FRAC Code List ©*2021:

Fungal control agents sorted by cross resistance pattern and

mode of action
(including coding for FRAC Groups on product labels)

Disclaimer

The technical information contained in this publication is provided to CropLife

International/RAC members, non-members, the scientific community, and a broader public
audience.

While CropLife International and the RACs make every effort to present accurate and
reliable information in the guidelines, CropLife International and the RACs do not guarantee
the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, timeliness, or correct sequencing of such information.
CropLife International and the RACs assume no responsibility for consequences resulting
from the use of their information, or in any respect for the content of such information,
including but not limited to errors or omissions, the accuracy or reasonableness of factual
or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions.

Inclusion of active ingredients and products on the RAC Code Lists is based on scientific
evaluation of their modes of action; it does not provide any kind of testimonial for the use of
a product or a judgment on efficacy. CropLife International and the RACs are not responsible
for, and expressly disclaim all liability for, damages of any kind arising out of use, reference
to, or reliance on information provided in the guidelines.

Listing of chemical classes or modes of action in any of the CropLife International/RAC

recommendations must not be interpreted as approval for use of a compound in a given
country. Prior to implementation, each user must determine the current registration status in
the country of use and strictly adhere to the uses and instructions approved in that country.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 1 of 17

INTRODUCTION
The following table lists fungicides, mainly for use in plant protection, according to their mode of
action and resistance risk. The most important bactericides are also included. Grouping is considering
the biochemical mode of action, but a main driver is to identify cross-resistance patterns between
chemistries.

The Table headings are defined as:

MOA Code
Different letters (A to P, with added numbers) are used to distinguish fungicide groups according to
their biochemical mode of action (MOA) in the biosynthetic pathways of plant pathogens. The
grouping was made according to processes in the metabolism starting from nucleic acids synthesis
(A) to secondary metabolism, e.g. melanin synthesis (I), followed by host plant defence inducers (P),
recent molecules with an unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk (U, transient status,
until information about mode of action and mechanism of resistance becomes available), and
chemical multi-site inhibitors (M). Fungicidal compositions of biological origin are grouped
according to the main mode of action within the respective pathway categories. A more recently
introduced category “Biologicals with multiple modes of action” (BM) is used for agents from
biological origin showing multiple mechanisms of action.

Target Site and Code

If available, the biochemical mode of action is given. In several cases the precise target site may not
be known, however, a grouping within a given pathway / functional cluster is still possible. Grouping
can also be made due to cross resistance profiles within a group or in relation to other groups.

Group Name
The Group Names listed are based on chemical relatedness of structures which are accepted in
literature (e.g. The Pesticide Manual). They are based on different sources (chemical structure, site
of action, first important representative in group).

Chemical or Biological Group

Grouping is based on chemical considerations. Nomenclature is according to IUPAC and Chemical
Abstract name. Taxonomic information may be used for agents of biological origin.

Common name
BSI/ISO accepted (or proposed) common name for an individual active ingredient expected to appear
on the product label as definition of the product.

Comments on Resistance
Details are given for the (molecular) mechanism of resistance and the resistance risk. If field-
resistance is known to one member of the Group, it is most likely but not exclusively valid that cross
resistance to other group members will be present. There is increasing evidence that the degree of
cross resistance can differ between group members and pathogen species or even within species. For
the latest information on resistance and cross resistance status of a pathogen / fungicide combination,
it is advised to contact local FRAC representatives, product manufacturer’s representatives or crop
protection advisors. The intrinsic risk for resistance evolution to a given fungicide group is estimated
to be low, medium or high according to the principles described in FRAC Monographs 1, 2 and 3.
Resistance management is driven by intrinsic risk of fungicide, pathogen risk and agronomic risk (see
FRAC pathogen risk list).

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 2 of 17

Similar classification lists of fungicides have been published by T. Locke on behalf of FRAG – UK
(Fungicide Resistance, August 2001), and by P. Leroux (Classification des fongicides agricoles et
résistance, Phytoma, La Défense des Végétaux, No. 554, 43-51, November 2002).

FRAC Code
Numbers and letters are used to distinguish the fungicide groups according to their cross-resistance
behaviour. This code should be used to define the “FUNGICIDE GROUP” code, e.g.

on product labels. The numbers were assigned primarily according to the time of product introduction
to the market. The letters refer to P = host plant defence inducers, M = chemical multi-site inhibitors,
U = unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk, and BM = biologicals with multiple modes
of action. Reclassification of compounds based on new research may result in codes to expire. This
is most likely in the U – section when the mode of action gets clarified. These codes are not re-used
for new groups; a note is added to indicate reclassification into a new code.

Last update: March 2021

Next update decisions: February 2022

* Disclaimer
The FRAC Code List is the property of FRAC and protected by copyright laws. The FRAC Code
List may be used for educational purposes without permission from FRAC. Commercial use of this
material may only be made with the express, prior, and written permission of FRAC.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 3 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
benalaxyl
benalaxyl-M Resistance and cross resistance
(=kiralaxyl) well known in various
acylalanines furalaxyl Oomycetes but mechanism
A1 PA – fungicides metalaxyl unknown.
4
A: nucleic acids metabolism

(PhenylAmides) metalaxyl-M
RNA polymerase I (=mefenoxam) High risk.
See FRAC Phenylamide
oxazolidinones oxadixyl Guidelines for resistance
management
butyrolactones ofurace
Medium risk. Resistance and
A2 hydroxy- bupirimate cross resistance known in
hydroxy-
(2-amino-)
(2-amino-) pyrimidines
dimethirimol powdery mildews. 8
adenosin- pyrimidines ethirimol Resistance management
deaminase required.
A3 isoxazoles hymexazole
DNA/RNA synthesis heteroaromatics Resistance not known. 32
(proposed) isothiazolones octhilinone
A4 Bactericide. Resistance known.
Risk in fungi unknown.
carboxylic acids carboxylic acids oxolinic acid
Resistance management
31
DNA topoisomerase
type II (gyrase) required.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 4 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
Resistance common in many
benomyl
fungal species. Several target
carbendazim
benzimidazoles site mutations, mostly
fuberidazole
E198A/G/K, F200Y in β-tubulin
thiabendazole
MBC - gene.
B1 fungicides Positive cross resistance
ß-tubulin assembly (Methyl between the group members. 1
in mitosis Benzimidazole Negative cross resistance to
Carbamates) thiophanate N-phenyl carbamates.
thiophanates
thiophanate-methyl High risk.
See FRAC Benzimidazole
Guidelines for resistance
management.
Resistance known. Target site
mutation E198K. Negative cross
B2 N-phenyl
N-phenyl resistance to benzimidazoles.
B: Cytoskeleton and motor protein

ß-tubulin assembly carbamates

carbamates diethofencarb
High risk.
10
in mitosis Resistance management
required.
benzamides toluamides zoxamide
B3 Low to medium risk.
ß-tubulin assembly thiazole ethylamino-thiazole-
Resistance management 22
in mitosis ethaboxam required.
carboxamide carboxamide
B4
cell division phenylureas phenylureas pencycuron Resistance not known. 20
(unknown site)
Resistant isolates detected in
B5
grapevine downy mildew.
delocalisation of pyridinylmethyl- fluopicolide
benzamides
benzamides fluopimomide
Medium risk. 43
spectrin-like Resistance management
proteins required
Resistance known in Fusarium
graminearum. Target site
mutations in the gene coding for
cyanoacrylates aminocyanoacrylates phenamacril myosin-5 found in lab studies. 47
Medium to high risk.
Resistance management
B6 required.
actin/myosin/fimbrin Less sensitive isolates detected
function benzophenone metrafenone in powdery mildews
(Blumeria and Sphaerotheca)
aryl-phenyl- Medium risk.
ketones Resistance management 50
benzoylpyridine pyriofenone required.

Reclassified from U8 in 2018

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 5 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

pyrimidinamines pyrimidinamines diflumetorim

C1 pyrazole-5-
complex I NADH pyrazole-MET1
carboxamides
tolfenpyrad Resistance not known. 39
oxido-reductase
Quinazoline quinazoline fenazaquin
benodanil
phenyl-benzamides flutolanil
mepronil
phenyl-oxo-ethyl
isofetamid
thiophene amide
pyridinyl-ethyl-
fluopyram
benzamides
phenyl-cyclobutyl-
cyclobutrifluram
pyridineamide
furan- carboxamides fenfuram
Resistance known for several
oxathiin- carboxin fungal species in field
C. respiration

carboxamides oxycarboxin populations and lab mutants.

thiazole- Target site mutations in sdh
thifluzamide
carboxamides gene, e.g. H/Y (or H/L) at 257,
benzovindiflupyr 267, 272 or P225L, dependent
C2 SDHI bixafen on fungal species.
complex II: (Succinate- fluindapyr Resistance management 7
succinate-dehydro- dehydrogenase fluxapyroxad required.
genase inhibitors) pyrazole-4- furametpyr
carboxamides inpyrfluxam Medium to high risk.
isopyrazam
penflufen See FRAC SDHI Guidelines
penthiopyrad for resistance management.
sedaxane
N-cyclopropyl-N-
benzyl-pyrazole- isoflucypram
carboxamides
N-methoxy-(phenyl-
ethyl)-pyrazole- pydiflumetofen
carboxamides
pyridine-
boscalid
carboxamides
pyrazine-
pyraziflumid
carboxamides

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 6 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
azoxystrobin
coumoxystrobin
enoxastrobin
methoxy-acrylates
flufenoxystrobin
picoxystrobin Resistance known in various
pyraoxystrobin fungal species. Target site
mutations in cyt b gene (G143A,
methoxy-acetamide mandestrobin
F129L) and additional
pyraclostrobin
mechanisms.
methoxy-carbamates pyrametostrobin
triclopyricarb
QoI-fungicides Cross resistance shown
(Quinone outside oximino-acetates kresoxim-methyl between all members of the 11
C3 Inhibitors) trifloxystrobin Code 11 fungicides.
C. respiration

dimoxystrobin
complex III: fenaminstrobin
cytochrome bc1 oximino-acetamides High risk.
metominostrobin
(ubiquinol oxidase) orysastrobin
at Qo site (cyt b See FRAC QoI Guidelines
oxazolidine-diones famoxadone for resistance management.
gene)
dihydro-dioxazines fluoxastrobin
imidazolinones fenamidone
benzyl-carbamates pyribencarb

QoI-fungicides Resistance not known. Not

(Quinone outside cross resistant with Code 11
Inhibitors; fungicides on G143A mutants.
Subgroup A) tetrazolinones metyltetraprole 11A
High risk.

See FRAC QoI Guidelines

for resistance management.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 7 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
Resistance risk unknown but
cyano-imidazole cyazofamid assumed to be medium to high
C4 (mutations at target site known
QiI - fungicides in model organisms).
complex III: (Quinone inside sulfamoyl-triazole amisulbrom Resistance management
cytochrome bc1 Inhibitors) required. 21
(ubiquinone
reductase) at Qi site fenpicoxamid No spectrum overlap with the
picolinamides Oomycete-fungicides
florylpicoxamid
cyazofamid and amisulbrom
binapacryl
dinitrophenyl- Resistance not known.
meptyldinocap
C5
C: respiration (continued)

crotonates Also acaricidal activity.

dinocap
uncouplers of Low risk. However, resistance 29
oxidative phos- 2,6-dinitro-anilines fluazinam
claimed in Botrytis in Japan.
phorylation
(pyr.-hydrazones) (ferimzone) Reclassified to U 14 in 2012.
C6
inhibitors of fentin acetate
organo tin tri-phenyl tin Some resistance cases
oxidative phos- compounds compounds
fentin chloride
known. Low to medium risk. 30
phorylation, ATP fentin hydroxide
synthase
C7
thiophene- thiophene-
ATP transport carboxamides carboxamides
silthiofam Resistance reported. Risk low. 38
(proposed)
C8 Not cross resistant to QoI
complex III: QoSI fungicides fungicides.
cytochrome bc1 (Quinone outside Resistance risk assumed to
(ubiquinone Inhibitor, triazolo-pyrimidylamine ametoctradin be medium to high 45
reductase) at stigmatellin (single site inhibitor).
Qo site, stigmatellin binding type) Resistance management
binding sub-site required.
Resistance known in Botrytis
D1 and Venturia, sporadically in
methionine Oculimacula.
AP - fungicides cyprodinil
biosynthesis anilino-pyrimidines
(Anilino- mepanipyrim 9
D: amino acids and protein synthesis

(proposed) Medium risk.

Pyrimidines) pyrimethanil
(cgs gene) See FRAC Anilinopyrimidine
Guidelines
for resistance management.
D2 Low to medium risk.
protein synthesis enopyranuronic enopyranuronic acid
acid antibiotic antibiotic
blasticidin-S Resistance management 23
(ribosome, required.
termination step)
Resistance known in fungal
D3 and bacterial (P. glumae)
protein synthesis hexopyranosyl hexopyranosyl
antibiotic antibiotic
kasugamycin pathogens. Medium risk. 24
(ribosome, initiation Resistance management
step) required.
D4 Bactericide. Resistance
protein synthesis glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl known. High risk.
antibiotic antibiotic
streptomycin
Resistance management
25
(ribosome, initiation
step) required.
D5 Bactericide. Resistance
protein synthesis tetracycline known. High risk.
antibiotic
tetracycline antibiotic oxytetracycline
Resistance management
41
(ribosome,
elongation step) required.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 8 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

Resistance to quinoxyfen
aryloxyquinoline quinoxyfen
known.
E1 Medium risk.
signal transduction aza- Resistance management
naphthalenes required. Cross resistance 13
(mechanism
unknown) quinazolinone proquinazid found in Erysiphe (Uncinula)
necator but not in Blumeria
graminis.
E: signal transduction

E2 Resistance found sporadically,

MAP/Histidine- mechanism speculative.
PP-fungicides fenpiclonil
Kinase in osmotic (PhenylPyrroles) phenylpyrroles
fludioxonil
Low to medium risk. 12
signal transduction Resistance management
(os-2, HOG1) required.
Resistance common in Botrytis
and some other pathogens.
Several mutations in OS-1,
E3 chlozolinate mostly I365S.
dimethachlone
MAP/Histidine- Cross resistance common
dicarboximides dicarboximides iprodione
between the group members. 2
Kinase in osmotic procymidone
signal transduction vinclozolin
(os-1, Daf1) Medium to high risk.
See FRAC Dicarboximide
Guidelines
for resistance management.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 9 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

F1 formerly dicarboximides
edifenphos Resistance known in specific
F2 phosphoro-
phosphoro-thiolates iprobenfos (IBP) fungi.
thiolates
pyrazophos Low to medium risk.
phospholipid Resistance management 6
biosynthesis, required if used for risky
F: lipid synthesis or transport / membrane integrity or function

Dithiolanes dithiolanes isoprothiolane

methyltransferase pathogens.
biphenyl
AH-fungicides
chloroneb
(Aromatic Resistance known in some
aromatic hydrocarbons dicloran
F3 Hydrocarbons)
quintozene (PCNB)
fungi.
(chlorophenyls, Low to medium risk.
nitroanilines)
tecnazene (TCNB)
Cross resistance patterns 14
cell peroxidation tolclofos-methyl
(proposed) complex due to different
activity spectra.
heteroaromatics 1,2,4-thiadiazoles etridiazole

F4
iodocarb Low to medium risk.
cell membrane Carbamates carbamates propamocarb Resistance management 28
permeability, fatty prothiocarb required.
acids (proposed)
F5 formerly CAA-fungicides
F6
formerly Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (FRAC Code 44);
microbial disrupters reclassified to BM02 in 2020
of pathogen cell
membranes
F7 formerly extract from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)
cell membrane and plant oils (eugenol, geraniol, thymol)
disruption FRAC Code 46, reclassified to BM01 in 2021
amphoteric macrolide
antifungal antibiotic Resistance not known.
F8 Polyene from Streptomyces
natamycin
Agricultural, food and topical 48
ergosterol binding (pimaricin)
natalensis or medical uses.
S. chattanoogensis
OSBPI Resistance risk assumed to be
F9 oxysterol binding
piperidinyl-thiazole- oxathiapiprolin
medium to high (single site
lipid homeostasis protein
isoxazolines fluoxapiprolin
inhibitor). Resistance 49
and transfer/storage homologue management required.
inhibition (Previously U15).

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 10 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
piperazines triforine
pyrifenox
pyridines
pyrisoxazole
fenarimol
pyrimidines
nuarimol
imazalil There are big differences in
oxpoconazole the activity spectra of DMI
imidazoles pefurazoate fungicides.
prochloraz
triflumizole Resistance is known in various
azaconazole fungal species. Several
bitertanol resistance mechanisms are
bromuconazole known incl. target site
cyproconazole mutations in cyp51 (erg 11)
difenoconazole gene, e.g. V136A, Y137F,
diniconazole A379G, I381V; cyp51
G1 DMI-fungicides epoxiconazole promotor; ABC transporters
etaconazole and others.
(DeMethylation
C14- demethylase fenbuconazole
Inhibitors)
Generally wise to accept that 3
in sterol fluquinconazole
biosynthesis flusilazole cross resistance is present
(SBI: Class I)
(erg11/cyp51) between DMI fungicides active
G: sterol biosynthesis in membranes

flutriafol
hexaconazole against the same fungus.
triazoles
imibenconazole
ipconazole DMI fungicides are Sterol
mefentrifluconazole Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs),
metconazole but show no cross resistance
myclobutanil to other SBI classes.
penconazole
propiconazole Medium risk.
simeconazole
tebuconazole See FRAC SBI Guidelines
tetraconazole for resistance management.
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
triazolinthiones prothioconazole
aldimorph Decreased sensitivity for
G2 dodemorph powdery mildews.
morpholines
fenpropimorph Cross resistance within the
14-reductase amines tridemorph group generally found but not
and (“morpholines”) to other
8→7- piperidines
fenpropidin
SBI classes.
5
isomerase piperalin
(SBI: Class II)
in sterol Low to medium risk.
biosynthesis spiroketal-amines spiroxamine See FRAC SBI Guidelines
(erg24, erg2) for resistance management.
G3 KRI fungicides
(KetoReductase hydroxyanilides fenhexamid Low to medium risk.
3-keto reductase, Inhibitors) Resistance management 17
C4- de-methylation amino-pyrazolinone fenpyrazamine required.
(erg27) (SBI: Class III)

G4 Resistance not known,

thiocarbamates pyributicarb fungicidal and herbicidal
squalene-epoxidase (SBI class IV) activity.
18
in sterol
biosynthesis naftifine
allylamines Medical fungicides only.
(erg1) terbinafine

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 11 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

H3 Formerly glucopyranosyl
reclassified to U18 26
antibiotic (validamycin)
H: cell wall biosynthesis

Resistance known.
H4 peptidyl pyrimidine Medium risk.
polyoxins
nucleoside
polyoxin
Resistance management 19
chitin synthase required.
dimethomorph Resistance known in
cinnamic acid amides flumorph Plasmopara viticola but not in
pyrimorph Phytophthora infestans.
H5 CAA-fungicides
Cross resistance between all
(Carboxylic Acid benthiavalicarb 40
valinamide members of the CAA group.
cellulose synthase Amides) iprovalicarb
carbamates Low to medium risk.
valifenalate
See FRAC CAA Guidelines for
mandelic acid amides mandipropamid resistance management.

I1 MBI-R isobenzo-furanone fthalide

(Melanin
I: melanin synthesis in cell wall

Resistance not known.

reductase in Biosynthesis pyrrolo-quinolinone pyroquilon 16.1
melanin Inhibitors –
Reductase) triazolobenzo-
biosynthesis tricyclazole
thiazole
cyclopropane-
I2 MBI-D carpropamid
carboxamide Resistance known.
(Melanin
Medium risk.
dehydratase in Biosynthesis carboxamide diclocymet
Resistance management 16.2
melanin Inhibitors –
required.
biosynthesis Dehydratase) propionamide fenoxanil

I3 MBI-P
Resistance not known.
(Melanin
trifluoroethyl-
polyketide synthase Biosynthesis
in melanin Inhibitors –
carbamate tolprocarb Additional activity against 16.3
bacteria and fungi through
biosynthesis Polyketide
induction of host plant defence
synthase)

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 12 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

benzo-
P 01 thiadiazole
benzo-thiadiazole
acibenzolar-S-methyl Resistance not known. P 01
salicylate-related (BTH)
(BTH)

probenazole
P 02 benzisothiazole benzisothiazole (also antibacterial and Resistance not known. P 02
salicylate-related antifungal activity)

P 03 thiadiazole- thiadiazole- tiadinil

Resistance not known. P 03
carboxamide carboxamide isotianil
P: host plant defence induction

salicylate-related

P 04 natural
polysaccharide compound
polysaccharides laminarin Resistance not known. P 04
elicitors
complex mixture,
P 05 ethanol extract
extract from Reynoutria
anthraquinone plant extract
(anthraquinones,
sachalinensis (giant Resistance not known. P 05
elicitors knotweed)
resveratrol)
bacterial Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus spp. isolate J
P 06 microbial cell walls of Resistance not known. P 06
microbial elicitors fungal
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces spp.
strain LAS117
Few resistance cases
ethyl phosphonates fosetyl-Al reported in few
P 07 phosphonates
pathogens.
P07
phosphonates phosphorous acid and Low risk.
salts Reclassified from U33 in
2018
activates SAR both up-
P 08 isothiazolylmethyl P 08
isothiazole dichlobentiazox and downstream of SA.
salicylate-related ether
Resistance not known.

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 13 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
Resistance claims described.
cyanoacetamide- cyanoacetamide- Low to medium risk.
unknown
oxime oxime
cymoxanil
Resistance management 27
required.
formerly phosphonates (FRAC code 33), reclassified to P 07 in 2018

tecloftalam
unknown phthalamic acids phthalamic acids
(Bactericide)
Resistance not known. 34

35
(U numbers not appearing in the list derive from reclassified fungicides)

unknown benzotriazines benzotriazines triazoxide Resistance not known.

benzene- benzene-
unknown
sulfonamides sulphonamides
flusulfamide Resistance not known. 36

unknown pyridazinones pyridazinones diclomezine Resistance not known. 37

formerly methasulfocarb (FRAC code 42), reclassified to M 12 in 2018
U: Unknown mode of action

Resistance in Sphaerotheca.
phenyl-
unknown
acetamide
phenyl-acetamide cyflufenamid Resistance management U 06
required
Resistance known in
cell membrane Venturia inaequalis.
disruption guanidines guanidines dodine Low to medium risk. U 12
(proposed) Resistance management
recommended.
Resistance in Sphaerotheca and
cyano-methylene- Podosphaera xanthii.
unknown thiazolidine
thiazolidines
flutianil
Resistance management U 13
required
pyrimidinone- pyrimidinone- Resistance not known
unknown
hydrazones hydrazones
ferimzone
(previously C5). U 14
Not cross resistant to QoI.
complex III:
Resistance risk unknown but
cytochrome bc1, 4-quinolyl-
unknown binding acetate
4-quinolyl-acetates tebufloquin assumed to be medium. U 16
Resistance management
site (proposed)
required.
Resistance not known.
Unknown tetrazolyloxime tetrazolyloximes picarbutrazox Not cross resistant to U 17
PA, QoI, CAA.
Resistance not known.
Unknown
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl Induction of host plant defense
(Inhibition of
antibiotic antibiotics
validamycin
by trehalose proposed U 18
trehalase)
(previously H3).

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 14 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

mineral oils,
specified organic oils,
Resistance not known.
Not

Unknown diverse diverse inorganic salts, NC

material of
biological origin

inorganic copper
M: Chemicals with multi-site activity

(electrophiles)
inorganic
(different salts) Also applies to organic copper M 01
complexes
inorganic
(electrophiles)
inorganic sulphur M 02
amobam
ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
dithiocarbamates
dithio-carbamates metiram
and relatives
and relatives propineb M 03
(electrophiles)
thiram
zinc thiazole
zineb
ziram
captan
phthalimides
(electrophiles)
phthalimides captafol M 04
folpet
chloronitriles
(phthalonitriles) chloronitriles generally considered as a low
(unspecified (phthalonitriles)
chlorothalonil risk group without any signs of M 05
multi-site mechanism) resistance developing to the
contact fungicides.
sulfamides dichlofluanid
activity (electrophiles)
sulfamides
tolylfluanid M 06
bis-guanidines
(membrane guazatine
disruptors,
bis-guanidines
iminoctadine
M 07
detergents)
triazines
(unspecified triazines anilazine M 08
mechanism)
quinones
quinones
(anthraquinones)
(anthraquinones)
dithianon M 09
(electrophiles)

quinoxalines chinomethionat /
(electrophiles)
quinoxalines
quinomethionate
M 10

maleimide
(electrophiles)
maleimide fluoroimide M 11

thiocarbamate
(electrophiles)
thiocarbamate methasulfocarb reclassified from U42 in 2018 M 12

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 15 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE

BM: Biologicals with multiple modes of action: multiple effects on

extract from the
ion membrane
cotyledons of
transporters; plant extract polypeptide (lectin) Resistance not known.
lupine plantlets
chelating effects (previously M12).
(“BLAD”)

affects fungal
phenols,
spores and germ
sesquiterpenes, extract from
tubes, plant extract Resistance not known.
Plant extracts

triterpenoids, Swinglea glutinosa BM 01

induced plant
coumarins
defense

extract from
Melaleuca
alternifolia
(tea tree oil)
cell membrane
Resistance not known.
disruption, cell wall, terpene hydrocarbons,
(previously F7)
plant extract terpene alcohols and
induced plant plant oils
terpene phenols
defense (mixtures):
mechanisms eugenol, geraniol,
thymol

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 16 of 17

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
BIOLOGICAL GROUP CODE
Trichoderma
atroviride
strain I-1237
strain LU132
strain SC1
strain SKT-1
strain 77B
Trichoderma
fungal asperellum
Trichoderma spp. strain T34
strain kd
Trichoderma
harzianum
strain T-22
Trichoderma
virens
strain G-41
BM: Biologicals with multiple modes of action:

Gliocladium
catenulatum

multiple effects fungal strain J1446

Clonostachys spp. Clonostachys
described
rosea
(examples, not all
apply to all strain CR-7
biological groups): Coniothyrium
fungal minitans
microbial
Coniothyrium spp.
Microbial

competition, strain CON/M/91-08 Resistance not known

mycoparasitism, (strains of living Talaromyces
antibiosis, microbes or fungal BM 02
flavus
membrane extract, Talaromyces spp.
strain SAY-Y-94-01
disruption by metabolites)
Saccharomyces
fungicidal fungal cerevisae
lipopeptides, Saccharomyces spp.
lytic enzymes, strain LAS02
induced plant Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
defence
reclassified from F6, Code 44
strain QST713 in 2020
strain FZB24
strain MBI600 synonyms for Bacillus
bacterial strain D747 amyloliquefaciens are Bacillus
strain F727 subtilis and B. subtilis var.
Bacillus spp. strain AT-332 amyloliquefaciens (previous
Bacillus subtilis taxonomic classification).
strain AFS032321
strain Y1336
strain HAI-0404
Pseudomonas
bacterial chlororaphis
Pseudomonas spp.
strain AFS009
Streptomyces
griseovirides
bacterial strain K61
Streptomyces spp. Streptomyces
lydicus
strain WYEC108

FRAC Code List© 2021 Page 17 of 17