d sub-
levels.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) In 1963, krypton was found to react with fluorine. State why this discovery was
unexpected.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(f) Use a suitable model of atomic structure to explain the following experimental
observations.

(i) The first ionisation energy of krypton is greater than that of bromine.

.............................................................................................................

(ii) The first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than the first ionisation energy
of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Q22. In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom with a central nucleus, made up of
protons and neutrons, around which electrons moved in orbits. After further research, the
model was refined when the existence of energy levels and sub-levels was recognised.

Page 27
Atomic Structure
(a) Complete the following table for the particles in the nucleus.

Particle Relative charge Relative mass

proton

neutron

(2)

(b) State the block in the Periodic Table to which the element tungsten, W, belongs.

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Isotopes of tungsten include W and W 182 186

(i) Deduce the number of protons in W 182

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Deduce the number of neutrons in W 186

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(d) In order to detect the isotopes of tungsten using a mass spectrometer, a sample
containing the isotopes must be vaporised and then ionised.

(i) Give two reasons why the sample must be ionised.

1 ..........................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) State what can be adjusted in the mass spectrometer to enable ions formed by
the different isotopes to be directed onto the detector.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 28
Atomic Structure
(e) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes W and W
182 186

Difference ....................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) The table below gives the relative abundance of each isotope in the mass spectrum
of a sample of tungsten.

m/z 182 183 184 186

Relative abundance /% 26.4 14.3 30.7 28.6

Use the data above to calculate a value for the relative atomic mass of this sample
of tungsten. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Q23. (a) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass (A ) of an element. r

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) A sample of the metal silver has the relative atomic mass of 107.9 and exists
as two isotopes. In this sample, 54.0% of the silver atoms are one isotope with
a relative mass of 107.1
Page 29
Atomic Structure
Calculate the relative mass of the other silver isotope.

State why the isotopes of silver have identical chemical properties.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(b) The isotopes of silver, when vaporised, can be separated in a mass spectrometer.

Name the three processes that occur in a mass spectrometer before the vaporised
isotopes can be detected.

State how each process is achieved.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(6)

Page 30
Atomic Structure
(c) State the type of bonding involved in silver.

Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a silver lattice and show
the charges on the particles.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Silver reacts with fluorine to form silver fluoride (AgF).

Silver fluoride has a high melting point and has a structure similar to that of sodium
chloride.

State the type of bonding involved in silver fluoride.

Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a silver fluoride lattice
and show the charges on the particles.

Explain why the melting point of silver fluoride is high.

......................................................................................................................

Page 31
Atomic Structure
......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 20 marks)

Q24. (a) Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na +

ls .................................................................................................................
2

(1)

(b) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which
the energy change is the second ionisation energy of sodium.

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the second
ionisation energy of magnesium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(iii) An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successive
ionisation energies.

First Second Third Fourth

Ionisation energies / kJ mol –1

577 1820 2740 11600

Deduce the identity of element X.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 32
Atomic Structure

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Explain why sodium has a lower melting point than magnesium.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH which contains the NH 2 2
–

ion. Draw the shape of the NH ion, including any lone pairs of electrons.
2
–

Name the shape made by the three atoms in the NH ion. 2

–

Shape of NH 2
–

Name of shape ............................................................................................

(2)

(f) In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not form
compounds with sodium.

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 33
Atomic Structure

Q25. (a) Define the term relative atomic mass.

An organic fertiliser was analysed using a mass spectrometer. The spectrum

showed that the nitrogen in the fertiliser was made up of 95.12% N and 4.88% N 14 15

Calculate the relative atomic mass of the nitrogen found in this organic fertiliser.
Give your answer to two decimal places.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) In a mass spectrometer, under the same conditions, N and N ions follow different 14 + 15 +

paths. State the property of these ions that causes them to follow different paths.

State one change in the operation of the mass spectrometer that will change the
path of an ion.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

synthetic fertilisers.

State and explain whether or not you would expect the chemical reactions of the
nitrogen compounds in the synthetic fertiliser to be different from those in the

Page 34
Atomic Structure
organic fertiliser. Assume that the nitrogen compounds in each fertiliser are the
same.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q26. Define the term mass number of an atom.

The mass number of an isotope of nitrogen is 15. Deduce the number of each of the
fundamental particles in an atom of N 15

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)

Q27. Indium is in Group 3 in the Periodic Table and exists as a mixture of the isotopes In 113

and In. 115

(a) Use your understanding of the Periodic Table to complete the electron configuration
of indium.

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p ........................................................................
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6

(1)

Page 35
Atomic Structure

(b) A sample of indium must be ionised before it can be analysed in a mass

spectrometer.

(i) State what is used to ionise a sample of indium in a mass spectrometer.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the ionisation of indium that
requires the minimum energy.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) State why more than the minimum energy is not used to ionise the sample of
indium.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Give two reasons why the sample of indium must be ionised.

Reason 1 ............................................................................................

Reason 2 ............................................................................................
(2)

(c) A mass spectrum of a sample of indium showed two peaks at m/z = 113 and
m/z = 115. The relative atomic mass of this sample of indium is 114.5

(i) Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.

.............................................................................................................

Page 36
Atomic Structure
.............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Use these data to calculate the ratio of the relative abundances of the two
isotopes.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

(d) State and explain the difference, if any, between the chemical properties of the
isotopes In and In
113 115

Difference in chemical properties ................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Indium forms a compound X with hydrogen and oxygen. Compound X contains
69.2% indium and 1.8% hydrogen by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

Q28. This question is about the first ionisation energies of some elements in the Periodic
Table.

(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when
the first ionisation energy of lithium is measured.

Page 37
Atomic Structure
.....................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 3
elements aluminium to argon.

Trend ..........................................................................................................

Explanation .................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

(Extra space)...............................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
(3)

State how selenium deviates from this general trend and explain your answer.

How selenium deviates from this trend ......................................................

Explanation .................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

(Extra space)................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Suggest why the first ionisation energy of krypton is lower than the first ionisation
energy of argon.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) The table below gives the successive ionisation energies of an element.

Page 38
Atomic Structure

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Ionisation energy / kJ mol –1

590 1150 4940 6480 8120

Deduce the group in the Periodic Table that contains this element.

.....................................................................................................................
(1)

(f) Identify the element that has a 5+ ion with an electron configuration of
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
2 2 6 2 6 10

.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q29. There are several types of crystal structure and bonding shown by elements and
compounds.

(a) (i) Name the type of bonding in the element sodium.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to draw a diagram that shows
how the particles are arranged in a crystal of sodium.
You should identify the particles and show a minimum of six particles in a two-
dimensional diagram.

(2)

(b) Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.

Page 39
Atomic Structure
(i) Name the type of bonding in sodium chloride.

.............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Explain why the melting point of sodium chloride is high.

.............................................................................................................

(Extra space) .......................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(2)

Melting point /K 1074 1020 920

Suggest why the melting point of sodium iodide is lower than the melting point of
sodium bromide.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q30.The mass spectrum of a sample of krypton taken from a meteorite is shown below.

Page 40
Atomic Structure

(a) Use this spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of krypton.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

Explain why the value you have calculated is slightly different from the relative
atomic mass given in the Periodic Table.

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b) State how krypton is ionised in the mass spectrometer.

Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when
the first ionisation energy of Kr is measured.

Sometimes the mass spectrum of Kr has a very small peak with an m/z value of 42.
Explain the occurrence of this peak.

........................................................................................................................

Page 41
Atomic Structure
........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

Q31.The element nitrogen forms compounds with metals and non-metals.

(a) Nitrogen forms a nitride ion with the electron configuration 1s 2s 2p 2 2 6

Write the formula of the nitride ion.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) An element forms an ion Q with a single negative charge that has the same electron
configuration as the nitride ion.
Identify the ion Q.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 42
Atomic Structure
(c) Use the Periodic Table and your knowledge of electron arrangement to write the
formula of lithium nitride.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Calcium nitride contains 81.1% by mass of the metal.

Calculate the empirical formula of calcium nitride.
Show your working.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Write an equation for the reaction between silicon and nitrogen to form silicon
nitride, Si N
3 4

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q32.The element rubidium exists as the isotopes Rb and Rb 85 87

(a) State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom of the isotope
85
Rb

Number of protons .........................................................................................

Number of neutrons .......................................................................................

(2)

Page 43
Atomic Structure

(b) (i) Explain how the gaseous atoms of rubidium are ionised in a mass
spectrometer

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs
when the first ionisation energy of rubidium is measured.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The table shows the first ionisation energies of rubidium and some other elements in
the same group.

Element sodium potassium rubidium

First ionisation 494 418 402

energy / kJ mol –1

State one reason why the first ionisation energy of rubidium is lower than the first
ionisation energy of sodium.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) (i) State the block of elements in the Periodic Table that contains rubidium.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 44
Atomic Structure

(ii) Deduce the full electron configuration of a rubidium atom.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(e) A sample of rubidium contains the isotopes Rb and Rb only. 85 87

The isotope Rb has an abundance 2.5 times greater than that of Rb

85 87

Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium in this sample.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(f) By reference to the relevant part of the mass spectrometer, explain how the
abundance of an isotope in a sample of rubidium is determined.

Name of relevant part ....................................................................................

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(g) Predict whether an atom of Sr will have an atomic radius that is larger than, smaller
88

than or the same as the atomic radius of Rb. Explain your answer.
87

Atomic radius of Sr compared to Rb .........................................................

88 87

Explanation ....................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

Page 45
Atomic Structure

Q33.(a) Use your knowledge of electron configuration and ionisation energies to answer this
question. The following diagram shows the second ionisation energies of some Period 3
elements.

(i) Draw an ‘X’ on the diagram to show the second ionisation energy of sulfur.
(1)

(ii) Write the full electron configuration of the Al ion. 2+

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the second ionisation
energy of aluminium is measured.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iv) Give one reason why the second ionisation energy of silicon is lower than the
second ionisation energy of aluminium.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)

Page 46
Atomic Structure

(b) Predict the element in Period 3 that has the highest second ionisation energy.
Give a reason for your answer.

Element ........................................................................................................

Reason .........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) The following table gives the successive ionisation energies of an element in Period
3.

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth

Ionisation energy /
786 1580 3230 4360 16100 19800
kJ mol −1

Identify this element.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Explain why the ionisation energy of every element is endothermic.

........................................................................................................................

(Extra space) .................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q34.(a) State the meaning of the term mass number of an isotope.

........................................................................................................................
Page 47
Atomic Structure
........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Give the symbol of the element that has an isotope with a mass number of 68 and
has 38 neutrons in its nucleus.

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) The following shows a simplified diagram of a mass spectrometer.

(i) State what happens to the sample in the parts labelled P and Q.

P ..........................................................................................................

Q ..........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) In a mass spectrometer, the isotopes of an element are separated.

Two measurements for each isotope are recorded on the mass spectrum.

State the two measurements that are recorded for each isotope.

Measurement 1 ....................................................................................

Measurement 2 ....................................................................................
(2)

(d) A sample of element R contains isotopes with mass numbers of 206, 207 and 208 in

Page 48
Atomic Structure
a 1:1:2 ratio of abundance.

(i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of R. Give your answer to one decimal
place.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii) Identify R.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) All the isotopes of R react in the same way with concentrated nitric acid.

State why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

...............................................................................................................

(Extra space) ........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q35.The mass spectrum of the isotopes of element X is shown in the diagram.

Page 49
Atomic Structure

m/z

(a) Define the term relative atomic mass.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Use data from the diagram to calculate the relative atomic mass of X.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Identify the ion responsible for the peak at 72

........................................................................................................................
(1)

Page 50
Atomic Structure
(d) Identify which one of the isotopes of X is deflected the most in the magnetic field of
a mass spectrometer. Give a reason for your answer.

Isotope ..........................................................................................................

Reason ..........................................................................................................
(2)

(e) In a mass spectrometer, the relative abundance of each isotope is proportional to
the current generated by that isotope at the detector.

Explain how this current is generated.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) X and Zn are different elements.

........................................................................................................................

Explain why the chemical properties of X and Zn are different.70 70

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Page 51
Atomic Structure

M1. (a) Ability (or power) of an atom to attract electron density

(or electrons or -ve charge) (1)
in a covalent bond (1)
or shared pair
If remove an electron lose first mark
2

(b) Trend: increases (1)

Explanation: nuclear charge (number of protons) increases (1)
electrons in same shell (1)
OR similar shielding
OR atoms similar size or smaller
OR 1 mol of e-
3

(c) Heat / enthalpy / energy for removal of one electron (1)

from a gaseous atom (1)
can score in an equation
must have first mark to score the second
2

(d) (i) 2 (1)

(ii) Two elements (or Na / Mg) before the drop (in energy) to Al (1)

(iii) ionisation energy of Al < that for Mg (1)

(iv) fall in energy from P to S (1)

or discontinuity in trend

From Al to P there are 3 additional electrons (1)

or three elements
For second mark idea of block of 3 elements
5
[12]

Page 52
Atomic Structure
M2. (a) number of protons in one atom or nucleus (1)
Allow protons & electrons
do not allow protons + electrons or electrons
1

(b) (1) Na (1)

OR Na or Na (1) + unambiguous statement of mass no.

and atomic no.
2

Allow Ne 3s 3p 2 1

(d) 14 (1)
1

(e) (1) × 12 (1)

Reference to mass number not mass C.E. = 0
OR stated in moles
OR compared with 1/12 of a C atom or relative
12

to C when taken as 12
12

(f) (i) electron gun (1)

(ii) (particles must be charged) (ions) before attraction to

a charged plate (or electric field) (1)

(or only ions can be attracted or accelerated by an

electric field)
or converse; if not charged not attracted to electric field

Page 53
Atomic Structure
(iii) magnetic field (or magnet) (1)

(iv) magnetic field (1) or (accelerating potential or strength of magnet)

allow magnet
4

(g) (i) (1)

(1) mark for any m/z × relative abundance

If numerator is correct but 100 has A.E. conseq A.E. -1
If A.E. on 100 allow conseq correct answer provided
numerator is correct

= 24.5 (1)
Allow 24.5 to 24.52
ignore units

(ii) magnesium (1) (or Mg) (allow conseq on wrong A ) r

(iii) abundance of isotopes is different (1) (or different isotopes)

5
[16]

M3. (a) Proton: mass 1, charge + 1 (1)

Neutron: mass 1, charge 0 (1)
Electron mass 1/1840, charge -1 (1)
Allow mass = 0, or negligible, or 1/1800 to 1/2000

Isotopes have the same number of protons (1)

OR atomic number

different number of neutrons (1)

Page 54
Atomic Structure
Isotopes have the same electronic configuration (1)
OR same number of electrons

Chemical properties depend on electrons (1)

(b) ×12 (1)

OR × 12 or in words

Spectrum gives (relative) abundance (1)

OR % or amount

And m/z (1)

Multiply m/z by relative abundance for each isotope (1)
Allow instead of m/z mass no, A or actual value from
r

example

Sum these values (1)

Divide by the sum of the relative abundances (1)
only award this mark if previous 2 given
Max 2 if e.g. has only 2 isotopes
7
[14]

M4. (a) Ionisation (1)

High speed or high energy electrons or electron gun (1)
NOT bombard
NOT beam or stream of electrons

Knocks out (outer) electron (1)

Forming positive ion - could be from Ti → Ti + e (1)

+ –

Accept + ion later in question to clarify charge of ion

Ti + e → Ti + 2 e worth 2 marks
– + –

Ignore state symbols

Page 55
Atomic Structure
Acceleration (1)

By electric field or attraction to negative plate or electrostatic attraction (1)

NOT repelled by + plate
Allow passed through positive & negative plates / oppositely
charged plates
Not just charged plates

Deflection (1)

By magnetic field or magnet or electromagnet (1)

Detection (1)

Idea that ions collected at detector and generate current (1)

Both ions have the same m / z value (of 24) or valid arguments
in terms of the doubled charge on Ti exactly counteracting its
48 2+

doubled mass (1)

Deflected equally (so detected together) or deflection dependent

on m / z value (1)
Can’t get this from previous section
10

(b) Differ in mass number or number of neutrons (1)

Same proton / atomic number (1)
Ignore reference to electrons here

Isotopes have the same chemical properties (1)

because all have the same electron configuration or number of electrons

or same number of valence electrons (so no chemical difference) (1)
This mark is tied to the above mark or near miss [similar etc]
in M3
4

Relative to 1/12 mass of C atom atc. Or to C taken as 12.000 or

12 12

exactly 12 (1)
Isotope can be accepted

OR (1) × 12 (1)

Page 56
Atomic Structure
A = (46 × .0802) + (47 × .0731) + (48 × .7381) + (49 × .0554)
r

+ (50 × .0532) (1)

= 47.93 answer to 2 d.p (1)

47.92 is acceptable
Must be 5 sets of values
Ignore transcription errors BUT DON’T ignore missing 100
C.E.
If missing isotope C.E.
4
[18]

M5. (a) Na(g) → Na (g) + e

+ –

OR Na(g) + e → Na (g) + 2e
– + –

(- ) on electron not essential

equation (1)
state symbols (1)
Ignore state symbols on electrons
2

(b) Trend : Increases (1)

Explanation : Increased nuclear charge or proton number (1)

Stronger attraction (between nucleus and (outer) e ) (1) –

Trend wrong
Allow M2 only if M3 correct (con)
3

e or orbital is higher in energy or better

–

shielded than (3)s

or p electron is shielded by 3s electrons (1)
Allow e is further away
–

Mark independently

Explanation for S: e removed from (3)p electron pair (1)

–

repulsion between paired e (reduces energy required) (1)

–

Mark separately
If deviation wrong allow M2 and M4

Page 57
Atomic Structure
If M3 and / or M5 right (con)
If used ‘d’ rather than ‘p’ orbital - lose M2 + M4 but may get
M3, M5 (explanation marks)
5
[10]

M6. (a)
Particle Relative charge Relative mass

Proton +1 or 1+ 1 (1)

Neutron 0 1 (not – 1) (1)

or no charge/neutral/zero

Electron –1 or 1– 1/1800 to 1/2000 (1)

or negligible
or zero
or 5.0 × 10 to 5.6 × 10–4 –4

if ‘g’ in mass column - wrong

penalise once
3

(b) (1)(1)
Allow numbers before or after Ar
2

Allow upper case letters

S : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)
2– 2 2 6 2 6

If use subscript penalise once

(d) Block: p (1)

Explanation: Highest energy or outer orbital is (3) p

Page 58
Atomic Structure
OR outer electron, valency electron in (3) p
NOT 2p etc.
2

(e) (i) Bonding in Na S: ionic (1)

Bonding in CS : covalent (1)

ignore other words such as dative / polar / co-ordinate

(ii) Clear indication of electron transfer from Na to S (1)

1 e from each (of 2) Na atoms or 2 e from 2 Na atoms (1)
– –

QoL correct English

(iii)

Correct covalent bonds (1)

All correct including lone pairs (1)
Allow all •s or all ×s
M2 tied to M1
NOT separate e s in S•- 2 l p
–

(iv) CS + 2H O → CO + 2H S (1)
2 2 2 2

Ignore state symbols even if wrong

7
[16]

M7. (a) Relative charge –1 (1)

Relative mass 1/1800 or 5.55 × 10 (1) –4

Accept zero / negligible

Page 59
Atomic Structure
2

(b) (i) Protons = 24 (1)

(ii) Neutrons = 28 (1)

(iii) Need (relative) abundance or peak height or intensity

/ amount / number / % / fraction of each element (1)
Not: ‘ratio of each isotope’
3

(c) (i) Reason 1: To allow particles to be accelerated / deflected /

detected or to count

Reason 2: Charged particles or to generate a current in the detector

Any 2 (2)
Not: ‘to allow m/z to be measured’

(ii) Magnetic field or electric field or electromagnet (1)

(iii) Deflection depends on mass or m/z (1)

(d) (i) (simplest) ratio of atoms of each element in compound (1)

(ii) % oxygen = 39.5% (1)

Na 28.4/23 Cr 32.1/52 O 39.5/16 (1)

= 1.23 = 0.617 = 2.47
(2:1:4) so empirical formula = Na CrO (1)
2 4

If % oxygen not calculated, only M2 available; if A values

wrong, only M1 available

4
[13]

M8. (a) (i) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)

2 2 6 2 1

Allow subscripted electron numbers

(ii) p (block) (1)

Allow upper or lower case ‘s’ and ‘p’ in (a)(i) and (a)(ii)

Page 60
Atomic Structure
2

(b) Lattice of metal / +ve ions/ cations / atoms (1)

Not +ve nuclei/centres
Accept regular array/close packed/tightly packed/uniformly
arranged

(Surrounded by) delocalised electrons (1)

Note: Description as a ‘giant ionic lattice’ = CE
2

(c) Greater nuclear or ionic charge or more protons (1)

Smaller atoms / ions (1)

Accept greater charge density for either M1 or M2

More delocalised electrons / e in sea of e / free e (1)

– – –

Stronger attraction between ions and delocalised / free electrons etc. (1)
Max 3
Note: ‘intermolecular attraction/ forces’ or covalent
molecules = CE
Accept stronger ‘electrostatic attraction’ if phrase prescribed
elsewhere
Ignore references to m/z values
If Mg or Na compared to Al, rather than to each other, then:
Max 2
Treat description that is effectively one for Ionisation Energy
as a ‘contradiction’
3

(d) (Delocalised) electrons (1)

Move / flow in a given direction (idea of moving non-randomly)

or under the influence applied pd QoL mark (1)
Allow ‘flow through metal’
Not: ‘Carry the charge’; ‘along the layers’; ‘move through the
metal’
2
[9]

Page 61
Atomic Structure

M9. (a)

(b) Increased nuclear charge / proton number (1)

NOT increased atomic number

Electrons enter same shell / energy level OR atoms get smaller

OR same shielding (1)

Stronger attraction between nucleus and (outer) electrons (1)

Q of L
3

(c) Explanation for aluminium: (third) electron in (3)p sub-shell (1)

Sub-shell further away from nucleus OR of higher energy (1)
OR extra shielding from (3)s

Explanation for sulphur: Pair of electrons in (3)p orbital (1)

Repulsion between electrons (1)
tied to reference to e pair in M3
–

Penalise ‘2p’ once only

4
[10]

M10. (a) High speed electrons OR electrons from an electron gun (1)

Page 62
Atomic Structure
Knocks out an (outer-shell) electron (on the chromium atom) (1)
Accept Cr(g) + e → Cr (g) + 2e
– + –

NOT e gun alone / beam of e / bombardment with e

– – –

(b) Electric field OR (attraction to) -ve plate OR electrostatic attraction (1)
OR (repelled by) +ve plate OR charged plate
NOT high p.d. / electromagnetic field / electric plates
1

(c) Magnet OR magnetic field OR electromagnet(1)

(d) A = (50 × 0.043) + (52 × 0.838) + (53 × 0.095) + (54 × 0.024) (1)
r

52.06 OR 52.05 (1)

Mark consequentially on transcription, or addition of %, error
2
[6]

M11. (a) (i) Atoms with the same number of protons / proton number (1)
NOT same atomic number

with different numbers of neutrons (1)

NOT different mass number / fewer neutrons

(ii) Chemical properties depend on the number or amount of

(outer) electrons (1) OR, isotopes have the same electron
configuration / same number of e –

(iii) 23/6.023 × 10 (1)

CE = 0 if inverted or multiplied

tied to M1 3.8(2) × 10 [2-5 sig figs] (1)

–23

(b) 1s 2s 2p 3s (1)
2 2 6 1

accept subscripted figures

Page 63
Atomic Structure

(c) Highest energy e / outer e s / last e in (3)d sub-shell (1)

– – –

OR d sub-shell being filled / is incomplete

OR highest energy sub-shell is (3)d
NOT transition element / e configuration ends at 3d
–

Q of L
1

(d) N correct symbol (1)

allow

Mass number = 15 AND atomic number = 7 (1)

2
[9]

M12. (a) 4LiH + AlCl → LiAlH + 3LiCl

3 4

(b) H = 1s or 1s
– 2
2

(c) Tetrahedral or diagram

(Not distorted tetrahedral)
1

(Equal) repulsion
1

between four bonding pairs / bonds

(Not repulsion between H atoms loses M2 and M3)
(Not ‘separate as far as possible’)
(‘4’ may be inferred from a correct diagram)
1

(d) Dative (covalent) or coordinate

Page 64
Atomic Structure
Lone pair or non-bonding pair of electron or both e –

QoL Donated from H to Al or shared between H and Al

–

(tied to M2)
(Not ‘from H atom’) (Not ‘to Al ion’) (Not ‘e s transferred’)
–

1
[8]

M13. (a) Enthalpy change/required when an electron is removed/knocked

out/displaced (Ignore ‘minimum’ energy)
1

From a gaseous atom

(could get this mark from equation)
1

(b) Mg (g) → Mg (g) + e Equation

+ 2+ –

Or Mg (g) + e → Mg (g) + 2e State symbols (Tied to M1)

+ – 2+ –

(c) Increased/stronger nuclear charge or more protons

Smaller atom or electrons enter the same shell or

same/similar shielding
1

(d) Electron removed from a shell of lower energy or smaller

atom or e nearer
–

nucleus or e removed from 2p rather than from 3s

–

Less shielding
(Do not accept ‘e from inner shell’)
–

1
[8]

Page 65
Atomic Structure

M14. (a) Proton mass = 1 charge = +1

Electron mass 1/1800 Or 5.6 × 10 charge = –1
–4

(Do not accept +1 for proton mass or ‘g’ units)

(b) (i) 13
1

(ii) Si
1

Mass number = 28 and atomic number = 14

(Do not accept 28.1 or 28.0 or ‘Silicon’)
5

(c) Mean (average) mass of an atom / all the isotopes

1/12 mass of atom of C
th 12

Or Mass of 1 mole of atoms of an element (1)

1/12 mass of 1 mole of C (1)
th 12

Or Average mass of an atom / all the isotopes (1)

relative to the mass of a C atom taken as exactly 12 / 12.000 (1)
12

(Penalise ‘weight’ once only) (Ignore ‘average’ mass of C) 12

(Do not allow ‘mass of average atom’)

(d) A = (24 × 0.735) + (25 × 0.101) + (26 × 0.164) 1 = 24.4 1

(mark M2 conseq on transcription error or incorrect addition

of %)

(e) M = highest m/z value 1

(NOT ‘highest/largest/right-hand’ peak)

3
[10]

Page 66
Atomic Structure
M15. (a) (i) p + n / number of nucleons
(accept protons and neutrons)
(Incorrect reference to electrons = contradiction)
1

(ii) Mean /average mass of a molecule/entity/formula

1/12 mass of atom of C

th 12

[Not 1/12 mass of molecule of C]

th 12

(mark independently)
1

OR Mass of 1 mole of molecules/entities (1)

1/12 mass of 1 mole of C (1)
th 12

OR Average mass of a molecule/entity (1)

Relative to the mass of a C atom taken as 12 / 12.000 (1)
12

(Mean/average = stated or explained)

(mass = stated or explained)
(Penalise ‘weight’ once only)
(Ignore ‘average ‘ mass of C) 12

(Do not allow ‘mass of average molecule)

(b) (i) 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 6 2 6 1 10

(accept 3d 4s ) 9 2

(accept subscripts or caps)

[Penalise missing shell numbers]
1

(ii) d / D [NOT 3d/ ‘transition element]

(iii) 36 [NOT 36.0]

(c) (i) More Cu atoms than Cu atoms

63 65

(idea of more abundant Cu isotope - NOT just reference to

peak heights)
1

(ii) Electron from electron gun / high speed electron / high

energy electron
(accept electron gun fired at)
[NOT ‘bombarded with electrons]
1

knock electron off (Cu atom) / idea of loss of e- / appropriate

equation
(Mark independently)
Page 67
Atomic Structure
1

(iii) Cu or equivalent [NOT 63.0 - penalise this error once only]

63 2+

m/z = 63/2 (=31.5) or equivalent

More energy needed to remove second electron OR

Cu statistically less likely to remove second electron
63 2+

(Idea that not many Cu ions formed OR explains why few are
63 2+

formed e.g. more energy needed)

If ‘ Cu’ not given, can only award M2 & M3
63

Notes on [If 65 used, lose M1 and M2]

M16. (a) (i) (atoms with the) same number of protons / same atomic number /
atoms of the same element;
1

(molecules = contradiction)
But different number of neutrons / different mass number;
(not different atomic mass or A ) r

(ii) detected by: +ve ions collide with / are directed or deflected to /
are collected at the detector;
1

causing current to flow / detected electrically /

idea of electricity or voltage generated;
1

(not ‘charge produced’ or ‘detected electronically’)

abundance measured: idea that current depends on
abundance/number of ions hitting detector;
1

Page 68
Atomic Structure

(b) (i) mean /average mass of an atom / all the isotopes;

1/12 mass of atom of C ;
th 12

(mark independently)

mass of 1 mole of atoms (of an element);

1/12 mass of 1 mole of C;
th 12

average mass of a molecule/entity;

relative to the mass of a C atom taken as 12 / 12.000;
12

2
(penalise ‘weight’ once only)
(ignore ‘average’ mass of C) 12

(do not allow ‘mass of average atom )

(ii) ;
1

= 55.9;
1

(accept subscripts or caps; ignore 4s°) (penalise missing

shell numbers)
1

(ii) highest energy level / last sub-shell to be filled / is (3)d;

outermost electrons in the d sub-shell/orbital;

(not incomplete d sub-shell)
(not valance electron in d sub-shell)
1

(iii) no difference;
same e arrangement / same number of e / same valence e .
– – –

same chemical properties;

Page 69
Atomic Structure
OR

chemical properties determined by electrons;

(M2 tied to correct answer for M1)
1
[13]

M17. (a) Mean (average) mass of an atom / all the isotopes or

1/12th mass of atom of 12C

Mass of 1mole of atoms of an element or

1/12 mass of 1mole of C
th 12

average mass of an atom / all the isotopes

relative to the mass of a C atom taken as exactly 12 / 12.000
12

(penalise ‘weight’ once only)

(ignore ‘average’ mass of C) 12

(not ‘mass of average atom’)

(b) A = (64 × 0.389) + (66 × 0.278) + (67 × 0.147) + (68 × 0.186)

= 65.7
(mark M2 conseq on transcription error or incorrect addition
of %)
1

identity: zinc / Zn
(Conseq on A but only if their A is within range of Periodic
r r

Table)
1

(c) electron gun (fires) electrons or high speed/energy electrons

(not just ‘bombarded by electrons’ or ‘bombarded by electron
gun’)
1

knocks off e from Q

–

(may be earned from a real or generic equation)

Page 70
Atomic Structure
1

Reasons: to allow ions to be: accelerated (by an electric field)

deflected (by a magnet/magnetic field)

detected / description of current formed at the detector/sensor

(accept in any order)
(allow clear descriptions of ‘accelerated’,
‘deflected’, ‘detected’)
1
[10]

M18. (a) enthalpy/energy change/required when an electron is removed/

knocked out / displaced/ to form a uni-positive ion
(ignore ‘minimum’ energy)
1

from a gaseous atom

(could get M2 from a correct equation here)
(accept ‘Enthalpy/energy change for the process...’
followed by an appropriate equation, for both marks)
(accept molar definitions)
1

(b) 1s 2s 2p
2 2 6

(accept capitals and subscripts)

(c) ‘s’ block

(not a specific ‘s’ orbital – e.g. 2s)
1

(d) Mg (g) → Mg (g) + e or

+ 2+ –

Mg (g) + e → Mg (g) + 2e or
+ – 2+ –

Mg (g) – e → Mg (g)
+ – 2+

(e) Mg ion smaller than Ne atom / Mg e closer to nucleus

2+ 2+ –

Page 71
Atomic Structure
(Not ‘atomic’ radius fo Mg ) 2+

Mg has more protons than Ne / higher nuclear charge or

e is removed from a charged Mg ion / neutral neon atom

– 2+

(accept converse arguments)

(If used ‘It’ or Mg/magnesium/Mg etc. & 2 correct reasons,
3+

allow (1))
1

(f) (i) trend: increases

(if ‘decreases’, CE = 0/3)
1

Expl : more protons / increased proton number /

increased nuclear charge

(NOT increased atomic number)
1

same shell / same shielding / smaller size

(ii) QoL reference to the e pair in the 3p sub-level

–

(penalise if wrong shell, e.g. ‘2p’, quoted)

repulsion between the e in this e pair

– –

(if not stated, ‘e pair’ must be clearly implied)

–

(mark M4 and M5 separately)

1
[12]

M19. (penalty for sig fig error =1 mark per question)

(a) neutron: relative mass = 1 relative charge = 0

(not ‘neutral’)
1

electron: relative mass = 1/1800 → 0/negligible or

5.56 × 10–4 → 0 relative charge = –1

Page 72
Atomic Structure

(b)     O/O
17 17
mass number               (Do not accept 17.0)
1

oxygen symbol ‘O’

(if ‘oxygen’ + — ‘mass number = 17’(1))
(if ‘oxygen’+ — ‘mass number = 17’(0))
(if at N given but ≠ 8, treat as ‘con’ for M2)
0

(if lp on Be, diagram = 0)

(ignore bond angles)
(not dot and cross diagrams)
1

(c)

2

QoL Linear (1) bent / V-shaped / angular (1)
(mark name and shape independently)
(accept (distorted) tetrahedral)
(if balls instead of symbols, lose M1 – can award M2)
(penalise missing ‘Cl’ once only)
(not ‘non-linear’)
2

(d) M (Mg(NO ) = 58(.3) (if At N used, lose M1 and M2)

r 3 2
0

moles Mg(OH) = 0.0172 (conseq on wrong M2) (answer to 3+ s.f.)

moles HCl = 2 × 0.0172 = 0.0344 or 0.0343 (mol) (process mark)

vol HCl = = 34.3 – 34.5 (cm ) (unless wrong unit)

(if candidate used 0.017 or 0.0171 lose M2)

(just answer with no working, if in range = (4).
if, say, 34 then =(2))
(if not 2:1 ratio, lose M3 and M4)
(if work on HCl, CE = 0/4)
1

Page 73
Atomic Structure
[12]

M20. (a) Atoms/isotopes/particles/species with the same (number of) protons

and different (number of) neutrons
[Not atomic number/mass number/molecules/same
element/diff electrons]
1

(b) Mass number

17 & Cl
1
[Not 37.0] [Mark independently] [ignore charges]

[allow reversed 4s 3d ] 2 10

[allow capitals/subscripts]
1

(ii) A =
r

[Wrong approach or not dividing by 100 = CE = 0]

= 72.4
[Answer to 1 d.p.] [Mark conseq on transcription error]
1

(iii) Magnet/electromagnet/magnetic field / electric field/charge on

negative/accelerator plate
1

Correct link between deflection and m/z

Correct link between deflection and field

[Penalise ‘reflected’/’diffracted’ once only]
[Ignore references to molecules/atoms/particles]
[Consolation mark: allow correct link between mass and
deflection for 1 mark out of the 2]

Page 74
Atomic Structure
1

(iv) Ge only
1
Same m/z as S 36 +

[Mark independently]
1
[11]

M21. (a) Number of protons in the nucleus

(b) They may have different numbers of neutrons

(c) (i) Mass spectrometer

(ii) × 12
2

(iii) A = r

= (82 × 12 + 83 × 12 + 84 × 50 + 86 × 26)/100 = 84.16

(d) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6

(e) Krypton was thought to be an inert gas

(or has 8 electrons in outer shell)
1

(f) (i) Krypton has more protons than bromine

Page 75
Atomic Structure
But its outer electrons are in the same shell
(or have similar shielding)
1

(ii) Al electron is in a 3p orbital, magnesium in 3s

Energy of 3p is greater than 3s

1
[13]

M22. (a)
Particle Relative Charge Relative mass

Proton +1 1 1

Neutron 0 1 1

Need +1 for proton

(b) d block/ D block;

Or D or d
1

(c) (i) 74;

Not 74.0
1

(ii) 112;
Not 112.0
1

Page 76
Atomic Structure
(d) (i) To accelerate/ make go faster;
1

To deflect/ to bend the beam;

Any order
Not just attract to negative plate
1

(ii) Electromagnet / magnet / electric field /accelerating potential or

voltage;
Not electric current
Not electronic field
1

(e) None/ nothing;

If blank mark on.
If incorrect CE = 0
1

Same number of electrons (in outer orbital/shell)/ both have 74

electrons/same electron configuration;
Not just electrons determine chemical properties
Ignore protons and neutrons unless wrong statement.
1

(f) ;
If transcription error then
M1 = AE = –1 and mark
M2 consequentially
1

= 183.90; allow range from 183.90 – 184.00;

1
[12]

M23. (a) (i) Average/mean mass of 1 atom (of an element);

Average mass of 1 atom × 12.
1

Page 77
Atomic Structure
Mass 1/12 atom of C;
12

Mass 1 atom of C. 12

QWC.
1

(ii) Other isotope = 46.0%;

107.9 = ;
M2 whole expression.
1

108.8;
Answer 108.8 (3 marks).
Answer min 1 d.p..
1

Same electronic configuration/ same number of electrons (in

outer shell)/ both have 47 electrons;
Ignore protons and neutrons unless incorrect.
Not just electrons determine chemical properties.
1

(b) Ionisation;
1

high energy electrons fired at sample;

Allow electron gun /blasted with electrons.
1

Acceleration;
1

With electric field/accelerating potential/potential difference;

Allow by negative plate.
1

Deflection;
1

With electromagnet/ magnet/ magnetic field;

M2 dependent on M1.
M4 dependent on M3.
M6 dependent on M5.
1

(c) (Silver) metallic (bonding);

Vdw/molecules CE=0.

Page 78
Atomic Structure
1

Regular arrangement of same sized particles;

+ charge in each ion;

Ignore multiple positive charges.
Candidates do not need to show delocalised electrons.
1

(d) Ionic (bonds);

Minimum 4 ions shown in 2D square arrangement placed Correctly;

Do not allow multiple charges on ions.
1

Further 3 ions shown correctly in a cubic lattice;

Strong (electrostatic) forces/bonds;

If vdw/molecules/covalent mentioned CE = 0 for M4 and M5.
1

Between + and – ions;

Accept between oppositely charged ions.
1
[20]

M24. (a) 2s 2p ;
2 6

If ignored the 1s given and written 1s 2s 2p mark as correct

2 2 2 6

Allow capitals and subscripts

(b) (i) Na (g) → Na (g) + e ;

+ 2+ (–)

One mark for equation and one mark for state symbols

Na (g) + e → Na (g) + 2e ;

+ (–) 2+ (–)

M2 dependent on M1
Allow Na (g) – e → Na(g)
+ (–)

Allow X (g) → X (g) + e = 1 mark

+ 2+

Page 79
Atomic Structure

(ii) Na requires loss of e from a 2(p) orbital or 2 energy level or

(2+) – nd

2 shell and Mg requires loss of e from a 3(s) orbital or 3

nd (2+) – rd

energy level or 3 shell / Na loses e from a lower (energy)

rd (2+)

orbital/ or vice versa;

Not from 3p
1

Less shielding (in Na);

Or vice versa for Mg
1

e closer to nucleus/ more attraction (of electron to nucleus) (in Na);
(–)

M3 needs to be comparative
1

(iii) Aluminium /Al;

Increasing nuclear charge/ increasing number of protons;

Electrons in same shell or level/ same shielding/ similar shielding;

(d) Answer refers to Na;

Allow converse answers relating to Mg.

Na fewer protons/smaller nuclear charge/ fewer delocalised electrons;

Allow Mg is 2+ and Na is +.
If vdw CE = 0.
1

Na is a bigger ion/ atom;

Smaller attraction between nucleus and delocalised electrons;

If mentioned that charge density of Mg is greater then allow
2+

first 2 marks.
(ie charge / size / attraction).
M3 allow weaker metallic bonding.
1

Page 80
Atomic Structure

(e) (Bent) shape showing 2 lone pairs + 2N−H bond pairs;

Atoms must be labelled.
Lone pairs can be with or without lobes.
1

Bent / v shape/ triangular;

Not tetrahedral.
Allow non-linear.
Bent-linear = contradiction.
1

(f) Ne has full sub-levels/ can’t get any more electrons in the sub-levels/
Ne has full shells;
Not 2s 2p alone.
2 6

Not stable electron configuration.

1
[16]

M25. (a) Average/mean mass of (1) atom(s) (of an element)

1/12 mass of one atom of C 12

Accept answer in words

Can have top line × 12 instead of bottom line ÷ 12
1

(Average) mass of one mole of atoms

1/12 mass of one mole of C 12

(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes

1/12 mass of one atom of C 12

Average mass of an atom/isotope compared to C-12

on a scale in which an atom of C-12 has a mass of 12

Page 81
Atomic Structure
Allow 95.12 + 4.88 instead of 100
1

= 14.05
If not to 2 d.p. then lose last mark
Not 14.04
1

(b) N is heavier/ N has a bigger m/z/different m/z values

15 15

Not different no’s of neutrons

Not ionisation potential
1

Electromagnet/electric field/magnet/accelerating
potential or voltage/electric current
1

Same no of electrons (in outer orbital/shell/sub shell)/same

electron configuration
M2 dependent on M1
Not just electrons determine chemical properties
Ignore protons
1
[8]

M26. Mass number = number of protons + neutrons (in the nucleus/atom)

Not in a substance or compound or element
1

7 protons and 7 electrons

8 neutrons
1
[3]

Page 82
Atomic Structure

M27. (a) 4d 5s 5p in any order

10 2 1

Allow subscripts for numbers

Allow capitals
1

(b) (i) Using an electron gun/(beam of) high energy/fast

moving electrons
Ignore ‘knocks out an electron’
1

(ii) In(g) + e → In (g) + 2e

– + –

In(g) → In (g) + e
+ –

In(g) – e → In (g)
– +

The state symbols need not be present for the electron - but
if they are they must be (g)
No need to show charge on electron
If I CE = 0
Ignore any equations using M
1

(iii) So no more than 1 electron is knocked out/so only one electron

is knocked out/prevent further ionisation
Allow stop 2+ and 3+/other ions being formed
Not to get wrong m/z
1

(iv) Any two processes from

• Accelerate (owtte)

• Deflect (owtte)

• Detect (owtte)

Ignore wrong causes of process
2 max

Page 83
Atomic Structure
(c) (i) Average/mean mass of (1) atom(s) (of an element)
1

1/12 mass of one atom of C

(Average) mass of one mole of atoms

1/12 mass of one mole of C

(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes

1/12 mass of one atom of C

Average mass of an atom/isotope compared to C-12 on a

scale in which an atom of C-12 has a mass of 12
Not average mass of 1 molecule
Allow the wording Average mass of 1 atom of an element
compared to 1/12 mass atom of C (or mass 1/12 atom of
12

12
C)
Allow if moles of atoms on both lines
Accept answer in words
Can have top line × 12 instead of bottom line ÷12
If atoms/moles mixed, max = 1

(ii)
Allow idea that there are 4 × 0.5 divisions between 113 and
115
1

ratio (113:115) = 1:3 OR 25:75 OR 0.5:1.5 etc

Correct answer scores M1 and M2
If 1:3 for In(115):In(113), max = 1
1

(d) None
1

Same no of electrons (in the outer shell)/same electron configuration)

Ignore electrons determine chemical properties/ignore
protons
M2 dependent on M1 being correct

Page 84
Atomic Structure
1

(e) 29.0%/29% O
If no O calculated, allow M2 if In and H divided by the correct
A r

0.603 1.8 1.81

1 3 3

EF = In H O 3 3

Allow In(OH) 3

Do not allow last mark just for ratio 1:3:3

If InO H given with no working then allow 3 marks
3 3

If I not In, lose M3

1
[15]

M28. (a) Li(g) → Li (g) + e (g)+ -

Li(g) - e (g) → Li (g)

- +

Li(g) + e (g) → Li (g) + 2e-

- +

One mark for balanced equation with state symbols

Charge and state on electron need not be shown
1

(b) Increases
If trend wrong then CE = 0/3 for (b). If blank mark on.
1

Increasing nuclear charge / increasing no of protons

Ignore effective with regard to nuclear charge
1

Same or similar shielding / same no of shells / electron

Page 85
Atomic Structure
(taken) from same (sub)shell / electron closer to the
nucleus / smaller atomic radius
1

Paired electrons in a (4) p orbital

If incorrect p orbital then M2 = 0
1

(Paired electrons) repel

If shared pair of electrons M2 + M3 = 0
1

(d) Kr is a bigger atom / has more shells / more shielding

in Kr / electron removed further from nucleus/ electron
removed from a higher (principal or main) energy level
CE if molecule mentioned
Must be comparative answer
QWC
1

(e) 2 / two / II
1

(f) Arsenic / As
1
[10]

M29. (a) (i) Metallic

Allow body centred cubic
1

(ii)

Page 86
Atomic Structure

One mark for regular arrangement of particles. Can have a

space between them
Do not allow hexagonal arrangement
1

Na Na Na
+ + +

One mark for + in each

Ignore electrons
If it looks like ionic bonding then CE = 0/2
1

(b) (i) Ionic

CE = 0 for (b)(i) and (b)(ii) if not ionic
1

(ii) Strong (electrostatic) attraction

Any mention of IMF or molecules / metallic / covalent in (b)
(ii) then CE 0/2
1

Between oppositely charged ions / particles

Or + and – ions
1

Need comparison
Do not allow iodine is a bigger atom
Ignore I has one more c shell
- –

CE = 0 if IMF / covalent / metallic mentioned

1
[7]

Page 87
Atomic Structure

M30.(a)
M1 for the top line
M2 is for division by 17
1

= 84.0
Not 84
No consequential marking from M1 or M2
Ignore units
1

The A in the Periodic table takes account of the other isotopes /different amounts of
r

isotopes (or words to that effect regarding isotopes)

Award independently
Comparison implied
Isotope(s) alone, M4 = 0
1

(b) (Beam of electrons from) an electron gun / high speed / high energy electrons
1

Knocks out electron(s) (to form a positive ion)

Kr(g) + e → Kr (g) + 2e( )

– + –

State symbols must clearly be (g)

Page 88
Atomic Structure
Kr(g) → Kr (g) + e( ) / Kr(g) – e( ) → Kr (g)
+ – – +

The Kr isotope
84

One mark for identifying the 84 isotope

Has 2 electrons knocked out / gets a 2+ charge

One mark for the idea of losing 2 electrons (from this
isotope)
1
[9]

M31.(a) N / N
3- –3

(b) F / fluoride

–

Ignore fluorine/F
Penalise Fl
1

(c) Li N / NLi

3 3

(d)

M1 for correct fractions
1

(=2.02 = 1.35)

1.5 1 or 3 : 2

M2 for correct ratio
1

Page 89
Atomic Structure
Ca N 3 2

If Ca N shown and with no working award 3 marks

3 2

If Ca N obtained by using atomic numbers then lose M1

3 2

(e) 3 Si + 2 N → Si N
2 3 4

Accept multiples
1
[7]

M32. (a) 37
These answers only.
Allow answers in words.
1

48
Ignore any sum(s) shown to work out the answers.
1

(b) (i) Electron gun / high speed/high energy electrons

Not just electrons.
Not highly charged electrons.
1

Knock out electron(s)

Remove an electron.
1

(ii) Rb(g) → Rb (g) + e + (–)

OR
Rb(g) + e → Rb (g) + 2e
(–) + (–)

OR
Rb(g) - e → Rb (g)
(–) +

Ignore state symbols for electron.

Page 90
Atomic Structure

(c) Rb is a bigger (atom) / e further from nucleus / electron lost from a higher
energy level/ More shielding in Rb / less attraction of nucleus in Rb for outer
electron / more shells
Answer should refer to Rb not Rb molecule
If converse stated it must be obvious it refers to Na
Answer should be comparative.
1

(d) (i) s / block s / group s

Only
1

(ii) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 1

Allow 3d before 4s
10 2

Allow in any order.

(e) (85 × 2.5) + 87 ×1 3.5

M1 is for top line
1
1

= 85.6
Only
1

(58 × 5) + 87 ×2 7
M1 Rb 71.4% and Rb 28.6%
85 87

M2 divide by 100
1
1

85.6
M3 = 85.6
1

(f) Detector
Mark independently
Allow detection (plate).
1

Page 91
Atomic Structure

Current / digital pulses / electrical signal related to abundance

Not electrical charge.
1

(g) Smaller
Chemical error if not smaller, CE = 0/3
If blank mark on.
1

Bigger nuclear charge / more protons in Sr

Not bigger nucleus.
1

Similar/same shielding
QWC
(Outer) electron entering same shell/sub shell/orbital/same
number of shells.
Do not allow incorrect orbital.
1
[16]

M33.(a) (i) Higher than P

(ii) 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 1

Allow any order

(iii) Al (g) + e
+ (−)
Al +(g) + 2e
2 (−)

OR
Al (g)
+
Al (g) + e
2+ (−)

Page 92
Atomic Structure
OR
Al (g) − e
+ (−)
Al (g)
2+

(iv) Electron in Si (removed from) (3)p orbital / electron (removed) from

higher energy orbital or sub-shell / electron in silicon is more shielded
Accept converse arguments relating to Al
Penalise incorrect p-orbital
1

(b) Sodium / Na
Allow Na +

Electron (removed) from the 2 shell / 2p (orbital)

M2 is dependent on M1
Allow electron from shell nearer the nucleus (so more
attraction)
1

(d) Heat or energy needed to overcome the attraction between the (negative)
electron and the (positive) nucleus or protons
Not breaking bonds
QoL

Or words to that effect eg electron promoted to higher energy level (infinity) so

energy must be supplied
1
[8]

M34.(a) (Total number of) protons and neutrons (in nucleus of atom)

(number of) nucleons
1

Page 93
Atomic Structure

(b) Zn
Do not allow Zn or Zn or ZN
−1 +1

Ignore numbers
1

(c) (i) P = ionise (sample)

Allow removing an electron / forms (+) ions
1

Q = accelerate (sample)
Allow speeds (ions) up
Penalise molecules / atoms
1

(ii) m / z
Allow mass / charge
1

(relative) abundance / (relative) intensity

QoL
Allow M1 + M2 in any order
1

(d) (i)
M1 = topline
1

M2 = ÷ 4
1

= 207.3
Only
207.3 = 3 marks
1

(ii) Lead / Pb

Page 94
Atomic Structure
Not PB
1

(iii) Same number of electrons (in outer shell) / same electronic configuration

Ignore electrons determine chemical properties
Ignore reference to p and n if correct
Penalise if incorrect
1
[11]

M35.(a) Average / mean mass of 1 atom (of an element)

1/12 mass of one atom of C12

If moles and atoms mixed, max = 1

Mark top and bottom line independently.

All key terms must be present for each mark.
1

Average / mean mass of atoms of an element

1/12 mass of one atom of C 12

Average / mean mass of atoms of an element ×12

mass of one atom of C 12

(Average) mass of one mole of atoms

1/12 mass of one mole of C 12

(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes

1/12 mass of one atom of C 12

Average mass of an atom / isotope (compared to C−12) on a scale in which an

atom of C−12 has a mass of 12
This expression = 2 marks.

Page 95
Atomic Structure

(b)
1
1

= 72.4
72.4 only
1

(c) (72)Ge+ or germanium

Must show ‘+’ sign.

Penalise wrong mass number
1

(d) 70
If M1 incorrect or blank CE = 0/2
Ignore symbols and charge even if wrong.
1

Lowest mass / lowest m/z

Accept lightest.
Accept fewest neutrons.
1

(e) Electron(s) transferred / flow (at the detector)

M1 must refer to electron flow at the detector.
If M1 incorrect CE = 0/2
1

(From detector / plate) to the (+) ion

Do not allow from a charged plate.
1

(f) They do not have the same electron configuration / they have different number
of electrons (in the outer shell)
Ignore electrons determine the properties of an atom.

Page 96
Atomic Structure
Ignore they are different elements or different number of
protons.
1
[11]

Page 97

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