Chapter 7

Design of Piled Foundations

7.0 NOTATION

a Deflection due to slenderness of a circular pile

av Distance of shear plane fro m nearest support
ax Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about x-axis
ay Deflection due to slenderness producing additional moment about y-axis
Ac Net area of concrete in a p ile cross-section
Ap Cross-sectional area of pile (m 2)
As Surface area of pile in contact with soil
Av Total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars
Asc Total area of steel reinforcement in a pile
A5 1 Area of tensile reinforcement in pile cap
A sv Area of steel effective in resisting shear in a pile
A sx Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about b-axis
A sy Area of tensile steel in a pile section resisting moment about h-axis
b Width of reinforced concrete section
b O verall dimension of rectangular pile section
b' Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in b direction
B Width or diameter of pile
B Overall width of a group of piles
c Soil cohesion for a stratum (kN/ m2 )
CH Horizontal load-carrying capacity of a single pile
Cv Vertical load-carrying capacity of a single pile
d Effective depth to tensile re inforcement in a concrete section
D Depth of a group of piles below ground
Dr Relative density
ex Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in x-direction
ey Eccentricity of combined unfactored vertical load on pile cap in y-direction
e11 x Eccentricity in x-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load Hy
ehy Eccentricity in y-direction of combined unfactored horizontal load Hx
Er Stress-strain modulus of pile material {kN/m 2)
Es Stress-strain modulus of soil (kN/m2 )
fc Stress in concrete due to prestress aJone
fs Skin resistance at soil/pile interface
f1 Maximum design principal t ensile stress in concrete
/y Characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement
/ci Cube strength of concrete at transfer of prestress

293
294 Reinforced Concrete

[cp Average concrete stress in a prestressed concrete section after losses

feu C haracteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days
[pc Average tensile stress in steel tendons after all losses
[pu Characteristic ultimate strength of steel tendons
[yv Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement
h Overall depth of pile cap
h Overall dimension of a rectangular pile
h Overall diameter of a circular pile
h' Effective depth of tensile reinforcement in a rectangular pile in h-direction
H Unfactored horizontal load on a single circular pile
Hx Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in x-direction
H.v Unfactored combined horizontal loads on pile cap in y-direction
Hpx Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction
Hpy Unfactored horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction
H.m Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in x-direction
H_.u Ultimate horizontal load on pile cap in y-direction
Hpxu Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in x-direction
H pyu Ultimate horizontal load on a single pile in y-direction
lr Moment of inertia of pile (m 4)
1: Polar moment of inertia of a group of piles about z-axis through CG
fx x Moment of inertia of a group of piles about x-x axis through CG of group
f.v.v Moment of inertia of a group of piles about y-y axis through CG of group
k, Modulus of subgrade reaction of soil (kN/m3 )
K, Coefficient of friction
K, Factor used to determine transmission length of prestressing wires or
strand
lc Effective length of pile for calculation of slenderness ratio
10 Unsupported length of pile
/1 Transmission length of prestressing wires or strands
L Depth of penetration of pile
L Overall length of a group of piles
Lb Average depth of pile in ground
m Modular ratio Esl Ec
mv Coefficient of volume compressibility (m2 /kN)
M Factored bending moment in a circular pile section
M0 Moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre of a prestressed section
with 0.8/cp (average uniform prestress)
Mp Unfactored bending moment in a single circular pile
Mx Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about x-axis
M .v Unfactored combined moment on pile cap about y-axis
M~ Modified bending moment about x-axis to account for biaxial bending
M.~ Modified bending moment about y-axis to account for biaxial bending
M; Unfactored moment about x-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pile cap
M.~ Unfactored mo ment about y-axis due to eccentric surcharge on pile cap
Mpx Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about x-axis due to Hpy
Mp.v Unfactored bending moment in a single pile about y-axis due to Hpx
Mxx Unfactored combined moment on pile group about x-axis
M yy Unfactored combined moment on pile group about y-axis
 Design of Piled Foundations 295

Mp.ru Ultimate bending moment in pile about x-axis

Mpyu Ultimate bending moment in pile about y-axis
Madd.x Additional bending moment in pile about x-axis due to slenderness
Madd _v Additional bending moment in pile about y-axis due to slenderness
n Slenderness ratio in a prestressed pile
N Statistical average of SPT number for a soil stratum
N Combined vertical load on pile cap - unfactored
Nq Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi
Nu Ultimate vertical load on a circular pile
Ny Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi
N~ Adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion
N~ Adjusted bearing capacity factor for Ll 8 > 1
Nu, Design ultimate capacity of a concrete section subjected to axial load only
Nbal Design axial load capacity of a balanced section ( = 0.25 fcubd)
p Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a circular pile
Px Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending
about x-axis
Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a pile section to resist bending
about y-axis
p Total vertical load on a group of piles
Pa Allowable unfactored vertical load on pile
Pu Ultimate axial compressive load on pile
Ppu End-bearing resistance of pile
P si Skin friction resistance of pile
ii Effective vertical stress at pile point
qc Statistical average of cone resistance of soil in a stratum (kN/m 2)
qu Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m 2)
qcs Side friction resistance in a cone penetrometer
R Number of piles in a group
R;H Initial estimate of number of piles based on total horizontal load
R;v Initial estimate of number of piles based on total vertical load
s Spacing of nodes in pile for finite element analysis
Sv Spacing of links used as shear reinforcement
T Unfactored torsion on a group of piles
Ta Allowable unfactored tension load on pile
Tu Ultimate axial tensile load on pile
u Perimeter at punching shear plane in a pile cap
v Shear stress in concrete in pile cap
Design concrete shear stress in concrete
Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis
Shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis
Modified design shear stress to take into account axial compression
Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about x-axis
Design shear stress in concrete for shear due to bending about y-axis
Ultimate shear force in a circular pile section
Shear resistance of a concrete section
Shear resistance of uncrackcd prestressed section
Shear resistance of cracked prestressed section
296 Reinforced Concrete

W Weight of pile (kN)

z Depth of lever arm

a Coefficient for calculation of skin resistance of a pile

f3 Factor for computation of effective length of a pile
j3 Factor for conversion of biaxial bending moment into uniaxial bending
y Unit weight of soil (kN/m3 )
0 Angle of friction between soil and concrete
J.l. Poisson's ratio
<1> Angle of internal friction
<1> Nominal diameter of tendon in prestressed concrete section

7.1 VERTICAL LOAD - SINGLE PILE CAPACITY

Ft. =Applioo load

1. t
Psi 11 tPsi
1 . tSkin friction
1 t
Ppu= End b~aring SK 711 Single pile capacity.

Pu = Ppu + "LPs; - W
Tu = 'LPs; + W
where Pu = ultimate compressive load on pile
Tu = ultimate tensile load on pile
'LP,; = skin friction resistance
Ppu = end-bearing resistance
W = weight of pile

First method for point resistance

(see Reference 6, page 602)

where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile (m2 )

N = statistical average of the SPT number in a zone of about 88
above to 38 below the pile point
 Design of Piled Foundations 297

B = width or diameter of pile

Lb = average depth of pile in the ground

Second metlwd for poinJ resistance

Ppu = Apqc (see Reference 6, page 602)
where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile (m2)
qc = statistical average of cone point resistance in a zone of about
88 above to 38 below pile point (kN/m 2)

Third metlwd for poinJ resistance

(see Reference 6, page 598)
where Ap =
cross-sectional area of pile (m2)
c = cohesion or undrained shear strength Su = qu/2 kN/m2
qu = unconfined compressive strength
q = effective vertical stress at pile point
N~ = adjusted bearing capacity factor for cohesion (see Fig. 7.2)
N~ = bearing capacity factor adjusted for Ll b > 1 dependent on
initial angle of shearing resistance <1> (see Fig. 7.2). (See
Reference 8. page 600.)
L = depth of penetration
B = width or diameter of pile
Ll B should be greater than Lei B as obtained from Fig. 7.2 for the value
of <J>.

Note: Find point resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and
take the lowest for a conservative estimate.

Determination of skin resistance

LPs; = LAsfs
where As == pile perimeter x pile length over which Is acts (m2 )
Is = skin resistance (kN/ m2)
First method of skin resistance
Is= 2N kN/m 2 for large volume displacement piles
Is= N kN/ m2 for small volume displacement piles
where N = statistical average blow count in stratum for S.fYf.

Second metlwd of skin resistDnce

Is= 0.005qckN/m2
where Qc = cone penetration resistance (kN/m2).
Third method of skin resistance
for small volume displacement piles
298 Reinforced Concrete

fs = l.5qc 5 to 2.0qcs for large volume displacement piles

where qcs = side friction resistance in cone penetrometer.

Fourth nutlwd of skin resisllmce

fs = ac + 0.5 ij K tano 5 (see Reference 8, page 603)
where c = average cohesion or Su of stratum (kN/m 2)
ij = effective vertical stress (kN/m2)
() = angle of friction between soil and pile
Ks = coefficient of friction
Dr = relative density of sand.

Table 7.1 Values of K, (Reference 8, page 603).

Pile type K5 for low Dr K5 for high Dr

Steel 20° 0.5 1.0

Concrete 0.754> 1.0 2.0
Wood 0.674> 1.5 4.0

(See Reference 7, page 136.)

Table 7.2 Values of a (Reference 7, page 126).

Soil cond ition Values of oc

DIB c =50 c = 100 c= 150 c =200 c= 250

Sands or sandy gravel <10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

overlying stiff to very 20 1.0 0.9 0.75 0.75 0.75
stiff cohesive soil > 40 0.9 0.65 0.4 0.4 0.4
Soft clays or silts 10 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.2 0.2
overlying stiff to very > 20 0.75 0.70 0.63 0.55 0.5
stiff cohesive soil
Stiff to very stiff 10 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2
cohesive soils without >40 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3
overlying strata

The units of c are kN/m 2

Note: Find skin resistance by more than one method if soil test data allow and
take an average.

p = Pu Tu
T =-
a 2.5 a 2.5

where P 8 = allowable pile load in compression

T3 = allowable pile load in tension
 - - -- ·- - -- - - ..

Design of Piled Foundations 299

7.2 HORIZONTAL LOAD- SINGLE PILE CAPACITY

Method I Cohesive soils

k sB = 1.3(EsB4)fi (~)
Etlr 1 - f.L
as per Vesic, 1961 (see Reference 6).
where k 5 = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m3 )
B = width or diameter of pile (m)
E5 = stress- strain modulus of soil (kN/m2)
Er = stress-strain modulus of pile material (kN/m 2)
Ir = moment of inertia of pile (m 4)
!l· = Poisson's ratio of soil

Es may be obtained by the following methods:

(1) Triaxial tests.

(2) Borehole pressuremete r tests.
(3) Es = 650N (kN/m 2)
N = SPT number of blows.
(4) Es = 3 (1 - 2!!)/ m v where mv = coefficient of volume compress-
ibility (m2/kN).

Method 2 Cohesive soils

ks = 240qu kN/m3
where qu = unconfined compression strengt h (kN/m2 ).

Cohesionkss soils
ks = 80 fC2qNq + C, (0.5 y BNy)] kN/m 3
as per Vesic (see Reference 8, page 631 and page 323, equation 9-8).
where c, = c2 = 1.0 for square piJes
C 1 = 1.3 to 1. 7 for circular piles
c2 = 2.0 to 4.4 for circular piles
q = effective stress (kN/ m2)
y = unit weight of soil
B = width or diameter of pile
N,1 and Ny may be obtained from the following table (Hansen equations)
- see Reference 8, page 137, Table 4- 4:

Finite ekment model of vertical pik

Spring stiffness = SBk5 kN/m
where S = node spacing not greater than B
B = width or diameter of pile (m)
k, = modulus of subgrade reaction (kN/m3 )
300 Reinforced Concrete

Table 7.3 Values of N 4 and Ny (Reference 8, page 137).

<1> (degrees) Nq Ny

0 l.O 0
5 1.6 0.1
lO 2.5 0.4
15 3.9 1.2
20 6.4 2.9
25 10.7 6.8
30 18.4 15.1
35 33.3 33.9
40 64.2 79.5
45 134.9 200.8
50 319.0 568.5

Rotation about
X Z axis

Translations about
x and y axis

Translations
SK 7/2 Two-dimensional model of
pile in soil (degrees of freedom -
......._Rotation about a- top and bottom of pile).

Note: For horizontal loads which are not constant and are reversible or repetitive,
the top 1.58 of pile may be assumed unsupported by soil.

Boundary conditions
(I) Free head pile
Translations x, y Free at top
Rotation z Free at top
Translations y Restrained :at bottom
Rotation z Free at bottom
(2) Fixed head pile
Translations x, y Free at top
Rotation z Rigid at top
Translations y Restrained at bottom
Rotation z Free at bottom

Material type
For sustained horizontal load due to dead load, water pressure, earth
 Design of Piled Foundations 301

pressure, etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending

moment computations but long-term Young's modulus of concrete for pile
head deformation.
For short-term horizontal loads due to wind, earthquake, crane surge,
etc., use short-term Young's modulus of concrete for bending moment and
deflection computations.

Software
Use any fully validated software which has a suite for analysis of 2-D plane
frame with sprung boundaries.

Member type
For rectangular pile usc minimum width Bin all computations involving B.
A cracked section moment of inertia may be used for reinforced concrete
piles based on Section 2 .1.

7.3 PILE GROUP EFFECTS

7.3.1 Spacing of piles

S?:. 2B for end-bearing piles

S?:. 3B for friction piles
where S = spacing of piles
B = least width or diameter of pile.
Note: Piles carrying horizontal load should not be spaced at less than 3B.

7.3.2 Pile group capacity

Ultimate group capacity :::;; group friction capacity + group end-bearing

capacity
Ultimate group friction capacity = 2D( B + L )c~

SK 7/3 Group of piles - plan of

overall dimensions of group.
302 Reinforced Concrete

0
~.,.,...
I Frict1on

SK 714 Elevation of group of piles

showing group capacity.

where c = average cohesion of clay

= average Su = average qu/2
CY = coefficient (from Section 7.1, Table 7.2)
D = depth of pile group below ground
B= overall width of group
L = overall length of group.
Ultimate group end-bearing capacity= BL (N~ + qN~)

where c = cohesion or undrained shear strength Su = quf2 at bottom of

pile group
qu = unconfined compressive strength
q = effective stress at bottom of pile group
N~ = bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2)
N; = bearing capacity factor (see Fig. 7.2)
Note: Total vertical load on a group of piles should not exceed the group
capacity. Individual pile loads inside the group will be limited by the single
pile capacity. Piles carrying horizontal load and spaced at 38 or more need
not be checked for group effects due to horizontal load.

ultimate group capacity + ultimate group

end-bearing capacity
Allowable group capacity =-------~"----'--"------
2.5

7.4 ANALYSIS OF PILE LOADS AND PILE CAPS

7.4.1 Rigid pile cap

N = combined vertical load on pile cap - unfactored

Mx = combined moment about x-x - unfactored
My= combined moment about y - y - unfactored
 Design of Piled Foundations 303

SK 7/5 Loads and eccentricity on pile cap.

y
e.
"'In
Hx . M. - - 0

X
£.~.Hy!1 ey
X
e~uc
. .
SK 7/6 Plan view of loads and
eccentricity on pile cap. y

Hx = combined horizontal load on pile cap- unfactored in x - x direction

Hy = combined horizontal load on pile cap- unfactored in y - y direction
ex= eccentricity of N from CG of pile group in x - x direction
ey = eccentricity of N from CG of pile group in y-y direction
ehx = eccentricity of Hy from CG of pile group in x-x direction
eh.v = eccentricity of Hx from CG of pile group in y-y direction

h = depth of pile cap.

Loads on pile group

P = vertical load on pile group
= N + weight of pile cap + weight of backfill on pile cap + surcharge
on backfill
Mxx = moment about x-x on pile group
= Mx + Ney + Hyh + M:
Myy = moment about y-y on pile group
= My + Nex + Hxh + M:
304 Reinforced Concrete

y
!JC.G. of pile goop

---+ f · ~ ,__ .
---- :--
X
. v· .
1---,: 1"-- -~ f - - ·
y,

X
y
y' ~ Y,
i
'

-~ ·

xr ' x2
! R:Total number of piles
x' - ~x'
x= Ff
Xl X4
i xs -y = ~·
R
y x: andy' arc orthogonal
dtstanccs of each pile
from corner pile

SK 717 Typical pile foundation showing CG of group and co-ordinates of piles.

SK 7/8 Group of piles subject to

horizontal loads and torsion.

where M: and M; are moments with respect to CG of pile group due to

eccentric surcharge on backfill or pile cap.
T = torsion on pile group
= H,ehy + H_.ehx
fxx l:y 2 about x-x axis passing through CG of pile group
=
lyy = U about y-y axis passing through CG of pile group
fl= f xx + f yy
R = number of piles in group.

Vertical load on a pile = (!_)

R
± ( M xxY) ±
fxx
( M,vyx)
l yy
 Design of Piled Foundations 305

(H 2 + H 2)! T(x 2 + y 2)f

Horizontal load on any pile = resultant of x Y and - - - --
R fz

Sign convention
Vertical loads: downwards positive
Torsion on pile group: clockwise positive
Moments on pile group: clockwise positive
+ve M xx produces compression in piles which have +ve y ordinates.
+ve M.v.v produces compression in piles which have +ve X ordinates.
Hx is positive in direction of increasing x in positive direction.
Hy is positive in direction of increasing y in positive direction.
Eccentricities arc +ve for +vex and +ve for +ve y.

Bending moments in pile cap

SK 7/9 Critical sections for

bending moment in a pile cap.

Take sections X- X or Y- Y through pile cap at faces of columns or base

plates. Find pile reactions due to combined and load factored basic load
cases. Consider all upward and downward loadings across sections X-X
and Y- Y. Find bending mo ments across section . Find horizontal load on
each pile by using the following expressions:

H
pxu
= Hxu
R
Hyu
Hpyu =R
where R is number of piles in pile cap. Find bending moments in pile Mpxu
corresponding to Hpyu and M pyu corresponding to Hpxu assuming an end
fixity to pile cap following the method in Section 7.2. Hxu and Hyu are
combined factored ultimate horizontal loads.
306 Reinforced Concrete

HPIW i i i
Hpxu Hpllu Hpxu Hpxu

SK 7/10 Additional bending

moment in pile cap due to pile
fixity.

AlgebraicaUy add the bending moments in pile cap due to vertical load
and pile fixity moments due to horizontal load to find design bending
moments in pile cap.

7 .4.2 Flexible pile cap

Large pile caps including piled raft foundations should be modelled as

flexible . The modelling will normally be carried out using either a grillage
suite of a computer program or a general-purpose finite element program.
The piles should be modelled as springs in the vertical direction. The
vertical spring stiffness should be obtained from test results on site. A
parametric study can be carried out using minimum and maximum stiffness
of the pile if there is a large variation.

Grillage model

(1) Divide pile cap into an orthogonal grillage network of beams. Ensure
that piles are located at crossing of orthogonal beams. Each grillage
beam represents a certain width of pile cap.
(2) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties.
(3) Full section concrete stiffness properties may be used for hypothetical
grillage beams (hypothetical width X depth of pile cap).
(4) Piles will be modelled as sprung supports vertically.
(5) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45° up to central depth
of pile cap.
(6) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following
formulae:

about x-axis
 Design of Piled Foundations 307

SK 7/tt Plan of raft on piles showing idealised grillage elements - flexible

analysis.

Column load may spread

onto grill~ ~l~ment

Pil~ Cap/ Raft

SK 7/12 Part section through raft showing details of grillage idealisation.

M = Hxh abow y-axis

Y R

(7) Find horizontal load on each pile by using the following expressions:

where R is total number of piles in group.

308 Reinforced Concrete

(8) Find bending moments in pile, Mpx corresponding to Hv.v and Mp.v
corresponding to Hpx• assuming an end fixity to pile cap following
method in Section 7 .2. Apply these moments to pile cap grillage
model as nodal loads. The pile head to pile cap connection may be
assumed a'i hinged and then Mv:c and Mp_v will be zero.
(9) Find bending moments in pi1e cap by grillage analysis. Divide bending
moments by width of hypothetical strips of pile cap representing
grillage beams and obtain Mx, M_. and Mx.v in pile cap per metre
width. Apply load factors and combine basic load cases. Modify these
combined moments by Wood- Armer method to find design bending
moments. [11.1 21
(10) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions
at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with pile capacity.

Finite-element model

SK 7/13 Typical finite element

modelling of a circular raft on
piles.

(1) Create a finite element model of pile cap using either 4-noded or
8-noded plate bending elements. The elements may only have three
degrees of freedom at each node viz z. ex and Ely. The piles will be
represented by vertical springs.
Piles will come at nodes in finite element model. Between two piles'
nodes there should be a minimum of one plate node without pile.
(2) Use short-term Young's modulus for concrete material properties.
(3) Full section concrete section properties may be used in the analysis.
(4) Vertical loads on pile cap may be dispersed at 45° up to central depth
of pile cap. These loads may be applied as nodal loads or uniformly
distributed loads on plate elements depending on software used.
(5) Apply at each node with a pile, the moments given by the following
formulae.

about x-axis

M = Hxh about y-axis

.v R
 Design of Piled Foundatio ns 309

(6) Find horizontal load on each pile by using the following expressions:

Hx H.,
Hpx =R and Hp_v = R
where R is total number o f piles in group.
(7) Find bending moments in pile, Mpx corresponding to Hp_v a nd Mpy
corresponding to Hpx , assuming an e nd fixity to pile cap following
method in Section 7.2. Apply these moments as nodal loads in finite
e lement model at nodes with piles. These moments will be zero in the
case of a hinged connection of pile to pile cap.
(8) Carry out analysis using a validated general-purpose finite e lement
software . Apply load factors to combine basic load cases. Modify the
combined Mx, M., and Mxv using the Wood - Armer method to find
design bending moments.ll·l.l2]
(9) Combine basic load cases at serviceability limit state to find reactions
at pile nodes. Compare maximum reaction with rated pile capacity.

7.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Applied loads on pile cap will be combined using the following principles.

7 .5.1 Pile load calculations

LCI: l.ODL + 1.0/L + l.OEP + l.OCL v + l.OCLH

LC2 : l.ODL + l .OEP + l.OCLV + 1.0CLH + l.OWL (or l.OEL)
LC3 : l.ODL + 1.0/L + l.OEP + l.OWL (or l.OEL)
LC4 : l.OL + l.OWL (or l.OEL)
where DL = dead load
IL = imposed load
EP = earth pressure and water pressure
CL V = crane vertical loads
CL H = crane horizo ntal loads
WL = wind load
EL = earthquake load.

7.5.2 Bending moment and shear calculations in pile cap or piles

LC5 : 1.4DL + 1.6/L + 1.4EP

LC6 : 1.2DL + 1.2/L + l.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL)
LC1 : 1.4DL + 1.4WL (or 1.4EL) + 1.4EP
LC8 : l.ODL + 1.4WL (or 1.4EL) + 1.4EP (if adverse)
LC9: 1.4DL + 1.4CLV + 1.4CLH + 1.4EP
LC10 : 1.4DL + 1.6CL V + 1.4EP
LC11 : l.4DL + 1.6CLH + 1.4EP
LC 12 : 1.2DL + 1.2CLV + 1.2CLH + 1.2EP + 1.2WL (or 1.2EL)
310 Reinforced Concrete

7.6 STEP-BY-STEP DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR PILED FOUNDATIONS

Step 1 Select type of pile

The type of pile will depend on the following principal factors:

• Environmental issues like noise, vibration.

• Location of structure.
• Type of structure.
• Ground conditions.
• Durability requirements.
• Programme duration.
• Cost.

The commonly available types of piles can be broadly classified as below.

Large-displacement piles (driven)

• Precast concrete.
• Prestressed concrete.
• Steel tube with closed end.
• Steel tube tiJied with concrete.

S11Ulll-displacement piles (driven)

• Precast concrete tube with open end.

• Prestressed concrete tube with open end.
• Steel H-section.
• Screw pile.

Non-disphlcement piles

• Bored and cast-in-situ concrete pile.

• Steel tube in bored hole tilled with concrete.
• Steel or precast section in drilled hole.

Step 2 Determine vertical capacity of single pile

Follow Section 7.1.

Step 3 Determine horizontal capacity of single pile

Follow Section 7 .2.

Nou: Horizontal capacity of a single pile is limited by maximum deflection of

pile cap that structure can accommodate and also by pile structural capacity.

Step 4 Deurmine approxi11Ulle number of piles and spacing

p
R;v = Cv
 Design of Piled Foundations 311

H
R;H = CH
R; = R;v or R;H, whichever is greater
where R; :;: approximate number of piles
P = total vertical load on pile cap - unfactored
Cv = rated working load capacity of pile - vertical load
CH = rated working load capacity of pile - horizontal load
H = total horizontal load on pile cap - unfactored
= (H; + H;)4
Spacing of piles should be according to Section 7.3. To minimise the cost
of pile cap , the spacing should be kept close to minimum allowed. Larger
spacing increases the pile group capacity and pile group moment capacity .

•
•
X
•
•
SK 7/14 Determination of
approximate number of piles.

(1} Select a group of piles with approximate number of piles= R;.

(2) Find CG of pile group and locate orthogonal axes x- x and y-y
through the CG.
(3) Find CG of group of piles on left of axis y - y and right of axis y-y.
(4) Find the x-axis distance between these two CGs and call it Sx·
(5) Similarly, find Sv about y-axis.
(6) Find M..IP = ey and MyfP = ex, where Mx and My are total combined
applied moments on pile cap about x- x and y - y respectively.
(7) Find exiSx and e_) S_v·
(8) Find Ex and E.v from Fig. 7.1.
1.1 R;v
(9) R = - - ~ RiH
ExEv
where R ·= number of piles in group for checking pile load.

Not$: The factor 1.1 is introduced to cater for additional vertical loads from self-
weight of pile cap, surcharge on pile caps, backfilHng, etc.

Revise the number of piles in group from R; toR.

312 Reinforced Concrete

Step 5 Determine size of pile cap

Allow 1.58 from centre of pile to edge of pile cap .
Depth of pile cap is governed by the following:

• Shrinking and swelling o f clay.

• Frost attacks.
• Holding down bolt assemblies for columns.
• Water table and soluble sulphates.
• Pile anchorage.
• Punching shear capacity of pile cap .

Step 6 Carry out load combination

Follow Section 7.5.

Step 7 Check pile group effects

Follow Section 7 .3.

Step 8 Carry out analysis of pile cap

Follow Section 7 .4.

Step 9 Determine cover to reinforcement

Fro m the soils investigations report , find the concentration of sulphates
expressed as so).
Find, from Table 17 of BS 8004: 1986121, the appropriate type of concrete.

Table 7.4 Minimum cover to reinforcement for class of exposure.

Class of Total S03 Minimum cover Minimum cover

exposure percentage on blinding (mm) elsewhere (mm)

I < 0.2 35 75
2 0.2 to 0.5 40 80
3 0.5 to l.O 50 90
4 1.0 to 2.0 60 100
5 > 2.0 60 100

Note: Concrete in 'class of exposure 5' needs protective me mbrane, or coating.

The uneven heads of piles no rmally necessitate a minimum 75 mm cover
over blinding for pile caps. The concrete piles will have minimum cover as
specified elsewhe re.

Step 10 Calculate area of reinforcement in pile cap

M = be nding moment as found in Ste p 8 at ultimate limit state
M
K = - -2 s 0.156
fcubd
where feu = concrete characte ristic cube strength at 28 days
 Design of Piled Foundations 313

b = width of section over which moment acts

d = effective depth to tension reinforceme nt.
If K is greater than 0.156, increase depth of pile cap.

Ast =- M
- -
0.87/yz

z = d[ 0.5 + J(0.25 - 0~9) J ~ 0.95d

Distribute this area of reinforcement uniformly across the section.

Note: The effective depth to te nsion reinforcement will be different in the two
o rthogonal directions.

Step 11 Check shear stress in pile cap

cap (~ffective depth = d)

SK 7/15 Critical section for
checking shear stress in pile cap. Enhanc~mmt of shear stress is allowed i f ay:ral·Sd

The critical section for checking shear stress in a pile cap is cjl/5 into the
pile. All piles with centres outside this line should be considered for
calculating shear across this section in pile cap. For shear enhancement, av
is from face of column to t his critical section. No enhancement of shear
stress is allowed if av is greater than 1.5d. Where pile spacing is more than
3cjl then enhancement of shear should be applied only o n strips of width
3cjl. The rest of the section will be limited to uncnhanced shear stress.
IP
V=-~ v or e nhanced vc 1 if applicable
Bd c

where IP = sum of all pile reactions at ultimate loading o n left of

section
8 = width of pile cap at critical section
314 Reinforced Concrete

d = average effective depth at critical section

Vel = Vc (~) ::; 0.8yfeu or 5 N/mm2

For rectangular piles the critical section may be considered at face of pile.

Pil~ with
dia!Tl4Zter

"-----+- Vc
~-4~ --GT--~~~J-.~2d
a;
a-+----1- Vc

SK 7116 Diagram showing zones

of enhanced shear stress on critical
section.

The value of ve 1 can be found from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 depending on

percentage of tensile reinforcement and feu·
Shear capacity of section should be greater than or equal to applied
shear. Ultimate limit state analysis results should be used for checking
shear capacity.

Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap

Pllnching shear
perimeter around
loaded area '
Check V<0·8~s5NJrnm2
M
II

Punching shear perimeter

to nearest pile
Check V <Vc
No check necessary if. pile
spacing is less than 3 +
SK 7/17 Perimeters for punching shear checks.
 Design of Piled Foundations 315

When the spacing of piles is greater than 3 times the diameter of a pile
then the punching shear plane for column should be considered . For
rectanguJar piles the plane can be considered at face of pile. The stress on
this punching shear plane should not exceed vc depending on the percentage
of tensile reinforcement in pile cap.
Check of punching shear stress is also requjred at perimeter at face of
column or pile. This shear stress should not exceed 0.8\/feu or 5 N/mm 2 •

Punching
perimeter

SK 7118 Further perimeters for punching shear checks in a pile cap.

The punching shear planes for piles will depend on location of pile with
respect to edge of pile cap .
Find the perimeter U at punching shear plane.
p
v=-:sv
Ud c

where P = ultimate vertical column load or ultimate vertical pile reaction

vc =design concrete shear stress obtained from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.
Percentage area of tensiJe reinforcement for computation of design concrete
shear stress will be average percentage across punching shear planes.

Step 13 Check area of reinforcement in pik

Effective length of pile, lc = ~10
where 10 = unsupported length of pile (piles which are not subjected to
horizontal load may be assumed fully supported by ground
from ground level; piles subjected to horizontal load may be
assumed supported by ground at a de pth of l .5b below
ground level where b is width of pile or diameter of pile)
316 Reinforced Concrete

~ = 1.2 for piles with head fixed to pile cap

= 1.6 for piles with head free to rotate.

Rectangular piles

-pM
y y

..
h
t_ .-+-L.-·~- ._. Asc_/2
f-

I. y
.I SK 7119 Typical section through a
rectangular pile.

(A) If lelb ~ 10, then treat piles as a short column.

(i) Pile with no moment
N = 0.4/cubh + 0. 75AsJy
Check N ~ appl ied direct load on pile.
(ii) Pile subjected to uniaxial moment
Find e = MIN and then elh.
Find NI bh and select appropriate table from Tables 11.8 to 11.17 depending
on feu and k = dlh.
From appropriate table find p which satisfies value of Nlbh for given elh.
Find A sc = pbhl l OO.
Put A scl2 on each face of pile equidistant from axis of moment.

Note: The moment M in pile is due to horizontal load as obtained in Step 3

following Section 7.2.
(iii) Pile subjected to biaxial moment
Assuming diameter of reinforcement and finding cover from Step 9, find h'
and b' .
Find Mxl h ' and M_.lb' .
If Mxlh ' > Mylb', then

M~ = Mx + ~Mv. (h'
b'
)
If M..fb' > Mxlh', then

M~. = M
.
., + ~Mx (b')
h'
 Design of Piled Foundations 317

Find Nlfcubh.
The values of~ are given in the table below.

Table 7.5 Values of~ for biaxial bending of pile.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ~0.6

1.00 0.88 0.77 0.65 0.53 0.42 0.30

Design as uniaxial bending with N and M~ or M~ whichever is more promi-

nent. Find Asc in manner described in (ii) for pile subjected to uniaxial
moment.

(B) If lelb > 10, then treat pile as a slender column.

ax=
1 (/
~ hK
)2
2000

ay = 2~ (iYbK
Select A sc·

K = N uz - N s 1
Nuz - Nbal

Nuz = 0.45fcuAc + 0.87/yAsc

Nbal = 0.25fcubh
Ac = bh- A sc
Maddx = Nax
M addy= Nay
Combine these additional moments with moments obtained from analysis
as in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile subjected to biaxial bending
as described previously.

Circular piles

SK 7120 Typical section through a

h
circular pile. Usc m inimum six bars
318 Reinforced Concrete

(A) If lclh ::: 10, then treat pile as a short column.

(i) Pile with no moment
Assume size of reinforcement and at least six bars.
Ac = 0.25rrh 2 - Asc
N = 0.4/cuAc + 0.75Asc/y
Check N ~ applied vertical load o n pile.
(ii) Pile with moment
Find e = MIN a nd the e!R, whe re 2R =h.
Find N/11 2 and select appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27
corresponding to feu and k = h51h.
Find p from appropriate table which satisfies N/h 2 for given value of e!R .
Find Asc = p1tR 2 1100.
Use at least six bars.

(B) If lclh > 10, then treat pile as a slender column .

[2
a = ~ K
2 11 (assume K = 1 conservatively)
M add = Na
Combine this additional moment with moment obtained by analysis
in Step 3 following Section 7.2. Design pile with moment as described
in (ii) above.

Step 14 Check stresses in prestressed concrete piles

v
• • y

X + X
y
• •
X y X SK 7/21 Typical section of a
prctcnsioned prestressed pile.

Stresses may be checked at the serviceability limit state only as per

BS8110: Part 1, Section 4.1 11
Pe rmissible maximum compressive fibre stress in concrete = 0.4/cu
Assume pile as Class 3 member with a limiting crack width of 0. 1 mm.
 Design of Piled Foundations 319

Hypothetical flexural tensile stress in concrete = 4.1 N/mm2

for Grade 40
= 4.8 N/mm 2
for Grade 50 and above
Depth factors to modify tensile stress are shown in the following table.

Depth (mm) Factor

Up to 400 1.0
500 0.95
600 0.9

N = direct service load on pile

M:rx = bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis x-x
M yy = bending moment as obtained from Step 3 about axis y-y.
Assume the pile section is uncraeked.
Find A~ = area of concrete
I= = moment of inertia about x- x axis
f yy = moment of inertia about y-y axis
P = residual prestress after all losses.

Maximum compressive stress in concrete = ( ~) + (M xY)

Ac lxx

+ (~:)
Maximum tensile stress in concrete = ( P A+c: -N\) _ (M/~)
~

- (~:)
m = modular ratio
fs = strand stress prior to release
fc = stress in concrete due to prestress alone.

(1) Loss due to elastiC . = (lOOmfc:

. shortenmg ---)%
Is
(2) Loss due to relaxation of steel - refer to strand manufacturer's
brochure.
(3) Loss due to creep of concrete - follow clause 4.8.5 of BS 8110: Part
1.(1 ]

(4) Loss due to shrinkage o f concrete - follow clause 4.8.4 of BS8110:

Part L l1l

Note: Prestressed piles designed as fixed to pile cap must extend into pile cap by
320 Reinforced Concrete

a minimum distance equal to transmission length given by the following

equation:
K,<j>
11 == Y/cu (mm)

where feu = concrete cube strength at 28 days

K 1 = 600 for plain or indented wire
== 400 for crimped wire
= 240 for 7-wire standard or super strand
= 360 for 7-wire drawn strand
<P = nominal diameter of tendon.

Step 15 Check shear capacity of RC pile

b
b'
y

h h' x~~~~~+-++~M_x_u~X
k--+--f---Asx Asy

SK 7/22 Typical section through a

rectangular pile subject to biaxial
y bending and shear.

Ultimate limit state shear forces in pile are Hpxu and Hpyu· Corresponding
bending moments in pile are Mp.vu and Mpxu· The ultimate coexistent
direct load on pile is Nu.

Rectangulllr piles
No shear check is necessary if"
MpxufNu ~ 0.6h
and MpyufNu ~ 0.6b
and Hpyulbh' ~ 0.8v'fcu ~ 5N/mm2
and Hpxulhb' ~ 0.8Yfcu ~ 5N/mm2
Shear check is necessary if"
MpxufNu > 0.6h and/or MpyuiNu > 0.6b
Find Vx = Hpyufbh' and Vy = Hpxulhb'
Find Px = lOOAsxlbh' and P.v = lOOAs_vfhb'
Find Vex and Vcy corresponding to Px and P.v from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.
 Design of Piled Foundations 321

If this check fails, provide shear reinforcement in the form of links.

I
Nu

Enhancement of design
concrete shear stress
Enhancement of design =0-6 NuHxub/MyuAc
concrete stress= 0·6 N"u Hyu h/ MxuAc Hxub/Myu~ 1·0
Hyuh/ Mxu~ 1·0
SK 7124 Shear stress enhancement due to
SK 7/23 Shear stress enhancement due to presence of axial load.
presence of axial load.

Note: v,. ... and vc_v may be enhancecl by using the following formulae due to
presence of an axial load Nu:

HpyuhiMpxu and Hpxub!Mpyu should be less than or equal to 1.0.

Shear reinforcement
bSv( V - v~)
Asv = -~-____:~
0.87/yv
where A sv = total area of legs in direction of shear
b = width of section perpendicular to direction of shear
Sv = spacing of links
{yv s 460N/mm2 for links.

Circular piles
Nu = ultimate vertical load with Hpu
Hpu = combined ultimate horizontal load
Mpu = moment in pile due to Hpu
322 Reinforced Concrete

A_ 2:: bxSv(Vx -Vex>

""'SVX - 0·87 Jyv

Asvy ~ by5v(Vy-Vty) SK 7/25 Shear reinforcement in a

0·87Jyv rectangular pile.

Asv(aYUof link)

Sv

Sv

SK 7/26 Shear reinforcement in a

circular pile.

No shear check is necessary if"

Mpu1Nu s 0.60h and Hpu/0.75Acs0.8Vfc:uS5N/mm2
where A c: = 0.25nh 2 •
Shear check is necessary if'
M pu/ Nu > 0.60h
Shear stress, v = Hpuf0.75Ac
p = 100A5 / 1.5Ac assuming 50% of bars effectively in tension
where A s = total area of steel in pile.
 Design of Piled Foundations 323

Find vc corresponding top from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.

The shear stress vc may be enhanced by using the following formula due to
presence of an axial load Nu:

v~ = Vc + 0.6NuHpuh ::5
,1
0.8 vfcu ::5 SN/mm
2

AcMpu
H puhl M pu should be less than or equal to 1.0.
If v > v~. then use shear reinforcement.

where Av = total area of link bars perpendicular to longitudinal bars, i.e.

the two legs of hoop reinforcement
fY" = characteristic yield strength of link reinforcement
S = spacing of links.
Find z/ R from appropriate table from Tables 11.18 to 11.27 corresponding
to feu• hsfh, p , NIR 2 and e/R.
Check H pu ::5 V5 + Vc
The total shear resistance for inclined links =
Vs = l0.87 f yA sv (cos~+ sin ~cot~) (z/S)]
where Asv = total area of link bars i.e. the two legs of hoop reinforcement.
~ may be take n as 45° when ~ is angle of inclination of link.

Step 16 Check shear capacity of prestressed pile

h d
Spiral link
.r~in~ccment
Spiral
link
Aps to find Vc
SECTION
j
SK 7127 Typical section and r
elevation of a prestressed concrete
pile. ELEVATION

Vco = 0.67bh(f~ + 0.8fcpft)!

0.55fpe) M0 V
Vcr = (1 - - - vcbd + - - ~ O.lbdVfcu
fpu M
Vc = Vco or Vcr as the case may be (kN) design ultimate shear
resistance
324 Reinforced Concrete

Vco = shear resistance of section uncracked (kN)

Vcr = shear resistance of section cracked (kN)
f, = maximum design principal stress at the centroidal axis = 0.24'1/feu
fcp = design compressive stress at centroidal axis of concrete section due
to prestress alone
fpe = design effective prestress in tendons after all losses~ 0.6fpu

fpu = characteristic ultimate strength of tendons

vc = design concrete shear strength from Figs 11.2 to 11.5 where percent-
age of steel reinforcement should include tendons plus any ordinary
untensioned longitudinal steel reinforcement in tensile zone of
section
d = effective depth to centroid of reinforcing steel in tension zone
where reinforcing steel should include tendons and any untensioned
reinforcement
feu = characteristic cube concrete strength at 28 days
M 0 = moment to produce zero stress at tension fibre with 0.8fcp on
section.

b
.I
~t~ssmg strands

h
+
-1,
l.Jc.1tformly. prestr~sed t.hiform Prest~ss Stress due to M0
ptle sectton :O·Sfcp M0 =ZJc =0·8Zfcp

SK 7/18 Stress diagram for a symmetrical rectangular prestressed pile due to M,,.

If Hpu < 0.5 Vc, no shear reinforcement is required.

If Hpu;::: 0.5Vc, then provide shear reinforcement as follows.
Shear reinforcement
If horizontal shear on pile , Hpu• is less than or equal to ( Vc + 0.4bd) then,
A,v 0.4b
-=---
Sv 0.87fyv
lf horizontal shear on pile, Hpu• is more than ( Vc + 0.4bd) then,
 Design of Piled Foundations 325

Note: For biaxial bending and shear, check requirement for shear reinforcement
for each direction of bending separately, but allow for contribution of
concrete shear resistance V< in one direction of loading o nly for calculation
of shear reinforcement. (See Ste p 7 of Section 4.3.1.)

Step 17 Check minimum reinforcenuml in RC pile

For rectangular and circular piles, lOOAsciAc ~ 0.4.

Step 18 Check minimum prestress in prestressed pile

Find slenderness ratio of pile = n = ~

where b = minimum width of pile
l = total le ngth of prestressed pile at commencement of d riving.
Minimum prestress after losses = 60n psi
or = 0.4n N/mm2
If diesel hammer is used,
minimum prestress in concrete= 5 N/mm 2

Step 19 Maximum reinforcement in pile

lOOA sclAc :s 6

Step 20 Containment of reinforcement in pile

Minimum dia . of links = 0.25 x largest bar ~ 6 mm
Maximum spacing of links = 12 x smallest dia. of bar

Step 21 Links in. prestressed piles

At top and bottom 38 length of pile , provide 0.6% of volume of pile in
volume of link.

Step 22 Minimum tension reinforcement in pile cap

As~ 0.0013bh in both directions

Step 23 Curtailment of bars in pile cap

A minimum anchorage of 12 times diameter of bar should be provided at
e nds by bending bar up vertically. Additio nally check that full tension
anchorage bond length is provided fro m critical section for bending in a
pile cap where design for flexure and req uirement for flexural steel in
tension is determined. In finding anchorage bond length beyond that
section, actual area of steel provided may be taken into account.

Step 24 Spacing of bars in pile cap

Clear spacing of bars should not exceed 3d or 750 mrn.
326 Reinforced Concrete

L = Tension Anchorage SK 7/29 Typical section through a

Bond Length pile cap.

Percentage of reinforcement, Maximum clear spacing

IOOAsfbd (%) of bars in pile cap (mm)

1 or over 160
0.75 210
0.5 320
0.3 530
Les~ than 0.3 3d or 750

Note: This will deem to satisfy a crack width limitation of 0.3 mm.

Step 25 Early thermal cracking

See Chapter 3.

Step 26 Assessment of crack width in flexure

See Chapter 3.

Step 27 Connections
See Chapter 10 for connection of pile to pile cap and column to pile cap.

7.7 WORKED EXAMPLE

Example 7.1 Pile cap for an internal column of a building

Size of column = 800 mm x 800 mm
Spacing of column = 8 m x 8 m on plan
 Design of Piled Foundations 327

Unfactored column loads

Dead Imposed Wind

Vertical load, N (kN) 1610 1480

Horizontal shear, Hx (kN) 28 18 156
Horizontal shear, Hy ( kN) 112
Moment, Mx (kNm) 448
Moment, My (kNm) 112 72 624

Geotechnical information (see SK 7130)

Stratum 1
Average thickness of layer= 1.5 m
Classification: very loose yellow brown to brownish grey sandy silt.
Average N = 3 (SPT)
c = 11.3 kN/m2
<I>= 40
y = 26kN/m3
Stratum 2
Average thickness of layer= 9 m
Classification: soft to medium bluish-grey clayey silt.
Average N = 5 (SPT)
c = 20.2 kN/m2
<I>= so
y = 24kN/m3
Ysat = 27 kN /m3
Stratum 3
Average thickness of layer = 2 m
Classification : stiff to very stiff bluish-grey silty clay.
Average N = 14 (SPT}
c = 60kN/ m2
<I>= 60
Ysat = 26 kN/m3
Stratum 4
Average thickness of layer = 7 m
Classification: dense to very dense mottled brown sandy silt.
Average N = 24 (SPT)
c = 13.8 kN/m2
<I>= 31°
Ysat = 27kN/m3
3~ Reinforced Concrete

:r
....
0.
w
O CJ'I
I.Ul!J
a:
0>-
<<
O:..J
w
> u.
< O
~ -----------------------------
::::> VERY LOOSE YELLOWBROWN
~ SANOY SILT N=3
"'~ ------------------------------

0
SOFT TO MED IUMBLUiSH- GREY 0
0
CL AYEY SILT N=S AVERAGE 01

~ STIFF TO VEQY STIFF BLUISH-GREY

~ SILTY CLAY N-14 ~VERAGE
"'
::;;----------------------------
_,
::E: 0
::::> JENSE TO VERY OENSE MOTTLED BROWN 0

~
0
SANOY SILT N 24 AVERAGE ""
.....
VI

VERY S"IFF TO HARO 0

S:LTY CLAY N=31 AVERAGE 0
0
~

SK 7/30 Average ground condition

soil strata.
 Design of Piled Foundations 329

Stratum 5
Average thickness of layer= 15m
Classification: very stiff to hard silty clay.
Average N = 31 (SPT)
c = 71.5 KN/m 2
<j>=S"
Ysat= 28kN/m3
Water table at 3.0m below ground level.

Step 1 Select type of pile

Considering all the factors as described in Step 1 of Section 7.6 it 1s
decided to use a non-displacement pile.
Choose 600mm diameter bored and cast-in-situ concrete pile.

Step 2 Determine vertical capacity of pile

Follow Section 7.1.

First method of point resistance

Assume pile to go into Stratum 5 and stop at 8.0 m within Strlllum 5.

Lb = average length of pile = (1.5 + 9 + 2 + 7 + 8) m = 27.5 m
2
0.6
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile = 1t x 4 = 0.283 m2

B = 0.60 m
N = statistical average of SPT in a zone of about 88 above to 38 below
pile point = 31
27.5
Ppu = 0.283 X 38 X 31 X 0. = 15280 kN
6
~ 380N(Ap) = 380 X 31.0 X 0.283 = 3334 kN
Second method of point resistance
Ppu = Ap(N~c + qN;,)
Ap = 0.283m2
c = 71.5 kN/m2
Yw = 10 kN/m 3
q = effective vertical stress at pile point
= 1.5 X 26 + 1.5 X 24 + 7.5 X 27 +2 X 26 +7 X 27 +8 X 27
- (27.5 - 3) X 10
= 489.5 kN/m2
330 Reinforced Concrete

STRATUM 6=26KN/m•
1
-
..
Water Table
-
~=24KN/m•

STRATUM ~ a50 t=27KN/m'

2 !'-

STRATUM
-
6sot =26KN/m•
3

0
-
0
"'
!'-
"'
STRATUM 0
4 8
!'-
650 t=27KN/m'

STRATUM 0
5 8
(X)
650 t=27KN/m'

SK 7/31 The pile penetrating

different strata.

L = 27.5m B = 0.6011l"
L/8 = 46 <j>=SO
From Fig. 7.2,
N~ =3 N~ = 15 and LJB = 3.5
L Lc
- >>-
B B
Ppu = 0.283 ((15 X 71.5) + (3 X 489.5)) = 719kN
 Design of Piled Foundations 331

0
0
0
<D

0
IDO
....
([) ID

~~~
ID O -
=--
('r)IIJ
600 =8

SK 7132 Condition at bottom of

pile.

Determination of skin resismnce

'1:P5; = kAJ s
Used non-displacement pile of 600mm diameter.

First method of skin resistance

fs = N kN /m 2
Stratum 1
A 51 = perimeter x depth of stratum
= 3t X0.60 X 1.5
= 2.83m2
/ s1 = 3 kN/m2
P sil = 3 X 2.83 = 8.5 kN
Stratum 2
A s2 =n X 0.60 X 9 = 17 m2
= 5 kN/ m2
fs2

P si2 = 5 X 17 = 85 kN

Stratum 3
A s3 = n X 0.60 X 2 = 3.8 m2
js3 = 14 kN/m2
P siJ = 14 X 3.8 = 53.2 kN
332 Reinforced Concrete

Stratum 4
A s4 =it X 0.60 X 7 = 13.2m2
/s4 = 24 kN/m2
P si4 = 13.2 X 24 = 316.8 kN
Stratum 5
A ss= :It X 0.60 X 8 = 15.1m2
Iss = 31 kN/m2
Psi5 = 15.1 X 31 X 468.1 kN
'1:P8 ; = 931.6 kN
Fourth method of skin resistance
/s = <XC + 0.5qKs tan b
Ignore the second term because 6 is very small .
Stratum 1
(X = 0.75 c = 11.3 kN/m2

P sil = Asl X fsl

P sil = 0.75 X 11.3 X 2.83 = 24kN
A st = 2.83 m 2

Stratum 2
(X = 0.75 c = 20.2 kN/m 2
Psi2 = 0.75 X 20.2 X 17 = 257.2kN
A 52 = 17m 2

Stratum 3
(X= 0.75 c = 60kN/m2
Psi3 = 0.75 X 60 X 3.8 = 171 kN
2
As3 = 3.8m
Stratum 4
A;.4 = 13.2m2
<X = 2.0 say with high D,
c = 13.8 kN/m 2 cp = 31°
K5 = 2.0 from chart
b = 0.75cp = 23.25°
tanb = 0.43
 Design of Piled Foundations 333

q = effective vertical stress at middle of layer

= 1.5 X 26 + 1.5 X 24 + 7.5 X 27 + 2 X 26 + 3.5 X 27 - {16- 3) X 10
= 294kN/ m2
Is = ~c + 0.5ij Kstan 0
P si4 = 13.2 [2 X 13.8) + (0.5 X 294 X 2 X 0.43)] = 2033 kN
The fourth method of skin resistance is giving much higher values than the
first method and may be ignored from the point of view of conservatism.
Pu = P pu + P su
= 719 + 932
= 1651 kN
1651
Allowable working load on pile = = 660 kN
2.5
Designed pile is 600 mm diame ter bored and cast in-situ concrete pile with ·
an average length of 27.5 rn to carry a working load of 660 kN. This is a
conservative theore tical estimate of single pile vertical load capacity and
must be verified by actual pile tests on site.

Step 3 Determine horizontal capacity of singk pile

See Section 7.2.
Assume cohesive soil.

Mellwd 1
Es = 650N where N = SPT No.
Es of Stratum 1 = 650 X 3 = 1950 kN/m2
£ 5 of Stratum 2 = 650 x 5 = 3250 kN/m2
£ 5 of Stratum 3 = 650 x 14 = 9100kN/m2
Es of Stratum 4 = 650 X 24 = 15 600 kN/ m2
£ 5 of Stratum 5 = 650 X 31 = 20150 kN/m2
ksB = t.3(£s84)ft (~)
Erlr 1- ~

Er = 28 x 106 kN/m2 for pile concrete

X 0.604 = 6.36 X 10- 3 m4

k8 ,B = 1672kN/m2 k sl =2787kN/m3
2
k 5 2B= 2909 kN/m k s2 =4848 kN/m 3
k53 B = 8875kN/m2 ks3 = 14 792 kN/m3
k54 B = 15914 kN/ m2 ks4 = 26 523 kN/m3
ks58 = 20999 kN/m2 k 55 = 34998kN/m3
334 Reinfo rced Concrete

Method 2
k5 = 240qu kN/m2
= 480ckN/m2
k5 , = 480 X 11.3 = 5424 kN/m 3
ks2 = 480 X 20.2 = 9696kN/m3
ks3 = 480 X 60 = 28800kN/m3
k54 = 480 X 13.8 = 6624 kN / m3
kss = 480 X 71.5 = 34320kN/m3
The values given by Method 1 are smaller or softer which will produce
larger deflection and bending moments in pile.
For the sake of conservatism use values given by Method 1.
S = node spacing for finite element analysis = 0.60 m
8 = 0.60m
spring stiffness = SBks kN/m
g
0>

1 -
~
2
r- ~
~ :;;
4
1--
~
6
~
1--
6
1-- .....
~ X
10 :::>
1- ~
:.::
~
11
1--
12
ex
...
VI
UJ 1-
e 13
80 ~
.
10 1--
15

"'
z0 ~17
...
(.)
18
lJ.J
111 - !i
...,
0
19
-20 tc
ex
-
:;;
21
1-
22

-----
23
24
-~ -7
X
:::>
26 'C
tn ...
ex
1- "'
26

~30
SK 7/33 Finite element model of
~ pile.
 Design of Piled Foundations 335

Ignore top l.SB of pile for lateral support from soil.

The whole length of pile need not be modelled.
Stratum 1
Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 27'07
= 1003kN/m
Stratum 2
Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.60 x 4848
= 174SkN/m
Stratum 3
Spring stiffness = 0.60 X 0.60 x 14 792
= 5325 kN/m
Stratum 4
Spring stiffness = 0.60 x 0.6 x 26523 = 9548 kN/m
Assume full fixity of pile with pile cap.
Apply unit load at top of pile and find pile stiffness and bending moment
and shear in pile using a two-dimensional computer program.
A = 0.283 m2 I = 6.36 x w- 3 m4
ResuUs of computer run
Maximum moment = 2.481cNm/kN
Pile top deflection = 0.12 mm/kN

Single pile horizontal stiffness = ~~ = 8333 kN/m

Step 4 Determine approximate number of piles and spacing

Maximum vertical load on pile cap = 1610 + 1480 = 3090 kN = P
p 3090
R;v = Cv = 660
== 4.7

Assume maximum allowable horizontal displacement of pile cap is 10 mm.

Maximum horizontal load = 28 + 18 + 156 = 202 kN = H
Maximum horizontal load on pile to limit deflection to lOmm
= 8333 X 0.010
= 83 kN per pile
H 202
R;H = Cu = 83 = 2.4
R; = greater of R;v and R;H = 4.7
l.lR; == 4.7 X 1.1 = 5.17
Use 6 no. piles.
336 Reinforced Concrete

2.48

1. 05

.058

0.21

-O.OB

-0.28

-0.42
8
- 0.51

-0.56
10
- 0.57
11
-0.57
12
-0. 56
13
-0.52
14
- 0.48
15
-0.43
16
-0.37
11
-0.31

-0.25
19
-0. 19
20
-0.1 4
21
-0. 11
22
-0.09
23
-0.05
24
-0.02 SK 7/34 Bending moment (kNm)
25 due to 1kN horizontal load at top
0 of pile.

Step 5 Determine size of pile cap

B = diameter of pile = 0.6 m
1.58 = 1.5 X 0.6 = 0.9 m
Allow 0.9 m from centre of pile to edge of pile cap.
Assume 0. 9 m depth of pile cap.
 Design of Piled Foundations 337

SK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile

cap.

Spacing of piles:::::: 38 2: 3 x 0.6 = l.R rn

Size of pile cap assumed is 5.4 rn x 3.6 m x 0.9 m.

Step 6 Carry out load combination

Estimation of load on pile

LCI = l.ODL + 1.0/L
N = L610 + 1480 = 3090 kN
Hx = 28 + 18 = 46kN
H_.., = OkN

MA = OkNm
M_. = 112 + 72 = 184kNm

LC3 = l.ODL + 1.0/L + l.OWL

N = 3090kN
Wind in x-x direction
HX = 46 + 156 = 202 kN
H_. = OkN
M, = OkNm
M,. = 184 + 624 = 808kNm
Wind in y-y direction
H_. = 46kN
H. = ll2kN
M..- = 448kNm
Mv = 184kNm

LC4 = l.ODL + l.OWL

338 Reinforced Concrete

N = l 610kN
Wind in x - x direction
H,. = 2H + 156 = 184kN
H_. = OkN
M_, = OkNm
Mv = 112 + 624 = 736 kNm
Wind in y - y direction
II,. = 28kN
lfv = 112kN

M.r = 448kNm
M_. = 112 kNm

Estimation of loads on piles .for bending moment and sliear calculations in pile
cap
LC5 = 1.4DL + 1.6/L
N = 1.4 X 1610 + l4RO x 1.6 = 4622 kN
H,. = 1.4 X 28 + 1.6 X 18 = 68 kN
Hv = OkN
Mx = OkNm
M_. = l .4 X 112 + 1.6 X 72 = 272 kNm

LC6 = 1.2DL + 1.2/L + 1.2WL

N = 1.2 X 1610 + 1.2 X 1480 = ::\708 kN

Wind in x - x direction
H,. = l.2 x (28 + 18 + 156) = 242.4 kN
H_v = OkN

M_. = OkNm
Mv = 1.2 X (112 + 72 + 624) = 969.6kNm
Wind in y - y direction
H, = 1.2 X (28 + 18) = 55.2 kN
II,, = 1.2 X 112 = 134.4 kN

M, = 1.2 X 448 = 537.6kNm

M_,. = 1.2 x (112 + 72) = 220.8 kNm

LC1 = 1.4DL + 1.4WL

N = 1.4 X 1610 = 2254kN
Wind in x-x direction
H, = l.4 (28 + 156) = 257.6 kN
H_. = OkN
 II T031985 0011425 bTT II
Design of Piled Foundations 337

1800 1800

.. _y - $'- -=r ~-+-m

~7-__ g

~ -4- ---4+--f-t: 0
m

SK 7/35 Layout of piles under pile

cap.

Spacing of piles~ 3B ~ 3 x 0.6 = 1.8 m

Size of pile cap assumed is 5.4 m x3.6 m x0.9m.

Step 6 Carry out load combination

Estimation of load on pile

LC 1 = l.ODL + 1.0/L
N = 1610 + 1480 = 3090 kN
Hx = 28 + 18 = 46kN
H.v = OkN
Mx = OkNm
My = 112 + 72 = 184kNm
LC3 = l.ODL + 1.0/L + l.OWL
N = 3090kN
Wind in x - x direction
Hx = 46 + 156 = 202kN
H.v = OkN
Mx = OkNm
M,v = 184 + 624 = 808 kNm
Wind in y-y direction
Hx = 46kN
H.v= 112kN
Mx = 448kNm
My = 184kNm

LC4 = l.ODL + l.OWL

340 Reinforced Concrete

c = 71.5 kN/m2 at bottom of group

q = effective stress at bottom of group = 489.5 kN /m2 (see Step 2)

N! = 153} for <I> = 8"

N'=

Group e nd-bearing capacity = 1 .8 x 3.6 x (15 x 71.5 + 489.5 x 3)

= 16465 kN
Ultimate group capacity = 7996 + 16465 = 24461 kN
24461
Allowable group capacity = -2.5- = 9784 kN

Allowable group capacity based o n single pile capacity 6X660=

3960kN
Design basis is single pile capacity.

Step 8 Carry out analysis of pile cap

Assume that pile cap is rigid. Assume SOO mm backfill on top of pile cap.
Assume a surcharge of 5 kN/ m2 on backfill with no eccentricity.
It is always advisable to use the table as presented.
W = weight of pile cap
+ weight of backfill on pile cap
+ weight of surcharge o n backfill
= ).4m X 3.6 m X U.Y m X 2 4kN/m3
+ 5.4 X 3.6 X 0.5 m X 20 kN/m3
+ 5.4 X 3.6 X 5 kN/m 2
= 712kN

Maximum service load on pile without wind = 665 kN

Maximum service load on pile with wind = 771 kN

y
X X

T--'1/--f-
;-- - --
, - - - - r - ~-+--x

4-- ~~- -8- -

SK 7/37 Calculations of pile group
y stiffness.
Analysis of loads on pile cap.

Load case N Mx My Hx Hy ex e,. ehx eh,- h P or Pu M: M*y Mxx Myy T

L C1 3090 0 184 46 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 3802 0 0 0 225.4 0

LC3 3090 0 808 202 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 3802 0 0 0 989.8 0
L C3 3090 448 184 46 112 0 0 0 0 0.9 3802 0 0 548.8 225.4 0
L C4 1610 0 736 184 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 2322 0 0 0 901.6 0
LC4 1610 448 112 28 112 0 0 0 0 0.9 2322 0 0 548.8 137.2 0
LCs 4622 0 272 68 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 56 19 0 0 0 333.2 0
LCt. 3708 0 969.6 242.4 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 4562 0 0 0 1187.6 0
LCt. 3708 537.6 220.8 55.2 134.4 0 0 0 0 0.9 4562 0 0 658.6 270.5 0
LC1 2254 0 1030.4 257.6 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 3251 0 0 0 1262.2 0
LC1 2254 627.2 156.8 39.2 156.8 0 0 0 0 0.9 3251 0 0 768.3 192.1 0 I~
(I)
60'

I~
Mxx = Mx + Ne1 + Hyh + M: Myy = My + Nex + Hxh + Mi
T = Hxehy + Hyeh.< P =N+W Pu = N + 1.4W (or l.2W)
~
0
Q..

6'
c
:::3
Q..
....
I»
s·
:::3
Cll

~
.....
 ~
~
~.
::I
0'
..,
@
0..
('}
0
Loads on pile. ...=
(')
Cb
0
Load case Por Pu Hx Hy M.u Myy T Qmax Qmin H or Mp or Mpu b (mm)
Hpu

LCI 3802 46 225.4 - 665 602 7.67 19.0 0.9

LC3 3802 202 989.8 - 771 496 33.67 83.5 4.0
LC3 3802 46 112 548.8 225.4 - 767 501 20.18 50.0 2.4
LC4 2322 184 901.6 - 512 262 30.67 76.1 3.7
LC4 2322 28 112 548.8 137.2 - 508 266 19.24 47.7 2.3
LC5 5619 68 333.2 - 983 890 11.33 28.1 1.4
LC6 4562 242.4 1187.6 - 925 595 40.40 100.2 4.8
LC6 4562 55.2 134.4 658.6 270.5 - 920 601 24.21 60.0 2.9
LC1 3251 257.6 1262.2 - 717 367 42.93 106.5 5.2
LC7 3251 39.2 156.8 768.3 192.1 - 711 373 26.94 66.8 3.2

fxx = ~y 2 = 4.86 m2 l yy = u 2
= 12.96m2 l u = lxx + l yy = 17.82m2
P MxxY MyyX P MxxY MyyX
Qmax --+
- R
-l xx- + - -
f yy Qmin = R- fxx - l yy

H = y(H; + H;)
R = no. of piles = 6
R
Mr = bending moment in pile = 2.48H (see Step 3) x = 1.8m y = 0.9m
b = horizontal displacement at top of pile = 0.12H mm (see Step 3)
 Design of Piled Foundations 343

SURCHARGE ON BACKFILL
0
0
U'l

0
0
en

SK 7138 General arrangement of

pile cap and piles. y

Allowable service load on pile without wind = 660 kN OK

Allowable service load on pile with wind =660 x 1.25 = 825 kN OK

Bending monunJ and shear force in pile cap

SK 7/39 Critical sections for

calculation of bending moment in
pile cap.
344 Reinforced Concrete

Sections 1-1 and 2- 2 are taken at the face of column.

Assume column size =800 mm x 800 mm
Dead load of pile cap+ surcharge+ backfill = 0.9 x 24 + 0.5 x 20 + 5 =
36.6kN/m2
Applying load factors for different load cases:
1.4 X 36.6 = 51.2 kN/m 2
1.2 X 36.6 = 43.9 kN/m2

Ml 1 = bending moment due to dead load of pile cap etc. on section 1-1
3.6 X 51.2 X 2.3 2
= 487.5kNm
2
2.32
or = 3.6 X 43.9
2
X
= 418.0 kNm
Mn = Bending moment due to dead load of pile cap etc. on section 2-2
5.4 X 51.2 X 1.42 O
= 271. kNm
2
1.42
or = 5.4 X 43.9
2
X
= 232.3 kNm

SK 7/40 Critical sections for shear.

Step 9 Determine cover to reinforcement

From soil test reports, the total S03 is 0.75%. This means it is Class 3
exposure (see table in Step 9 of Section 7.6).
Minimum cover on blinding concrete= 50 mm
Minimum cover elsewhere = 90 m m
Assume 90 mrn cover for pile cap everywhere.

Step 10 Calculate area of reinforcement in pile cap

M = bending moment in pile cap as found in Step 8.
Mll = 2264.9kNm from table in Step 8.
Bending moments and shear in pile cap.

Load case Qt Q2 Q;~ Q4 M)t Mh Mit Mh M11 M22 V'3.' V44 \13:~ V"44 V;~3 V44

LC5 890 937 983 983 -487.5 -271.0 2752.4 1405 2264.9 1134.0 - 199.1 -298.6 1966 2810 1766.9 251 1.4
LC6 595 760 925 925 - 418.0 - 232.3 2590.0 1140 2172.0 907.7 - 170.7 -256.0 1850 2280 1679.3 2024.0
LC, 844 882 920 676 - 418.0 -232.3 2234.4 1323 1816.4 1090.7 -170.7 -256.0 1596 2646 1425.3 2390.0
LC1 367 542 717 717 -487.5 - 271.0 2007.6 813 1520.1 542.0 - 199. 1 -298.6 1434 1626 1234.9 1327.4
LC1 657 684 711 427 - 487.5 - 271.0 1593.2 1026 1105.7 755.0 -199.1 - 298.6 1138 2052 938.9 1753.4
0~
Q ., Q2, Q;~ and Q4 are pile reactions V>
Mit = 1.4 (Q;~ + Q4) M22 =0.5 (Qt + Q2 + Q;~) M11 = M]t +Mit ~·
\13:~ = Q;~ + Q4 V44 = Qt + Q2 + Q;~ V33 = V:b + Vj;~ g,
Mit. Mh, V;\3 and V44 are bending moments and shears in pile cap due to dead load of pile cap+ surcharge
~
Mil> Mh, V~3 and V44 are bending moments and shears in pile cap due to pile reaction i'r
M 11 , M22 , V;~3 and V44 are combined bending mome nts and shears in pile cap 0..

<P = 600 mm q>/5 = 120 mm <P =diameter of pile 61

c:
:::s

-s·
0..
l>l

:::s
V>

~
346 Reinforced Concrete

,,I ,,I ,I
II It It

I I I SK 7/41 Mome nts in pile and pile

cap d ue to pile fixity.

For this load case, pile fixity moment = 19.0 kNm per pile.
Pile fixity moment on pile cap is opposite in sign to moment M 11 and may
be ignored.
Assume 20 mm diameter reinforcement.
dx = 900 - 90 (cover) - 10 (half bar dia.) = 800 mm b = 3.6 m
2
feu = 30 N/ mm for concrete in pile cap

K = ~= 2264.9 X l~Ji = 0.033

/cubd2 30 X 3600 X 800
2

z= d[ 0.5 + J( 0.25 - 0~9) J

= 0.96d =:; 0.95d = 760mm
M 11 2264.9 X lW
A = -- = = 7447 mm 2
st 0.87[yZ 0.87 X 460 X 7fiJ
Assume /y = 460 N/ mm 2 for HT reinforcement
Area of 20mm dia. bar = 314 mm 2 24 x 314 = 7536 mm2
Use 24 no. 20mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing
150 mm) in the x-x direction.
Mzz = 1134kNm from table in Step 8.
Ignore the effect of pile fixity moments.
Assume 12 mm diameter reinforcement.
dy = 900 - 90(cover - 20(bar d ia.) - 6(half bar) = 784 mm
 Design of Piled Foundations 347

K = M 12 = 1134 X l(f = O.Oll

fcubd 2 30 X 5400 X 7842
z = 0.95d by inspection
= 0.95 X 784 = 745 mm

k = Mn =
1134 x 1<f = 3803 mm2
Sl 0.87/yZ
0.87 X 460 X 745
Area of 12 mm dia. bar = 113 mm2 34 X 113 = 3842mm2
Use 34 no. 12 mm diameter bars equally spaced (approximate spacing
155 mm) in the y - y direction.
(See also Ste p 22 for minimum reinforcement.)
All bars are high tensile reinforcement to be placed at bottom of pile cap.
There is no requirement for bars on top of pile cap.

SK 7142 Pile cap reinforcement. 24 - !1120

Step 11 Check shear stress in pile cap

V33 = shear on critical section 3- 3
= 1766.9kN (see table in Step 8)
av = 2700 - 400 (half column) - 1080 = 1220 mm
348 Reinforced Concrete

1.5dx = 1.5 X 800 = 1200 mm

hence no enhancement of shear stress is allowed
V 1766.9 X 103
v =-
bd
= 3600 X 800
= 061N/mm
.
2

p = lOOAs = 100 X 7536 = 0. 26%

bd 3600 X 800
Vc = 0.425 N/mm2 < 0.61 N/mm 2 from Fig. 11.3

400 1200 1100

Ov

SK 7143 Critical shear plane in pile

cap.

The cheapest alternative is to bring the outer piles in towards the centre of
pile cap by 20mm in the x-x direction only. This has very little effect on
pile reactions.
av = 1200mm 1.5dx = 1200 mm
2d 2 X 800
1.333
av 1200
Increase grade of concrete from feu= 30N/mm2 to feu= 40N/mm2 in pile
cap.
Vet = 0.47N/mm2 from Figs 11.2 to 11.5

Vc2 = Vc~e~) = 0.47 x 1.333

= 0.63N/mm2 > 0.61N/mm2 OK

V44 = shear on critical section 4-4
= 2511.4 kN (see table in Step 8).
av = 1800 - 1200 + 120 - 400 (half column) = 320 mm

1.5dy = 1.5 X 784 = 1176mm > av

 Design of Piled Foundations 349

2dv 2 X 784
-a-: = 320 = 4' 9
= lOOAsc = 100 X 3482 = OOS'Y<0
p bd 5400 X 784 .
(See Step 22 for minimum percentage of reinforcement.)
Ve t= 0.40N/mm2 for feu = 40N/mm2
vc2 = 0.40 x 4.9 = 1.96N/mm
2

V 2511 X toJ
Vc = bd = 5400 X 784

= 0.59N/mm2 < 1.96N/mm2 OK

Step 12 Check punching shear stress in pile cap

0
oo
(DOl

SK 7144 Critical planes for CRITICAL PLANE

punching shear of piles in pile cap. FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

U1 = perimeter of column = 2 (800 + 800) = 3200 mm

Since pile spacing is not greater ~han 3 times diameter of pile, then
punching shear stress at critical perimeter for column need not be checked.
u2 = perimeter on punching shear critical plane for pile load
= 2300 + 2256 = 4556 mm
Ultimate maximum column load, N = 4622 kN from table in Step 8.
Ultimate maximum pile load, Q = 983 kN
350 Reinfo rced Concrete

N 4622 X 103
Column punching shear stress = U 1d = 3200 x _
05
X (
800
+ 784)
= 1.82 N/mm2 < 0.8'-/leu o r
5 N/mm 2 OK

. h . f . loJ
Punchmg s ear stress at pe n meter o pt1e = ;tX983 X
600 X 800
= 0.65 N/mm2 < 0.8'-/leu OK
. . Q 983 X loJ
Ptle punchmg shear stress = U2d = 4556 x _ (SOO +
05 784
)

= 0.27 N/mm2
Minimum ve for Grade 40 N/mm 2 concrete = 0 .40 N/mm2 OK

Step 13 Check area of reinforcemenJ in pile

Unsupported length of pile, /0 , is assumed negligible.
Assume lclh < 10.
The pile is treated as a short column . From tables in Step 8,
Qmax = 983 kN with M = 28.1 kNm
Qmin = 367 kN with M = 106.5 kNm
Max. shear , Vma x = 42.93kN
Assume minimum cover is 75 mm.

h
600

SK 7/ 45 Pile reinforcement .

Allo wing for links and bar diame te r, assume hs = 420mm.

hs 420
h = 600 = 0.70 = k
M
leu = 30 N/mm2 e = - = -28.1 = 0.029 m
N 983

~ = 0.029 = 0.095
R 0.3

_Q _ma_x = 983 X 103 = 2.73 N/ mm2

h2 600 X 600
 Design of Piled Foundations 351

From Table 11.19, it is observed that minimum reinforcement may be

used.
Use minimum reinforcement.
For the second load case,

Qmin = 367 X 1oJ = 1 N/mm2

h2 600 X 600
e
-= 1
R
Again use minimum re inforcement.

Step 14 Check stresses in prestressed concrete piles

Not required.

Step 15 Check shear capacity of RC pile

No shear check is necessary if MpuiNu ~0.60h.
Mpu 106.5 X 106
-= =290mm
Nu 367 X 1oJ
0.60h = 0.60 x 600 = 360 mm
No shear check is necessary.
Hpu 42.93 X toJ
0.75Ac = 0.75 X 1t X t/Xf/4
2
= 0.20N/mm < 0.8Yfcu OK

Step 16 Check shear capacity of prestressed pile

Not required.

Step 17 Check minimum reinforcement in RC pile

lOOAsc
-- ~ 0.4
Ac
Ac X 0.4
A sc = .....:;__100--
Tt X 30Q2 X 0.4
= 100
= 1131mm2
Use 6 no. 16 mm dia. HT bars (1206 mm2).

Step 18 Check minimum prestress in prestressed pile

Not required.

Step 19 Maximum reinforcement in pile

Not required.
352 Reinforced Concrete

Step 20 ConlllinnumJ of reinforcement in pik

Minimum dia. of links= 0.25 x bar dia. = 4mm :::: 6mm
Maximum spacing of links = 12 x smallest dia. of bar = 12 x 16
192mm
Use 6 mm dia. links at 175 mm centres.

Step 21 Links in prestressed piks

Not required.

Step 22 Minimum Unsion reinforcement in pile cap

A s ;:: 0.0013bh in both directions
Minimum reinforcement in the x-x direction = 0.0013 x 3600 x 900 =
4212mm2
Provided 7536mm2 (see Step 10).
Minimum reinforcement in the y-y direction = 0.0013 x 5400 x 900 =
6318mm 2
Area of 16 mm dia. bar = 201 mm2 32 X 201 = 6432mm2
Area required = 3842 mm 2 from Step 10
Use 32 no. 16mm dia. bars equally spaced (approximate spacing 170 mm)
in the y-y direction.

I I I
I I I

- -- $ - $-
1f rv-
f--

I I

-
I
~ - ~ - -{-(l-
I -
'r
I I I
I I I SK 7/4(, Pile cap reinforcement
revised to suit minimum
24 - ¢20 32 - ¢1 6 reinforcement.

Step 23 Curtailment of bars in pile cap

Minimum anchorage at ends of bars is 12 X dia. of bar.
12 x 20 = 240mm
12 x 16 = 192mm
Provide a minimum 250 mm bent up length of pile bottom reinforcement.
Check full anchorage bond length of the main tension bars.
 Design of Piled Foundations 353

feu = 40N/mm2
Reinforcement used is Type 2 deformed bars.
From Table 3.29 of BS8110: Part 1: 1985,1ll
tension a nchorage length = 32<1> = 32 X 20 = 640 mm
More than 640 mm length of bar is available beyond section 1- 1 in Step 8.

Step 24 Spacing of bars in pile cap

. . lOOA.
Maxtmum percentage of retnforcement = p = ----;;;{
_ 100 X 7536 _ 0
- 3600 X 800 - 0 ·26 Yo

Maximum allowed clear spacing for p less 0.3% is 3d or 750 mm, whichever
is less.
Spacing of bars adopted is 150 mm.

Step 25 Early thermal cracking

If it is felt necessary to limit early thermal cracking of concrete in pile cap
then minimum reinforcement on sides and top of pile cap should be
provided based on method of calculation shown in Chapter 2.

Step 26 Assessment of crack width in flexure

Normally the calculations in Step 24 will deem to satisfy the crock width
limitations of BS8110: Part 1: 198s.t•J
If calculations are necessary to prove the limitations of crack width due
to flexure in pile cap then methods shown in Chapter 3 should be followed.

Step 27 Connection of pile to pile cap

From Step 17, 16mm HT Type 2 deformed bars arc used.
From Table 3.29 of BS8110,
full anchorage bond length = 32<1>; 32 x 16 = 512 mm
The bars from the pile will project 600 mm into pile cap. (Sec general
recommendations for design of connections in Chapter 10.)
354 Reinforced Concrete

7.8 FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 7

l ·O

0 ·9 ~
0 ·8 I""~
E 0·7
' '-....
........
~ ......
0·6

0-5
!'"- r-.. k.
01 0·2 03 04 0·5 0 '6 0·7 08 0~ 10

e Fig. 7.1 Dete rmination of pile

s efficiency.

1000
8
6
,, I
16
11

,i~-
4
4

/; ~r
0
l

. o-700
<::
8 V''l.t /I
-'-'
<:: - / W> I
<::o- 6
/ v I [/ /
v
~

JY 'fr!v~ v
4 /

~
~
'-'
~
~
·;::;
~
I..J
2

10 / /
/
~/

_/
/

I
,/ /

~ I
v /

/
/.
lO

10
.~ 8
//
I I ./ 8 .s:!
I / ~
~ 6 L J
6
I / ...... / -iiQ:)
4

l
-.-- ~;;
Y'
vv y
Lcl /
4

Fig. 7.2 Bearing capacity factors

1
0
li /
10 lO 30 40
1

for deep foundations. B,deg