ALL ACTIONS HAVE CONSEQUENCES - St. Thomas Aquinas establishes the existence of God as a first cause.

A. ARISTOTLE D. Jean Paul Sartre: Individual Freedom

Power of VOLITION - His philosophy is considered to be a representative of existentialism.
- Judgment of practical intellect needs will - Human person is the desire to be God.
- Reason needs will to do an action Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power
- No intellect no will of other people to influence or coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions.
- The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is within the power of
everyone to be good or bad. This is borne out by:
1. Our inner awareness of an aptitude to do right or wrong E. Thomas Hobbes
2. The common testimony of all human beings THEORY OF SOCIAL CONTRACT
3. The rewards and punishment of rulers A law of nature is a precept or general rule established by reason, by which a person
4. The general employment of praise and blame is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life.
- Moral acts are in power and we are responsible for them. Character or habit is no 1st Law of Nature: we should seek peace
excuse for immoral conduct 2nd : we mutually divest ourselves of certain rights so as to achieve peace.
For Aristotle, a human being is rational. Reason is a divine characteristic. If there were 3rd : human beings perform their covenant made.
no intellect, there would be no will. Reason can legislate but only will can translate it into Contract – mutual transferring of rights
action. Our will is an instrument of our free choice. REASON, WILL, and ACTION drives each -the basis of notion of moral obligation and duty
other. The rational pursuit of self-preservation is what leads us to form commonwealths or
states; the laws of nature give the conditions for the establishment of society and
B. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS government.
LOVE IS FREEDOM According to Hobbes, there are no absolute values.
FOURFOLD CLASSIFICATION OF LAW In Leviathan, Hobbes asserts:
1. ETERNAL LAW - decree of God that governs all creations. “ The fundamental law of nature seeks peace and follows it, while at the same time, by the
2. NATURAL LAW- applies only to human beings. sum of natural right, we should defend ourselves by all means that we can”
- the good is to be sought after and evil avoided(self-preservation) Hobbes makes a distinction between a commonwealth by institution and
- conceived primarily with EXTERNAL acts and with interior acquisition.
dispositions 1. A commonwealth is said to exist by institution when it has been established through
3. HUMAN LAW- the covenant of every member of a multitude with every other member. The
4. DIVINE LAW- deals with interior disposition as well as external acts and it ensures multitude of human beings subjects themselves to a chosen sovereign from fear of
the final punishments of all evildoings. one another.
-rests on reason and experience alone 2. A commonwealth is said to exist by acquisition when the sovereign power has been
- LOVE rather than LAW to bring about the transformation of humanity. acquired by force. Here, human power over their lives and liberty.
- LOVE – is in consonance with humanity’s free nature, for LAW commands and complete.
St Thomas emphasizes the freedom of humanity but chooses love in governing
humanity’s life. Since God is love, then Love is the guiding principle of humanity F. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
toward his self-perception and happiness his ultimate destiny. - One of the most famous and influential philosophers of the French Enlightenment.
In his book, the social contract, he elaborated his theory of human nature. Ex. EDSA
C. St. Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Freedom REVOLUTION
GOD’S LOVE – CONSCIENCE- ACTIONS (good or evil)
 - According to Hobbes and Rousseau, he states owes its origin to a social contract They believed in the idea of actual experience/existence of the human person. They also
freely entered into by its member. How ever Hobbes developed his idea in favor of think that one must not lose the sight of one’s self in real experience. Both refused to regard
and absolute monarchy while Rousseau- absolute democracy and individualism. the human person as a composite of some kind of dimensions or aspect, such as animality
- In order to restore peace, bring his freedom back, and as he returned to his true
(the animal nature of human beings) and rationality.
self, he saw the necessity and came to form the state through the social contract
whereby everyone grants his individual rights to the general will.
- Social Contract – a philosophical fiction, a metaphor, and a certain way of looking at For both views, the human person is total, not dual. For Wojtyla, the social aspect is
a society of voluntary collection of agreeable individuals. represented by “WE RELATION” and for Buber, the interpersonal (being, relating to, or
SOVEREIGN RULER involving relations between persons) by tha “I-YOU RELATION”.
(state)

Martin Buber is a Jewish existentialist philosopher (shared the belief that philosophical
FREEDOM( GENERAL WILL OR
MUTUAL TRASFERRING OF ORIGHTS ) thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting,
feeling, living human individual.) Born in Vienna and was brought his work I and thou (Ich
CITIZENS
and Du), he conceives the human person in his/her wholeness, totality, concrete, existence
(INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS) and relatedness to the world.

EVALUATE and EXERCISE PRUDENCE in CHOICES Saint Pope John Paul II was born in Wadowice, Poland elected on Oct., 16, 1978 as the 264 th
 BF SKINNER- maintains that behavior that behavior is shaped and maintained by and was considered a great pope during his lifetime. In his Encyclical letter, Fides et ratio, he
its consequences.
criticized the traditional definition of human as “rational animal”. He maintains that human
-our struggle for freedom is not due to a will to be free as for
Aristotle or Sartre, but to certain behavioral processes characteristics of the person is the one who exists and acts like conscious acting, has a will and has self-
human organism, the chief effect of which is the avoidance of or escape determination.
from “aversive” features of the environment. For Him, action reveals the nature of human agent. Participation explains the essence of the
 YELON- accepted that behavioral psychology is at fault for having overanalyzed human person. It able to fulfill one’s self. The human person is oriented or concerned
the words ”reward” and “punishments” toward relation and sharing the public life for a common good. As to St Augustine of Hippo
 JOH STUART MILL “Liberty consists in doing what one desires” said, “No human being should become an end to him/herself. We are responsible to our
neighbors as we are to our own action.”
Realize that Intersubjectivity requires Accepting Differences and not Impose to others
We participate in the communal life (WE). Our view or belief of the “neighbor” and “fellow
Intesubjective -existing between conscious minds; shared by more than one conscious mind. member” is by participating in the humanness of the other person (I-You). The neighbor
Comprehensible to, relating to, or used by a number of persons, as a concept or language. takes into account humanness.

Intersubjectivity as Ontology: The Social Dimension of the Self Buber’s I- thou philosophy is about person as a subject, who is a being different from things
Ontology is the branch of metaphysics that studies the nature of existence or being as such. or from objects. The human person as subjects has direct and mutual sharing of selves. This
Martin Buber’s and Karol Wojtyla’s ( Karol Józef Wojtyła :vojtiwa) views will be used as the signifies a person-to-person relation or acceptance, sincerity, concern, respect, dialog and
main framework in studying intersubjectivity. Both influenced with religious background. care. The human person is not just being-in-the-world but being-with-others, or being-in-
relation.
 and infertility in some males. Different people may have different degrees of
In contrast, to kingdom of meeting and dialog, Buber cites the I-IT relationship. This I-IT symptoms.)
relationship is a person to thing, subject to object that is merely experiencing and using;
In a certain study, mothers with asthmatic children scored consistently more positively than
lacking directedness and mutuality (feeling, knowing, and acting)
any other group of mothers. On the one hand, fathers of asthmatic and cystic fibrotic
children had higher attitudes and were more sociable than the other fathers. On both these
When a person ignores a beggar, it is an extreme form of I-IT communication as the
beggar is not even acknowledged. scales, parents of hearing impaired youngsters had the highest problematic scores.
I-YOU communication accounts for the majority of our interactions. People acknowledge
each other as more than objects, more than just its, but they don’t fully Parents of cystic fibrotic kids reported the most special problem areas and caretaking needs.
engage each other as unique individuals. An example would be a Parents of hearing impaired children have more behavior management issues. While
salesclerk who asks, “‘may I help you?” And you respond, “I’m just parents with CF children reported the highest levels of family importance.
browsing today.'”
I-THOU communication, as regarded by Buber, is ‘the highest form of human dialogue On the other hand, spirited kids and children with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
because each person affirms the other as cherished and unique. When Disorder) are different. A spirited sensitive child will notice everything going on around
we interact on an I-thou level we meet others in their wholeness and him/her but will be able to process that information quickly and will be able to select the
individuality, not as merely occupants of social roles, but as human most important information to listen to. An ADHD child will find it difficult to focus or
beings who we know and accept in their totality- their virtues and vices,
complete a task, despite her best efforts.
hopes and fears, strengths and weaknesses’
Negative attitudes to the family and community towards PWDs may add to their poor
Appreciate the Talents of Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) and Those from the
academic and vocational outcomes. Parents need to reach the point of helpful action. They
Underprivileged Sectors of Society and Their Contributions
can decide to restructure certain aspects of their lifestyle in order to accommodate the
A. On PWDs communicative as well as the educational needs of their child with disability. Community
sensitivity, through positive and supportive attitudes, through positive and supportive
The process of suspecting, recognizing, and identifying the handicap for parents with PWD attitudes toward PWDs, is also an important component.
will include feelings of shock, confusion, sorrow, anger and guilt. Whether these refer to
deafness or spirited children, denial, for instance, is universal. During diagnosis, isolation of B. On Underprivileged Sectors of Society
affect occurs when parents intellectually accepts deafness of their child. The loss should
Dimension of Poverty
require mourning, grief; otherwise something is seriously wrong.
 Income
There are many categories of PWDs.
 Health
 Hearing impaired, diabetic, asthmatic, or cystic fibrotic persons ( is a genetic  Education
disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys,  Empowerment
and intestine. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing  Working condition
up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections. Other signs and symptoms may
include sinus infections, poor growth, fatty stool, clubbing of the fingers and toes,
The most common measure of the underprivileged is income poverty, which is defined in Sila’y nagsipaghawak ng sandata
terms of consumption of goods and services. There is a lack of goods and services. The Nakilaban, ang mithiin ay lumaya.
World Bank categories poverty in two levels: poor and extremely poor.
Bakit ba mayrong mga Lisa
There is growing recognition that income poverty is not the only important measure of Mga Liliosa at mga Lorena
deprivation. Poor health is also an important aspect of poverty. Health deprivation had Na di natakot makibaka
become a focal or central point for the underprivileged. At ngayo’y marami nang kasama?
Mga babae, ang mithiin ay lumaya!
Human rights are also relevant to issues of global poverty in its focus on shortfalls in basic
needs. Extending human rights into the realm or domain of foreign investment is also an In 1971, Jean Jacques Rousseau said that women should be educated to please men.
imperative. Moreover, he believes that women should be useful to men, should take care, advise,
console men, and to render men’s lives easy and agreeable. Rousseau also influenced the
C. On the Rights of Women development of modern political, sociological
(the science or study of the origin, development,
“Babae”
organization, and functioning of human society;
the science of the fundamental laws of social relations, institutions, etc.) and educational
By Inang Laya
thought.
Kayo ba ang mga Maria Clara
Mary Wollstonecraft, in Vindication on the Rights of Women, argued such education would
Mga Hule at mga Sisa
Na di maruning na lumaban? produce women who were mere propagators of fools. She believes women must be united
Kaapiha’y bakit iniluluha? to men in wisdom and rationality. Society should allow women to attain equal rights to
Mga babae, kayo ba’y sadyang mahina? philosophy and education given to men. Further, for her, women should not just to be
valued until their beauty fades; it is the fate of the fairest of flowers to be admired and
Kayo ba ang mga Cinderella pulled to pieces by the careless hand that plucked. For her, if men would snap chain of
Na lalake, ang tanging pag-asa? women, they would fine women more observant daughters, more affectionate sisters and
Kayo nga ba ang mga Nena faithful wives, more reasonable mothers and better citizens.
Na katawan ay ibinebenta?
Mga babae, kayo ba’y sadyang pang-kama? She maintains that women must learn to respect themselves. Men’s worth should not be
baased on the vanity of women and babies, for this degrade women by making them mere
Ang ating isip ay buksan
dolls. Women should not marry for support they should earn their own “bread”.
At lipuna’y pag-aralan,
Ang nahubog ninyong isipan In the Philippines, women are subjected to misery, among others, of class and sex.
At tanggaping kayo’y mga libangan
Babae,sung usually during women’s month, is a song that problematizes the gender role
Mga babae, ito nga ba’y kapalaran?
assigned by the social order of women since their childhood. Opposing the identity
Bakit ba mayroong mga Gabriela reinforced by dominant patriarchal institutions, the song advances the alternative image of
Mga Teresa at Tandang Sora the woman aspiring for liberation. Inang Laya’s song goes to end with the message that
Na di umasa sa luha’t awa? gender roles, being social concepts resulting from the interplay of power relations in a
particular historical stage, are also arenas for struggle. The song, moreover, demonstrates which fulfills and realize oneself. The human person attains fulfillment in the realm of the
that Filipino women are not simply oppressed or in misery but have been actively interpersonal, in meeting the other; thus, there is genuine dialog. For Wojtyla, in
participating in movements not only seek empowerment for their sector but for other participation, we share in the humanness of the other. We cannot escape a world that is
marginalized groups as well. inhibited by others.

Explain the Authentic Dialog that is Accepting Others regardless of Individual Differences All of the philosophers mentioned talks about the same type of relation, that is, a dialog of
human beings based on mutual sharing of selves, acceptance and sincerity.
We Are a Conversation
Perform Activities that Demonstrate the Talents of PWD’s and Underprivileged Sectors of
In his essay, Martin Heidegger says that humankind is a conversation. Conversation is more Society
than an idle talk (daldal o satsat) but a dialog (makabuluhang paguusap). This means that
humanity is progressively agreed to communication about Being. (Nangangahulugan ito na The Philippine government supports persons with disabilities (PWD’s) to land a job. It is
ang sangkatauhan ay sumang-ayon sa komunikasyon tungkol sa pagkatao, katauhan at tao). negative perception that they are less productive. In reality, PWD’s do face a number of
Language, as one of human possession, creates human world. Language is a tool for barriers in finding a job whether through inaccessibility of transportation in the workplace,
communication, information, and social interaction. However, language can also be discrimination, and negative perception of their capacity. As of 2014, the NSO estimated
admiration. that about 1.44 million Filipinos have some form of disability in the employable 15-64 years
old age bracket.
A dialog is a conversation that is attuned to each other and to whatever they are talking
about. Mutual tuning is perfected in the attunement. For Heidegger, all conversations are Forms of Individualities
really one conversation, the subject of which Being (maybe God, Tao, or YHWH). A
conversation, which Heidegger imagines, is creative, poetic, and deep that allows humanity Lower Class- experiences poverty, homelessness and unemployment
Working Class- constitute blue collared workers
to exist as more than entities.
Middle Class- consist of white collared and pink collared workers.
Upper Class-consist of Individual born into aristocratic families
In a conversation, there could be “stammer”, which is trying to express the unnamable. For
Heidegger, a conversation attempts to articulate who and what we are, not as particular In English-speaking countries, a blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs
individuals but as human beings. We are human beings who care about more than non-agricultural manual labor. Blue-collar work may involve skilled o run
skilled manufacturing, mining, sanitation, custodial work, oil
information and gratification.
field work, construction, mechanic, maintenance, warehousing, firefighting, technical
For Buber a life of dialog is the mutual sharing of our inner selves in the kingdom of the installation and many other types of physical work. Often something is physically being built
or maintained.
interhuman (between humans). Between two persons is a mutual awareness of each other
as persons; avoiding objectification. Being is presenting what one really is, to present to the In contrast, the white-collar worker typically performs work in an office environment and
other one’s self. Personal making entails the affirmation of the other as a person who is may involve sitting at a computer or desk. A third type of work is a service worker (pink
collar) whose labor is related to customer interaction, entertainment, sales or other service-
unique and has distinct personality. There is the acceptance of the person unfolding the
oriented work. Many occupations blend blue, white or pink industry categorizations.
other represent himself/herself.
Blue-collar work is often paid hourly wage-labor, although some professionals may be paid
An authentic dialog entails a person-to-person, a mutual sharing of selves, acceptance, and by the project or salaried. There is a wide range of pay scales for such work depending upon
sincerity. This relationship is the I-thou relation. I-you of Wojtyla refers to the interpersonal field of specialty and experience.
 PLATO
Recognize the Meaning of One’s Life Contemplation (inspection, observation, review or thought) means that the mind is in the
unity with the universal and eternal ideas. It is very important in the life of humanity
We shall evaluate the meaning of life and various views of human limitations such as death.
because this is the only available means for a mortal human being to free himself from his
We have to identify your own goals and to be aware of the meaning of life.
space-time imprisonment to rise to the heaven of ideas and there commune with immortal,
SOCRATES eternal, the infinite, and the divine truths.

He believes that knowing oneself is a condition to solve the present problem. In Clouds he is Theory of Immortality
the head of school; the work of the school includes research and teaching. He has two
According to Plato, the body is the source of endless trouble to us by reason of the mere
different ways of teaching:
requirement of food, and is liable also to diseases, which overtake and hinder us in the
1. Expository Method- answers the student’s direct or indirect questions, fills the void search after true being: it fills us full of love, lusts and fears, and fancies of all kinds, and
ignorance with information, proceeds with analogy and illustration, or clears the ground for endless foolishness.
explanation by demonstrating that some beliefs before held by the student are incompatible
ARISTOTLE
with other beliefs or assumptions.
Realizing Your Potential
2. Socratic Method- it is a tutorial that (1) asses the questions of the character of the
students; and 2. To set him problems, push him to reduce each problem to its basic Explanation of change calls upon actuality and potentiality. Everything in nature seeks to
elements, and criticize the solutions that he offers. realize itself—to develop its potentialities and finally realize actualities. All things have
strived toward their “end”.
There are two methods that reflect, examines, compares, and studies the similarities and
differences of the idea being discussed, so that the clear and precise view of the idea is Entelechy- means nothing happens by chance. It is
achieved. a realization or actuality as opposed to a potentiality.
Ironic process- serves the learner to seek for knowledge by riding the mind of biases and He divided everything in the natural world into two main categories: nonliving things and
then by humbly accepting his ignorance. living things. At the top of the scale is the Unmoved Mover (God); pure actuality without
potentiality.
Maieutic process- employed after the first process has cleared the mind of the learner of
ignorance, and then draws truth out of the learner’s mind. Striving to realize themselves, objects and human beings move toward their divine origin
and perfection. As the “form” adult is in the child directing it towards its natural end, the
HAPPINESS
Unmoved Mover is the form of the world moving it toward its divine end.
For a person to be happy, he has to live a virtuous (righteous, good, moral or worthy) life. It
is not something to be taught or acquired through education, but rather through self-
knowledge (paractical).

Practical Knowledge- means that one does not only know the rules of the right living, but
one lives them.

Ethical views: (1) happiness is impossible without moral virtue; (2) unethical actions harm
the person who performs them more than the people they victimize.