VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM

ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

MECHANICS
(Subject Code: 18CIV24)

LECTURE NOTES

(MODULE-3)
II-SEMESTER

Ms. Deeksha Anand

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering

AJIET
A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(A unit of Laxmi Memorial Education Trust. (R))
NH - 66, Kottara Chowki, Kodical Cross - 575 006
Elements of Civil Engineering and Mechanics - 18CIV24 Module 3

MODULE 3: SUPPORT REACTION AND ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

Support Reactions:

The various structural members are connected to the surroundings by various types of
supports. The structural members exert forces on supports known as action. Similarly
supports exert forces on structural members known as reaction. A beam is a horizontal
member, which is generally placed on supports.

The beam is subjected to the vertical forces known as action. Supports exert forces on beam
known as reaction.

Types of supports:

1) Simple supports

2) Roller supports

3) Hinged or pinned supports

4) Fixed supports

1) Simple supports:

Simple supports are those supports, which exert reactions perpendicular to the plane of
support. It restricts the translation of body in one direction only, but not rotation.

2) Roller supports:

Roller supports are the supports consisting of rollers which exert reactions
perpendicular to the plane of the support. They restrict translation along one direction and no
rotation.

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3) Hinged or Pinned supports:

Hinged supports are the supports which exert reactions in any direction but for our
convenient point of view it is resolved in to two components. Therefore, hinged supports
restrict translation in both directions. But rotation is possible.

4) Fixed supports:

Fixed supports are those supports which restricts both translation and rotation of the
body. Fixed supports develop an internal moment known as restraint moment to prevent the
rotation of the body.

Types of Beams: -

1) Simply supported Beam:

It is a beam which consists of simple supports. Such a beam can resist forces normal to the
axis of the beam.

2) Continuous Beam:

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It is a beam which consists of three or more supports.

3) Cantilever beam:

It is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is free.

4) Propped cantilever Beam:

It is a beam whose one end is fixed and other end is simply supported.

5) Overhanging Beam:

It is a beam whose one end is exceeded beyond the support.

Types of loads:

1) Concentrated load: A load which is concentrated at a point in a beam is known as

concentrated load.

2) Uniformly Distributed load: A load which is distributed uniformly along the entire length
of the beam is known as Uniformly Distributed Load.

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Convert the U.D.L. into point load which is acting at the centre of particular span

Magnitude of point load=20KN/mx3m=60kN

3) Uniformly Varying load: A load which varies with the length of the beam is known as

Uniformly Varying load

Magnitude of point load=Area of triangle and which is acting at the C.G. of triangle.

PROBLEMS:

1. A simply supported beam of span 6m is subjected to loading as shown in figure.

Determine the reactions at A and B.

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Applying laws of equilibrium, we get

FY=0

𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 − 5 − 9 − 2 = 0

RA+RB=16 -------- (1)

Σ MB=0

-2×1.5-9×3-5×4.5+RA×6=0

RA=52.5/6=8.75kN.

RB=7.25kN.

2. Determine the reactions at A&E for the beam shown in the figure.

Σ Fx =0

RAX-200cos45=0

RAX=141.421kN.

ΣFY=0

RE+RAY-100-60-200sin45

RE+RAY =301.421. --------------------- (1)

ΣMA=0

-RE×12+200sin45×9+60×4.5+100×3+100=0

RE=161.899kN

Substitute RE in (1)

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161.899+RAY=301.421

RAY =139.522kN.

3. For the beam with loading shown in the figure. Determine the reactions at the supports.

1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 26.560
2 2

Σ Fx=0

𝑅𝐴𝑋 + 100 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 50 − 𝑅𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 6.560 = 0

RAX - 0.447RD = -70.71----------------------- (1)

ΣFY=0

RAY+RDcos26.56-100sin45-150=0

RAY+0.894×RD=220.71 ------------------ (2)

ΣMA=0

-5RDcos26.56+150×3.5+100sin45×1=0

RD = 133.199KN.

Substitute in (1), we get

RAX=-11.17KN

Substitute RD in (2), we get

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RAY=101.63 kN

RA=101.88 kN

4. Find the support reactions at A&B for the beam loaded as shown in figure

Using the conditions of equilibrium, we have

∑ 𝐹𝑥=0

RAX-3=0  RAX=3kN

∑ 𝐹𝑦=0

RAY+RB-5-6=0  RAY+ RB =11 -------------- (1)

∑ 𝑀𝐴=0

-RB×6+5×1+6×4.5-3×0.5-10

RB=3.417kN, substitute in (1) we get

RAY+3.417=11  RAY=7.583kN.

RA=√𝑅𝐴𝑋 2 + 𝑅𝐴𝑌 2

RA=8.155 kN

5. Calculate the support reactions for the cantilever beam shown in the figure.

Converting rectangular load to point load

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Magnitude of load = Area of triangle=1/2×2×2=2kN

Load is acting at CG

Σ Fx=0

𝑅𝐴𝑋 = 80 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 0 = 0

𝑅𝐴𝑋 = 69.282𝐾𝑁.

ΣFY=0

RAY-80sin30-2-12-30=0

 RAY =84kN.

ΣMA=0

2
+80sin30×3+2 (3 × 2 + 5)+12 x 8.5+30 x12+MA= 0

 MA =-594.667kNm.

MA is an anticlockwise moment.

6. Determine the reactions at the supports A&B for a beam loaded as shown in figure

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Using the conditions of equilibrium, we have

∑ 𝐹𝑥=0

40cos45- RAX =0

 RAX =28.284kN

∑ 𝐹𝑦=0

RAY +RB-40sin45-60-60=0

RAY + RB =148.284 --------------------- (1)

ΣMA=0

- RB ×3+60×1.5+60×2+50-40sin45×1=0

RB =77.238kN.

Substitute the value of RB in equation (1), we get

RAY=71.046kN.

 RA = √𝑅𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝐴𝑦 2

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RA = √(28.284)2 + (71.046)2

= 76.469kN.

71.046
θ=tan-1(28.284)=68.290.

7. Determine the support reactions for the following figure.

1
Area of the triangle =2 × 6 × 20 = 60𝑘𝑁.

Uniformly varying load to point load

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i) Triangular load to point load

1
Area of the triangle =2 × 5 × 20 = 50𝑘𝑁.

ii) U.D.L. to point load = 10kN/m x 5m=50kN.

ΣFx=0

 -RDX=0
RDX=0

ΣFY=0

RBY+RDY-60-50-50=0

RBY+RDY =160------------------------ (1)

ΣMB=0,

2
-RDY x 8+50 x (3 × 5 + 3)+50(2.5+3) =0

RDY=73.958kN.

 RBY=160-73.958=86.042kN

RD =√𝑅𝐷𝑌 2 + 𝐷𝐷𝑋 2 = √(0)2 + (73.958)2

 RD=73.958KN.

8. Determine the support reactions for the compound beam shown in the figure.

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Radius of the roller is negligible.

Consider beam BE

ΣFY=0

RB+RE=9kN --------------------------- (1)

ΣMB=0

5x 1+4 x 2-REx3=0

 3RE=13

RE=13/3=4.33kN.

 RB=9KN-4.333KN=4.667kN.

Consider beam AC

ΣFx=0

 RAX=0

ΣFy=0

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RAY+ Rc =15+4.667=19.667kN.

ΣMA=0,

15 x1.5+4.667 x3-Rc x 4=0

4Rc=36.501

Rc =9.125KN.

RAy=19.667-9.125=10.542kN

RA =10.542kN.

Beam DF:

ΣFx=0

 RFx=0

ΣFy=0

RD+RFY=15+4.333=19.333kN

ΣMF=0

-15 x 1.5-4.333 x 3+RD x 4=0

RD =8.875kN.

 RFY =19.333-8.875=10.458kN

 RFy =10.458kN.

ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

The engineering structures are mainly classified in to three types.

1. Trusses
2. Frames
3. Machines

Plane trusses are those structures in which all members are lying in a single plane. Plane
trusses are made of several bars or members connected together at the joints by riveting or
welding to form a rigid formwork, and also support stationary loads or moving loads.
Individual members of a truss is a two force member subjected to either tension or
compression. The forces are acting only on loads.

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Classification of trusses

1. Rigid truss or perfect truss: is the one in which the number of members are
sufficient to resist the external loads and in which deformation is very small. The
relationship between the number of members and number of joints is given by
m= 2j – 3
2. Non rigid truss or deficient truss: is the one in which the number of members are
less than that required for a perfect truss.
m<2j-3
3. Over rigid truss or redundant truss: is the one in which the number of members are
more than that required for a perfect truss.
m>2j-3

Types of Trusses

1. Warren truss
2. Pratt truss
3. Bowstring truss
4. King post truss
5. Lenticular truss

1. Warren truss - Truss members form a series of equilateral triangles, alternating up and
down.

2. Pratt truss - Pratt trusses are commonly used in long span buildings ranging from 20 to
100 m in span. In a conventional Pratt truss, diagonal members are in tension for gravity
loads. This type of truss is used where gravity loads and uplift loads are predominant

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3. Bowstring truss - Named for their shape, bowstring trusses were first used for arched
truss bridges, often confused with tied-arch bridges. Thousands of bowstring trusses were
used during World War II for holding up the curved roofs of aircraft hangars and other
military buildings.

4. King post truss - One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post consists of
two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support.

5. Lenticular truss - have the top and bottom chords of the truss arched, forming a lens
shape. A lenticular pony truss bridge is a bridge design that involves a lenticular truss
extending above and below the road bed.

Basic assumptions in truss analysis

1. The members cannot develop moments at the ends.

2. The members are subjected to purely axial forces.
3. The connections to other members are perfectly pinned/hinged through frictionless pins.
4. Each member is of uniform cross-sectional area.
5. The entire structure is in one plane if it is a plane truss

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6. Loads act at the joints only. Any loads that act between joints are split into equivalent
support end reactions and added to the joint loads.
7. Self-weight of the truss can be ignored or at least assumed to be equally distributed as
loads at the joints.
8. Even if the members are connected at the ends with gusset plates and welded, no fixity is
assumed. A nominal moment that actually develops due to imperfect hinge connection is
simply ignored.

METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF TRUSS

1. Method of Joints - The free-body diagram of any joint is a concurrent force system in
which the summation of moment will be of no help. two equilibrium equations can be
written as ΣFx=0 and ΣFy=0

This means that to solve completely for the forces acting on a joint, we must select a joint
with no more than two unknown forces involved. This can be started by selecting a joint
acted on by only two members. We can assume any unknown member to be either tension
or compression. If negative value is obtained, this means that the force is opposite in
action to that of the assumed direction. Once the forces in one joint are determined, their
effects on adjacent joints are known. We then continue solving on successive joints until
all members have been found.

2. Method of Sections - In this method, we will cut the truss into two sections by passing a
cutting plane through the members whose internal forces we wish to determine. This
method permits us to solve directly any member by analyzing the left or the right section
of the cutting plane.

To remain each section in equilibrium, the cut members will be replaced by forces
equivalent to the internal load transmitted to the members. Each section may constitute
of non-concurrent force system from which three equilibrium equations can be written
as ΣFx=0, ΣFv=0 and ΣMo=0. Because we can only solve up to three unknowns, it is
important not to cut more than three members of the truss. Depending on the type of truss
and which members to solve, one may have to repeat Method of Sections more than once
to determine all the desired forces.

1. Analyse the truss given in the Fig. below

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Determine the degree m=2j-3;

m=13, j=8 Therefore the member is statically determinate.

Calculate the support reactions

∑MA = 0 (anticlockwise negative)

-16Hy + (5 × 12) + (10 × 8) + (4 × 4) - (3 × 2) = 0

16Hy = 150

Hy = 9.37 kN

∑Fx = 0

Ay + 3 = 0

Ay = -3 kN

∑MH = 0 (clockwise positive)

16Ay - (4 × 12) - (10 × 8) - (5 × 4) - (3 × 2) = 0

16Ay = 154

Ay = 9.63 kN

Internal Forces
Joint A

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Geometrical Properties
θ = tan-1(2/4) = 26.57°

∑Fy = 0
-FAC sinθ + 9.63 = 0
FAC = 9.63/sin 26.57° = 21.53 kN (Tension)

∑Fx = 0
FAB + FAC cosθ - 3 = 0
FAB = 3 - (21.53 cos 26.57) = -16.27 kN (Compression)

Joint B

∑Fy = 0
-FBC - 4 = 0
FBC = -4kN (Compression)

∑Fx = 0
FAB + FBD = 0
FAB = -FBD = -16.27 kN (Compression)

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Joint C

∑Fx = 0
-FAC Cos26.57O + FCD Cos26.57O + FCE = 0
-21.53 Cos26.57O + FCD Cos26.57O + FCE =0

∑Fy = 0
FAC sin26.57O + FCD sin26.57O - FBC = 0

21.53 sin26.57O + FCD sin26.57O - 4=0

FCD sin26.57O = -5.63N

FCD = -12.58 N (COMPRESSION)

-21.53 Cos26.57O - (12.58) Cos26.57O + FCE =0

FCE = 19.256+11.25= 30.50 N

Joint H
∑Fy = 0
-FGH sinθ + 9.37 = 0
FGH = 9.37/sin 26.57° = 20.95 kN (Tension)

∑Fx = 0
-FFH - FGH cosθ = 0
FFH = -(20.95 cos 26.57) = -18.74 kN (Compression)

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Joint E

∑Fy = 0
FED + 0 = 0
FED = 0 (No force)
∑Fx = 0
-FCE + FEG = 0
FCE = FGE = 30.52 kN (Tension)

Joint D

∑Fy = 0
FDC sinθ - FDG sinθ - 10 = 0
12.59 sin26.56 - FDG sinθ - 10 = 0
FDG = -4.37/sin 26.57° = -9.77 kN (Compression)

∑FX = 0

FBD + FDF - FDC Cos26.57 + FDG cos26.57 = 0

16.27+ FDF-12.58 Cos26.57 - 9.77 cos26.57 =0

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FDF= 3.72kN (Tension)

Joint F

∑FX = 0

-FDF+ FFH = 0

FDF= FFH=18.78kN (T)

∑Fy = 0

- FFG -5=0

FFG = - 5kN (compression)

Member Magnitude Type

AB -16.27 kN (Compression)

AC 21.53 kN (Tension)

BC -4kN (Compression)

CD -12.58 kN (Compression)

BD -16.27 kN (Compression)

CE 30.52 kN (Tension)

EG 30.52 kN (Tension)

FD 18.78 N (Tension)

DG -9.77 kN (Compression) (Compression)

FH -18.74 kN (Compression) (Compression)

HG 20.95 kN (Tension)

ED 0 (No force)

FG 5kN (Compression)

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2) Analyze the Truss shown in Figure using method of Joints. Indicate the forces in the
members pictorially and tabulate the results.

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Joint 3

-F36-F53cos 45 = 0

F36 = 45kN

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3)The structure in Fig. T-02 is a truss which is pinned to the floor at point A, and supported
by a roller at point D. Determine the force to all members of the truss. using method of joints.

Solution

ΣMD=0

6RA=5(12) +3(20)

RA=20 kN

ΣMA=0

6RD=1(12) +3(20)

RD=12 kN

At joint A
ΣFV=0

21/ √5 FAG=RA

21/ √5 FAG=20

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FAG=21.82 kN compression

ΣFH=0

FAB=2 / 5 FAG

FAB=2 / 5 (21.82)

FAB=8.73 kN tension

At joint G
ΣFV=0

21/ √5 FBG+12=21/ √5 FAG

21/ √5 FBG+12=21/ √5 (21.82)

FBG=8.73 kN tension

ΣFH=0

FFG=2 / 5 FAG+2 / 5 FBG

FFG=2 / 5 (21.82) +2 / 5 (8.73)

FFG=12.22 kN compression

At joint B
ΣFV=0

21/√5 FBF=21/√5 FBG

FBF=FBG

FBF=8.73 kN compression

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ΣFH=0

FBC=FAB+2 / 5 FBG+2 / 5 FBF

FBC=8.73+2 / 5 (8.73) +2/ 5 (8.73)

FBC=15.71 kN tension

At joint F
ΣFV=0

21 / √5 FCF+ 21/ √5 FBF= 20

21 / √5 FCF+21 / √5 (8.73) =20

FCF=13.09 kN compression

ΣFH=0

FEF+2 / 5 FCF= 2 / 5 FBF+ FFG

FEF+2 / 5 (13.09) =2 / 5 (8.73) +12.22

FEF=10.48 kN compression

At joint C
ΣFV=0

21/ √5 FCE=21/ √5 FCF

FCE= FCF

FCE=13.09 kN tension

ΣFH=0

FCD+25FCE+25FCF=FBC

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FCD+25(13.09) +25(13.09) =15.71

FCD=5.24 kN tension

At joint E
ΣFV=0

21 / √5FDE=21 / √5FCE

FDE=FCE

FDE=13.09 kN compression

ΣFH=0

FEF=25FCE+25FDE

10.48=25(13.09) +25(13.09)

10.5=10.5 check

At joint D

ΣFV=0

RD=21 / √5 FDE

12=21/ √5 (13.09)

12=12 check

ΣFH=0

FCD=2 / 5 FDE

5.24=2 / 5 (13.09)

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5.24=5.24 check

Summary

FAB = 8.73 kN tension

FAG = 21.82 kN compression
FBC = 15.71 kN tension
FBF = 8.73 kN compression
FBG = 8.73 kN tension
FCD = 5.24 kN tension
FCE = 13.09 kN tension
FCF = 13.09 kN compression
FDE = 13.09 kN compression
FEF = 10.48 kN compression
FFG = 12.22 kN compression

4.The roof truss shown in Fig. T-03 is pinned at point A, and supported by a roller at point H.
Determine the force in member DG.

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Solution

ΣMA=0

8RH=2(55) +4(90) +6(45)

RH=92.5 kN

From section to the right of a-a

x+2 / (1.5) = (x+4) / 2.5

2.5x+5=1.5 x+6

x=1 m

ΣMO=0

(x+2) (FDG Sin51.34) + x RH - (x+2) (45) = 0

3 FDG Sin51.34 + 92.5-135 = 0

FDG=18.14 kN tension answer

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5) From the truss in Fig. T-01, determine the force in members BC, CE, and EF.

Solution

ΣMA=0

3RD=50(2) +80(0.75)

RD=53.33 kN

From the FBD of the section through a-a

ΣME=0

0.75FBC+2RD=0.75(80) + 1(50)

0.75FBC+2(53.33) = 60+50

FBC=4.45 kN tension

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ΣMC=0

0.75FEF=1(RD)

0.75FEF=53.33

FEF=71.11 kN tension

ΣFV=0

-FCE sin26.56 - 50=RD

FCE=5.55 kN tension

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Determine the support reactions for the beam supported and loaded as shown in figure.

2. Find the magnitude of anticlockwise couple M to be applied at D so that reaction at ‘F’

will be 35KN upward Also find the reaction at support B of beam as shown in figure.

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3. Define a beam. Explain the types of beams with a neat sketch.

4. Explain different types of supports in the analysis of the beam.
5. Explain the different types of horizontal members which are generally placed on the
support.
6. Define equilibrant. Explain the conditions for equilibrium of coplanar concurrent force
system and coplanar non-concurrent force system.
7. Calculate the support reactions for the beam loaded and supported as shown in figure.
Ans: RA =13 kN RB = 16kN

8. Determine the support reactions for the beam supported and loaded as shown in figure.
Ans:RB = 32kN, RA = 58.85kN

9. Determine the support reactions for a beam loaded as shown in figure.

Ans: RA = 55.83kN, RE = 79.17kN

10. A horizontal beam 6mlong is supported on a knife edge at its end B and the end A,
rests on a roller support placed on an inclined plane, having an inclination of 300 as
shown in figure. Find the reactions at the support A & B. Ans: RA = 1667.44N,
RB = 1696.17N

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11. Find the magnitude of anticlockwise couple M to be applied at D so that reaction at ‘F’
will be 35KN upward Also find the reaction at support B of beam as shown in figure.

Ans: M = 18.75N RB = 50kN

12. Find the support reactions for a beam loaded and supported as shown in figure.

Ans:RAX = 5kN ,RAY = 1.17kN ,RB=16.83kN

13. Compute the reactions at the support of beam ABCD is laded and supported as shown in
figure. Ans: RCH = 50.558kN RA = 26.462kN, RCV=84.096kN

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 Elements of Civil Engineering and Mechanics - 18CIV24 Module 3

14.A beam ABF is loaded and supported as shown in figure. Find the direction and
magnitude of couple to be applied at B will be 50kN upward. Also compute the reaction at
‘F’ support. Ans: couple at D = 18.75kN RF=35kN

15. The truss is pinned to the wall at point F, and supported by a roller at point C. Calculate
the force (tension or compression) in members BC, BE, and DE using method of sections.

16.Compute the force in all members of the truss using method of joints

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Dept. of Civil Engineering AJIET Mangaluru