Scribd
Upload
2K views3 pages

11 - JEE - Chemistry - Nuclear Chemistry - Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isodiaphers, Isoelectronic Species, Isosters and Nuclear Isomers

This document defines and provides examples of several types of isotopes and isomers: 1) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. Examples include hydrogen isotopes 1H, 2H, and 3H. 2) Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers. Examples include 18Ar40, 19K40, and 20Ca40. 3) Nuclear isomers are atoms with the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons but different radioactive properties, due to occupying different nuclear energy states. Examples include 69Zn and 69Zn.

Uploaded by

Ananthakrishnan Tinneveli V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views3 pages

11 - JEE - Chemistry - Nuclear Chemistry - Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isodiaphers, Isoelectronic Species, Isosters and Nuclear Isomers

This document defines and provides examples of several types of isotopes and isomers: 1) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. Examples include hydrogen isotopes 1H, 2H, and 3H. 2) Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers. Examples include 18Ar40, 19K40, and 20Ca40. 3) Nuclear isomers are atoms with the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons but different radioactive properties, due to occupying different nuclear energy states. Examples include 69Zn and 69Zn.

Uploaded by

Ananthakrishnan Tinneveli V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones, Isodiaphers, Isoelectronic species, Isosters

and Nuclear isomers.

(1) Isotopes:Atoms of a given element which have same atomic number (nuclear charge) but
different mass number are called isotopes. In other words, isotopes are the atoms of the same
element differing in mass number. Thus isotopes have same number of protons and electrons
but different number of neutrons. They have same position in the periodic table, same chemical
properties and same atomic charge. The term was first coined by Soddy. However, Aston using
mass spectrometer first separated isotopes ( Ne 20 and Ne 22 ) .
Examples:(i) 1H
1
, 1H
2
, 1H
3
(ii) 6 C 12 , 6 C 13 and 6 C 14
Hydrogen (Protium) Deuterium Triti um
( p  1, e  1, n  0 ) ( p  1, e  1, n  0 ) ( p  1, e  1, n  0 )

(iii) 8 O 16 , 8 O 17 , 8 O 18 (iv) 17 Cl 35 and 17 Cl


37

Of all the elements, tin has maximum number of stable isotopes (ten).
The fractional atomic weight (35.5) of chlorine is due to the fact that in the ordinary chlorine
atom, Cl 35 and Cl 37 are present in the ratio of 3: 1.
3  35  1  37
 Average atomic weight of Cl   35 . 5 amu
4
The percentage of a given isotope in the naturally occurring sample of an element is called
isotopic abundance. As the isotopic abundance of an element is constant irrespective of its
source, atomic weight of an element is constant.

(2) Isobars:Isobars are the atoms of different elements with the same mass number but
different atomic numbers. In other words, isobars have different number of protons, neutrons
and electrons but the sum of protons and neutrons (i.e., number of nucleons) is same.
Examples: (i) 18 Ar 40 , 19 K 40 and 20 Ca 40 (ii) 52 Te 130 , 54 Xe 130 and 56 Ba 130 .

Since isobars are the atoms of different elements, they will have different physical and chemical
properties.

(3) Isotones:Isotones are the atoms of different elements with the same number of neutrons
but different mass numbers, e.g. 14 Si 30 , 15 P 31 and 16 S 32 . Since the variable factor in isotones is
the number of protons (atomic number), they must have different physical and chemical
properties.
Examples:(i) 14 Si 30 , 14 P 31 and 16 S 32 (ii) 19 K 39 and 20 Ca
40

(iii) 1 H 3 and 2 He
4
(iv) 6 C 13 and 7 N 14

(4) Isodiaphers:Atoms having same isotopic number are called isodiaphers.


Mathematically, isotopic number (isotopic excess) = (N – Z) or (A – 2Z)
Where, N = Number of neutrons; Z = Number of protons
Examples:(i) 92 U
235
and 90 Th
231
(ii) 19 K 39 and 9F
19
(iii) 29 Cu 65 and 24 Cr
55

(5) Isoelectronic species:Species (atoms, molecules or ions) having same number of electrons
are called isoelectronic.
Examples:
(i) N 3  , O 2  , F  , Ne , Na  , Mg 2  , Al 3  , CH 4 , NH 3 , H 2 O and HF have 10 electrons each.

(ii) P 3  , S 2  , Cl  , Ar , K  and Ca 2  have 18 electrons each.

(iii) H  , He , Li  and Be 2  have 2 electrons each.

(iv) CO, CN  and N 2 have 14 electrons each.

(v) N 2 O, CO 2 and CNO  have 22 electrons each.

(6) Isosters:Molecules having same number of atoms and also same number of electrons are
called isosters.
Examples: (i) N 2 and CO (ii) CO 2 and N 2 O (iii) HCl and F2

(iv) CaO nadMgS (v) C 6 H 6 (benzene) and inorganic benzene B 6 N 6 .

(7) Nuclear isomers:Nuclear isomers (isomeric nuclei) are the atoms with the same atomic
number and same mass number but with different radioactive properties. They have same
number of electrons, protons and neutrons. An example of nuclear isomers is uranium-X (half-
life 1.4 min) and uranium-Z (half-life 6.7 hours). Otto Hahn discovered nuclear isomers.
The reason for nuclear isomerism is the different energy states of the two isomeric nuclei. One
may be in the ground state whereas the other should be in an excited state. The nucleus in the
excited state will evidently have a different half-life.
Now-a-days as much as more than 70 pairs of nuclear isomers have been found. Few examples
are as follows
(i) 69
Zn and 69
Zn (ii) 80
Br and 80
Br
(T1 / 2 13 .8 hour ) (T1 / 2  57 min) (T1 / 2  4 . 4 hour ) (T1 / 2 18 min)

You might also like