School of ECE HARAMAYA UNIVESITY

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM: COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Prepared by Dame dugasa

COMPANY: OBN (OROMIAA BRODCASTING NETWORK)

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ACKNOWLEDGEME

All praise is due to GOD and we would like to express our heartily gratitude to the Oromia Broadcasting
Network for hosting us to apply this internship there. Next would like to thank our supervisor Yusuf Jemal,
and others who help us during our internship period, Mr.Kebede Tasew,Engineer Qophesa ,Mo-
sisa,Netsanet,Daniel and Husen.We need to express our heartfelt thanks to all workers of radio, Television,
and maintenance all Technicians for their special supports during our internship period. At the last, but
not the least we heartily thanks to university advisor Mr. Idosa. for his Support us with his knowledge by
coming to the host organization .

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report discusses our overall internship experience that lasted for four months. We Discusses com-
pany’s history briefly, organization work flow, current status and affairs of the Company in the broadcas-
ing organization and also about the overall internship experience, Starting from how we have the oppor-
tunity to enroll in the company and going on to the main Tasks we performed and some major areas of
observations that we made. The major benefit from Internship are, practical skills, theoretical knowledge,
interpersonal communication skills, and team Playing skills and work ethics related issues. we suggest
some remedial measures that the Company should take in regard to some technical errors that we have
witnessed on the Organization and we have stated our overall assessment of the whole internship experi-
ence and Indicated some improvements that we believe can make it easy for this program to meet its

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Objective. Adama is one of the hottest towns in Ethiopia. This air condition is a big challenge for OBN.
The organization overcomes such problem using air conditioning Fan. As a result, most electronic devices
need optimal temperature to work properly. The fan gives a good temperature Condition for devices in the
transmission room. Moreover; there is some security problem especially at maintenance door of the trans-
mitter room. In short it explains the experiences we have gained during our four months long stay. General
information of this report is about OBN. In this Organization we were seen: Radio studio, Television stu-
dio, Radio transmitter room, Television transmitter room, Maintenance room, Preventive maintenance,
Corrective maintenance, ICT room, System administration room And we have tried to discuss them with
much relation to what have learnt in the classroom for the last four years.

ACRONOYMS

AC Alternative Current
ADC Analog to Digital Convertor
AM Amplitude Modulation
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BPF Band Pass Filter
CCU Camera Control Unit
DAD Data Access Distribution
DC Direct Current
EM Electro Magnetic

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FEC Forward Error Correction
FM Frequency Modulation
HD High Definition
HPA High Power Amplifier
ICT Information Communication Technology
LNB Low Noise Block
MCR Master Control Room
MW Medium Wave
OBN Oromia Broadcasting Network
ORTVO Oromia Radio and Television Organization
OTA Over The Air
PCR Program Control Room
RF Radio Frequency
SD Standard Definition
SW Short Wave
TV Television
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
VHF Very High Frequency

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 OBN work flow .......................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2 HD studio .................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3 Light used in studio .................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4 Audio mixer ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 5 Vision mixer ............................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 6 Satellite transmission and receives ............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 7 Block diagram of television uplink system................................................................................................. 27
Figure 8 Block diagram of television downlink system ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 9 Radio studio ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 10 Microphone ............................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 11 Audio mixer .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 12 Effective processor ................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13 AM transmitter.......................................................................................................................................... 34

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Figure 14 FM transmitter .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 15 Block diagram of internet ICT of OBN .................................................................................................... 41
Figure 16 OBN ICT star topology ............................................................................................................................ 43
Figure 17 System administration .............................................................................................................................. 44

Table of Contents

DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................................ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................................ii
ACRONOYMS ......................................................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 The Background of the Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN) .................................................................. 8

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1.1.1 Objectives of OBN ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2 Mission of OBN ........................................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Vision of OBN .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Core values ................................................................................................................................................ 11
1.5 Product or service of the organization. ..................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Future plan ................................................................................................................................................ 13
1.7 OBN Overall and work flow ..................................................................................................................... 13
1.8 The tasks I have been done ....................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
2 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNSHIP ........................................................................................... 15
2.1 Objectives.................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Definition of broadcasting......................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Television broadcasting ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.3.1 Studio room...................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Program control Room (PCR) ....................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3 Uplink Room .................................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.4 Power control room......................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.5 Transmission of television .............................................................................................................. 23
2.4 Radio Broadcasting ................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.1 Studio room...................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4.2 Control room ................................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.3 Server Room .................................................................................................................................... 32
2.4.4 Radio transmission .......................................................................................................................... 32
2.4.5 Antenna ............................................................................................................................................ 38
2.5 Maintenance room..................................................................................................................................... 39
2.6 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) ................................................................................ 40
2.7 System Administration Room ................................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................................................... 45
3 BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP .......................................................................................................................... 45
3.1 Benefit of internship in terms of upgrading my practical skill.................................................................. 45
3.2 Benefit of internship in terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge .................................................... 46
3.3 Benefit of internship in terms of improving interpersonal communication skill ...................................... 46
3.4 Benefit of internship in terms of improving my team playing skill .......................................................... 46
3.5 Benefit of internship in terms of improving my leadership skill .............................................................. 47
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3.6 Benefit of internship in terms of understanding about work ethics related issues .................................... 47
3.7 Benefit of internship in terms of understanding entrepreneurship skill .................................................... 47
CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................................................... 48
4 CONCLUTION AND RECOMANDATION ................................................................................................... 48
4.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 48
4.2 Recommendation....................................................................................................................................... 49
References ................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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CHAPTER ONE

2 INTRODUCTION
The Background of the Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN)

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3 Oromia Broadcasting Network Organization started November 23, 1999
E.C under Abba Dula Gamada, Oromia regional state president in Oromia
region at Adama town. To fulfill the needs and interest of Oromo people by
showing the culture, tradition, historical background, ethics and language
of the Oromo people living inside and outside of the country which were
weakened by early Ethiopia leaders. Oromia radio is established on March
16, 2000 E.C and Television established on March 16, 2001 E.C. And also
Finfinnee FM 93.2MHz is started on February 22, 2002 E.C. Before 2001
Oromia TV is working on ETV media as one program named STVO. In
2001 Oromia Broadcasting Network Organization became an independent
organization. The fly way of live is being Oromia Broadcasting Network
Organization is organized with Human power in August 2002 E.C. At the
first time the organization used to have both electronic and print media ser-
vices. But now the organization has only the electronics media (meaning it
has Radio, Television and website). According to the media mapping sur-
vey, it employs are journalist, technician and part-timers workers are to-
tally 300 at 2003 E.C. But now the employers are more than 660 workers
are there. The government maintains complete monopoly on television
broadcasting, but it has licensed a handful of private radio stations. The
basic function of OBN is to connect people through voice transfer and via
radio and television media is becoming a very common measure of commu-
nication in our country. The number of media user is increasing day to day.
Presently there are many branches in the Oromia region. From these there
are 18 branches of TV transmitter zone; there are three AM (MW, SW)
radio transmitter and nine FM radio transmitter zone of Oromia regions.
In this report we tried to explain what we did and learned during our four
month internship period with the Oromia radio and television organization
in the section of human resource management system (HRMS) and library
management system (LMS).Any media is the main power full for economic
and social development and also for people’s day to day activities.

3.1.1 Objectives of OBN

1. Encouraging the people to freely express their opinion based on constitution of the federal

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Government and that of Oromia Region as well as other laws and policies.
2. To create a conducive condition for the people of oromia region to get correct, objective ade-
quate and quality information timely.
3.To work towards the creation of national consensus on major national and regional issues.
4. Encouraging towards developing a democratic culture in economic, political and cultural ac-
tivities, and
5.To works towards promotion of Oromo culture, history and language.
Now there are many branches in the Oromia region. From these there are 16 branches of TV
transmitter zone; there are 4 AM (3 MW, 1 SW) radio transmitter and nine (9) FM radio trans-
mitter zone of Oromia regions. In this report we tried to explain what we did and learned during
our four month internship period with the Oromia Broadcasting Network in the section of media
technology department. Any media is the main power full for economic and social development
and also for people’s day to day activities.

3.2 Mission of OBN

To provide current, real and reasonable information by using electronic media and providing en-
tertainment program that recreate and educate the public as well as enable them to building de-
mocracy and good image of the region and development of the country.
Organizations' Strategic focus area
 Quality and standardize news and programs.
 Increase media coverage
 Improve workers' capacity.

Strategic Objectives of the Organization

1. Maximizing customer satisfaction.
2. Improve efficient and effective use of financial and material resources.
3. Maximize Organization income.
4. Improve quality of editorial content.
5. Improve service delivery.
6. Improve quality of production and broadcasting.
7. Widened media coverage.

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8. Improve professionals' capacity

3.2.1 Vision of the Organization

The Vision of the Organization will be the competitive and most chosen media in the country as
well as prominent one in East Africa by providing:

 Quality
 Timely
 Balanced information
 News
 Educational

Entertainment programs by using modern media technology and efficient internal structure of
management system. It will be promoted the socio-economic development of the region.

OBN has a lot of goals:

3.3 Core values

 Honesty
 Responsibility
 Reliability
 Team work or co-operation (work together)
 Work for change
 Make participant
 Keep the sound of people
 Uncorrupted work

In general recording Oromia mass media organization mission and vision is that; from the time of
established to now it needs a number of human resource or man power. By opening Oromia mass
media organization the country benefit in many direction. These are:

 It is used as means of income and created number of jobs opportunity for country.
 It advertises the country products to the world market.

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 And also announces the country land productivity to attract the investors to the
country.

3.4 Product or service of the organization.

There are strong and well organized advertising services of different products. An editing service
of news, entertainment, educational thing and other program. There are also recording services of
news, music, entertainments, educational things and other issues like political, social and cultural
issues can be recorded in the organization. Training service is also given for the workers of the
organization. The Transport service is given to the organization workers.
From the time of established to now the Oromia mass-media organizations known by giving qual-
ities of services to our nation and nationalities. The organization is also planned to expand its
services in the near future with respect to its quality and performance as well.
Generally products or services of the organization are: Transmit periodical information transmit
different programs such as; entertainment ,about health ,about agriculture, about government issue,
holyday programs, products or services of OBN ICT center computer maintenance service, video
editing service and upload daily information to OBN website.
In addition to these there a lot of services are given in Oromia mass-media organization Com-
pounds are:

 Library services are given for the organization workers.

 Security service.
 Scrip (report) writer’s service.
 Documentary film service
 News and Current affairs
 Entertainment
 Education program
 Promotion service
 Air time selling
 Renting studio
 Transmission equipment
 Live production service

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 Selling archive

3.5 Future plan

The OBN has the following future plan.
 To improve the quality of news and programs.
 To reach 100% coverage across the region with both radio and television.
 To improve the capacity of journalists and technical staff.
 To improve internal working environment, efficiency and effective system.
 To improving use of ICT.
 To improving media technology.

3.6 OBN Overall and work flow

Oromia Broadcasting Network is found in Adama city around bole sub city next to Adama sci-
ence and Technology University. The section of the company trf6r5have been working in The
back bone of Oromia Broadcasting Network are technology department, inside Technology de-
partment there are five sub departments which are called Television Broadcasting, Radio broad-
casting, ICT, System Administrator and maintenance.

Caffé

Board

Executive di-
rector

News Educational Technology Entertain-

ment
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Figure 1 OBN work flow

3.7 The tasks we have been done

The engineering department of OBN in which we assigned to work on the following sub depart-
ment with in it,
1) Television studio
2) Radio studio

3) Maintenance
4) System administration
5) ICT (Information and Communication Technology)

When we enter to the organization for the internship our supervisor, Mr. Yusuf Jemal allocated us
into these five departments; television, radio studio, maintenance room, system administration and
ICT. Television and radio transmitter sections included under TV and radio studio respectively,
within four month we have worked on each of the above sections being in four groups of seven
members in each group. Let us start with television studio and satellite. We have seen four room
of television studio and what the supervisor or the technician with in each of the room showed us.
The Television studio and satellite has the following four rooms, TV studio room, Control room,
UPS room and Uplink room. In each room there are different equipment and devices each with
their own Function to perform. In radio broadcasting there are three or more important things to
be considered as the main focus area. These are the studio, the control room, the server room and
the transmitter room. Each focus area has also many equipment and much processes are taking
place inside each room. Equipment’s in each room has their own function and how they operate
also differs. However, there are some failures. There are also some factors that Cause failures as

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we are stranger for the companies. The challenges we have been faced during performing our task
at the beginning it was not easy to adapt the ADAMA weather condition where the company is
found. Also the workers of the organization have different ethics. For example, the time spent and
formality of work and education is so different. So some of challenges faced us while we were
doing the tasks are as follows:-
1. There is a lot of meeting as a result we cannot contact to our instructors.
2. Being stayed in the organization without accessing internet connection is difficult for us.
3. The rules and regulation of the organization was strong for instance no mobile phone.
4. Electronics materials like mobile phone, laptop and etc are not allowed.

CHAPTER TWO
4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNSHIP
4.1 Objectives
After we complete our internship program, we know how to:

 Define the television broadcasting techniques.

 State the difference between high definition (HD) and standard definition (SD) television
Transmission.

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 Describe the main rooms of television with their electronic components.
 Determine the satellites communication and identify the difference between uplink and
Downlink frequency.
 The difference between terrestrial transmission and satellite transmission.
 Define the radio broadcasting system
 Explain about the difference between AM and FM Radio
 Explain the terrestrial transmission techniques of radio.
 Explain the duties you flow in the maintenance room and describe the types of mainte-
nance.
 About ICT of OBN topology.

4.2 Definition of broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any elec-
tronic mass media communications medium, typically one - many models. Broadcasting is usu-
ally associated with radio and television though in practice radio and television transmissions
take place using both wires and radio waves. Transmission of radio and television programs from
a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as over the air (OTA)
or terrestrial broadcasting and satellite broadcasting.

4.3 Television broadcasting

TV broadcasting is the transmission of electromagnetic audio and video signals from its station
(studio) to the receiver. We have to explain about two types of signal when we learn the working
of television. The two signals are sound signal and picture signal. The picture signal get amplitude
modulated while the sound signal get frequency modulated in a television. The conversion of these
signals into electrical signals is taken place inside a television and at the output these are converted
back to the original signal. There are specific instruments are there for this conversion. The sound
signal is converted into audio signal by a microphone and these audio signals are converted back
to the sound signal by a loud speaker. The picture signal is converted into video signal by a camera
tube and these video signals are converted back to the picture signal by a picture.
Television studio has two studios. They are: studio A and studio B.

1. High definition (HD) studio A and

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2. Standard definition (SD) studio B.
HD is the most commonly known quality and it is digital and have higher resolution.
Video have a bigger file size when stored and require longer loading times when watching.

The picture quality of HD is far more advanced. Usually video with more horizontal line.
The resolution of HD is 1920 *1080 and above. The background of HD studio is real background
which using by 4k technology.
SD it was standard quality of movies and other videos.
The resolution of SD has been measured using vertical resolution of line; the resolution of SD is
726*520.
The background of SD studio is virtually which means not real background which is done by
graphics.
SD studio is analog studio.
Generally:
 HD contains a lot more pixels compared to SD.
 HD creates finer images compared to SD.
 HD is used for advertisement,meeting (like political discussion, culture discussion, etc.) and
 SD is used for news and production.
 HD has great image quality when compared with SD.

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Figure 2 HD studio

Television broadcasting system has four main rooms.

1. Studio room
2. Program control room (PCR)
3. Uplink room and
4. Power control room

4.3.1 Studio room

Both studio HD & SD has the following equipment’s. These are:
1. Camera: is an optical instrument for recording images which may be stored locally, Transmitted
to another location. In SD there are three cameras but in HD there are five cameras.

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2. Microphone: is which changes the sound signals to the electrical signals. The microphone used
in television studio is differing from radio studio. The microphone used television is neck micro-
phone which is located on the neck of person in the television.
3. Monitor computer: is used read news, SMS and question from it. This computer is controlled
by other person, not by journalist.
4. Light: is used to control the brightness of the studio. Some types of them are Key light, Back-
ground light, Fill light and back light. Each of them uses 800 watt.
Key light:-is the light that is brightens to the side of the anchor at 45 degree to destroy shadow.

Feel light (spot light):-is more brightness light to the top of the anchor that used to ignore the
shadow of the key light at 45 degree to give pure picture.

Back light:-is the light it used for back of the anchor and it used for destroyed the shadow.

Back ground light:-is the light it uses for chroma means back ground light shines on the back
ground things.

Figure 3 Light used in studio

5. Head phone:-is used for inter communication it may between anchor and camera man, be-
tween anchor and technician etc.

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6. Telos:- this material used interconnect the telephone and audio mixer.

4.3.2 Program control Room (PCR)

The program control room is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the out-
going program takes place. The components that are found in the PCR are:

Camera control unit: is responsible for powering the professional video camera, handling sig-
nals sent over the camera fiber cable to and from the camera and can be used to control various
camera parameters such as iris remotely. It controls brightness, focus, etc.

Patch panel: is a device featuring a number of jacks for the use of connecting and routing circuit
for monitoring, interconnecting and testing circuits in a convenient, flexible manner. Patch pan-
els are commonly used in computer networking, recording studio radio and television.

IDR (integrated receiver decoder): is an electronic device used to pick up a radio frequency sig-
nals and convert digital information transmitted in it. The IRD is the interface between a receiver
satellite and broadcasting facility video/ audio infrastructure.

Audio mixer: is an electronic device used to remix the sound with transmitted video. It is con-
nected with the vision control and with the transmitted video. The audio mixer mixes the sound
from different source such like; mic, telos, Skype, memory play, server, VTR (video tape recorder)
and etc. audio mixer is used for amplification and filter the audio signals. The output of audio
mixer is go to master control room or uplink room.

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Figure 4 Audio mixer

 Feeder: is an electronic device used for varying the lights of the main studio (studio floor)
which is connected with sixty four lights with in the studio. The application of the Feeder is
done by varying the resistance of the feeder. We can also vary the brightness and the direc-
tion of the light in the studio.
 Vision mixer: is used for two things those are for chromo and switches. Vision mixer is
used to mix different videos come from different sources like VTR (video tape recorder),
icon station which is done by character generator, camera, server, Skype, and router. The
Chroma effect is software used to cut out of one color and insert other color to the video pic-
ture. This means chroma effect is used for not really studio when we use in the studio by
changing the back ground of the anchor.

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Figure 5 Vision mixer

Router: is used as switch for both audio mixer and video mixer to select them properly and ar-
ranged of the program.

4.3.3 Uplink Room

The uplink room has two sub-rooms which are master control room and uplink room.
Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over the air
television station and television networks. Master control is the final point before signal is trans-
mitted over the air for terrestrial television or satellite provider for broadcast operator. Television
master control rooms include banks of video monitors, satellite receiver, video tape machines,
video server; Encoding is the process by which the data is converted into digital format for effi-
cient transmission. This digital is carried by asynchronous serial interface (ASI) which carrier
streaming data format. Modulation is the addition of information (or the signal) to an electronic
or optical signal carrier. In television broadcasting system video is AM and audio is FM system.
Uplink room is one of the television studio rooms in which the embedded card, modulation and
encoder are takes place. It has two sub-rooms which are master control room and uplink room.
Embedded card is combine the video and audio together that received from master control room
which is carried by serial digital interface (SDI) to the encoder. SDI is used to digital video trans-
mission over coaxial cable. It has higher speed for data transmission up to 270 Mbps.

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4.3.4 Power control room
This room has three parts. These are:

1. Automatic voltage regulation (AVR) is used to regulate the value of voltage comes from
the EEPCO it regulates by taking the average value of the power which comes from the
source.
2. Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is electrical device used when power is off for short
time. UPS uses until the power line is connected or the generator is on. It consists of
AC/DC or DC/AC convertor and battery used to store charges for using when power off.
It consists of 24 Batteries to store DC power. Those Batteries consists of H2SO4 and
lead. There is also Invertors which inverts the coming DC from UPS to AC and applies to
Transmitter.
3. Generator: it is used when the power is off for a long time after UPS.

4.3.5 Transmission of television

There are two types of transmission like radio transmission.
Terrestrial & Satellite transmission

4.3.5.1 Terrestrial Transmission

Terrestrial TV services rely on a network of transmitter towers spaced around a given region.
These broadcast the TV signal through either VHF (very high frequency) or UHF (ultra high fre-
quency) transmission. Both VHF and UHF are portions of the electromagnetic spectrum typically
reserved for short-range communication. Signals may propagate a little further than line of sight
(particularly for VHF), but do not generally travel far enough to interfere with communications in
distant areas, making them ideal for usage in TV and radio broadcasting. The short range of the
signals minimizes overspill into neighboring regions or countries and prevents interference with
alternative TV signals in such areas. Large geographical features, such as hills, mountains, or even
large buildings can block terrestrial TV signals, meaning that a number of transmitter towers may
be required to ensure that a given area has complete coverage.
Terrestrial Transmission is a transmission occurred by using modulation. Like AM, FM, Micro-
wave etc. Terrestrial television transmission is normally limited to little more than a line of sight
propagation path.

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Geographical location is chosen and channel adequate distance. The terrestrial television transmis-
sions in Oromia region are about 16 at different zone which each of them have 2KW transmitter.
At terrestrial transmission there are:
1. Receiver: receiver is which received the radio frequency signal and change back to voice.
2. Exciter: which contain the oscillator, modulator, and audio processor. The exciter is really a
very small transmitter. The exciter is used for re-transmission.

Power amplifier: is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low power audio signal (human hearing
range) to a level suitable for driving loud speakers. It is transferred to the antenna by the feeder
cable.

Audience is received the audio signal by the folded dipole antenna to hear the radio. When we use
terrestrial transmission the band width -7MHz, the range of OBN to use this transmission
196.25MHz.

4.3.5.2 Satellite communication system

Satellite: is an object that revolves around other object. There are two types of satellites like nat-
ural and artificial satellites. OBN can use two satellite; taicom sat and belentrk sat we use at this
time. The case of chose this two satellite are to get more number of users. Purpose two stations
too far away use a satellite as a relay station.
1 one earth station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called uplink transmission.
2 The satellite transponder converts the signal and sends it downlink to the second station. This
is called downlink transmission. The uplink frequency is always higher than downlink frequency.
B/c if not uplink frequency is greater than downlink frequency it may cancel out means the fre-
quency can damaged.
Uplink frequency= output modulation +HPA
Uplink frequency=1000MHz+4900MHz
Uplink frequency=5900MHz
Downlink frequency=uplink frequency-local oscillator of the satellite
Downlink frequency=5900MHz-2225MHz
Downlink frequency=3675MHz

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Figure 6 Satellite transmission and receives

Belinter sat 51.5°E(HD)

Frequency =5953.745MHz
Symbol rate=5208Mbaud
Polarization=horizontal
FEC=5/6
Thaicom sat
Frequency =5973MHz
Symbol rate=2000Mbaud
Polarization=horizontal
FEC=3/4
Nile sat for HD
Downlink frequency =12521MHz
Symbol rate=27500
Polarization =vertical
FEC=5/6

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Nile sat for SD
Downlink frequency=12380MHz
Symbol rate=27500
Polarization =vertical
FEC=3/4
Frequency: is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.
Polarization: is a property applying to transverse waves that specify the geometrical orientation of
the oscillations. In transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction
of motion of the wave.

Symbol rate: is the number of symbol changes made to the transmission medium per second using
a digitally modulated signal or a line code. The symbol rate is measured in baud. Symbol rate =data
rate/m ×FEC, where m is modulation factor and FEC forward error correction (or channel coding).
Forward error correction: is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over un-
reliable or noisy communication channels.
The maximum frequencies for uplink and downlink are 6GHz and 4GHz respectively in C-band.
The uplink frequency is greater than downlink because: On the earth station we have to penetrate
the atmosphere to reach the satellite station. So we need a lot of power to be generated. Hence
uplink is at higher frequency with higher power. As the frequency is increased the amount of in-
terference caused by the atmosphere reduces, as higher frequency signal has more signal energy
in it. So it can penetrate the atmosphere more easily. Unwanted distortion like rain, fog (heavy
rain) other frequency in neighborhood, etc. cause distortion.

Satellite frequency band:

L-band (1-2 GHz): is being a relatively low frequency. It is easier to process requiring less expen-
sive RF equipment. The antenna does not have to be as accurate as the higher bands. It is used for
low earth orbit satellites and terrestrial wireless connections like GSM mobile phones.

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C-band (4-6 GHz): satellite C-band usually transmits around 6GHz and receiver around 4GHz. It
is used large (2.4-3.7) antennas. It used for terrestrial microwave links.

KU-band (12-18 GHz): is most commonly used for satellite TV and is used for most V sat system.
It is less expensive than L-band or C-band. The main disadvantage of KU-band is rain fade.

KA-band (26.5-40 GHz): is an extremely high frequency required great pointing accuracy and
sophisticated RF equipment. Like KU-band it is susceptible to rain fade. It is used for high defini-
tion satellite television.

When I concluded the tv transmissions I explain by block diagram .

Audio Impeder or HD/SD HPA

multiplexer
Convertor Encoder Modulator
Video

Dish or re- Horn an-

flector an- tenna
Satellite tenna

Wave-
guide

Figure 7 Block diagram of television uplink system

Satellite (lo- Dish or re- Low noise

cal oscilla- flector an- block or Decoder
tor) tenna LNB TV

Figure 8 Block diagram of television downlink system

Multiplexer: is used to produce one output from many inputs

Encoders: used for changing digital to pulse. The great role of encoder is changing synchronous
form to asynchronous in order to security.

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Modulator: by receiving pulse from encoder and change to RF signal is used to adjust SR (Symbol
Rate), FEC (forward error correction) and polarization.

HPA: HPA (high power amplifier) is amplifying the power of modulating signal to the radio fre-
quency.

Horn antenna: is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct
radio waves in a beam. They are used as feed antennas (called feed horn) for larger antenna struc-
tures such as parabolic antenna. A horn antenna is used to transmit radio waves from a waveguide
(a metal pipe used to carry radio waves) out into space, or collect radio waves into a waveguide
for reception.

LNB (low noise block): is the receiving device mounted on satellite dishes used for satellite TV
reception, which collects the radio waves from the dish and converts them to a signal which is sent
through a cable to the receiver inside the building.

DSNG (digital satellite news gathering)-is the part satellite transmission used for live transmis-
sion means the broadcasting without studio.

4.4 Radio Broadcasting

Radio broadcasting is the transmission or signal distribution of sound using the electrical energy.
When the transmission station radiates the radio waves, these are propagated through space and
Received by the radio receiver. The first task of radio broadcasting systems is to change sound into
electrical energy. This electrical energy is called Audio signals. The equipment that changes this
energy is called Transducers. Then the electrical signal changes into the original signal (Sound
signal) at the receiver. The radio broadcasting section has four main parts. These are:
1. Studio room
2. Control room

3. Server room

4. Transmission room

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4.4.1 Studio room
Studio is the starting point of transmission of radio. The studio has two rooms which are studio A
and B. Both studios have the following equipment that has their own purpose.

Figure 9 Radio studio

Warning light: warning light is used to identify which studio (studio A or studio B) is on
the air.
1. Microphone: The main function of microphone is converting sound signal to the electri-
cal signal. It is an instrument that converts sound waves into an electric current usually
fed into an amplifier, a recorder or a broadcast transmitter.

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Figure 10 Microphone

2. Computer: this computer is used to receive the audience SMS and the journalist read this
SMS
3. Telos (Telephone line): To receive a customer call. A telose or telephone line is a single
user circuit on a telephone communication system. It is hybrid communication.
4. Digital clock: is used know time during radio broadcasting or air time.
5. Head phone: the journalist is used to hear if he/she is on air in order to communicate
with controller person in the control room and used to hear the audiences sound during
direct decisions.

4.4.2 Control room

This room is the place where prepare the output of the studio for further processing. In this room
there are many devices like:

Equalizer: is used to select the proper audio signal. In sound recording and reproduction equali-
zation is the process commonly used to alter the frequency response of an audio system using
linear filters. Equalizer adjusts the amplitude of audio signal at particular frequency.

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Audio mixer: Is an electronic device which combines the electrical sound signal from micro-
phone, telos, CD player, DAD software, and memory. It is also used to adjust the volume and total
quality of each input source to achieve a harmonious and mix all sound sources. Sometimes called
as sound board, because of the technician hear the program by using audio mixer if it was went to
check the program before on air. Also used to hear before being on air by using cue. It has two
layers take A and take B.

Figure 11 Audio mixer

DAD software: DAD is powerful radio automation and delivery software enabling studio auto-
mation, radio production and play out for radio station. There are DAD1 and DAD2. It has a li-
brary that contains song, news and different programs.

Amplifier: is used for amplification purpose. The amplifier receives the combined or mixed signal
from the mixer. The amplifier is the last component in the sound system before speaker. The am-
plifier is an electronic device that increases the power of signal and provides gain.

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Memory player, CD player and cassette player: is used to play and store the program that pro-
duces at different time.

Audio Processor: especially useful for performer whose voice varies from very quiet to very loud,
beyond the dynamic range of the sound system. Compressor is a piece of equipment which can
create a number of the effects on audio.

Effective processor: is used to add different effect on the transmitted program like Background,
music, wind, car sound and other sounds on drama, etc

Figure 12 Effective processor

4.4.3 Server Room

The server is the audio streaming. It broadcast an audio feed coming from an existing source and
files stored on MAC (computer). Since server have the following components

 Program storage
 Program player
 Program recorder
 Server is an entire building or station the data center.

4.4.4 Radio transmission

To transmit the radio broadcasting we use two transmitters. These are AM and FM transmitter.

AM transmitter at 1035KHz and band width +10KHz or -10KHz and FM transmitter at 103.5MHz
and band width +200KHz or -200KHz. If the transmission have not band width it may be the
jumming can create.

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4.4.4.1 AM transmitter
This room consists of two transmitters these are 10kw transmitter (TX A) which is functional and
1kw transmitter (TX B) which is stand by and used when transmitter A is fail. The function of
producing radio waves for transmission into space is done by transmitter. The amplitude modula-
tion is being performed in a stage called the modulator. Two signals are entering it, high frequency
signal called the carrier signal and low frequency signal which is called message signal that can
be modulated. The AM is includes the shortwave SW and medium wave MW.

Medium wave MW: is the part of medium frequency radio band use mainly for AM radio broad-
casting. The wavelength in this band are long enough that radio waves are not blocked by buildings
and hills and can propagated beyond the horizon following the curvature of the earth; this is called
the ground wave. The MW band ranges from 0.53_1.70 MHz

Short wave SW: are used for long distance communication by means of sky wave or sky propa-
gation in which the radio waves are reflected or refracted back to earth from the ionosphere allow-
ing communication around the curve of the earth. Short wave radio is used for broadcasting of
voice and music and long distance communication to ships and air craft or to remote areas out of
reach of wired communication or other radio service. It consist of oscillator, buffer amplifier, an-
alog to digital convert modulation encoder, RF amplifier, band pass filter and matching network.

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Oscilla- Buffe Pre - RF BPF Matching

tor r driver amp network

Modulation Antenna
Au- A/D
dio Conver- Encoder
input tor

DC Regu-
lator

Figure 13 AM transmitter

Oscillator: is produces a high frequency signal called a carrier wave usually crystal oscillator is
used. Radio frequency amplifier stages raised the power level of the carrier wave to a sufficient
level. The high power is transmitting the signal to long distance.

Buffer amplifier: is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to
another. Buffer amplifier is used to amplify the received signal from Oscillator.

Pre-driver: is again amplifying the signal that received from buffer amplifier.

Audio input: The audio input are microphone from studio, CD player, cassette player, telos are
the audio input.

Analog to digital converter (ADC): Audio analog to digital converter works by repeatedly meas-
uring the amplitude of an incoming electrical sound wave (an electrical Voltage) and outputting
these measurements as a long list of binary bytes. Digital signals are transmitted in more efficient
way than analog signal. When analog to digital converter is done there are:

 High resolution.

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 Power consumption.
 Multicasting or broadcasting of signal.
 Many channels produced

Modulation: Modulation is the addition of information or the signal to an electronic or carrier

signal.

Encoder: Encoder is device, circuit, and transducer, software program that converts information
from one format or code to another for the purposes of standardization, speed, security or com-
pressions. Encoder is convert message, information into code. Encoding is the process by which
the data is converted into digital format for efficient transmission.

RF amplifiers: is used to amplify the generated signal to the radio frequency signal.

Band pass filter: to pass the required frequency (1035 KHz) of AM radio and rejects the other
frequency.

Matching networking: is used to balance the impedance (resistance) of transmitter with the im-
pedance of antenna which is 50 ohm.

DC Regulator: is used to control a flow of current or voltage in a circuit to certain desired level

Antenna: an antenna is an electrical device which converts electrical power into radio wave and
vice verses used for transmission by radiating electromagnetic waves.

Dummy load: is a device used as antenna during maintenance.

4.4.4.2 FM transmitter
Frequency can be defined as the rate change of phase of signal. In this type of modulation infor-
mation is transferred through a carrier by varying its instantaneous frequency. The FM signal from
the high frequency oscillator is being preceded to the power amplifier that provides the necessary
output power of the transmission signal. Information being transferred i.e. the modulating signals
a signal from some low frequency source. It is being amplified in low frequency amplifier and then
led into the high frequency oscillator where the carrier signal is being created. The carrier is high
frequency voltage of constant amplitude, whose frequency is in the absence of Modulating signal

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equal to the transmitter’s carrier frequency. In the oscillatory circuit of the high frequency oscilla-
tor a capacitive diode is located. It is a diode whose capacitance depends up on the voltage between
its ends, so when being exposed to low frequency voltage, its capacitance is changing in accord-
ance with this voltage. Due to that frequency of the oscillator is also changing; i.e. the frequency
modulation is being obtained. IT consists of the following components as shown below.

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Audio Audio pro- Encoder Modulator

Mixer cessor

HPA

Horn an-
Satellite tenna
Dish Dish
LNB

Audio pro- Exciter Amplifier

Decoder cessor

Antenna
HPA

Figure 14 FM transmitter

Advantages of FM over AM radio communication

The "AM band" (530KHz-1700KHz) is much lower in frequency and signals can travel farther,
following the curve of the earth and also via skipping between the earth and the edge of the atmos-
phere. Unfortunately, the lower frequencies also limit the bandwidth that each station can use or

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would require fewer stations. It high cost to build it, have unwanted signal or noise. The "FM
band" (87.5MHz-108 MHz) is in a frequency range that is basically line of sight from the tower
since it does not follow the curve of the earth well. There a much wider range of frequencies that
can be used.

4.4.5 Antenna
An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power in to radio wave and vice versa.
It is used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission a radio transmitter supplies an
electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency) to the antenna’s terminal and
the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In recep-
tion, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a
tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. The output part is con-
nected with the Antenna outside the transmitter room by the coaxial cable. The radiation type of
Oromia Radio Antenna is Omni directional.

It has three guy wires (supporter). On each guy wire there is arrestor. These arrestors are used for
over voltage protection in case of lightning strikes. Each guy wires form 120 degree with each
Radiator of Antenna. The length of guy wires and radiator antenna are equal. Radial wire is used
to reflect the radiated signal back to the antenna from the ground, to reduce signal loses. Another
component which exists around the Radiator antenna is coupling unit. To design antenna the for-
mulas we use. L= λ/2, λ/3, λ/4…but the most popular for design AM antenna is λ/4.

Wave length (λ) =speed of light/generated frequency

λ =3*10^8m/s/1035 kHz = 289.855 m

Hence Length of the antenna (L) is one fourth of the wave length.

L= λ/4 = 72.46m without base, which is very largest antenna.

 Coaxial cables transmit high frequency electrical signals through connector without inter-
ference.
 Horn is used for focus and also used to correct polarization.
Types of antenna

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Dipole antenna: it consists of a basic dipole with an added conductor connecting the two ends
together to make a complete loop of wire or other conductor. It is used for FM radio transmitter.
It increases in feed impedance that it provides.

Monopole antenna: is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod shaped conductor often
mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface called ground plane. The driving
signal from transmitter is applied or for receiving antennas the output signal to receiver is taken
between the lower end of the monopole and the ground plane. It is used for AM (SW, MW) radio
transmitter. It can be design as: the wave length is equal to the speed of light over the oscillator
frequency.

4.5 Maintenance room

Maintenance means keeping the devices from faults. This means keeping the originality of that
device. There are two methods for fault control.

i. Preventive maintenance: used to prevent fault before the material or device is fail for long
live of the device.
ii. Corrective: used to maintain material after the material or device is fail or damaged for
using it again.

The electronic components have three types failure those are: if that components have high re-
sistance value it’s called the components are short. If the components have break down it’s called
the components are open. When T°(temperature) is very hot or when it’s increase the components
are very galling and far apart from each other at this time it’s called linkage or intermittent.

To maintain the electronic components the first three procedures are such like;

1 cleaning from dust particle

2 observation or visualization

3 component testing

We can test electronic components based on character values. Those characters of the electronic
components are:

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1 Fuse- a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide over current protection of an
electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows through it, thereby interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated
it is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or rewired, depending on type. To checks the fuse we
have to check the continuity of that material.

2 Resistors- In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow. To check the resistor
we have to check the Ω values. If the Ω value is very increasing the resistance it may be short and
if the Ω values are not read resistance is it may be open.

3 Inductor- An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the
rate of change of current. To checks the inductor in two methods if the inductor is small we have
to checks the continuity and if the inductor we have to checks the Ω values.

4 Capacitor- a capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical en-
ergy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance

5 Diode-a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one
direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance in the other. To check diode, diode is only one direction of current
flow. b/c of this when measure the diode if change the direction not read and if both side of direc-
tion is not read the diode must be not work or it’s failed

6 Transformer-a device made of two coil windings that transfer voltage from one coil to the next
through electromagnetic induction. Depending upon the number of windings per coil, a trans-
former can be designed to step-up or step-down its output voltage from its input voltage. Trans-
formers can only function with alternating current (AC). To check the transformer it’s open or
short if the no current value its open and if it have high resistance value the transformer is it may
be short.

4.6 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication devices or application, encompassing;
radio, television, cellular phone, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems,
etc. as well as the various service and applications associated with them. ICT is also used to refer

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to the convergence of audio-visual with computer network through a single cabling or link system.
These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and televi-
sion) and telephony. When I explain the internet ICT of OBN used by diagram such like from.

Figure 15 Block diagram of internet ICT of OBN

In the OBN organization for communication three types of cables we used it. Those are:
1 Co-axial cable-are high frequency transmission cables made up of single solid-copper core. This
type of cables is commonly used to deliver TV signals (its higher bandwidth makes it more suitable
for video applications).

2 Fiber optics cable-also called as optical fiber cable, is a type of Ethernet cable which consists of
one or more optic fibers that are used to transmit data. Instead of transferring data over copper
wires, these cables contain optical fibers that transmit data via light, rather than pulses of electric-
ity. Fiber optic cable can deliver the same types of signals with much wider bandwidth, faster
speed and high frequencies.

3 Twisted pair cable-are quite literally a pair of insulated wires that are twisted together to help
reduce noise from outside sources while this does help some, these cables are still very susceptible
to outside noise. There are two types of twisted pair cables: The unshielded in UTP refers to the

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lack of metallic shielding around the copper wires. By its very nature, the twisted-pair design helps
minimize electronic inference by providing balanced signal transmission, making a physical shield
unnecessary.

The unshielded twisted pair is the most commonly used in telephone cables, computer networks,
and even in video applications such as security cameras. UTP cables are generally used in short
lengths such as inside a building or within a server room.

Unshielded Twisted Pairs cable is susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference. Tough
more expensive, shielded twisted pair (STP) cables are a better option. Shielded twisted pair cables
can also be useful in extending maximum distance of cables. Shielded cable is available in three
configurations:

 Every pair of wire is separately shielded with foil.

 All wires having a braid shielded inside the wire jacket.
 Each individual pair having another around the whole group of wires.

The Topology of ICT of the OBN

Simply topology means links, which means two or more devices connect to a link, two more links
form topology and also topology defines: Physical or logical arrangement of links in a network.
The topology that used in OBN is star topology. Data on star network passes through: Hub and
Switch

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Adola Chiro Shashamane

Yabelo Entoto

Shambu Adama Wonchi

Robe Jimma

Harar Nekemte Gore

Figure 16 OBN ICT star topology

The advantage of using this topology

 Better performance: star topology is preventing the passing of data packets through an ex-
cessive number of nodes.
 Isolation of devices: each device is inherently isolated by the link that connects it to the
hub.
 Easy to faults and to remove parts.
 Installation and configuration is easy.
 No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing device

Disadvantage of using star topology

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 Reliance on central device: star topology relies on the central devices.
 High cost.
 Limited number for nodes.

4.7 System Administration Room

In the system administration room the work done is that the central data arrangement like ingested,
digtal archiving system, editing file and control the central storage devices.

Ingested data: is the process of obtaining, importing and processing data for later uses or storage
in the central storages.

Digital archive systems: are collections of documenting the OBN’s broadcasting history including
copies of television and radio broadcasts, internal documents, on line content etc.

Editing file: is check the idea of the files of OBN broadcasting as politically, socially and econom-
ically.

Editing
Row mate- Ingested
rial avid server Central Preview
and archive storage
Play out

Figure 17 System administration

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CHAPTER THREE

5 BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP

The most and main benefits that I get from internship were as follows:-

1. Creativity
2. Development of professional contacts
3. Combine theory with practical work experience
4. Commitment to work
5. Punctuality
6. Communication skills and
7. Work ethics.
The overall benefits of internship program can be explained briefed below.

5.1 Benefit of internship in terms of upgrading my practical skill

This internship for me was a great way to meet people in my field. Even if I have experience
knowing people never hurts. The internship allows me to meet people who might help me land a
job later on. Plus I understood that reference from people in the company will really add weight to
my application after graduation. This internship was not only for me, it is also for employers.
Employers see me as prospective employees and after finishing my internship program the com-
pany wants to continue working with the company full time. Therefore, I get internship are the
number one way for employers to find new staff member for the company.
The most striking but hidden advantage of internship for me were building up good relation with
our boss , which means we need to work on public relations. It would really help me in publishing
my career quickly. So I did not under estimate an internship. It can serve me with un-imagined
benefits which I should not neglect at earlier stage. This internship for me also facilitates the de-
velopment of professional contacts. These contacts may be able to help me in the future by acting
as a reference for another company, or assist me in securing full time employment with their com-
pany.

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5.2 Benefit of internship in terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge
This internship helps me to combine theory with practical work experience. No learning can be
gained unless theory is practiced, theory cannot be practiced unless opportunity is availed. An
internship is not a job rather it is an opportunity to see the job’s qualities whether good or bad,
deeply. This internship for me was a kind of work experience where basic objective was learning
not money making. Consequently, this internship encourages me to test my theoretical knowledge
in the vicinity of official environment.

5.3 Benefit of internship in terms of improving interpersonal communication

skill
This internship for me is a great way to meet people in my field. Even if I have experience knowing
people never hurts. The internship allows me to meet people who might help me land a job later
on. Plus I understood that reference from people in the company will really add weight to my
application after graduation. This internship was not only for me, it is also for employers. Employ-
ers see me as prospective employees and after finishing my internship program the company wants
to continue working with the company full time. Therefore, I get internship are the number one
way for employers to find new staff member for the company.
The most striking but hidden advantage of internship for me were building up good relation with
my boss , which means I need to work on public relations. It would really help me in publishing
my career quickly. So I did not under estimate an internship. It can serve me with un-imagined
benefits which I should not neglect at earlier stage.
This internship for me also facilitates the development of professional contacts. These contacts
may be able to help me in the future by acting as a reference for another company, or assist me in
securing full time employment with their company.

5.4 Benefit of internship in terms of improving my team playing skill

Getting experience is a great way to build my confidence. After I have done this internship if an
interviewer asks if you know how to do something , you will not say “um , yes I think I would be
able to do that” but can say “absolutely I can do that” and supplement my assertion with examples
.Therefore all of I have get confidence after completely I done this internship.

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5.5 Benefit of internship in terms of improving my leadership skill
This internship gives a chance to test my skill and provide a chance of self-analysis. I would
know my strength and weakness, through managing my internship program and leadership de-
velopment program; I gained experience in numerous functional areas. From interacting with my
corporate partners, to managing the finances of ourselves, my money and others.
Therefore, I will be able to build relevant leadership skill and experience.

5.6 Benefit of internship in terms of understanding about work ethics related

issues
From this internship program I develop a personal work ethics and are able to investigate my career
interests and prospective career goals. And also it enables me to develop punctuality and specific
skills and knowledge related my potential career.

5.7 Benefit of internship in terms of understanding entrepreneurship skill

Having done this internship helps me to develop professional work habit. It provides an under-
standing of corporate culture. It gives an opportunity to analyze some business settings to compare
differences in work styles. Also, it provides for me the opportunity to inter with new and emerging
organization, with mature organizations imitating entrepreneurial activities. The program provides
a stipend for me who seek to learn or gain experience in entrepreneurial management. In general
the most important thing I gained from this internship is experience, knowledge of work culture,
company and population about which I know very little before.
This experience given me much thought, which will be shared and discussed with my classmates
who will find it most interesting.

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CHAPTER FOUR
6 CONCLUTION AND RECOMANDATION
6.1 Conclusion
In generally the internship program is used to develop and upgrade in terms of theoretically and
practically than what I have before and made to understand more about the communication system
in OBN.

The communication system of OBN which include Radio and Television Organization from source
to destination which means: From studio to transmitter and from transmitter to antenna then to the
receiver or audience. I seen or I learn with supporting block diagram of the all process of uplink
and downlink of television and radio.

Maintenance Room used to maintain the communication system materials and have two parts.
Preventive maintenance is used to protect the material before the material is fail and Corrective
maintenance is used to protect the material after the material is fail.

ICT (information and communication technology): How the data is transfer through cable and
network. Have topology that used in Oromia Broadcasting Network Organization to distribute data
to all Organization.

System administration is: Correction of data before broadcasting and manage or control the flow
of all information in OBN.

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Generally, the internship program made the generation who Join University for the future give
them good understanding with both theoretical and practical knowledge’s before their gradua-
tion.

6.2 Recommendation
The installation cable in company organization was dispersed everywhere, so it must be assembled
together. Because it may be affected by some one: like human leg. So if cover the cables when to
installation it’s more good. The company may have not practice lab for student and no permission
to use internet. When I recommended this challenges of OBN Company I love from my heart but
if change some this problem its good for next generation, It must be prepare practice lab to gain
more practical knowledge.

I recommend on studio there is a big problem the light of that studio is not more shine when I say
this they have only one HD studio and one SD studio those all of captures in the one studio at
different space.

So the solution of this problem by building more modern studio and by full of light. When building
studio if many studio building that is when I say this for news one studio for sport one studio and
such like is more good.

The satellite used for downlink is only one so the problem of this are its cover small area. The
solution for this problem is if use more satellite its good mores b/c if use many satellite it covers
large areas.

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON OBN Page 49