INTERNATIONAL Traditionally, the concept of international security had been equated with the use of force between nations, with a particular focus on great power warfare. The international security involved the territorial integrity of nations, the greatest threats to which were posed by wars between states, and particularly between great powers. This implies that during Cold War, the threats to word peace emanated from the nation states, The centers of powers were the sovereign states and their propensity to settle disputes using force was the single cause of concem. However, following the end of cold war in 1990, this description became increasingly questioned in terms of who should be secured, the nature of international threats. and the type of responses necessary to manage such threats. The end of the Cold War in the late 1980°s produced a wave of optimism throughout most of the Western world. Despite the fierce regional conflicts in 1990's, that optimism seemed to endure in the worldwide public consciousness. It appeared that world would see the worldwide growth of democracy and free trade that would ensure peace and prosperity for all. However, the optimism gave way to pessimism in light of threats in the 21° century. There were many to predict that the 21% century threats would be far more dangerous than that of the previous century. One such prediction came from Robert D. Kaplan, in his “The Coming Anarchy”. He pointed to grim realities of the post-Cold War World: “Disease, overpopulation, unprovoked crime, scarcity of resources, refugee migrations, the increasing erosion of nation-states and international borders, and the empowerment of private armies, security firms, and international drug cartels.” Moreover, the other serious threats to international security defining the contours of the 21" century are: terrorism, climate change, nuclear proliferation and cyber security : FUTURE THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY The widely shared objectives of peace, prosperity, and participation have been threatened for centuries by the military conflict between states brought about by competing ideologies and interests. The world now faces additional threats—nuclear proliferation, terrorism, cyber-attacks and global warming—that have different characteristics from classic military conflict between states,and create at entirely new security environment. The monopoly of military force that make nation states the dominant force in conventional war is eroded by the new threats that empower subnational groups and make national boundaries less relevant. Political leaders must act to reduce these threats and adopt concrete measures that will reduce the risks and consequences of violence. The traditional instruments of deterrence intelligence, diplomacy: defense, and intervention must be adapted for each of these threats. There are some linkages betwee? these threats: organized terrorist groups are interested in acquiring nuclear materials or devices a developing cyber capability to use against enemy states, But the role of international organization and the attitude of involved nations is more material in determining how the instruments of deterrence #* best deployed, sit Oli eee eee ene e eee eee Cc eecee eee ee eeeeee LOBAL AGE - HSM PUBLICATIONS 248~_. —ssan ernational Securit Interna! ty Chapter-30 TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM: RISE OF ISIS AND Al QAEDA Presently. the most serious threat the world faces today is terrorism, It has become a nightmare for the government and people. This threat probably receives more attention from the public and political leaders because of prominence of the September 11, 2001 attacks allegedly by Al Qaeda on the United States. Moreover, the longtime hold of large chunks of territory by ISIS in oil rich Middle East (though it has lost the territory now) and a number of other acts of violence by Islamic militant groups like Boko Haram Al-Shebab show that terrorism threat is the most serious. Moreover, what makes this threat more serious is considerable confusion about the nature of the terrorist threat. This confusion leads to faulty policies. misallocation of resources, and not striking a proper balance between individual privacy and community security. There is confusion about whether terrorism is a law enforcement or national security matter, whether terrorism is an inevitable byproduct of Islamic religious fundamentalism, whether the terrorist threat would be greatly reduced if there an Arab-lsracl peace settlement, Often the characterization does not adequately distinguish between the massive political, economi differences that exist in the Islamic world. ISIS claimed a number of recent attacks around the world. It claimed responsibility of the Zilten truck bombing in Libya, Homs bombings in Syria, Brussels bombings of Belgium, killing scores of people. The series of lethal brutality continued throughout 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. In Baghdad bombings of July 2016, 325 precious lives were lost and more than 225 people were injured. In July 2018, Siraj Raisani was killed in his own lection rally when a suicide bomber blew himself up, killing 149 and wounding 186. In the same month a polling station in Quetta was the target of a suicide bombing, claiming the lives of 31 souls and injuring atleast 40. Sri Lanka in 2019 faced the most deadly spate of suicide bombings in ity history, 6 suicide bombs killed more than 350 and injured more than h ISIS has its roots deep entrenched in the world and is able to hy transnational terrorism is so hard to put down, Undeniably, today 500, This is a measure of how + perpetuate attacks. This is the re this is the most serious of the inte NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION rity challenges nations fac Spread of Nuclear weapons or nuclear material is another security challenge. ‘The vietory of Donald Trump as the US President has taised the alarm bells in many cases--the foremost being that of the Nuclear Proliferation, He as of the view that Japan and South-Korea could have their own nuclear programs to main deterrence against North-Kore. This would be a major blow vo Obama's agenda and nents aimed at achieving the World free of nuclear weapons, Such view from a leader Global Zero mov of the L'S could further nuclearize the world The workd has been dealing with nuclear proliferation for many di sntere ona mschanisms are in plase. The Intemational Atomic Energy Agency pla at the spread of cea materials and sensitive technology. International te in controlling Ur ppliferaion Treaty oF under consideration, such as the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty such asthe Non Mune Test Ban Treaty, t0 slo the spread of nuclear weapons to non-weapon states. and the Compre reo i being placed on effective custody of materials, device, and technology in ” Considerable afeme" ue the possibility of diversion to non-state actors, Ultimately, suocess here ee rating the security concems of those state that seck to aequire or retain possession of North Korea, Iran, India, Pakistan, Israel, Meeting these security concems, rather dre the way to solve this problem, wweapon-stat depends on un nuclear weapons than international treaties ISM PUBLICATIONS 249 GHOWAT AGEInternational Security Chapter-30 In May 2018, Trump pulled the US out of Iran Nuclear deal. Many critics warned that he risked setting off a chain of events that could lead to war. If the deal collapsed, Iran would resume its nuclear enrichment program. If Iran gets nuclear weapons, Gulf States will also pursue its own program. This will result in proliferation of nuclear weapons. On Oct. 20, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intention to “terminate” the INF Treaty, citing Russian noncompliance and concerns about China’s intermediate-range missile arsenal. That’s really a cause for concern. CYBER SECURITY The revolution in science and of late, in information technology has also created avenues of vulnerabilities in the fields of eyber security. Cyber-attacks whether mounted covertly by states or by terrorist groups present one of the greatest challenges. First, the techniques of cyber warfare are rapidly evolving. The cost of protecting information infrastructures is much higher than the cost of an information attack that disrupts critical information or communications in a country or within an organization. In a sense, cyber-attacks are the perfect weapons. When properly controlled and directed they can destroy the proper function of civil and military entities imposing tremendous economic and security cost without directly harming innocent bystanders. Since cyber technology is easily accessible and does not require an extensive infrastructure, the implication is that groups that have the intention to harm will increasingly make use of cyber-attacks.. Imagine if perpetuators hack into the Global Missile Defense System of the USA and indiscriminately start launching missiles; there would be untold damage and countless lives lost. 2019 has been a year which has seen a number of notable incidences of cyber- attacks; about 1.34 billion records have been leaked globally in a month. The most prominent of these was the exposure of Facebook’s illegal data mining from its users. These attacks are difficult to trace and the fact that eyber-attacks do not directly kill people rest the range of retaliatory actions that can reasonably considered. Generally the level of cyber security in the civil sector is much lower than in the government or military sector, even in technologically advanced countries. Although there is a good deal of talk about the need for international cooperation and possible international agreements, at present the level of understanding and capability indicates that emphasis should be on exchange of information and technical assistance on information security. Possible threat to Pakistan's Nuclear Program According to a new report from the Nuclear threat Initiative, “any system containing a digital system including nuclear weapons is vulnerable to cyber threats”. This was the case with Stuxnet, a virus reportedly developed by the United States and Israel, which caused Iran's nuclear facilities major problems in 2010. Such virus may inflict an unacceptable damage to Pakistan's nuclear facilities as well. The concems of international community on Pakistan’s nuclear program may lead them to resort to such ‘means to curb Pakistan's nuclear program, as they did in case of Iran’s. Moreover, there is an increasing danger of terrorists penetrating Pakistan’s nuclear facilities. They had demonstrated their hacking abilities in multiple events. Cyber Threat from India Pakistan has maintained a strategic deterrence against India’s conventional superiority through its nuclear program. India’s cold-start doctrine has also been deterred by Pakistan through tactical nukes. It is perceived that India after failing to punish Pakistan might be looking forward for offensive cyber capabilities which would upend this strategic balance. Armed with offensive cyber weapons, an confident that Pakistan does not have similar capabilities, India could wreck Pakistan’s critical military infrastructure. The development of such capabilities would undermine the balance of power in the ‘GLOBAL AGE ~ HSM PUBLICATIONS 250Chapter-30 International Security id, nuclear ; F eis, the electric grid, region and allow India to punish Pakistan. Pakistan's financial market ible reports about the Indian weapons. and other physical assets are vulnerable, There have been hacking the governments" websites, CLIMATE CHANGE & GLOBAL WARMING 5 s and livelihoods of One of the most pressing issues of our time, climate change threatens oe vilsinearis billions of people, The international security ramifications of climate change at Sie: In the 21° century, it of climate change has been hugely politicized, the issue is a serious security Se Teme has been recognized that climate change can impact national security — eee pen haeiare ie severe droughts, {0 the melting of the polar eaps, to more frequent and devastating aie that raise demand for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. There have been prealetine ete change brought by a warming planet will lead to new conflicts over refugees and some catastrophic ‘natural disasters, all of which would require increased governments Eesooresdens spending. The scientific community, in this area, cannot agree on what it will take to reverse ae There is agreement, though, that there is no silver bullet. Environmental crises will also aggravate cultural and racial clashes. These will replace the former bases of conflict. ‘Natural disasters, environmental di fisheries, erode livelihoods and spu legradation and extreme weather patterns disrupt harvests, deplete infectious diseases. Demographic trends, migration and rapid uwbanization converge with climate change. raising the stakes for those most vulnerable. Climate change is also a “threat multiplier.” The loss of land and livelihoods, against a backdrop of persistent poverty, displacement and other insecurities, can trigger competition for scarce natural resources and fuel socied coohensh, Complex and interrelated causes and consequences of climate change require comprehensive, integrated strategi ints for collaborative action to mitigate its impacts on people and communities, that identify entry px SOCIAL ISSUES Robert Kaplan's warning seems to come tue. Ma Witnessed in the wake of Syrian conflict, refugees, resultin issues are evoking a strong response from the e siving rise to social unrest, In the 21° hich is revolving around human secu discrimination, immigration and refuy challenges the pivot to the the basic services to the in migrations like the Global Refugee Crisis from the Rohingya crisis and many other + which are denying the asylum seekers, This ig i ae ine new Intemational security perspective ig thar anything rity issues like poverty, disparity, drugs/human trafficking, gender Tbe an, and environmental degradation, So in light of these pecurity will be “good governance” because if the governance fails to deliver dividuals it will ultimately results into a threat to the global peace, INTERNATIONAL FOOD SECURITY snsmational fod security is another major challenge to the come i ; eats 10 feed, the world is facing hard time coping up with i The na tod. With 7.2 billion Sccurity—availability, sustainability of food secure Sxplosion, global water crises, land degradation, ard gnomes significant numbers of among ; People. Human pomuan runic hunger and malnutrition by decreasing body size, known in medications ean Browth. It is only e medical term: i Nitable that a shortage of food would lead to Dinger, more powerful connotes GLOBAL AGE — HSM PUBLICATIONS 251Chapter-30 International Security : Tod reserves. There needs to a progressive decrease decimating smaller countries in order to usurp th v in population in order to control the emergence of a food scarcity scenario. OUTBREAK OF DISEASES Last few decades have seen the outbreak of many diseases. These have already been taking a heavy toll on the health and lives of people and the economies of states. Some of these include. cholera, malaria, zika virus and many others. Cholera is a highly contagious bacterial infection spread through contaminated food or water. There have been many cases around the Globe. One such example is found in Yemen. The International Committee of the Red Cross said in July 2017 that cholera epidemic continued to spiral out of control since it erupted in war-torn Yemen in April 2017. Moreover, Malaria has also been a case for concern in recent years. Pakistan has a population of 200 million, out of which 177 million are at risk of malaria. There have been 100,000 cases in Sindh in 2018, Malaria has made resurgence especially in districts with suboptimal healthcare services and poor sanitation facilities. The factors responsible for its spread include poverty, inadequate sewerage systems, large population movements and lack of access to quality healthcare. Addressing these is the only way to roll back this disease. Concentrating on multiple prevention measures (eg insecticide-treated bed-nets; precautionary fogging: removal of stagnant water etc) is pivotal to burden reduction in high-endemic regions including Fata, Balochistan and Sindh. Over the years, the absence of political will and poor resource planning have led to the rapid spread of infectious diseases impacting economic development. Women are four times more likely to suffer malaria during pregnancy resulting in low-birthweight infants and stillbirths. Lessons should have been learnt after the 2011 dengue fever outbreak and the Punjab government's response — areas where the Aedes mosquitoes bred were fumigated, for example. Such practices must be emulated during the annual mosquito-breeding season It is unfortunate that while Sri Lanka has been declared malaria-free by WHO, malaria in Pakistan remains the fourth largest cause of death among communicable diseases. Further, another worrying cause for concem is Zika Virus. In an outbreak that started mid-2015, more than 1.5 million people were infected with Zika in Brazil, and more than 1,600 babies born with abnormally small heads and brains. Seventy countries and territories have reported local mosquito-bome Zika transmission, with Brazil by far the hardest hit. Researchers warned that at least 2.6 billion people—over a third of the global population living in parts of Africa, Asia and the Pacific— are vulnerable to Zika. Zika could gain a new foothold in these regions. Although there has been a steeP decline in recorded cases in 2018 and 2019, it does not mean that there cannot be another, more severe outbreak, THREAT TO PRIVACY: AN INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY CONCERN = Privacy Intemational, a UK based group issued a report last year on security and surveillance Pakistan, Pakistan is reportedly in the process to acquire high level surveillance machinery from the US which might disregard the privacy of its citizens. It is trying to emulate the USA Patriot Act, which passed in the wake of 9/1 attack, and vastly expanded the government's surveillance ability by givin ! unfettered right to spy on its citizens. In July 2015, it was discovered that a number of Pakistani private contractors have been in cont! with Hacking Team, a private company based in Italy that specializes in developing snooping softw# GLOBAL AGE ~ HSM PUBLICATIONS 252international Security Chapter-30 {rean intercept emails, phone calls and all other messages. It can access all data stored in mobile phones as well as switch on the microphone and camera remotely to listen to and watch everything happening in surroundings. user's In Pakistan such capabilities have been used to spy on politicians and judges, as well as human rights activists and journalists, as detailed in a report by Privacy International. More over in 2019, many reports of data mining and illegal use of consumer data, in order to target people for Advertising, have surfaced. This puts citizens and their sensitive information at risk. Pakistan is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam. Article 17 of ICCPR and Article 18 of the Cairo Declaration both specifically lay emphasis on the importance of the right to privacy. Article 14 (1) of the Constitution of Pakistan confirms that “the dignity of man and, subject to law, the privacy of home, shall be inviolable.” This right is purely fundamental and takes precedence over any other domestic law; therefore, Pakistan must tread carefully not to challenge the supremacy of the constitution and ideally should perhaps direct its efforts towards producing laws that actually respect the right to privacy. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY: WAY FORWARD If one contemplates at the afore-mentioned security challenges, one finds that these are trans- national in nature. No single state, not even the super power, has the control over them. The only way ahead is international cooperation, International community has to make collective and concerted efforts to face the security challenges being encountered by the world in 21 century. World leaders have to realize that it is not responsibility of a super power or major powers to ensure a peaceful world and they should agree on reciprocity principle (give and take) for collective good. International peace and security can be achieved and sustained only by protection of international values of freedom and Iraternity, Major Powers should realize that non-interference in domestic and regional affairs of other states is imperative to achieve a sustainable peace, as the meddlesome behavior of major powers give rise 10 resentments and thus violence. Non-state actors and transnational terrorists prey on such resentments to use them for their own vested interests. Situations in Middle East and Afghanistan are a poster example of this behavior by world leaders. World powers should strive to achieve a sustainable balance of power for lasting peace at both regional and international level The biggest security threat faced by world is transnational terrorism at the moment; world community needs to develop integrated and concerted efforts to curb terrorism. Collaborative actions for development should be taken to eliminate the root cause of resentment in least developed countries; development is a sure path to sustainable peace and ultimate security. 5 vironmental security is another great challenged faced by world; building an intemational consensus on climate change is the need of the hour. Conference of Paris COP2I is a step in right direction, however, a lot more needs to be done Nuclear weapons and their spread are a great existential threat to the world. Any nuclear mishap or a war can virtually translate into a global disaster in seconds. Rejuvenated and serious efforts for nuclear rnon-proliferation are the need of the hour. This requires resolving the international disputes which force ‘a state to develop nuclear weapons for security. Or instance, the international community should mediate aaaiy India and Pakistan to solve Kashmir issue, Both states then may consider denuelearizing Peaweeh go Moreover, the international community must respect the existing commitments and weane simed at non-proliferation of weapons. —ALAGE ~ HSM PUBLICATIONS 2sInternational Securit Concluding Remarks ‘The nature of attacks and threats posed to world security and international peace has undergone a transformation. The terrorist attacks, climate change, diminishing social security, political turmoil, and nuclear proliferation are all potent threats to peace and stability of the world in 21% century. The ever lingering threat of nuclear war in the South Asia and Southeast Asia underscores the danger of nuclear proliferation. Cyber threats, proxy wars, sectarianism: all have added insult to the injury. World community needs to join hands to collectively fight these common threats to make this world a better place to live for the generations to come. Note: Terrorism, Regional outstanding animosities and their implications for international peace and security, Turmoil in middle east, Nuclear proliferation, Growing hostilities in Indian and pacific oceans, Proxy wars, Sectarianism in Muslim world— these aforementioned sub topics have been discussed iu detail in different chapters of this book. CSS Aspirants are advised to refer to those chapters for detailed view of the challenge they pose to international peace and security. GLOBAL AGE - HSM PUBLICATIONS. 254INTERNATIONAL LIBERAL ORDER & ITS COLLAPSE Introduction. After the end of the Second World War, the US and its allies tried to frame the world according to their rules. They tried to establish an order based on based on liberal democracy and free-market economy. It was assumed that such an order is necessary to prevent the future generations from war, The order was liberal in the sense that it was to be based on the liberal values like the protection of Human Rights, Rule of Law and Respect for countries’ Sovereignty. Alll this was to be spread across the globe. For this, institutions like the UN, the IMP, the WB, and the WTO were built to promote peace, economic development and trade and investment, The US economic and military might was to back the order. A network of alliances like NATO was made to deal with the challenges to this system. The order ‘was thus based not just on ideals, but also on hard power. The reason was that there were a lot of countries which had different ideals. For instance Soviet Union had a fundamentally different political ideology. Throughout the Cold War period (1945-1990), it remained a major threat to liberal democracy. But alter its collapse and the end of the Cold War, the liberal world order appeared to be more robust than ever. However, today the liberal world order i peril. Less than three decades of its rise, this global system of alliances. institutions, and norms is under attack like never before. From within, the order is contending with growing populism, nationalism, and authoritarianism. Externally, it faces mounting pressure from Russia and a rising China, EVIDENCES OF COLLAPSING LIBERAL ORDER — ee eee Few analysts say that the US invasion of Traq in 2003 was a turning point. The 2008 financial crisis was clearly another. Whatever the starting point, the credibility of the global liberal project is now openly questioned. The liberal order is declining, The future of liberal democracy, open markets and common security agreements does not seem bright. Everywhere the world is seeing is anger. Rising Populism in the Americas, Europe and Asia, the spread of protectionism, N Rights Violations, and outright trade wars: all show the collapse. Corre Growing populism is affecting the democracies around the world. Parti i This indicated the loss of elite influence. Election of Donald Trump also indicates the enve hin ‘Trump is the person who attacks US media, courts, and law-enforcement institutions, He max wee independent judiciary as well. fis election shows that the order is collapsing. Moreover, Auth niin systems. including China, Russia, and Turkey, have become even more accepted by states. Counties such as Hungary and Poland seem uninterested in the fate of the de ies fuild global frameworks are failing. sir young democracies. All attempts to Protectionism is on the rise; the latest round of global trade talks never c i power rivalry is returning. Nations are increasingly. violating international lew aoe (Great Violated the most basic norm of international law when it used armed force to change borders in Been China is rising. Analysts are predicting the rise of a New Cold War. North Korea has ignored ihe one Intemational consensus against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The US has broken the Lan ne tnany occasions. Israel continues to Kill innocent Palestinians. These all events indicate the eellagne on liberal order, collapse of GLOWAL AGE ~ HSM PUBLICATIONS 77]International Liberal Order & Its Collapse Chapter-23 The world community remained silent on worst ever humanitarian nightmares. It was unable to find a solution to crises like Palestine Issue, Syria Crisis, Yemen Crisis, Rohingya Crisis. The UN itself reported Global Refugee Crisis, but again failed to deter countries from aggression. Venezuela is a failing state. More recently, the UN is silent on India’s revocation of Kashmir’s special status in August 2019. Mere statements do not work. Though this can lead to an India-Pakistan war, but the international community has failed to take any action, Such things are the evidences of the collapsing international order. REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF LIBERAL ORDER nal liberal order. here are several reasons for the collapse of the intern: First, the elite trying to spread the order across the globe made many mistakes. For example US policy of regime change in Afghanistan and Iraq created problems. The international community is still dealing with the fallout. Spreading democracies was essential to spreading the order. The intervened in the politics of other countries to turn them into liberal democracies. This proved extremely difficult, Attempting such ambitious social engineering on a global scale was guaranteed to backfire and undermine the legitimacy of the enterprise itself, Spreading democracies by force poisoned relations with other countries and led to disastrous wars, which eamed resentment of the local population Nationalism within the target state is the main obstacle to the promotion of democracy, but balance of power politics also function as an important blocking force. Nationalism is almost certain to cause significant resistance inside the countries targeted for regime change, The elite underestimated this force. They thought they would spread their ideals and values and everybody would accept it, But that assumption was wrong. Moreover, Nationalism is a tool increasingly used by leaders to bolster their authority, especially amid difficult economic and political conditions. The re-election of Indian PM Narendra Modi in 2019 is an evidence of thi Balance of power politics was also expected to help impede the enterprise in particular cases. States that fear regime change—or other forms of U.S. interference—will band together for mutual support and seek ways to thwart the United States’ liberal agenda. Thus, Syria and Iran were expected to aid the Iraqi insurgency after the 2003 US invasion. Also Russia and China were expected to back each other economically, militarily, and within international forums such as the UN Security Council ‘The economic aspect of the liberal order deserves attention. Globalization has befitted a few at the cost of majority. Concentration of wealth in hands of few elite also triggered massive protests. Liberal policies produced significant economic costs for large numbers of people inside the liberal democracies, Those costs, including lost jobs, declining or stagnant wages, and huge income inequality, have serious domestic political consequences, which further undermine the liberal international order. These gave rise to populism. ‘The rise of populism has been threatening the order. This is a response to decreasing incomes and unemployment. Obviously economic factor is a major factor. Moreover, job loss is also due to new technologies. Immigration has also causes locals to find difficulty in jobs. Rise of China is also one of the causes of the collapse. Open markets have made it rise and challenge the unipolar world in which the US was the only super power. This unipolarity was the reason US was able to promote it order. For last few years, China’s footprint is growing around the world. It is leading the largest urbanization and development scheme on the planet ~ the $1 trillion Belt and Road initiative that is reaching more than 65 countries. It also recently launched the Asian Infrastructure HSM PUBLICATIONS 198 GLOBAT. AG!International Liberal Order & Its Collapse Chapter-23 Investment Bank, which rivals the World Bank. It is also a global green powerhouse and setting the pace on the digital economy. China and Russia, in particular, have the political, economic and military muscle to undermine the liberal project in Europe and Asia. Other challengers are Iran and North Korea, which don’t bow in front of the US. The withdrawal of the US as a guarantor of the global order is among the major reasons. For the first time since 1945, the chief architect and custodian is no longer proactively advocating for democratic values and human-rights norms, open markets or common security arrangements. If the US strays away too long ~ and if Trump wins a second term in 2020 — it is hard to see the global liberal order recovering. The US President Trump decided against joining the Trans-Pacific Partnership and to withdraw from the Paris climate agreement. It has threatened to leave the North American Free Trade Agreement and has already lefi Iran nuclear deal. Last few months saw the heightened tensions with tran. It has unilaterally introduced steel and aluminum tariffS, giving rise to trade war. It has raised questions about its commitment to NATO and other alliance relationships. He has no respect for liberal values: democracy or human rights, One analyst says: Trump's “America First” and the liberal world order are incompatible. eee FINAL ANALYSIS The liberal international order, erected after the Cold War, appears to be collapsing. The spread of liberal democracy around the globe—essential for building that order—faced strong resistance because of nationalism. which emphasizes self-determination. Some targeted states also resisted US efforts to promote liberal democracy for security-related reasons. Additionally, problems arose because a liberal order calls for states to delegate substantial decision-making authority to international institutions. Moreover, liberal order allows refugees and immigrants to move easily across borders. Modern nation- states privilege sovereignty and national identity, however, which guarantees trouble when international institutions become powerful. Furthermore, the globalization that is integral to the liberal order creates economic problems among the lower and middle classes within the liberal democracies, fueling a backlash against that order. Finally China's rise also had a lot to do. The liberal values need to be preserved, But certainly they must not be imposed from outside. Countries must be allowed to develop them,Introduction Human rights are moral principles or norms, which describe certain standards of human behavior, and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal and international | law. Some of these basic rights are: En aes Gro eas ey Basic Concept All people are born free and have equal rights and di c1 : ignity so every person possesses a right to liberty & freedom. Each individual is a moral and rational being who deserves to be treated with dignity. The moral principles which form the basis of human conduct are called human rights because they are universal, It is something to which you are entitled by virtue of being a human. They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the vense of being the same for everyone. They require empathy and the rule of law and i i persons to respect the human rights of others. and impose an obligation on BASIC HIGHLIGHTED FEATURES Expression and Guarantee by Law Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law in the form of 1, Treaties 2. Customary international law, 3. General principles : 4. Other sources of international law. — GLOBAL AGE ~ HSM PUBLICATIONS 238jmuman Rights ao International human rights Taw lays down obligations of governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Universal and Inalienable The principle of universality of human rights is the comerstone of international human rights law. Some fundamental human rights norms enjoy universal protection by customary international law across all boundaries and civilizations; thus human rights are inalienable. They should not be taken away, except in specific situations and according to due process. For example, the right to liberty may be restricted if person is found guilty of a crime by a court of law. Interdependent and Indivisible All human rights are indivisible, whether they are civil and political rights, such as the right to life, equality before the law and freedom of expression; economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights to work, social security and education, or collective rights, such as the rights to development and self-determination, are indivisible, interrelated and interdependent. The improvement of one right facilitates advancement of the others. Likewise, the deprivation of one right adversely affects the others. Equal and Non-Diseriminatory Non-discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in international human rights law. These rights are inherent to all human beings, irrespective of our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without racial or gender discrimination also, These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Both Rights and Obligations Human rights entail both rights and obligations. The obligation to respect means that states must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires states to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. eae ra NO EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ml cued Hom Cen The idea of human rights originally evolved from being members of a group, such as a family. Human rights imply to the basic civil, economic, political and social rights and freedom ofan i inder ore in S38 BC when Cyrus the Great revived history by doing something extraordinary; after conquering Babylon he set all the captured slaves, free. He also declared that people should be fre to ‘choose their own religion. Some other important reforms were recorded in his time and were inscribed choose etsinder which came tobe known asthe Cyrus Cylinder, I as been termed asthe fist Charter ‘of Human Rights. ‘Thereafter came many laws, constitutions. ‘The Charter of Madina (622 AD) Charter kind's First Writen Constitution, according to Dr Hamidulah, The Charter contains 47 was taid the foundations of a sovereign nation-state comprising of Muslims, Jews and Pagans, causes ual Wr ghts and responsibilities under common citizenship, aving The Magna CAP To na Carta was issued by King Jo i i nc charter of Magna Cart ved by King John of England. It was a practical solution to The great ced by the King in 1215, and it established the principle that everyone was accountable ividual. political crisis SLDUAL AGE HSM PUBLICATIONS 28 7Human Rights Chapter-29 to the law, even the King. Tatil remains an Important document in the British constitution, Some of the clauses of the Magna Carta are present in the United States Bill of Rights (1791): Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and European Convention on Human Rights (1950) The next milestone in the development of a set of protected rights eame in the autumn of 1647, when a group of English political activists, the ‘Levelers’, produced “An Agreement of the People.” The Levelers called for liberty of conscience in matters of religion and freedom from conscription. Moreover this was followed by one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain: the Bill of Rights (1689), which put the notion of inalienable rights beyond doubt. After Bill of Rights another important law in the history of human rights was passed in 1833: the Slavery Abolition Act, which outlawed the slave trade throughout the British Empire. In 1918 at the end of the First World War the Representation of the People Act gave the vote to all women over 30. Moreover, in 1948, as the world reeled from the horrors of the Second World War, there came an important realization that although fundamental rights should be respected as a matter of course, without formal protection human rights concepts are of little use to those facing persecution. The result was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, one of the most important agreements in the history of human rights. In 1950 The European Convention on Human Rights was agreed in the aftermath of the Second World War. The Human Rights Act is rooted in British culture and history. The Enlightenment With overarching resistance to religious intolerance, political and social injustice and economic servitude began to increase, the foundation of Human rights was laid. The Protestant Reformation (16th Century European Movement), The American Reformation (17th Century), The U.S Constitution and Bill of Rights (1791), The French Revolution (19th Century), The Mexican Revolution (early 20th Century), The Russian Revolution (20th Century) and The Chinese Revolution (20th Century) are the many stages of what developed the concept of Human Rights. 1974 & 20 CENTURY: INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIANISM, The World Wars and the subsequent abuse of human rights that took place were a driving force behind the development of modern human rights instruments. The League of Nations was established in 1919 following the end of World War I. The League’s charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The League of Nations however was unsuccessful in addressing rising tensions among the members, leading to World War II. The United Nations was founded in 1945, this agreement took the form of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948.The European Declaration on Human Rights, drafted 1950 and enforced in 1953, marked a tuning point in history towards diplomacy and peace. The last half of the 20th century marked the birth of international and universal recognition of Human Rights. The idea of human rights emerged stronger and more vivacious after World War II. In 1966, the UN General Assembly produced two treaties that were meant to be the legally binding version of the UDHR; predictably, these were: The International Covenant on ind Political Rights (ICCPR), The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)- These two treaties are the bedrock of today’s human rights structure. Together with the UDHR, they a" sometimes referred to as the International Bill of Rights. GLOBAL AGE - HSM PUBLICATIONS 240Human Rights Chapter-29 The Human Rights Agencies of the UN are: - — Human Rights Agencies of the UN — UN High United The United International The United ge — Sorgen ister —mrpaiat ek — tang st — tees — colo g netaecsun commen Cabot Seta anemic” commation Nawions ren Fun onthe Status Organization ‘onHuman’ Chien Fund ect Rarer, oat organtation it (csw) Rights (unc gency towescoy (ahs, (UNH WORLDWIDE ABUSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS: RECENT SCENARIOS Nearly half the world’s population is subjected to various forms of suffering and an outright violation of their rights in the form of deliberate killing, torture, summary execution and rape, detention without trial, child abuse, beating and violence by official agencies, extreme cases of poverty, slavery and death due to malnutrition, disease and famine. Today, the Global Spots of violations of human rights are: Afghanistan, Palestine, Burma, Kashmir, Bosnia, China, India, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Irag, Syria, Iran, South Africa, Sudan, Burundi etc. Violations by India With the reelection of Narendra Modi’s the Bhartiya Janta Party in 2019, it is apparent that the thetoric of hate spewed by the Indian leadership will be the continued narrative of state. As of 2019, there has been a rise of hate crimes, particularly against Muslims and other minorities, as BJP leaders have publically Iauded such heinous crimes. State censorship is rampant. Extra judicial killings are the new norm in states such as Uttar Pardesh, Haryana, Chattisgarh, and Jammu and Kashmir. In April 2019, The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a radical Hindu group, attacked a Catholic school in Tamil Nadu and sexually harassed nuns and attempted to kill them. In the same month, the UN Human Rights Chief Michelle Bachelet has said that they have received reports that indicate “increasing harassment and targeting of minorities-in particular Muslims and historically marginalized groups such as the Dalits and the Adiv Laws like the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) and the Kashmir Public Safety Act (PSA) provide immunity to the Indian soldiers and block any effective accountability measures. ‘After the killing of Bhurhan Wani in 2016, the struggle for freedom in Kashmir has reached new levels, with subsequent rise in atrocities by the Indian forces. The use of pellet guns has left hundreds of Keshmaisis fully oF partially blind. In March 2019 residents of the Pinglan village in Kashmir reported eahifay were used 8s human shields as Indian forees searched the area for rebels. This isin direct vraation of International Law, which in this ease dictates that civilians will not be endangered in any veratmatances by the military, directly or indirectly. India has martyred estimated 100,000 people in circumstarMfore than 8,000 disappeared while in the eustody of army and state police and no one has Kashi Pitar, Suppression of internet facilities and outspoken voices is nothing new, as is continued reams bth UN ard Armesty Intemational repors of lata human rights abuse in Kashi. SIOUAL AGE HSM PUBLICATIONS 7Human Rights Chapter-29 Its actions include the revoking of Kashmir's special status in August 2019, stripping Kashmir of its autonomy. This was followed by extra judicial killings, illegal detentions, arrest of leaders, using of cluster bombs, curfew imposed in the valley, drastically adding onto the sufferings of the civilians. Violations by the United States The US claims to be the champion of human rights, but to promote and protect its own interests it has been involved in widespread human rights abuse. The War in Vietnam (1955 to 1973) is an example of 17 years’ worth of human rights abuse that the US perpetuated. The War in Iraq (2003-2011) is yet another example of how human rights were trampled, all under the pretext of rooting out WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction). The continued operation of the US detention camp at Guantéinamo Bay, Cuba, in the name of fighting terrorism is a prime example of the US" double standards on human Fights. Another example is Bagram abuse—Afghanistan: The Salt Pit is the codename of an isolated clandestine CIA black site prison and interrogation center in Afghanistan. The codename of the same site is also called Cobalt. Itis located in the north of Kabul and was the location of a brick factory prior to the Afghanistan War. The CIA adapted it for extrajudicial detention. The investigative file on Bagram, obtained by The Times, showed that the mistreatment of prisoners was routine: shackling them to the ceilings of their cells, depriving them of sleep, kicking and hitting them, sexually humiliating them and threatening them with guard dogs. In addition to this, personnel of the United States Army and the Central Intelligence Agency committed a series of human rights violations against detainees in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. These violations included physical and sexual abuse, torture, rape, sodomy, and murder. The USA is supporting the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) run and secures detention facilities in Northern Syria where the SDF were holding nearly 600 men from 47 countries The US Senate Intelligence Committee's report summary on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) detention and interrogation program is a powerful denunciation of the agency’s extensive and systematic use of torture, A few examples include: In April 2017, US dropped biggest non-nuclear weapon—MOAB mother of all bombs—in Afghanistan; in March 2017, air strike at a mosque in Iraq killed more than 200; October 2015 saw an air strike at a hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan; the indiscriminate support of Israel, when aid, in killing and repressing the Palestinian people. ‘The regressive Trump Administration's response to a surge in unauthorized migrants crossing the border from Mexico and Central America highlights the urgent need for US immigration policy reform; 6 migrant children have died in US Border detention custody as of June 2019. Children as young as 4 months old have been separated from their parents by the US administration, leading to intense mental trauma of the victims. US national security policies, including mass surveillance programs, are eroding freedoms of the press, expression, and association; Trump Administration's discriminatory and unfair investigations and prosecutions of American Muslims are also been carried out. Within its own borders, there are been prass incarceration and gross abuse the black community. Blacks make up about 13% of the population, and yet about 40% of this community is incarcerated in prisons over nominal offenses. Violations by Israel ‘The Israeli government continued to enforce sever and discriminatory restrictions on Palestinians’ human rights; restrict the movement of people and goods in the Gaza Strip; and facilitate the unlawful transfer of Israeli citizens into settlement in the occupied West Bank, Between March 30 to November 3018, Israel has killed over 250 protestors with use of unnecessary force, and injured over 25,522 in the TIOBAL AGE — HSM PUBLICATIONS 22Human Rights Chapter-2¢ Gaza Strip alone, according to a report issued by Human Rights Watch in early 2019, Most of these injuries were life changing, resulting in soft tissue damage and often necessitated the amputation o! affected limbs. This is in direct violation with international law dictates of using live ammunition against protestors, most of who were armed with rudimentary weapons that posed nominal threat to life. Morcover, Israeli government is carrying on with its settlements policy, denying the Palestinian their lands. They are destroying Palestinian people's homes, and forcing them to evacuate. This is against the international law, Syria: Syria, where a brutal civil war has ground on since 2011, has witnessed the highest number of attacks including by Syrian forces; however, a variety of other actors have also been involved in the attacks in numerous theatres of conflict. In this arena, there is no regard for loss of life; the Syrian Conflict has given birth to the largest refugee crisis in history. Despite its accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 2014, the Syrian government used toxic chemicals in several barrel bomb attacks. Between 2013 and 2018, there have been about 85 chemical weapons attacks, majority of them perpetuated by Syrian government forces. The fate of those kidnapped by the ISIS in the east of Syria remains unknown and no effort is being made by the coalition in finding them According to a report generated by Human Rights Watch in 2018, the death toll in the conflict has reached more than $11,000 people. The conflict has led to a humanitarian crisis with an estimated 6.6 million internally displaced and 5.6 million refugees in neighboring countries. The armed extremist group Islamic State (also known as ISIS), and Al-Qaeda’s affiliate in Syria, Jabhat al-Nusra, were responsible for systematic and widespread violations, including targeting civilians, kidnappings, and executions. Amnesty International also has documented abuses by armed opposition groups, including the assault by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) on minority groups. In the areas they control, ISIS forces have committed numerous serious rights abuses, including some that amount to war crimes: They include abductions, arbitrary detention, torture and other ill-treatment and unlawful killings. Women are the worst hit. It has been documented that the ISIS and the Syrian Democratic Forces have been taking women and young girls as sex slaves. This marks the worst use of this heinous crime of rape as weapon of war. Violations by Russia : A range of human rights abuse including LGBT discrimination; the crackdown on freedom of expression; and the methods used to quash the Islamic insurgency in the North Caucasus (Dagestan and Chechnya) shows gross violations of human rights by Russia. The Ukraine Crisis 2014 and the resultant Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the subsequent war in Eastern Ukraine is another example Or human rights violation. According to the reports, as the crisis in Ukraine escalated, Ruseran polieymakers adopted laws imposing further, severe restrictions on media and independent groups Moreover, Russia reportedly has committed war crimes in Syria,-when it sided with President Bashar-cl, s bombing the civilians in Syria, It has i i 2019 saw Russian planes bor 'yria. It has in 2019 forcibly returned i aia from Central Asia and denied asylum to many displaced Syrians. cone n Union (EU) : Violations by eee that the very champions of human rights are committing gross violations of their Tis a sad Pard accountable for it. The European Union has filed to address the Global Refusce 's, mostly from war-torn Syria, fleeing persecution and crises have been reaching hrough the Mediterranean waters. However, the EU countries tured their backs on refugees, they started fencing the borders. Police action wi il 243 own and are not helHuman Rights Chapter-29 ‘witnessed in a few cases, Moreover, Greece, Bulgaria, Poland and Romania are alleged to be the worst European Union countries at delivering justice through criminal trials. Arab Spring and Human Rights Violations In the aftermath of the Arab Spring in various countries, there was a wave of violence and instability commonly known as the Arab Winter or Islamist Winter. The Arab Winter was characterized by extensive civil wars, general regional instability, economic and demographic decline of the Arab League and overall religious wars between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Arbitrary arrests, torture and other human rights violations are growing in the Arab Spring Middle East as despots more often than not ignore promises to end the worst abuses while new governments resort to their predecessors’ methods to restore order. Violations by China China remains a one-party authoritarian state that systematically curbs fundamental rights. The “Great Firewall” used to censor the Internet has been expanded, while the ruling Communist Party has returned to acting as “thought police” by issuing directives warning against the perils of “universal values” and human rights and insisting on “correct” ideology, including Communist Party supremacy. China passed a controversial cyber security bill tightening restrictions on online freedom of speech and imposing new rules on online service providers, raising concerns it is further cloistering its heavily controlled internet. Repression of religious activities has been on the rise: Xinjiang’s Uighur Muslims and the Tibetan populated areas have the worst. As of 2019, about 200 mosques have been systematically razed to the ground. Concentration camps aimed at eradicating Islamic, in fact any, religious ideology are widespread in the autonomous Uighur state and have been officially termed education camps. China's continued strong arming of the Philippine fishing boats and trade in the South China Sea has been rampant, even though it has been declared illegal by the International Court of Justice. China is being termed by human rights activists as a “total surveillance state”. Violations by Burma Burma has been a focus of systematic human rights violation of the worst kind. Forced labour, human trafficking, and child labour are common, Rampant use of sexual violence has been used as an instrument of control. In 2017, a UN Fact Finding Mission was met with no cooperation from the Burmese authorities: it concluded that security forces in Myanmar were involved in serious violations of international law “that warrant criminal investigation and prosecution” The worst hit of the systematic genocide conducted in Burma have been the Rohingya Muslims, These stateless people have been brutalized, by both the military and the state, with impunity. Of the original number of one million Rohingya residing in the Rakhine state, an estimated 900,000 have since then crossed the border in Bangladesh since 2017. This blatant disregard of human rights has been labeled by the UN as an “ethnic cleansing”. Violations by Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia always battling with the idea of free speech has succeeded in enforcing their monarchy “through a skillful combination of distribution, penetration, and coercion, with a legitimating dose of ideology.” Human rights abuse cases include citizens’ lack of the right and legal means to change theit government, pervasive restrictions on universal rights such as freedom of expression, including on the Internet, and freedom of assembly, association, movement, and religion and a lack of equal rights for women, children, and noncitizen workers. Saudi Arabia has directly prosecuted prominent women rights activists on charges of treasonous propaganda. The premeditated murder of outspoken Saudi self-exiled GLOBAL AGE ~ HSM PUBLICATIONS: 244ruman Rights journalist Jamal Kashoggi in October 2018 has Ted to audi Arabia's repressive government policies, According to AFP tallies, Saudi Arabia carried out 139 death sentences in 2018. As of September 2019, around 3000 individuals have been held under investi igation for many months with no hearing conducted over this period of time. Rights experts have raised concerns about the fairness of trials in the kingdom. Migrant workers suffer abuses and systematic exploitation; in some cases it is tantamount to forced labour. Confiscation of passports and withholding of wages is the norm in Saudi employment agencies. Domestic workers are faced with forced confinement, food deprivation and sexual abuse without authorities to take employers to task. Chapter-29 ternational outrage, and is a demonstration of In the wake of Yemen Conflict, Saudi-led coalition began air strikes against Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen in March 2015. As per the UN, thousands of civilians have been killed and tens of thousands wounded as of October 2019. The majority of the causalities are a direct result of coalition air strikes. The coalition’s continuing unlawful airstrikes and failure of investigation is evidence of human rights abuse Violations by Iran According to the Amnesty International, Iran is the world’s most prolific executioner of children, accusing the Islamic republic of using torture and ill-treatment to extract confessions from minors. It also accused Iran of breaking international law by failing to close a penal loophole allowing a judge to decide that girls as young as nine and boys as young as 15 bear full criminal responsibility — potentially exposing them to capital punishment UN figures in 2018 showed at least 253 executions were carried out in the country, with seven of them convicted as minors. More than 90 minors remain on death row. As of June 2019, around 30 people have been put to death, including two under 18 at the time of their deaths. Human Rights activist Nader Afshari has received a 4 month prison sentence after criticizing government capital punishment policies. He has previously served a year in prison and received 74 lashes for his outspokenness on the Iranian legal system. In April 2019, at least 88 Ahwazi Arabs, 12 Kurdish people and numerous others from Iran's ¢ arrested over allegedly trumped up charges of treason. Iran has been known for religious minorities, often denying rights to education and medical care. religious minorities wer undue persecution of its Violations by Sudan Since the ousting © turned violent follo become progressively Widespread killings an media outlets: and intern of the world. rian aid. f Omar al Bashir in 2018, Sudan has been marked by peaceful protests that have 2 attacks by the military on protestors. Since April 2019, the protests have more bloody and bought Sudan to the brink of economic and social collapse. id rape have been reported. Moreover there has been a complete crackdown on all ‘et coverage has been limited in order to prevent the full picture from appearing Hyperinflation has left the Sudanese people starving and in dire need of in front aie ce Crisis: Failure ofthe EU and World Community Global Refugee Cr was founded on the values of respect for human dignity, liberty. democracy. “The Europes Te of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to equality, the Ture self-interests push migrant and refugee rights to the sidelines. The Europeans “— minorities: But Pr erred to be the role-models of Human Rights protection and pointed out at the who had fee otal teiraries — themselves failed miserably in dealing with the crises violations ISM PUBLICATIONS 7245 aw GLOBAI. AGEChapter-29 More than a million people have travelled througn the Mediterranean to reach Europe in recent Human Rights years; about 107,900 arrivals were registered in November 2018. AS of April 2019, and additional 16000 refugees have sought asylum; about 3800 of them were children, Due to the recent rise of populist narratives in the region, there has been increased rhetoric against the admission of refugees, with some countries like Italy and Malta dropping the entire process in the middle and refusing to rehabilitate the refugees they had taken in any further. A worrying trend of reduced search and rescue operations for those refugees coming from the sea has been seen. In 2018, there have been 238 drownings in the last three months alone; it is nearly 60pe of the total deaths in sea in the same year. Centers are overcrowded and facilities scarce. The hardest hit are children. Most of the children coming through from war ravaged regions have faced some form of physicul or sexual trauma or both. There are minimal facilities have the capacity t0 provide care to such traumatized minds. NGOs involved in search and rescue face interference in their workings. True, many in Europe view the refugees as a destabilizing factor threatening the social fabric. Yet, the fact that the global migrant erisis is partially the outcome of the myopic policies of wealthy nations contributing to ‘wars in developing countries not only makes the richer states morally bound to protect humanity but also culpable, Richer nations must be reminded of their responsibility towards upholding international refugee covenants — the right of all refugees to seck protection from persecution. Clearly, wealthier nations must forge global consensus on protecting those displaced because of a man-made crisis perpetuated in large part by their own policies. HUMAN RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN The narrative of Naya Pakistan has seen the masses dreaming towards an ideal state that is based on the glowing example of Riyasat-e- Madina. Although there has been much focus in eradicating corruption from all levels of the administration, neglect of human rights is a sad state of affairs that being tackled insufficiently. There have been numerous incidences that have bought to light the utter callousness of perpetuators and a tepid, somewhat moderate response of the new government in curbing them, Freedom of the press Pakistan is complicated. In general freedom of the press is allowed but any reports critical of the government policy or critical of the military is censored. In the year 2018 there have been incidences of journalists and news outlets being curbed in the reporting of events. Gul Bukhari, Asad Kharal, and Kadafi Zaman are a few of many journalists harassed by unknown authorities. In July 2019, the live interview of former president Asif Ali Zardari was pulled from a private channel, sparking outrage amid media representatives over it. Blasphemy laws, in fact the issue of blasphemy itself has been portrayed by the mullahs as a zero game scenario, with no rationalization towards the law and its due procedures. As of 2019, atleast 17 people remain on death row in Pakistan after being convicted of blasphemy; almost all of them belong to religious minorities. in October 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan quashed the conviction of Aasia Bibi, a Christian woman who had been on death row for 8 years. Mass protests, damage to public property and threatening of the concerned authorities were the backlash faced. Mashal Khan, a student of Abdul Wali Klan University Mardan, was, beaten then shot to death over allegations of posting blasphemous content online. There were 22 police officers on campus at that time, yet they were unable to control the mob. Moreover, Security forces allegedly routinely violate the human rights in the course of counter terrorism operations in Baluchistan and elsewhere. Suspects are frequently detained without charge and or convicted without a fair trial. The state has not banned the use of schools for military purposes, hence ‘GLOBAL AGE — HSM PUBLICATIONS 246