2013 ck E S p f ?

pmayAd r mef p mrl q k

ok w ya'om (0d Z Æ m )? 'k w d , qk

aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Sn}f }
(odrYk [kw)f
a,ma&Tjynfu yk*H

udka,m (abm*aA')
wnf;jzwfol - a':cif0gaqG (0g0g-tif;pdef)
pmwnf; (wm0efcH)

tzHk;yef;csD - cifMunfjzL

pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolYvufpGJpmpOf
 2015 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& 1500

'd k h w m0ef t a&;oH k ; yg;

Ä jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;

wefzdk; ( 1200 ) usyf Ä wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vHk;nDnGwrf I rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
Ä tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckid Nf rJa&; 'dkYta&;

yHEk ydS af &;ESiphf mtkyx

f w
k af 0a&;vkyif ef;
pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rSL;csKyf
OD;atmifoef; (rif;cefY a&T) u
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 00961 jzifh yHkESdyfí
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 03911 jzifh xkwfa0onf/
 rmwdum
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
1/ ordkif;a[mif;aemufcH a,majr&yf0ef; 1
2/ a,majr&yf0ef;u aESmif;acwf 7
a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU
3/ &mZ0ifxJu avmif;&Snf 14
4/ avmif;&SnfNrdKU ppfwrf; (2) apmif 18
5/ a,mXmeDu yk*H 39
6/ a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if xl;jrwfvSonfh 56
odef;usif;a&TwefqmapwDawmf
7/ emrnfxif&Sm; avmif;&SnfNrdKUu 63
bk&m;? ykxdk;? apwDawmfrsm;
8/ a&S;a[mif; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm; 71
9/ a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ 82
omoemh*kPfaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;
 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

10/ a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ omoemh 86

pmcRefawmf aypmrsm;? yk&ydkufpmrsm;
11/ atmufrm;0ef\ vufatmufcH 90 pma&;ol\trSmpm
qifzrf;aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf aypm?
a&S ; a&S ; tcgrsm;u ]]a,majr&yf 0 ef ; -a,ma'o-
yk&ydkufpmrsm;
a,me,f } } ud k tk w f t a&ma&m ausmuf t a&ma&mES i h f
12/ &mZ0ifxJu avmif;&Snf\ txifu& 97 bmvdv k kd nmvdv k kd vlujkd yKpm;jcif;jzifh tema&m*gusa&mufí
vlyk*¾dKvftausmftarmfrsm; aoapwwfaom pkef;? ua0? ynmonfwkdYaygrsm;onfh
13/ aESmif;twdwf avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ pD;yGm;? 106 e,fajrvdkvdk ? ESdrfhcsaomtoGiftjrifwpfrsKd; emrnfqdk;ESifh
tusnf;wef txD;usefjzpfap tajymtqkd'Pfudk cHcJh&
vlrI? "avha&;&m
ayaom a'owpfcktjzpf trsm;tjrif0,f txifrSm;cJhMu
14/ ya'o&mZfacwfa[mif; avmif;&Snf\ 114 ap&m e,fajrvnf;jzpfcJh&avonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;&mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;&m trSefrSm ]]vlom;tp jrefrmu}} [k a<u;aMumfEdkifchJ&m
15/ avmif;&Snfa'o a&S;uppfrIa&;&m 131 vnf;jzpfaom *E 0¬ if yHkawmifESifh yHknm awmifwef;jrifh
nDaemifwpYdk ;kd rd;k wnf&&dS m e,fajrt0ef;t0kid ;f onf ]]a,ma'o-
16/ *E¬0ifavmif;&Snf\ jzwfoef;cJh&aom 136
a,mXmeD-a,ma&Tjynf}} yifjzpfayonf/
c&D;&Snf jref r mEk d i f i H \ taemuf b uf t usqH k ; yif v ,f a &
rsufESmjyiftxuf ysrf;rQtjrifhay (7000) ausmf&Sd csif;½dk;r
awmifwef;Bu;D ESit hf NyKd if ta&SUbufü ysr;f rQtjrihaf y (3000)
ausmf p D j rih f r m;NyD ; awmif a jrmuf t Nyd K if o G , f w ef ; vsuf
wnf&Sdaeavaom yHkawmifESifhyHknm awmifpOfwef;wkdY\
obm0½Icif;wku Yd m; tvGev f aS yonf/ awmifwef;jriht f oG,f

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 4

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

oG,ftxyfxyfwkdYu ½IrNiD;p&mESifhvGrf;armzG,f&m&SdvSonf/ odkYjzpfí ajrjyefYa'ou aoG;csif;om;csif;awGESifh

EdkifiHhtzkd;wef uRef;? ysOf;uwdk;? ydawmuf? opf&m? tifMuif;? a,majr&yf 0 ef ; wk d Y yd k r k d t vS r f ; a0;ovd k jzpf c J h M u&onf /
oif;0ifESifh opfrsKd;pHkwkdYu obm0tavsmuf a&m>yrf;um taea0;cJhMu&onf/ a,ma'oonf zGHUNzdK;rItm;jzihfvnf;
aygufa&mufjzpfxGef;aeonf/ ndKUndKUrdIif;rdIif; tkHYtkHYqkdif;qdkif; aemufuscJh&onf/ xkdYaMumihfvnf; a&S;,cifumvrsm;u
ESihf vScsifwkdif;vSaeawmhonf[k ajymí&onf/ a,mjynf a,me,fudk txiftawG;wkdYu bmvdkvkdESifh
odkY&mwGif awm&dyfawmif&dyfu BuD;vSonfh yHkawmif NidKjiifp&mvkdvdk jzpfapcJh&onf/ ydkqdk;onfu wpfae&mwnf;
yHknm/ pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD; pdrfhprf;vQdKajrmif awmifpOfwef; wpf c sd e f w nf ; wG i f t&G , f a &muf tm;aumif ; armif ; oef
toG,foG,f txyfxyfESifhjzpfaeaom yHkawmifyHknm/ om;&J a,musfm; (74) OD;wkdYtm; (27-5-1960) eHeuf t½kPfwuf
wd&pämef qif? usm;? usm;opf? 0H? acs (*sD)? pdkif? qwf? zGwf? tcsd e f w G i f aomif ; usef ; ol t vH e D w k d Y u &uf p uf p G m
ykwwf? ,kef pHkvifpGm usufpm;Mu&mvnf;jzpfonfh yHkawmif owfjzwfcahJ om xD;vif;NrKd Ue,f ]]qifp, G &f mG vlowfyBJG u;D }}aMumihf
yHknm/ onfyHkawmifyHknm0,f acsmif;wkdacsmif;i,fwkdYu a,mwdkYe,fajronf rsm;pGmt½kyfqkd;tusnf;wef jzpfcJh&
tvGefrsm;ojzihf awmBuD;jrufrnf;txyfxyfMum; iSufzsm; acsonf/
uvnf;ayg/ iSufzsm;a&m*gudk jyif;xefpGmcHpm;&í iSufzsm; 1956 ckEpS w f iG f wyfrawmfu ]]atmifrmC}} ppfqifa&;
ydk;u OD;aESmufudkxdcdkufapum ½l;oGyfaoqHk;jcif;rsm;&SdcJh/ jyKvkyfcJhonf/ 1973-74 ckESpfrS pwifum aomif;usef;ol
vrf;yef;tquftoG,fuvnf;cufcJESihf/ onfodkYES,f tjyif [lí vH;k 0r&Sad wmh ? tjzLa&mife,fajrppfppf jzpfvmcJ&h onf/
awmifpOftxyfxyfawGu 0ef;&Hc pdrf;jrndKUrIdif;aeaom EkdifiHawmfu vrf;awGazmuf wHwm;awGaqmufESihf ajrjyefYu
yHak wmifyn kH m&yf0ef;Bu;D udk tcGiahf umif;,lvsuf aomif;use;f ol jynfow l Ydk a,mXmeDqD at;csr;f pGmoGm;vmEkid cf MhJ uNy?D wpfacwf
tvHeDuGefjrLepfwkdYu A[dkXmecsKyfvkyfum a,me,fajrrSm wpfcgqDu tawG;rSm; tjrifrSm; txifrSm; ajympum;awG
aomif;usef;rif;rlcJhMuonf/ vrf;yef;tquftoG,f cufcJ onf aysmufvGifhumoGm;cJh&NyD? raumif;aom? r[kwfaom?
vGef;rIudk tcGifhaumif;,lumvnf; pdk;rdk;jc,fvS,f &ufpuf txiftjrif tawG;ESio fh o H ,wko Yd nf twdwrf mS use&f pfcNhJ y/D
,kwrf mcJMh uonf/ "m;jywku d ?f vk,uf? owfjzwf ½dik ;f pdik ;f cJMh u &yfa0;ajrjyefYujynfolawG a,mwkdYXmaeudk tjrifMunfvif
ojzihf ajrjyefYa'orSaoG;csif;rsm;wkdY yHkawmif yHknma'oqD EkdifcJhMuNyD? a,me,fajronf wpfpxufwpfp yGifhvef;zGHUNzdK;
a,majr&yf0ef;qD roGm;&Jrvm&JjzpfcJhMu&onf/ wkd;wufumvmaecJh&ygNyD/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 5

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

þodkY todtjrifopfudk wifjy&jcif;tm;jzihf tae

txm;rSefudkrodbJ remvkdtzsuftarSmifhw&m;? t&yfpum;
ESiZfh mwf? yHjk yif? 0w¬Kwt
Ydk & a,ma'o a,me,fajrole,fajr
om;wkt Yd ay:wGif xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfaejcif;rsm; uif;pifvsuf
wkdif;&if;om;cspfMunfrIESihf EkdifiHaoG;pnf;nDñGwfrIrsm;udk
ydkrdk&,lcdkifNrJaprnf[k ,lqrdygonf/ txl;ojzihf vlrsKd;
wpf&mhwpfyg;tqkdwGif a&S;jrefrm (7) rsKd;jzpfaom Arm
(jrefrm)? ysL? awmifo?l urf;,H? a,m? &cdik ?f xm;0,fwt Ydk euf
oGm;vma&;cufcJcJh&onfh a&S;Armrnfonfh ]]a,m}} wkdY\
e,fajr? a,majr&yf0ef;&Sd a&S;a[mif; ]]avmif;&SnfNrdKU}}
uav;\ acwftqufquf jzpf&yfpHkvif ywfoufyg0if
aecJhrIudk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; azmfxkwfjzpf&aom taMumif;t&m
uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m taxmuftyHh taetxm;wpfck
ozG,ftjzpf jrefrmhorkdif;pOftm; toifhtwifh jznfhpGrf;Edkif
vdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfrdayonf/

avmif ; &S n f N rd K Ujypepf y H k

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 6

udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 7

udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

tcef; (1)
ordkif;a[mif;aemufcH a,majr&yf0ef;
a&S;,cifu a,me,fa'oonf rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;
yck u ú L c½d k i f \ taemuf y d k i f ; ES i h f csif ; awmif w ef ; BuD ; \
ta&SUbufwiG f wnf&adS yonf/ a&S;a[mif;ordik ;f t& ,cifu
a,majr&yf0ef;onf {&m0wDjrpftaemufbufwpfvTm;rS
&ckdif½dk;rawmifwef;\ ta&SUajrmufbufESihf csif;awmifwef;
ta&SUbufxd? ,if;ajrmufzsm;aomifoGyfrS awmifbuf
apwkwå&mponfh awmifpOf (7) c½dkiftxd us,f0ef;aMumif;
qkdygonf/ omuDEG,f0ifbk&ifrsm;tp? yk*Hacwftavmif;
pnforl if;Bu;D tv,f uke;f abmifrif;quf jrefrmwkaYd emufq;kH
bk&if oDaygtxd pdk;rdk;cJhpOfumvrsm;u yHk&dyfrsm;udk ½IMunfh
jcif ; tm;jzih f a,ma'o\tajctae? taetxm;ud k
jrifawGUí&Edkifayonf/
odkYjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm a,me,f&yf0ef;\ tae
txm;t&yf&yftm; vkd&if;udk tESpfcsKyfum twdkqHk;enf;jzihf
pwifum wifjyjzpf&ayawmhonf/
rZdösra'o ]]oke}} trnf&Sdaom r[morwrif;onf
om;BuD;jzpfonfh u&ay:rif;om;udk ppfonfAdkvfyg tNcHt&H
1

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 8

2 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 3
rsm; ES i f ; tyf N yD ; wk d i f ; opf j ynf o pf w nf a xmif a p\/ e,fopfwnfaxmifrif;jyKaecJ\ h / yef;wdr;f ? yef;bJ? yef;awmif;
jrefrmjynfodkY ajymif;a&TUa&mufvmMuNyD; ]][efvif;NrdKU}} paom NrdKUrsm;ukd wkdufcdkufodrf;,lcJhNyD; okemy&EÅ[laom
[efvif;a&Tjynfudk pwifwnfaxmifpHaeawmfrlav\/ trnfudk zsufí ]]a,meu}} EkdifiHawmf trnfopforkwf\/
xkdrif;onf {&m0wDjrpftaemufbuft&yfa'oudk xkdodkY a&S;u a,meu[kac:wGifcJhaom e,fwpfcGifonf
pk;d rd;k tkycf sKyo
f jzihf Ekid if aH wmfuv kd nf; rZdsö ra'orS crnf;awmf umvMumvwfaomf ]]eu}} aysmufí ,cktcgwGif ]]a,m}}
]]ok e }} rif ; BuD ; \ tmPmpuf u G i f ; us&mt&yf j zpf o nf h [k xif&Sm;vmcJhav\/
tavsmuf ]]okemy&EÅ}} [laomtrnfemrudk wGifap\/ xk d o d k Y a,ma'o[k a c:onf h e ,f y ,f r S m xk d p Of u
xkaYd emuf aumvd,rif; tbd&mZmonf aumovwkid ;f ? taemufbufvm;aomf ov’m0wD ac: csif;wGif;jrpfESihf
yOövwkdif;wkdYudk tpdk;&onfh ouFóe*dk&fjynfBuD;&SifESifh {&m0wD j rpf w k d Y \ taemuf b uf w pf v T m ;rS &ck d i f ½ d k ; r
ppf j zpf \ / ppf ½ H I ; onf j zpf í jref r mjynf o d k Y a jy;0if v m&m awmifwef;\ ta&SUajrmufbufESihf csif;½dk;rawmifwef;
]]waumif;}} waumif;jynfBuD;udk wnfaxmifpHaeav\/ ta&SUbufxd? awmifodkYvm;aomf ajrmufzsm;aomifoGyfrS
xkdrif;ewf&GmpHvQif om;awmf uH&mZmBuD;ESifh uH&mZmi,fwdkY awmifbuf zm;tdkif? apwkwå&m ponfhawmifpOf (7) c½dkif
yef ; wd r f ; ? izJ ? wk d i f w m;? apwk w å & m? puk ? v,f u d k i f ; ?
xD;eef;vkMuav&m uH&mZmi,fu xD;eef;&ojzihf uH&mZmBu;D
aomif;vif;NrdKUrsm;txdudk a,mwkdYe,fajr[kac:Mu\/
onf uav;awmifndKt&yfodkY a&TUajymif;cJh\/
,cifordkif;a[mif;rsm;t& xdkpOfu a,me,fajr\
xkdokdY u&ay:rif;wnfaxmif&if; wkdif;? c½dkifwkdYudk
tus,f t 0ef ; yrmPonf ajrmuf u d k v m;aomf uav;
uH&mZmBu;D paom rif;wko Yd nf okemy&EÅ[al omtrnfjzihyf if aomif o G y f a jr? ov’ m 0wD j rpf t xd / ta&S U od k Y v m;aomf
ac:a0:pdk;pHcJhMuav\/ csif ; wG i f ; ? {&m0wD u rf ; ajctxd / taemuf o d k Y v m;aomf
umvMumjrihfcJhaomf omoemouú&mZf (73) ckESpfwGif csif;½dk;rawmif zdk;acgifawmiftxd/ awmifbufodkYum;
rZdösra'o rm*"wkdif;rS Zmvrdurif;wpfyg;onf þa'oodkY a&Tpufawmf&m? rEÅmawmiftxd us,0f ef;av\/ tkycf sKyaf &;
a&muf&Sdtkyfpdk;cJhjyef\/ &mZN*dK[fjynfom;wkdYu ESifxkwfojzihf e,fajrt&qdkvQif uav;e,f? *efYa*ge,f? xD;vif;e,f?
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpf\/ ,cktcg ppfudkif;wkdif;a'oBuD;&Sd aqme,f? rif;wkef;? apwkwå&me,f? qdyfjzL? puke,fwkdYjzpfí
]]uav;NrdKU}} opfudk wnfaxmifcJh\/ ]]t&drnNrdKU}} [kvnf; awmifajrmuf &SnfarsmarsmawmifMum;csKdihf0Srf;ajra'oyif
wGif\/ &Srf;? u'l;? tdrfus,fpaom vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk pnf;½Hk;í jzpfav\/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 9

4 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 5

quf&aomf- jyefvnfícsKyfaomf yk*HacwfrSpNyD; {&m0wDjrpfta&SUbuf

jrefrmbk&ifvufxufu owfrw S yf rkH mS a,mMucwfNrKd U? ydik ;f udk "r®'yD wkid ;f ? {&m0wDjrpftaemufbufyikd ;f udk okemy&EÅ
aqmNrdKU? avmif;&SnfNrdKU? xD;vif;NrdKU ponfh NrdKU (4) NrdKUESihf wk d i f ; [k ac:apcJ h \ / uk e f ; abmif a cwf t v,f y d k i f ; od k Y
e,f y ,f r sm;ud k a,me,f [ k owf r S w f y gonf / (,aeY a&mufaomtcg okemy&EÅwkdif;udk oHk;ydkif;? oHk;wkdif; cGJjcm;
vuf&Sda,ma'o\ c½dkifNrdKUBuD;jzpfae&aom ]]*efYa*gNrdKU}} owf r S w f c J h o nf / uav;a'o? uabmf c sd K if h 0 S r f ; a'oud k
[lonfum; wkdufusef (7) &Gm pm&if;wGif ]]uhHaumf&Gm}} [lí
arm&d,wkdif;? a,ma'o (*efYa*g? xD;vif;? aqm) udk
&SdaecJhao;csdefjzpfygonf/ ausm? pum;? awmr? rif;&Gm?
a,meuwkdif;ESihf csif;awmifa'oudk cd&#wkdif;[k ac:cJhMu
jrifom;? &SJ? uHhaumfwkdYonf wkdufusef (7) &Gmjzpfygonf/)
xkdYjyif a&S;ua,mMucwfNrdKUqkdonfrSmvnf; ,ck avonf/
a,mNrdKUtrnfwGifqJ ('dkife,faus;&GmBuD;tqihf) &GmBuD; þwGif ,cktcg0,f xD;vif;? aqmESifh *efYa*ge,f
wpf&Gmom jzpfaeygawmhonf/ (3) ckwdkYudkom a'ocHwkdYu a,ma'oppfppftjzpf rSwfom;
azmfjyyg a,ma'oudkyif twGif;a,m? tjyifa,m? ajymqd k c J h M uonf E S i h f a,ma'oonf awmif a jrmuf
a,mBuD;? a,muav;? awmifa,m? ajrmufa,m[k trsKd;rsKd; &Snaf rsmarsmoP²mef&o dS nft
h m;avsmpf mG awmifbuftusq;kH
cGJjcm;NyD; ac:cJhMuyg\/ cGJjcm;yHkrSm ajrjyefYa'o yckuúLa'orS aqmNrKd Ue,fukd awmifa,m? tv,fusaom xD;vif;NrKd Ue,fukd
omrefvlrsm;\tac:t& wufrawmif\ ta&SUbufudk tv,f a ,mES i f h ajrmuf b uf u sonf h *ef Y a *gNrd K Ue,f u d k
tjyifa,m? wufrawmif\taemufbufudk twGif;a,m? ajrmufa,m[lí ac:qdkaeMuacsonf/
taemufbufodkYqufívm;aomf yHkawmif awmifwef; xkdYaMumihf rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;twGif; yg0ifwnf&Sd
jrihfBuD;&SdNyD; yHkawmiftaemufydkif;udk a,mBuD;? yHkawmif aeaom a,ma'o\ rsufarSmuftaetxm;wGif *efYa*g
ta&SUbufudkyif a,muav;/ xD;vif;NrdKUudk A[kdjyKívnf; NrdKUudk c½dkifNrdKUBuD;tjzpf (4-4-1996) aeYwGif pwifzGJUpnf;
awmifbuf aqm? avmif;&Snf? zm;tdkif? apwkwå&mtxdudk
cJhonf/ *efYa*gc½dkifü *efYa*g? xD;vif;? aqm[lí NrdKUe,f
awmifa,m/ xD;vif;\ajrmufbuf *efYa*gNrdKUe,ftxd
ajrmufydkif;udk ajrmufa,m[kac:Muonf/ oHk;ck yg0ifvsuf&Sdonfh NrdKUe,fajrwkdYudkomvQif a,me,fy,f
wpfzef a&S;acwf a,m (4) NrdKUudk aqm? a,m? ppfppf[lí ajymqdkvsuf&SdMuayawmhonf/
avmif;&SnEf iS hf xD;vif;NrKd UwkjYd zpfonf[k owfrw S cf MhJ uygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 10

6 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

tcef; (2)
a,majr&yf0ef;u
aESmif;acwf a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU
yHkawmif yHknma'o a,majr&yf0ef;0,f a&S;usvSaom
avmif;&SnfNrdKUuav; wnf&Sdaeonf/
]] pvif;acsmif;a& pD;axGaxGESihf
&pfacG&H0ef; awmifbufurf;ü
at;csrf;om,m NrdKUwnf&GmrSwf
AsKyÜwfac:wGif a&S;,cifu
om"uaygif;ESihf NrdKUavmif;&Snf}} .....
[k avmif;&SnNf rKd U orkid ;f jyKprk w
S w
f rf;wifa&;tzGUJ rlMurf;
pmMunf h w k d u f c if a rmif (jyef M um;a&;^uef y uf v uf ) \
uAsmwpfy'kd u f kd tpjyKvsuf twdw&f mZ0ifukd vufvrS ;f rDorQ
avhvmrdonf/ okawoejyKrdcJhonf/
avmif;&Snfonf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;ryGifhrD a&S;,cif
uyif ]]AsKyÜwf&Gm}} [k wGif&SdcJhaMumif;qkdyg\/
]]jref r mtp waumif ; u}} [k t qk d t & omuD 0 if
rif;rsKd;jzpfaom yxrwaumif;NrdKUwnf tbd&mZmrStp
avmif;&Snfyg0ifaom aqmNrdKUe,f ajryHk waumif;rif;qufaemufqHk; bdEéurif;txd yxrwaumif;
7

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 11

8 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 9

acwfwGif AsKyÜwf&Gmyifac:qdkcJhaMumif;? 'kwd,waumif;wGif yk*Hjynfh&Siftaemf&xmrif;BuD;onf uif;wyfNrdKUrsm;

owd;k ZAÁK'yD "Z&mZmrif;rS owd;k r[m&mZmrif;txdvnf;aumif;? wnfcJhovdk odef;jyKNrdKU? aomif;jyKNrdKU? axmifjyKNrdKU? &mjyKNrdKUrsm;
oa&acwå&macwfBuD;\tp 'Gwåaygifrif;BuD;rS okynme*& wnfcJhonf/ xkdNrdKUrsm;rS ppfa&;tvdk&Sd&mtwGuf ppfom;
qdEérif;vufxuftxdvnf;aumif;? yk*Hrif;qufrsm;\tp ppfonf ay;Mu&\/
t&d r '´ e mrnf a om yk * H j ynf B uD ; ud k pwif w nf a xmif o l OD ; uk v m;&mZ0if B uD ; wG i f yk * H r if ; e&ywd p nf o l r if ;
(odkYr[kwf) yxryk*Hudkwnfaxmifol ork'´&mZfrif;rSonf vufxufwikd af tmif eef;pOfppftiftm;udjk yaom pm&if;csKyüf
(42) qufajrmuf taemf&xmrif;eef;wufaom ouú&mZf pvif;NrdKUonf (600) jyK NrdKUjzpfNyD; ppfa&;ppf&m&SdvmvQif
(379) txdvnf;aumif;? AsKyÜwf&Gmtjzpf&SdaecJhonf[k ppfonftiftm; (600) ay;&onf/ ,if;wGif avmif;&SnfNrdKU?
qdkay\/ odkYjzpf&m a,mwkdYXmeDu aESmif;acwfavmif;&SnfNrdKU aqmNrdKUwkdYyg0ifonf[k azmfjyxm;av\/
uav;onf yk*Htaemf&xmrif;vufxufxdatmif AsKyÜwf&Gm
[kac:wGifvsuf &SdaecJhonfqkday\/
quf&aomf -
ouú&mZf (1127)ckESpf? avmif;&SnfNrdKUppfwrf;wGif
avmif;&SnfNrdKUudk omoemawmfouú&mZf 1562 ck? aumZm
ouú&mZf-380 jynfh? yk*Htaemf&xmrif;vufxuf? uqkef
vjynfh wevFmaeY? eu©wf (19) vkH;ESihf,SOfvsuf trwf
odr;f pnf;ESifh NrKd UolBu;D b,awZmcHiumwku Yd yEéuf (9) csuf
ESifh ppfonfo&l J 1000 ESifh avmif;&SnNf rKd Uudk wnfaxmifonf/
taemufbufESihftaemufajrmufbuf &cdkif? csif;ESihfuonf;
wk\Yd &eftEÅ&m,frsm;udk qD;qkcYd &H yf apmih&f onfNh rKd UjzpfaMumif;
od & S d & ygonf / opf w yf N rd K Ujzpf o nf / cH w yf N rd K Ujzpf o nf / NrdKUyEéuf (9) csufyg a&Tpm&Dbk&m;
uif;wyfNrdKUjzpfonf[kqkdyg\/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 12

10 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 11

opfwyfNrdKUwnfpOftcg yEéuf (9) csufjzihf e,fedrdwf (8) ajrmif;BuD; (Nrd K Utaemuf b uf wm

twkdif;twmrsm; owfrSwfum avmif;&SnfNrdKUudk wnfapcJh 60 tuGmwGif&Sdonf/)
onfjzpf&m pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? zGHUNzdK;a&;? bmoma&;? (9) wHwm;eD (NrKd U\av;yHw
k pfyckH ef?Y NrKd U\
omoema&;? ppfa&;ppf&m ponfwkdYudk NcHKiHkoHk;oyfowfrSwf taemufbufususwGif
cJhjcif;jzpfygrnf/ &Sdonf/)
yEéuf (9) csufrSm - NrdKUwnf&mwGif a&SUwef;cHwyfNrdKUjzpfonfhtavsmuf
(1) a&Tpm&Dbk&m; (Nrd K Uta&S U buf 2 wm tkwfNrdKU½kd;r[kwfbJ opfvHk;rsm;pdkufxlum&Haom opfwyf
tuGmwGif&Sdonf)/ NrdKUtjzpfwnfcJhygonf/
(2) r*FvmOD;bk&m; (NrdKUtaemufbuf 9 wm NrdKU½dk;ta&SUrsufESm (37) wm? tjrihf (7) awmif?
ES i h f 1 xG m tuG m wG i f wHcg;0rSm anmifwcH g;ac:Ny;D wHwm; (2) pif;rSm BuKd ;rJjh zpfonf/
&Sdonf/) taemufNrdKU½dk;rSm awmifajrmuf (37) wm? wHcg;0rSm
(3) tif;bkwfausmif; (Nrd K Utaemuf b uf 11 refusnf;wHcg;ac:NyD; wHwm; (2) ckxm;onf/
wm tuGmwGif&Sdonf/) ajrmufbufrsufESmrSm ta&SUrStaemuf (61) wm?
(4) awmifBuD;&Sif (NrdKUta&SUbuf 20 wm wHcg;0udk &ifcdkwHwm; wHwm; (2) ckxm;&Sdonf/
ewfuGef; tuGmwGif&Sdonf/) awmifrsufESmü ta&SUrStaemuf ta&SUrsufESm (59)
(5) rdk;ewfuGef; (NrdKUta&SUawmifbuf 7 wm? wHcg;r&Sd[lí jzpfonf/
wm tuGmwGif&Sdonf/) NrdKUwmt0Sef; (197) wm? wHcg; (3) ayguf? wHwm;
(6) taemuf&SifrewfuGef; (Nrd K Utaemuf b uf wm (6) pif;jzihf opfwyftjrihf (7) awmifxm;&Sdum NrdKUudk
60 tuGmwGif&Sdonf/) wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; qkdavonf/
(7) uef(3)qihf (t&SiBf u;D uef ? rk;d ewfuef? yEéuf (9) csufjzihf NrdKUwnf&mwGif-
a&xdef;uef) NrdKUta&SUbuf wm (20) uGmwGif awmifBuD;&Sifewfeef;
(NrdKUta&SUawmifbuf 2 ESihf rkd;ewfeef;wkdY&SdNyD; NrdKUOD;ü a&Tpm&Dbk&m;&Sdonf/ a&Tpm&D
wm tuGmwGif&Sdonf/) bk&m;onf "r®apwDjzpfí avmif;&SnfNrdKUudk tkyfcsKyfaom

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 13

12 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 13

rif;apmfbGm;olBuD;rsm; udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;NyD; ig;yg;oDv wHwm;eDonf NrdKUtwGif; oGm;vma&;vG,fulap&ef

NrJvsuf &yf&GmjynfolwkdYtm;udk;aom rif;quf&Snfap&ef acsmarGUap&ef &nf&G,faqmufvkyfonf/
&nf&G,fonf/ NrdKUta&SUanmifyifwHcg;rS ta&SU (500) wGif;cefYtuGm
r*FvmOD;bk&m;onf avmif;&Snfa'otwGif; r*Fvm Ak'¨bmomomoemjyK oD&d"r®maomurif;\ apwDaygif;
taygif;ESifhjynfhpHkap&ef &nf&G,fonf/ (84000) tygt0ifjzpfaom? avmuoHk;yg;\txG#ftjrwf
tif;bkwaf usmif;onf avmif;&Snaf 'oae jynforl sm; tEdIif;rJhjrwfAk'¨jzpfayaom a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if odef;usif;
t0dZÆmtarSmifzHk;vTrf;jcif;rS uif;vGwf&efESihf opömav;yg; a&Twefqmbk&m;&Sdonf/
jrwfw&m;jzihf aq;aMumokwfoifEdkif&ef &nf&G,fonf/ txufygwko Yd nfum; aESmif;acwfa[mif;tcgrsm;qDu
awmifBuD;&SifewfuGef;onf awmifig;vHk;t&Sifrsm;ESihf a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ tw¬KyÜwdåaywnf;/ &mZ0if
Nrd K Ut&S i f B uD ; rsm;ud k ES p f p Of yoyl a Zmf N yD ; rif ; ouf & S n f aywnf;/
tEå&m,fuif;&ef &nf&G,fonf/
rkd;ewfrif;rSm avmif;&Snfa'owGif rkd;av0o rSefuef
aumif;rGef&ef &nf&G,fonf/
taemuf&SifrewfuGef;onf taemuf½dk;rewfrsm;udk
ylaZmfyo&ef &nf&G,fonf/
uef (3) qihfonf a&tpdk"mwfudef;jcif;? vl? ol? uRJ?
EGm;? wd&pämefrsm; a&00vifvifaomufoHk;í aysmfyg;pGm
aexdkifEdkif&ef &nf&G,fonf/
ajrmif;BuD;onf avmif;&Snfa'owGif qefa&pyg;
aygrsm;NyD; pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkap&ef &nf&G,faqmufvkyfonf/
NrKd UtaemufbufrpS wifNy;D NrKd UajrmufbufryS wfum tptqH;k
(4) rdkif&Sdaom v,fawm (400) ausmfaomufoHk;aom
ajrmif;BuD;jzpfonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 14

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 15

twGif;wGifyg0ifvsuf pvif;acsmif;\awmifbufurf;wGif
wnf&Sdaeavonf/
avmif;&Snf[k wGifaejcif;wGif a&S;rif;rsm;vufxuf
tcef; (3) awmftcguyif &mZ0ifwGif&SdcJhonf/ tavmif;pnfolrif;
&mZ0ifxJu avmif;&Snf ESihfpyfqkdifcJhonf? a'od,&mZ0iftjzpfvnf; usef&pfaecJh&
onf[k qdkMuonf/ ayguúHjynf taemf&xmrif;\ajr;awmf
a&S;tcgu ]]wpf&mhwpfyg;? vlrsK;d rsm;om;? rSwo f m;opfopf? omoemh'g,um tavmif;pnfolrif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í pum;
ckepfjrefrm? (rGef) rSmav;? &Srf;a&;oHk;q,f? ocsFmoG,fjy? tqkd&SdcJhonf/ [l;&m;aA'ifynm&SifwkdY\ a[mcsuft&
ajcmufq,fukvm;? cGJrSwfxm;onf jzpfyGm;okwNzdK;NzdK;wnf;}} awmif a wmf j rwf w G i f ouF e uf (ouF e f ; euf [ k v nf ; qd k ?
[k vlrsKd; (101) yg;&SdaMumif; zGJUqdka&;pyfxm;cJhonfh tqkd uRef ; euf [ k v nf ; qk d ) om;ES i h f w uG ¤if ; opf e uf o m;ü
&Sdonf/ uGJuGJjym;jym;odem;vnfap&efvnf; tao;pdwfum b0a[mif ; uuscJ h a om ypö n f ; trS e f ]]y&&S i f - jy'g;&S i f -
wifjyxm;cJhonf/ ywåjrm;rsuf&Sif}} &Sdonfqkd&m ppft*Fgav;yg;jzifh þa'oodkY
jrefrm (7) rsKd;? (rGef) (4) rsKd;? &Srf;rsdK; (30)? ukvm;rsKd; <ucsDa&muf&SdawmfrlvmcJhaMumif;qkd\/ bkef;wefcdk;aMumihf
(60) wkdYjzpfaMumif;qdkonf/ awmifawmfjrwfwiG f opfeufyifjrwftm; &SmazGawGU&Scd hJaMumif;ESihf
þwGif a&S;Arm (jrefrm) (7) rsKd;wGif Arm (jrefrm)? rsu&f iS af wmfu&kd &Scd ahJ Mumif; a'od,&mZ0iftjzpf ajymMuyg\/
ysL? awmifol? urf;,H? a,m? &ckdif? xm;0,fwkdY yg0ifonfESifh opfeufyifudkckwfvSJNyD; opfvHk;t½dkif;tm; awmifawmf
a&S;Arm (jrefrm) wkdYü wpfcktygt0ifjzpfaom ]]a,m}} wkdY wpfae&mrS xkd;cswGef;csapí wifaomae&mudk ]]wHk;wif}}
aexk d i f M u&m a,mXmeD w G i f ]]avmif ; &S n f N rd K U}} uav; [kvnf;aumif;? EG,fBudrfBuD;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sd&m awmBuD;
wnf&Sdaeavonf/ avmif;&Snfonf a,myifjzpfav\/ jrufarSmifwGif EG,fBudrfBuD;rsm;udk &SmazG&,lMu&mae&mudk
a,mXmeDudk olwkdYa'o ,aeYtac:ta0:t& (3) ]]ydef;arSmif}} [kvnf;aumif;? BudrfEG,frsm;&SmazG&&SdMuNyD;
rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ ajrmufa,m (*efYa*gNrdKUe,f)? tv,fa,m pkaygif;um qufoaomae&mudk ]]BudrfBuD;}} [kvnf;aumif;
(xD;vif;NrdKUe,f)? awmifa,m (aqmNrdKUe,f) [líjzpf&m toD;oD; &Gmtrnf? acsmif;trnfwYdk emrnfwiG v f suf use&f pf
]]avmif;&SnfNrdKU}} uav;onf awmifa,mac: aqmNrdKUe,f cJhaMumif; qkdMuyg\/
14

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 15

16 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 17

opfeufyifBuD; (0g) uRef;eufyifBuD;udk opft½dkif; &wemwkdYrS zGm;jrifaomrif;orD;av; a&TtdrfpnfESihf &nfiH

wH;k Bu;D jzpfapcJo h nfrS opfv;kH awmfBu;D tqif?h opfv;kH awmfBu;D aeaom y#duú&m;rif;om;av;wdkYtaMumif;tm; rSL;rwf
rSonf avSavmif;xGif;um avmif;avSawmftjzpf a&mufap rsm;uodí bk&ifhxHavQmufxm;\/ wkdif;wpfyg;vlrsKd;jcm;ESihf
cJh\/ opfvHk;awmfBuD;udk avmif;avSawmfBuD;tjzpf&&Sdatmif vuf r quf a pvd k í usef p pf o m;rif ; BuD ; u aemif a wmf
opfvHk;awmfa&G&m Xmet&yftm; ]]avmif;a&G}} [k trnf apmvl;rif;\om;awmf apm,Grf;rif;om;ESifh a&Ttdrfpnf
rSnfhwGifapcJhonfqkd\/ rif;orD;av;tm; xdr;f jrm;ap\/ r*FvmqGr;f qufuyfaomaeY
umva&G U vsm;vmcJ h o nf w G i f avmif ; avS a wmf y#du&ú m;rif;om;u ayguHjú ynfot Ykd vm &Sitf &[Hrax&fjrwfu
t&Snfum; tHhrcef;&Sdjcif;ESifh a&ajrht&Sifocif a&Teef;&Sif qGrf;pm;cJhNyD;í aumif;uifc&D;jzifh rZdösra'o r[maAm"dodkY
twGufESifh a&Tudk vlwkdY tjrwfwEdk;wefzdk;xm;Muonfh <ucspD Of aumif;uifwiG af wGUMuav\/ &Sit f &[HrS taMumif;pHu
k kd
oabmt&yg yg0ifapvsuf ]]a&Tavmif;avS&Snf}} jzpfvm >rwf[onfwiG f y#du&ú m;rif;om;onf tmar#dwjf zpf&onfEiS fh
cJh[efwpfenf;/ wjznf;jznf;ESihfyif avmif;a&G? a&Tavmif; owdvufvGwfjzpfcJh&NyD; jy'g;&Sifonf tmcHwGif;rS xGufus
avS&n S ?f a&Tavmif;&Snrf o S nf ed*;kH tqH;k owfü ]]avmif;&Sn}f } oGm;cJhavawmh\/ rif;om;vnf; ajrokdYoufum uHawmf
[lí trnfwiG u f se&f pfvmcJah paMumif; qkMd uyg\/ ajymprSwf ukef\/ pGJvrf;pdwfjzihf a&TtdrfpnfxHwGif y#doaE¨ae\/ xkdrS
jzpfí usef&pfcJh&jcif;jzpfyg\/ zGm;jrifaomom;awmfonfum; tavmif;pnfoljzpfav\[k
wpfzef avmif;&SnfNrdKUuav;\ pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m qkday\/
ZmwfaMumif;rSmvnf; trsm;odMuonft h wdik ;f Mum;od&olw\ Ydk
&ifrmS pGNJ y;D use&f pf&yg\/ tavmif;pnforl if;onf bke;f wefc;kd
awmf azmifawmfpMum ac: avSavmif;awmfBuD;ESihf y&&Sif
ac: jy'g;&Sif ac: ywåjrm;rsuf&Sif\ wefckd;pGrf;tm;aMumihf
azmif a wmf j zih f pd w f a wmf t vd k & S d & mod k Y oG m ;a&muf E k d i f
cJh&onf[kqkdMuyg\/
tavmif;pnfolonf b0a[mif;u ukvm;rif;om;
y#duú&m;jzpf\/ ayguúHjynf usefppfom;rif;BuD;ESihf ty,f

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 16

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 19

1127 ckESpf avmif;&SnfNrdKUppfwrf;onf tOD;tp

jzpfNyD; 1145 ckESpf ppfwrf;u 'kwd,jzpfonf/
tcef; (4) yxravmif ; &S n f p pf w rf ;
avmif;&SnfNrdKU ppfwrf; (2) apmif 1127 ck E S p f avmif ; &S n f p pf w rf ; (yxr) wG i f
avmif;&SnfNrdKUudk omoemESpf 1562 ck? ouú&mZf 380
a&S;acwfa[mif; avmif;&SnfNrdKUtaMumif;udk avhvm jynfhESpf? yk*Htaemf&xmrif;vufxufawmf uqkefvjynfh
aomtcgwG i f avmif ; &S n f N rd K U ZmwmES i h f yxrppf w rf ; ? wevFmaeY eu©wf 19 vHk;ESihf,SOfvsuf trwfodrf;qnf;ESihf
'kwd,ppfwrf;[lí awGY&onf/ NrdKUolBuD; b,awZmcH iumwkdY ppfonfol&J (1000) ESihf
tm avmif;&SnfNrdKUudk jyKpkwnfaxmifygonf/
Ak'¨H "rH®
16 17 NrdKUESihfwNydKifwnf; awmifBuD;&Sifewf (1)? rkd;ewf (1)?
{ om
13 8 aygif; (2) yg;udkvnf; NrdKUta&SUwm 20 cefYtuGmwGif
12 4 6 3 ewfuGef;ewftdrfESihf aqmufvkyfudk;uG,fygonf/ taemuf
38 1 0 &Sifewf (1) udkvnf; NrdKUtaemufwm (30) tuGmwGif
3 5 ewfuGef;ewftdrfESihf aqmufvkyfudk;uG,fygonf/
rm 0
2 4 NrKd Uta&SUawmifajrmuf (37) wm? wHcg;0wHwm; 2 ckxm;
5 oHCH (38) wm/ awmifrsufESmta&SUtaemuf (59) wm wHcg;r&Sd?
0H 8 2 15 n taemufrsufESm awmifajrmuf (37) wm? wHcg;0wHwm;
a' 10
å 1 (2) ckxm; (38) wm? ajrmufrsuEf mS ta&SUtaemuf (6) wm?
dw 14 11
u wHcg;0wHwm; 2 pkxm; (62) wm? NrKdUwm0Sef; (197) wm
aom wHcg; (3) ayguf? NrdKU&yf (7) awmif? usKH;tjcm;r&Sd NrdKUta&SUudk
anmifyifwHcg;wGifonf/
avmif;&SnfNrdKU
(ZmwmyHk)
18

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 17

20 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 21

NrdKUrta&SU (500) wGif;cefYtuGmwGif "r®maomu wdkifacgif; i0ufr&SdvQif om;iref wkdifaqmfonf/ r&SdvQif

rif;Bu;D wnfonfh a&Twef;qmbk&m;wpfql &yfawmf (15) awmif ipHausmf wkdifaqmfonf/ r&SdvQif ,ckqufcHwkdifaqmfrnhfol
cefY&Sdygonf/ ibdk;vnf;&Sdygonf/ w½dk;rSm itif<u,f wkdifaqmfonf/
Nrd K Utaemuf w H c g;ud k ref u snf ; wH c g;wG i f y gonf / r&Sv d Qif om;i<uuf? r&Sv d Qif iomNzKd ; wkid af qmfonf/ r&Sv d Qif
¤if ; rsuf E S m rS wm (20) ausmf c ef Y t uG m wG i f a&S ; iH k ; rif ; qufcHoifhol ia&Tabmf wkdifaqmfonf/ r&SdvQif icspf
wnfonfh ulawmfopfbk&m;wpfql &yfawmf (15) awmif wkdifaqmfonf/ r&SdvQif om;iae wkdifaqmfonf/ r&SdvQif
cefY&Sdygonf/ t&mqufcHoihfoltEG,ftqufr&Sd w½dk;rSm uRefawmfNrdKU
¤if;rsufESmu &cdkifbk&m; &yfawmftawmif (30) cefY olBuD; wkdifaqmft&mESihf qufcHwkdifaqmfBuD;pdk;ygonf/
&Sdygonf/ ajrmufrsufESmwHcg;udk O,smOfwHcg;wGifygonf/ uReaf wmfp&D ifonfh avmif;&SnNf rKd UrSmu ta&SUvm;aomf
ypöif&ifavQmufrSm tkwfNrdKUr[kwfír&Sdyg/ taemufrsufESm ESpfwkdifig;&mwGif;cefYu vkvifckHawmifxdyf a&cGJa&a0 tjcm;
csif;ESifh &ckdifwkdYudk qD;qkdYcHapmifhae&onfhNrdKUjzpfí opfNrdKU wpfzuf pavajrESifhausmcdkif;& ^ ta&SUawmifudkvm;aomf
wnfvkyf&ygonf/ waomif;ESpfwkdifuGm 'l;awmf&mavmif;awmfarSmuf tjcm;
wpf z uf pvif ; ajrES i h f a usmcd k i f ; ^awmif u d k v m;aomf
NrdKUolBuD;½dk;rSm b,awZmcH ium BuD;pkd;pD&ifonf/
ESpfaomif;oHk;wdkifceYfuGm Mumtif;eufa&uefpvif;csif; (5)
r&SdvQif ausmufppfpm;qufcHBuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ r&SdvQif ¤if;\
&Gmtxd tjcm;wpfzuf pvif;ajrESiahf usmcdik ;f ^taemufawmif
om;ajr;tEG,ftqufr&Sdí NrdKUae ibdk;wl BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/
udvk m;aomf ESpaf omif;ESpw f idk u
f mG pnf;acsmif;? tjcm;wpfzuf
r&SdvQif om;iaygufjzL BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ r&SdvQif iwkwf &cdik af jrESiafh usmcdik ;f ^taemufuv kd m;aomf ESpaf omif;ig;wkid u
f mG
BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ ¤if;\nD a&Tpdkif BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ r&SdvQif &cdkif? csif;t&yfom;wGif;v,matmifcGm opfyifav;wifcG
iwkwfom; ieuf BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ r&SdvQif nDiukvm; tjcm;wpfzuf &cdkifajrESihfausmcdkif;^taemufajrmufudk
BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ r&SdvQif ¤if;om; ZGJawZcHiausmf BuD;pdk; vm;aomf waomif;ig;wkdifcefYuGm &pfacsmif; wjcm;wpfzuf
pD&ifonf/ r&SdvQif ia&Txdkifajr; irsKd;qef; ouú&mZf 1127 aqmaus;vGefyHk&Gm ajrESihfausmcdkif;^ajrmufudkvm;aomf
ckESpf BuD;pdk;pD&ifonf/ ig;wkdifcefYuGm csKyfacsmif;? tjcm;wpfzuf aqmaus;tcsKyf
pcsDajrwkdif½dk;r&Sd? wkdifacgif;½dk;rSm i0uf? itif<u,f? ajrESihf? ausmcdkif;? ta&SUajrmufudkvm;aomf ig;wkdifcefYuGm
a&TxGef;? uRefawmfNrdKUolBuD;ESihf (4) wkdifacgif;&Sdygonf/ wufwla&&Sifacsmif; wjcm;wpfzuf aqmajrESihfausmcdkif;/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 18

22 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 23

,ckoufqdkifonfhajr e,fajrtwGif;wGif bk&m;ajr? cGefr (25)? 0efpm;ESpfru vkdif;pdk;pm;a&;pm; ¤if;enf;u

ausmif;ajr? av;ajr? umajr? qifajr? jrif;ajrr&Sd rif;MoZm aomif;ajrmif;wkdufrSm oGif;&ygonf/
&Sdygonf/ BudrfBuD;&Gm? ykwåL&Gm? pdk;&Gm? vAYkd&Gm? zsHacsmif;&Gm?
ajr&yfvnf;awmifBuKd awmifMum;? acsmif;BuKd acsmif;Mum; zsifi,f&Gm? aumufuspf&Gm? aomifb&Gm? ausmuft&Gm?
jzpfí awmif,mpyg; pl;wkdif;vuf,ufESihf 0g? ajymif;? yJ? zsifBuD;&Gm? armacsmif;&Gm? &Gmaygif; (11) &GmrS wpfESpfvQif
vl;? qyf? taoGU? tajcmuf pd;k pHrQomvky&f ygonf/ tqDtcGef cGefawmfpyg; (225) wif; ESD;vufckwfwqkwf <uufpmr&Sd
rSm tjcm;rqufroGi;f &/ uReaf wmfwaYdk exdik o f nfh t½dik ;f uJ&mG ? BuD;pdk;wkdYom vufaqmif qef (2) wif;? Muufwck? acgifao;
ykyÜudkif;&Gm? v,fjzL&Gm oHk;&Gmom;wkdYvkyfpm;onfh ajr&yfrSm wbl;? MuufOig;vHk;? *sif;pdrf;wcsKdihf? ydef;wcsdKihfESihfay;í
vkyf&pyg;ajrwGif (100) wif;&vQif (10) wif;? (10) wif; usD;pdk;wkdUudk oGif;&ygonf/
&vQif (1) wif; ajrcGefudkcHí uRefawmfNrdKUolBuD;pm;&ygonf/ pyg;ud k Nrd K UwG i f ; usD a qmuf í tpOf x m;&ygonf /
uRefawmf pD&ife,fwGif csif;aus;&Gmrsm;rS pyg;cGef? qufoiG ;f onfph yg;udv k nf; taemuftjyifcsi;f wkw Yd u
dk cf u kd íf
0gcGef? apmifcGef? vlcGef? za,mif;cGef ponfhtcGefrsm;udk ppfcsDppfoGm;&SdvQif wkdufcdkuf&olwkdYudk cGefawmfrsKd;usDwGif
qufoGif;&ygonf/ pD&ifpke,fwGif;&Sd t½dkif;uJ&Gm? ykyÜudkif;&Gm? jcifoGif;xm;onfh pyg;&du©mpm;tyfESHay;&ygonf/ ratG&Gm?
v,fjzL&Gm (3) &GmESihf jrefrmuRefawmfrsKd;wkdY&Gm&Sdaeygonf/ tkdif&Gm? vJbHk&Gm onfoHk;&GmrS wpfESpfvQif ckepfESpft&G,f
csi;f &Gmrsm;rSm a&ykw&f mG ? iSuaf cG;&Gm? oHacsmif;&Gm? ref';l &GmwkrYd S t&yf 2 F 2 d cefYus uRefwa,muf (3) ESpfwBudrf qufoGif;
0gcGefawmf cGefr (195) 0efpm; (19.59)? pdk;pm; a&;pm; &ygonf/ usifa'G;&Gm? zkef;&GmNrdKUolBuD;wkdYpm;½dk;jzpfygonf/
(89) &&S d a umuf c H í a&T b 0g;awmf a tmuf a &muf v Qif NrdKUpm;NrdKUudk cefYxm;vQifvnf; NrdKUolBuD;udk rpm;&?
0efpm;twGuyf g qkid &f mNrKd Upm;udak y;&ygonf/ cGerf (195) rSm xkdpm;NrdKUudkifwdkYrSmay;&ygonf/ ausmufvSJY&GmrSm cGefawmf
taemuf0efpma&;wkdYudk ay;&ygonf/ a&;pm;rSwfpm;rSm za,mif;udkay;&ygonf/ za,mif;rSm 10d^- 0efpm;? pdk;pm;
0gcG e f a wmf u d k o d r f ; cH o l taemuf 0 ef p ma&;ud k (975) a&;pm; 1d^ pD 0efpm;rSm qkdif&modkYay;&ygonf/
ay;&ygonf/ cGerf za,mif;ESifh pk;d pm;a&;pm;rSm vufaqmif,w l ukd o f Ykd
¤if;csif;&Gm? iuGuf&Gm? aygufyef;qdkif&Gm? awmifiuGuf oGif;&ygonf/
&Gm? 0uúK&Gm? ia[mif &Gmaygif; (5) &GmrS oHk;pyfaqmifjzL

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 19

24 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 2 5

&pfacsmif;&Gm? vS&J mG ? ckw&f mG ? yifwm&Gmrsm;rS uReaf wmfrsK;d 'k w d , avmif ; &S n f p pf w rf ;

NrdKUolBuD;u za,mif;cGefudkpm;&ygonf/ 1145 ck? avmif;&Snfppfwrf; ('kwd,) wGif ouú&mZf
uRefawmfrsKd;pD&ifpk (4) &yftwGif;wGif qdyfurf;yGJ 1145 ck? waygif;vjynfhausmf 7 &uf? avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;
tif;ul;wkdYwGif uRefawmf uRJEGm;jrnf;r&Sd? uRef0if? uRJ0if? a&Tawmf eHeuf touf 19 ol½dk;BuD;pdk;pOfquf qufoGif;
EGm;0ifvQif (3) ESpfaphí t&Sifray:vQif NrdKUpm;&SdvQif xrf;&Guf½dk;? tcGefb@mNrdKUe,fedrdwf tydkif;tjcm;rsm;udk
NrKd Upm;rSmwpf0uf? NrKd UolBu;D rSm wpf0ufpm;&ygonf/ NrKd Upm;oem; ar;ppfvQif avmif;&SnNf rKd Uudk b,awZmcH iwm? ibd;k wlom;
awmfrv l Qiv f nf; NrKd Upm;uNrKd Uaeolwu Ydk kd vbuf (10d) pDxyk í f iaygufjzL? iwkwfnD ia&Tpdkif? iwkwfom; ieuf? nDiukvm;?
tyfESpfpif;? puúLESpfcsyfpDay;a0ygonf/ NrdKUaeolwkdYonf ZGJawZcH iausmfom;? iaexGef;wGifBuD;pdk;jywfí xufBuD;pdk;
tdrfwkdY&GmwkdY 0if;jyifNcHvkyfenf; wtdrfvQifoaiG (2d)? 5L; ia&Tpdkiof m; itifay: om;irsK;d xGe;f om;ipOf? om;uReaf wmf
aumufcHay;oGif;&ygonf/ ia&Tabmfwkdifwpfa,mufr&SdvQifwpfa,muf tpOftwkdif;
NrdKUolBuD;wkdYudkvnf; aygif;xkyf0wfpHkpm;pHk NrdKUpm;wkdYu qufcHBuD;pdk;pD&if&ygonf/
ay;ygonf/ uRefawmfrsKd;onf csif;? &cdkifwkdYudk qD;qkdYcH& avmif;&SnNf rKd UwGif Bu;D pd;k uReaf wmfwpfO;D om&Syd gonf/
apmifhae&onf/ tvHOD;uifzsm;NrdKU&Gmjzpfí ppfa&;rif;rIay: pcsDajrwkdifqdyfwnf yGJwif ukwkdYaumufjywf½dk;r&Sd? uRefawmf
&SdvQif t&yf&yfNrKdU&Gmenf;rcefY? rpm;& vGwfNidrf;ygonf/ pD&ifonfh avmif;&SnfNrKdUe,fonf-
NrdKUolBuD;wkdYudk tpOfcsD;ajr§mufoem;awmfrlNrJrSm usKdif; ta&S U ud k v m;aomf waomif ; av;wk d i f c eY f u G m wG i f
(2) csuf carmufeD aiG"m;ig;ywfcHwGif; usuf vzufzkd;aiG aevif ; cH k a wmif ½ d k ; ? a&cG J a &a0 tjcm;wpf z uf yk * H a jr?
axG;tdk; pvG,f uGrf;cGuf (4) ajr§mihf tHk;0ef;xm;wif carmuf pavajr-
wifaq;wHa&TjcLqGJ csicf u G f jrif;BuKd ; ouúvyfuu G u
f wkid af &SU ta&SUawmifudkvm;aomf ESpfaomif;ESpfwkdifcefYuGm
1 aemuf 2 yGifhuawmif a&Tp0g a&;wif&ef;awmifvHk;qHk vkvifcakH wmif½;kd tpOfausmufpif ausmyf u kH onf tifMuif;yif?
pD;ESihf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ uRefawmfrsKd;olBuD;aovGefvQif ¤if;taemufukd EGm;rwufNrKd U tkad csmif;ajrausm uke;f wef;rif;
ysO;f tzH;k cg;ywfouf a&TarSmBf uJ usizf ik u S af cs;cHavmifwu
dk Ef iS hf usnf;acsmif; oa&G;yifacsmif;zsm;? qm;ajriH OoQpfacsmif;
oN*ØK[frsKd;&Sdygonf/ aumuf a umuf p if ; pif ; rG J a csmif ; atmuf a jru pk e f í
acsmif;taemufbuf o&ufyifcif½;kd cufvefacsmif; ajreDcif½;kd

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 20

26 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 2 7

itlacsmif;&yf pvif;acsmif; aumufaumufpif;pif; ajrmufukd uRefawmfoufqdkifonfh pD&ifpke,ftwGif; ausmif;?

ig;usi;f 0wufí avmif;awmf arSmufpaAsmacsmif;pHk 'lawmf&m bk&m;? 0wfrdk;0wfajr? 'dkif;vrdkif;0efudk,f&H qifjrif;tpkxm;
bk&m;awmif a&½dkawmifykvJacsmif;? a&Smufyifacsmufu wkdYudk ay;acsxm;oem;awmfrlonf ajrr&Sd? awmawmif
uRJOD;ausmufwef;acsmif;zsm; cspfra&a0oifwef; 0g;rawmif ukef;usif; rif;ajrom&Sdygonf/
½dk;cif &Gmbdk;ukef;waemufbuf tifMuif;yifBuD;uonf jrefrmuRefawmfrsKd; trIxrf;onfh avmif;&SnfNrdKUESihf
taemuf u d k EG m ;rawmif x d y f qD ; acsmif ; uef w k d i f & yf t0if p D & if p k od e f ; usif ; &G m ? v,f j zL&G m om &S d y gonf /
tjcm;wpfzuf pvif;NrdKUajr/ aygufyef;qdkif;? awmifiuGuf ta&SUiuGuf csif; (3) &GmrS
awmifuv kd m;aomf ESpaf omif;oH;k wkid cf efu
Y mG apmif;awmif tpOfapmifcGefxrf;? oefacsmif;&Gm? iSufacG;&Gm? a&ykwf&Gm?
n§if;awmif ¤if;u taemufudkavQmufí yHk;awmifyef;td wifw h &l mG wdrYk mS 0gcGeaf wmftpOfxrf;? ausmufv&JS mG ? &pfacsmif;
ausmufwef; Mumtif;ewfa&uef wpfyGifhqnfOD;ykef;acsmif; &GmwkdY csif; (2) &GmrSm za,mif;cGeftpOfxrf;? ,rf;&Gm?
atmufudk pkefí a'G;acsmif; aumufaumufpif;pif; iwfBuD; BudrfBuD;&Gm? aESmifcsif;&Gm? aumufacsmif;&Gm? aomif;b&Gm?
,ma,m iwfi,ftxdwpfzuf puif;awmifpOfcsi;f (5) &Gmajr/ armacsmif;&Gm? zsifi,f&Gmudk csif;&Gmrsm;rS pyg;cGefaumuf
taemufawmifuv kd m;aomf wpfaomif;ajcmufwidk cf efu Y mG tpOfxrf;? ratG&G ? tdkif&Gm? usifa'G; (3) &GmrS uRefcGefawmf
&Sif;acsmif;tjcm;wpfzuf &cdkifajrESihfausmcdkif;? tpOfxrf;? iv,fcHk? ia[mif (2) &GmrS tcGefawmfxrf;
taemufudkvm;aomf ESpfaomif;ig;wkdifcefYuGm zdk;acgif qufNrJr&Sd/ NrdKUolBuD;tquftpOfpyg;cefYxm;&onfh csif;&Gm
awmif ½ d k ; a&cG J a &a0csif ; r&yf uG i f ; v[m atmif c G m rsm;jzpfygonf/
opfyifav;xifcG tjcm;wpfzuf &cdkifajr/ NrdKUe,ftwGif; t½kdif;uJ&GmrSm ta&SUpvif;rif;wkdY
taemufajrmufudkvm;aomf wpfaomif;ajcmufwkdif atmufrm;qifzrf;om;wkdY cefYxm;í ,ckwdkifatmufrm;
cefYuGm csKyfacsmif;zsm; tjcm;wpfzufaqmajr/ qif 0 ef u pD & if o nf / e,f y ,f t jcm;r&S d ? pm;ajraeajr?
ajrmufudkvm;aomf ajcmufwkdifcefYuGm csKyfajcmif; vkyfajray;csoem;awmfrlonf? ajruGufrSwfír&Sd/ pyg;cGef
tjcm;wpfzufaqmajr/ quf ykwfwl&Gm? ausmuft&Gm? zsifBuD;&Gm? aumufuspf&Gm?
ta&SUajrmufuv kd m;aomf wpfaomif;ajcmufwidk cf efu Y mG ESHacsmif;&Gm? ESD;&Gm? uH&Gm? cdk&Gm? uRefcGefquf&Gm? vJbHk&Gm?
wufwl a&&Sifacsmif; tjcm;wpfzufaqmNrdKUajr/ rHk&Gm? vbYdk&Gm? za,mif;cGefquf? ckwf&Gm? vS,f&Gm? yif;w&Gm

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 21

28 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 2 9

apmif c G e f a wmf q uf ? vl r &S d (3) &G m rS m tpOf x rf ; NrJ o H k ; tonf*si;f tdyjf yifpk todjrefrmuyÜg;&So d nfuo dk m Edik o
f cl si;f
pyfapmifjzLtxnfa& (25) wkdufpdk; a&;pm; ¤if;apmifjzL rif;rIcefYxm;ygonf/ NrdKU&GmwGif uRefawmf uRJEGm;onfwkduf
(5) udk tdrfajcESihfysrf;rQcefYxm;í uRefawmfNrdKUolBuD;u uket f a&mif;t0,frsm;rSjzwfawmuf½;kd r&Spd w d wf al &mif;0,fvQif
uaomif;ajrmifwkdufa&mufqufoGif;&ygonf/ jzwfolqdkolwkdYuom pm;,l&ygrnf/
0gcGefawmfquf (5) &GmrSmvnf; tpOfqufNrJ 0gcGef qm;eHwifyg; taumuftpm;r&Sd qifaovQif? tpG,f
tcsdef (195) wdkufpdk;a&;pm; 19.50d xdrf;pm; 985d udk ESpaf csmif;udk wpfacsmif; NrKd UolBu;D u odr;f ,lonf/ wpfacsmif;udk
uaomif;ajrmifwdkufawmfa&mufqufoGif;ygonf/ t&mawmfqufoGif;onf/
za,mif ; cG e f q uf y suf & G m ygusef v l q uf o G i f ; NrJ uRJ0ifEGm;0ifrsm;udk wpfESpfvnfítvQifray:vQif
ausmufvJS&Gmu qufNrJtcGefrysuf pdk;pm;a&;pm; xdrf;pm; t&mawmfwpf0ufudk qkdif&mqufoGif;&onf/ wpf0ufrSm
50d^- udk vufaqmif,lwdkufawmfrSm ESpfpOfrjywf ay;acs uRefawmfNrdKUolBuD;u pm;,l&onf/ w&m;uGrf;zkd;rSm NrdKUe,f
qufoGif;&ygonf/ pyg;cGefqufusefvlr&Sd ajrmuf&GmrS twGif; pD&if&aus;&GmwGif pD&if&uGrf;zdk; b@mt&mawmf
tpOf p yg; 235 wif ; ud k &cd k i f c sif ; tvH OD ; uif ; 0jzpf í rsm;udk qdkif&mqufoGif;&ygonf/
pyg;awmfukd a&Tb0g;awmfatmuf rqufoiG ;f & avmif;&SnNf rKd U jrefrmuRefawmfrsKd; avmif;&SnfNrdKUyg (4) &GmrSmtpOf
wGif usDüpkxm;&onf/ twkdif; xrf;&GufNrJjzpfygonf/ uRefcsif;t½kdif;&Gm awmawmif
ppfa&;rif;rIray:&SdvQif ¤if;pyg;udka&mif;í aiGudk &Gmpk vlolaeonfh csif;&Gmrsm;rSm jrefrmuRefawmfrsKd;uJhodkY
a&Tb0g;awmfatmuf qufoGif;&ygonf/ pl;xdk;vuf,uf tcefYtxm;r& apmifcGef? 0gcGef? za,mif;cGef pyg;cGefawmf
xkwfaqmifonf csif;pkjzpfí 1129- ckESpfuonf bk&m; rsm;rSm tdrfajcenf;rsm;rqdk *sif;tcGefaotwkd;t,kwfr&Sd
a&Tvufawmfwkdif tcGefuspyg;udk rcHrodrf;&yg/ uRefcGef qufoGif;aqmif&GufNrJ&Sdygonf/
qufzsufusefvl&Sd (2) &Gmu qufNrJ uRefcGefqufcsif;wGif Nrd K UwG i f ; Nrd K Uol B uD ; tquf q uf p majrrS m BuD ; pm;
a,musmf;t&yfjrihf 2 F20 wa,mufudk ESpfpOfrjywf qufNrJ ted r f h t jrih f ^ a&T u Ref ; ^ted r f h ^ tjrih f ^ awmif a wmf ^
twkdif;tpD&ifcHxm; qufNrJay;,lNrJjzpfygonf/ acgif;a*smuf^uHv,f^vufyHAsm;^wdrfyg;tedrfh^tjrihf^
&pfacsmif;&Gm za,mif;tcsdef 10d^; ia[mif&GmrSm rifcHkv,f^qifaov,f^iBuHem;yif;v,f^ (12) &yfpm;
NrdKUolBuD;apcHNrJjzpfygonf/ tcGefawmfquf csif;&Gmrsm;wGif ajrtoD;oD;&Sdygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 22

30 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 31

uRefawmfNrdKUolBuD;aqmif&Guf½dk;rSm vdIif; (2) csuf 'kwd,ppfwrf;wGif atmufrm;qif0efu wkduf½dkuf

carmufeD? a&T"g;ig;ygwfcHwGif;? MuufvÇuftkd;? a'G;at;tdk; tkyfcsKyfaom t½dkif;uJ&Gm&SdaMumif;ESihf qifaovQif tpG,f
pv,fuGif;cGuf &Spfajrmuf tHk;0efcarmufwif? a&Taq;wefjcL wpfacsmif;udk bk&iho f qYkd uf&aMumif;vnf; azmfjyxm;onfukd
tH;k csi;f cGujf rif;BuKd ;? ouúvyfuu G ?f aiGMu,fpmvG,f (9) oG,f awGU&\/
wudkifa&T? a&S (4) aemuf (3) jrif;u awmihfudk;? a&Ta0ga&; avmif;&SnfNrdKUe,ftwGif; csif;aus;&Gmrsm;&SdaMumif;
wif&ef atmifvHk;qGJpD;eif;&ygonf/ udkvnf; azmfjyxm;\/ ,if;wkdYonf jrefrmbk&iftkyfcsKyfrI
NrdKUolBuD;wkdYr,m;rSm ,mOfteD trdk;vdyfcHk; pD;eif; t&dyfatmufwGif tpm;taomuftaetxdkif acsmifvnf
&ygonf/ NrdKUolBuD;aqmufvkyfNrJ aexdkifNrJtdrfrSm trdk;p at;aq;aomaMumihf awmifay:rSqif;vmMuNyD; &Gmwnf
aMumom edrfhomjrifyg&aqmif avSum;OD;wkduf (2) ESifh axmifaeMu[efwlav\/ &Gm[kyifqdk&apumrl ig;tdrf?
pifygaqmufvyk af exdik &f ygonf/ NrKd UolBu;D wkrYd pS í rdbr,m; q,ftdrf ponfjzihf &Gmi,fwJpkuav;rsm;omjzpfaMumif;
om;orD;aovQif jrxHoHuRef;jzihf tzHk;cg;ywf a&TarmfBuJ a&S;tqufquf a'ocHrsm;ajympum;ESihf csif;wkdYqufoGif;
&aom tcGefb@mypönf;udk axmuf½IMunfhjcif;tm;jzihf
zdwHk;tzsm;a&Tcs xif;pjzihf wkdifjyif cHkMuifyk a&TjrLwmtkd; 6
vnf; &GmBuD;rsm;r[kwfaMumif;odomxif&Sm;av\/
cEåm,jrm;? a&TycsKyf aiGycsKyfiSufacs;cHavmif;wdkufESihf
ppfwrf;rsm;udkavhvm&mwGif a&S;acwftoHk;tEIef;rsm;
oN*ØK[f½dk;&Sdygonfbk&m;/
rodem;rvnfEdkifonfrsm;udk awGU&Sd&yg\/ t"dyÜm,fudk
txufygtwkdif; ppfwrf; (2) apmifudk awGU&Sd&\/ jynfhpHkpGmod&SdEdkif&ef ppfwrf;wkdYwGif awGU&Sd&aom pum;&yf
yxrppfwrf;rSm NrdKUtus,ft0ef;teD;ywf0ef;usif&Sd apwD rsm;\ t"dyÜm,ftaetxm;wkdYtm; avhvmwifjy&yg\/
ykxdk;rsm;? ewfuGef;rsm; ouú&mZfNrdKUwnfZmwmESihf tcsdef NrdKUolBuD; = NrdKUolBuD;wkdYonf usKd;? carmufeD? a&Txm;?
ZmwmyHkudkvnf; azmfjyxm;\/ e,fedrdwftvm; trSwf ig;ywf cHwGif;? Muufvufzuftdk;? aiGaxG;tdk;? &SpfarQmihf
tom;rsm;udk yEéuw f idk pf u
kd o
f uJo
h Ykd t&yf&pS rf suEf mS &Sd rSww
f idk f uGrf;cGuf tHk;0ef;carmufwif? a&Taq;wH? jcL;tHkcsif;cGuf?
ae&mrsm;udkom azmjfyxm;onf/ jrif;BudK;ouúvyfuGuf? aiGMu,fpvG,fudk;oG,f? uudkif;a&SU
'kwd,ppfwrf;rSm NrdKUe,fedrdwfudk yEéufcsouJhodkY (4) aemuf (3) jrif;uawmifw;dk a&Tpum;0ga&;wif&rf;atmif
r[kwfbJ pnf;½dk;umouJhodkY pyfMum;ae&mvyfr&Sdatmif vHk;qGJpD;eif;&onf/ olBuD;wkdYr,m;rSm ,mOfteDtrdk;vdyfcGH
tpHktvifazmfjyxm;ay\/ pD;eif;&onf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 23

32 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 33

olBu;D wktYd rd rf mS trd;k pausm? omedrahf omjrifyh g&aqmif? yJheif; = avSudktkyfcsKyf&ol

avScg;OD;wkduf 2 ESihf ,dk;pifygaqmufvkyfaexdkif&onf/ yJhcsdwf = yJheif;udkul&ol
olBuD;ESihfr,m;aovQif jywH? oHuGefysOftzHk;cg;ywfowf a&TrSL;? aiGrSL;? oHrSL; = a&T ? aiG ? oH vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k
a&T a rmf B uJ Muif z k a &T j rLwmtk d ; ? aiG j rLwmtd k ; iS u f a cs;cH tcGeu f akd umufcpH m;&ol? a&S;acwf
avmifwkdufESihf pE´m;? ,jrm;? a&TyjcKyf aiGyjcKyfrSm oN*ØK[f t&m&Sd
Muonf/ jrif;pD = aus;&Gmrsm;üpmydkY&ef jrif;pD;rsm;
jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu rif;? rdzk&m;? rif;om;? xm;onf/
rSL;rwfrt S p &GmolBu;D ? aus;&Gmjynfow l u Ydk kd pum;tajymtqdk jrif;acgif; = jrif;pD;rsm;\acgif;aqmif
tdrftaqmifta,mifrSpí tqifhcGJxm;onf/ qnfaqmf = aus;&Gmwl;ajrmif;? qnfajrmif;
tonfESihftonf0ef = rif;rSL;xrf;r[kwfol Zmwdom;/ rsm;twGuf aqmfMo&ol/
tonf w k d Y u d k tk y f c sKyf r I u d k wkdifacgif; = 25 tdrfudk wpfwdkifac:í 25
tonf0efac:\/ tonfwkdYu tdrfrSL;/
wrmap;avQmf? tHkwHkvJ paom armif;aMumf = vrf ; wpf a vQmuf armif ; wD ;
rif;wkdif 12 &yfudkqufo&\/ aMunmNyD; vrf;qHk? vrf;r? vrf;
tvm = tonfESihfuyÜg;wkdYnm;íarG;ol av;cGü 0g;&if;wkwjf zihf ½du k Ef u
S u
f m
uyÜm; = w&yfwaus;rSvma&muf aexdik o f l okomefa&mufaomf tqHk;pD&ifonf/
(twnfwusr[kwf) pmcRef = bk&ihftrdefY? ay&Guf? xef;&Guf?
aoGmH = aoG;aomuf? a&S;ujrefrmwyfwiG f ayzl ; ? xef ; zl ; rS m a&;onf /
vl (11) a,muf u d k ? wMuyf ? oHjym;udk 0g;vH;k uJo h Ukd usnaf wmuf
wMuyf p k (5) ck (55) OD ; ud k vkyu f m twGi;f rSm pmcReaf wmfukd
tkyfcsKyf&ol xnfhonf/ oHjym;usnfaxmuf
ta0;NrdKU0ef = jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf EdkifiH onf &Snf\/
tpGeftzsm;e,fudk tkyfcsKyf&ol t½dk;om;ajr = rsKd;½dk;pOfqufom;ajr;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 24

34 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 35

500 wGif; = wm 1000 rSm wpfwkdifjzpf&m a&Tpum;0ga&;wif&rf; = jrif;ukef;ESD;atmufcH a&Ta&mif

wpfwkdif\xuf0uf wm 500 tjym;BuD;
onf wpf r d k i f j zpf \ / 8 atmifv;kH qGJ = jrif;uke;f ES;D aemufrmS qGx J m;aom
zmvHk&Sd\/ yef;yGm;rsm;
300 wkef; = wm 600 (4 zmvHkausmf) trdk;pausm = acgif \ wpf z uf w pf c suf w G i f
200 wGif; = wm 400 (3 zmvHkausmf) trdk;rdk;xm;aomtdrfrdk;
100 wGif; = 200 (1 zmvHkausmf) trdk;vdyfcHG = trdk;vdyfcHk;
7 awmif = wpfwm avScg;OD;wkduf = tdrfBuD;odkYOD;wdkuf (wnfhwnfh)
c&D;wpfaomif; = wmwpfaomif; (10 wkdif) axmifxm;aomavSum;
usKdif; = xD ; ES i f h o P² m ef w l ½ d k ; &S n f w yf ? iSufacs;cH = (jyef Y ^ usOf ; ) vl a otavmif ;
rif ; rS L ;rwf p onf h taqmif xnfhxm;onfh acgif;aowåmudk
ta,mifwpfrsKd;/ tjyif t ywG i f x m;aomtcg
axG;tkd; = axG;tif? axG;cH txuftjrihfu rkd;umxm;aom
uGrf;cGuf&SpfarQmihf = &Spfajr§mihf (&SpfrsufESmaxmifh) t0wfp/
ygaom uGrf;cGuf (aZ,socF,m avmifwdkuf = tavmif;udk rD;½dIUoN*ØK[fonfh
\ a&T b H k e d ' gef ; ygaomyH k p H r S m jymó'f/
cyfapmufapmufjrihjf rihf tvH;k ryg jrLwmtd;k = 0rf; (odrYk [kw)f vnfw&H n S af om
yg/) anmif a &tk d ; ? (apwD t csKd U \
jrif;u = jrif;ukef;eD ypö,mav;axmifhwGif jrLwmtdk;
uukid ;f = jrif;uke;f ES;D wGiyf gaomvufuikd f rsm;udk awGYEdkifonf/)
uawmif = uk e f ; ES D ; \ab;rS m csxm;aom ,jrm; = tavmif;pif ponfudk zGJUcsnfí
tjcm; a&SUrSvt l rsm; qGuJ ikd o
f mG ;ap&aom
ydwfp&Snf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 25

36 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 37

yjcKyf = 0g;ESD;? ESD;? qef;acguf? a&T? aiG aMumif; awGU&onf/ bk&ihb f @m

ponfwkdYjzifh jyKvkyfonfh tzHk; awmfwu kd f[v k nf; awGU&ygonf/
ygaom xnf h p &mwpf r sKd ; ? ES D ; ? cgomtkyf = a&S;acwfoHk; ydwfp? ydwfxnf?
xef;acgufwkdYjzihf &ufvkyfaom ydwaf umif;? ydwaf csmtrsK;d tpm;
zmudk a,ma'owGif yjcKyf[k wpfrsKd;/
rac:? yjcKyo f nf zmuJo h Ykd tvsm; av;ajr? umajr? = av;orm;? umorm;? qifrx I rf;?
r&Sd a'gifapmufapmufjzpf\/ qifajr? jrif;ajr jrif;rIxrf;wkdYukd csay;xm;aom
t&yf 2F2d = t&yfESpfawmifESihfESpfrdkuf (0g) 4 ajr/
ay cGefr = bk&ifudk qufo&aomtcGef
uaomif;ajrmif;wdkuf = jrefrmrif;rsm; w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif cGefao = tNrJwrf;tcGef (0efpm;? pdk;pm?
]]0wfajr0efESihfqdkifaom 24 Xme a&;pm;? 0ef? usDpdk;? pma&;wkdY
ryg? ausmif ; bk & m;0wf a jru pm;&aomtcGef)
aumufcH&&Sdaom 0wåuH tcGef ppfuJ = a&S;acwfppfAdkvf? a&S;acwfNrdKUjy
twkwfrsm;udk {&mZfrif;jrwf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd
b@mawmfESihf ra&m&Sufap&? em;cHawmf = vT w f a wmf w G i f ta&;ygaom
oD;jcm;odr;f xm;Xmeudk uaomif; t&m&SdjzpfNyD; bk&ifhtrdefYawmf
ajrmifwu kd of rkwí f }} [kt"dymÜ ,f rsm;udk vTwfawmfodkY ,laqmif
zGihfqdkxm;onf/ wifoGif;&onf/
(OD;atmifoef;xGe;f -r[m0dZmÆ ) aeajr = &Gmwnfae&efajrae&m
jrefrmhorkdif;ygvTwfawmft&m&Sd vkyfajr = vk y f u d k i f p d k u f y sKd ; pm;aomuf & ef
(66) OD;wGif uaomif;ajrmifwu kd pf ;kd ajr/
(vTwaf wmfaiGwu kd pf ;kd ) uaomif; atmufrm; = awmqif½dkif;udkjrLaomqifr/
ajrmif wd k u f p m;a&;wk d Y yg0if ajrwkdif; = oHAsif[kvnf; wGifonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 26

38 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

oóar" = q,fyw kH pfykH tcGeaf umufcjH cif;/

pmcsD = pma&;awmfwkdY\tcsKyf
BuD;½dk; = olBuD;rsKd;½dk;
uRJEGm;NrDr&Sd = oabFmqdyfcGef? yGJ½HkcGef? ul;wkdYcGef? tcef; (5)
uif ; cG e f p aom oD ; jcm;tcG e f a,mXmeDu yk*H
aumuf , l & &S d & ef r&S d j cif ; ud k
qdkonf/ ajrjyefYa'orS a,mwkdYXmaeqDodkY taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;
ESpfrESihfwydkif; = apmifESpfxnfESihfwpfydkif; aMumihf vma&mufMuonfwiG f *efaY *gNrKd U? xD;vif;NrKd U? aqmNrKd U
atmufrm;qifprf; = qif½dkif;zrf;olrsm; wkdYudk a&muf&SdjrifawGUzl;Mu&onfESihfrwlbJ wpfrlxl;jcm;
atmufrm;qif = qif½dkif;udk usKH;wGif;0ifatmif aeaom Nrd K Uuav;um; ]]avmif ; &S n f } } Nrd K Uuav;yif
jrLqG,af om qifr? qifwed fnifr/ jzpfayonf/
a&muf z l ; ol w k d i f ; u rS w f c suf c sMuonf u awmh
aESmif;twdwf ]]a,m&yfXmeDu yk*Hjynf}} [lí qkdwwfMuNrJ
jzpf&avonf/
jref r mwd k Y \ a&S ; acwf a&S ; a[mif ; ,Of a us;rI r sm;
pka0;&m yk*HjynfBuD;wGif a&S;acwfu bk&m;? ykxkd;? apwD
aygif;rsm;pGm wnfxm;cJhaMumif; ,aeYacwf yk*Ha'ojrifuGif;
udk Munfhjcif;jzifh txift&Sm; odjrifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
yk*Hacwfumvu yk*Hacwf,Ofaus;rI Adokumvuf&mrsm;
zGHUNzdK;cJhjcif;ESifhtwl Ak'¨omoemawmf xGef;um;cJhygonf/
od k Y E S , f tav;xm;umomvQif a,m&yf X maeu
avmif;&SnfNrdKUuav;udkvnf; wifpm;um ]]a,m&yfXmeDu
yk*Hjynf}} [lí ajymprSwfjzihf ac:wGifaeMuavonf/
39

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 27

40 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 41

ajymrnfqdkuvnf; ajymavmufygayonf[kvnf; 12/ NrdKUyEéuf 9 csuf

rSwfcsufcs&rvkdjzpf&onfuawmhtrSef/ ajrckud af pwD ? bk&m; ? ykx;dk awmfrsm;udk tao;pdwrf sm;
Nrd K Uuav;ui,f i ,f r S m omoemawmf x G e f ; um;rI jyefvnfwifjyygonf/ pm&if;Z,m;jzihf azmfjyygonf/
tajctaeudk avhvmrnfqkdygu bk&m;? wefaqmif;? odrf?
ausmif;? Z&yfwkdYtm; avhvmjcif;jzihfodEdkifonf/ bJ G U awmf wnf a e&m ql
avmif;&SnfNrdKUonf ,ckvuf&Sdtajctaet& tdrfajc oD&drmefatmif NrdKUopf&Gmta&SU 1
(500) ausmfESihf vlOD;a& (3000) eD;yg;om&Sdaomfvnf; &Sifbk&ifbk&m;
a&S;uyifvQif apwDykxkd; (100) ausmfESihf bkef;awmfBuD; &mZrked (1) (2) NrdKUopf&Gmta&SU 2
ausmif; (18) ausmif;&SdcJhjcif;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf rnfrQ at;apwD NrdKUopfawmifbuf 1
omoem xGef;um;pnfyifcJhaMumif;odEdkifayonf/ iHk;rif;ay:awmfrl aps;&yf ta&SU 1
avmif;&Snf a&S;a[mif;tarGrsm;udk pm&if;jzihf wifjy OD;ygarmuf aps;&yf ta&SUajrmuf 1
tyfygonf/ NrKdUqDrD;ausmif;0kdif; aps;&yf ta&SUajrmuf 8
1/ ajrcdkufbk&m;apwDykxkd;aygif; 108 ql (ompD&efatmifbHkom)
2/ yg'ajcawmf&m 2 ql tdrfa&SUrif;ausmif;wkduf aps;&yf ta&SUajrmuf 12
3/ wefaqmif;awmfaygif; 4 ql tkwfwdkufausmif;0dkif; aps;&yf ta&SUtk|fwdkuf 2
4/ jymom'faqmif (,cif-31? ,ck-11) 11 aqmif qifpD;bk&m; aps;&yf ta&SUawmif 1
5/ bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;aygif; 18 ausmif; &SpfrsufESmtk|fausmif; aps;&yf ta&SUawmif 1
6/ c@odrfawmf 8 ck ¤if;teD; tk|fausmif; aps;&yf ta&SUawmif 1
7/ Z&yf 20 aqmif od'd¨vif;? od'd¨0if? aps;&yf 3
8/ a&uef (,cif-31 ? ,ck-3 ) 3 uef od'd¨xGef;
9/ a&wGif;BuD; 63 ck atmifod'd¨ aps;&yf 1
10/ ewfeef; 5 ck xD;BuD;yg'apwD aps;&yf 1
11/ vloGm;vrf;tk|f½dk; 1 ck ¤if;bk&m;0dkif; aps;&yf 1

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 28

42 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 43

tif;ausmif; aps;&yf awmifydkif; 5 iSufcg; jcifawmif 1

awmifrif;ausmif;0kdif; aps;&yf awmifydkif; 2 &Srf;bk&m; uHvS 1
vnfay:ausmif;0dkif; aps;&yf awmifydkif; 3 &efajyrmefajy / 1
a&Tpm&D (NrdKUyEéufyg) NrdKUra&SU 3 [if;cGufcHk NrdKUopf 1
ajcmufql0dkif; aps;&yf? NrdKUrMum; 7 bkd;&mukef; NrdKUopf 1
0rf;wGif;bk&m; oDv&Sifausmif;teD; 1 ysufpD;oGm;aomapwDykxdk;rsm; 13 qlcefY
jrrmvm^Zdermefatmif NrdKUr-NrKdUv,f 3
r*FvmOD;^'DyuF&m NrdKUrtaemuf 3 apwD y k x d k ; aygif ; 108 q l
tvnfausmif; NrdKUrtaemuf 6
&cdkifbk&m; / 1 txuf a zmf j yyg apwD r sm;tjyif jrwf p G m bk & m;\
¤if;ajrmuf / 2 yg'awmf (108) uGuf "ufvu©Pmawmfrsm;jzihf ref;a&Tpufawmf
a&Tausmuf*lbk&m; / 1 ESihfrjcm; ajcawmf&m (2) ql &Sdao;onf/ aps;&yfwGif atmuf
ulawmfvS / 1 pufawmf&mESifh NrdKUtaemufawmifukef;ay:wGif txuf
ulawmfopf / 1 pufawmf&m[lí jzpfavonf/
a*gwr / 1 wpf z ef avmif ; &S n f o nf ax&0g'Ak ' ¨ o moem
atmifjrif / 1 xGe;f um;&mjzpfonft h avsmuf jrwfA'k \
¨ wynfoh m;awmfrsm;
¤if;teD; / 1 jzpfaom &[ef;awmfrsm;oDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhMu&m bkef;awmf
pufawmf&m &efrsKd;atmif / 1 BuD ; ausmif ; (18) ausmif ; ud k v nf ; pm&if ; jyKpk a zmf j y
pufawmf&m ¤if;atmuf / 1 tyfygonf/
pHy,f½Hkausmif;awmifbuf / 1 pOf ausmif ; trnf wnf & S d & mXme
oufawmf& (&efatmif) NrdKUeHbk&m; 1 1/ r*Fvmausmif; (r&Sdawmhyg) aps;&yf ta&SUxdyf
oufawmf&Snf / 1 2/ tk|fausmif; ( / ) aps;&yf ta&SU
at;apwD / 2 awmifxdyf

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 29

44 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 45

3/ tk|fwkdufausmif; (aZ,sod'd¨) aps;&yf ta&SU r&S d o l r sm;tzd k Y acwå r Qem;aewnf ; cd k E k d i f a pjcif ; tvd k U iS m ?
4/ ta&SUrif;ausmif; aps;&yf ta&SUajrmuf tcaMu;aiGay;&jcif;r&Sdonfh Z&yfrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;&Sd
(rif;ausmif;BuD;) apjcif;wkdYrSmvnf; renf;vSyg/
5/ NrKd UqDr;D ausmif; aps;&yfta&SUajrmuf okomef? Z&yfrSty "r®m½HkESihfZ&yfrsm; ,cifu (23)
(ompD^&efatmifbHkom) ck &dScJh&mwGif ,cktcg (20) usef&Sdaeao;ayonf/
6/ vnfay:ausmif; aps;&yf awmifbuf txufazmfjyyg a&S;a[mif;tarGtESprf sm;udk axmuf½I
7/ awmifrif;ausmif; aps;&yf awmifbuf avh v mod & S d & jcif ; tm;jzih f NrKd U uav;u i,f y if i ,f j im;
8/ tif;ausmif; (r&Sdawmhyg) - aomfvnf; a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu ]]avmif;&Snf}} [lonfh
9/ a&Tausmif; (r&daS wmhyg) abmvHk;uGif;ae&m a&S;usvaS om NrKd Ujyav;wpfNrKd Uonf &mZ0ifwiG f txift&Sm;
10/ py,f½akH usmif; NrKd Urtaemufawmif jzpfcJh&onfrSm trSefyifjzpfayawmhonf/
11/ a'geausmif; NrdKUrtaemuf xk d U aMumih f v nf ; a,majr&yf 0 ef ; ? a,ma&T j ynf ?
12/ ,Gef;ausmif; NrdKUrtaemuf a,mXmeD0,fwnf&Sdaeavaom avmif;&SnfNrdKUuav;udk
13/ tvnfausmif; NrdKUrtaemuf vma&mufcJhzl;Muol jynfoltaygif;wkdYu ]]a,mXmeDu yk*H}}
14/ tif;tkwfausmif; (r&Sdawmhyg) NrdKUrtaemuf [l í wif p m;ac:a0:aeMujcif ; vnf ; jzpf a vonf [ k o m
15/ uHay:ausmif; (r&Sad wmhyg) aps;&yf ta&SUawmif qdk&ayawmhrnf/
16/ refusn;f ausmif; (r&Sad wmhyg) aps;&yf ta&SUawmif
17/ NrKd Uopfausmif; (r&Sad wmhyg) NrKd Uopfawmifbuf
18/ uHvSausmif; uHvS&yf
azmfjyyg bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;tjyif ,cktcg
omoemhEG,f0ifoDv&Sifrsm; oDwif;oHk;aom pmoifwkdufBuD;
(1) wkduf&SdNyD; oDv&Siftyg; (80) cefY&Sdygonf/
quf&jyefaomf a&S;tcgrsm;upí bmoma&;udpörsm;
usi;f yjcif;? &yfa0;e,fy,fprkH S a&mufvmMuukeaf om todtuRr;f

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 30

46 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 47

&S i f y if o uf a wmf & bk & m;

iH k ; rif ; ay:awmf r l &S p f r suf E S m apwD a wmf

jyKjyifxm;aom apwD 2 ql

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 31

48 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 49

rif ; om;armif a usmf

acgif ; avmif ;
0rf ; wG i f ; bk & m;

vnf a y:
ausmif ; wd k u f u
vuf & mwpf c k

a&S ; a[mif ; apwD w pf q l

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 32

50 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 51

0rf ; wG i f ; bk & m;

jyKjyifxm;aom apwDrsm;

bH k c k e pf q if h
jymom'f t wG i f ; u
oD a ygbk & if bk & m;
jyKjyifxm;aom apwDrsm;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 33

52 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 53

jyKjyifxm;aom apwDrsm; jyKjyifxm;aom apwDrsm;

jyKjyifxm;aom apwDrsm; tajccH y nmtxuf w ef ; ausmif ;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 34

54 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 55

aps;wef ; &yf oD & d r *F v m"r® m ½H k ESpfaygif; 140 cefY oufwrf;&Sd awmifrif;ausmif;

r*F v muef a wmf

jrrmvm ac: Zderm&fatmifbk&m;u jrA[dk&fpnfawmf

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 35

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 57
apwDi,fudkawGUí xyfrHjyKjyifrGrf;rHwnfaqmufawmfrlap
cJhonf[k od&onf/
oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;aumif;rI jrwfAk'¨bk&m;&Sif\
tcef; (6) a&Ttqif;&Sdonfh "mwfawmfudef;0wf&if;trSef apwDi,ftm;
a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if xl;jrwfvSonfh omoemig;axmift&Snw f nfapaomiSm tkw?f t*FawwkjYd zihf
xyfrHjyKjyiftyfum xD;awmfta[mif;udk paeaxmifhwGif
odef;usif;a&TwefqmapwDawmf Xmyemí aemufxyfxD;awmftopfudk qufuyfvSL'gef;cJh
od e f ; usif ; a&T w ef q mapwD a wmf o nf avmif ; &S n f onf[k od&onf/
ppfwrf; (1127) wGif yg0ifonf/ rZösdra'o Ak'¨bmom taemf & xmrif ; jrwf jyKjyif a om apwD a wmf E S i h f
omoem? 'g,um? oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;\ apwDaygif; tawmif (20) pDuGmonftxd tavmif;pnfolrif;u
(84000) wGifyg0ifaom apwDwpfqljzpfonf/ odrforkwfcsJUxGifawmfrlxm;cJhavonf[k bk&m;ordkif;wGif
avmif;&SnfNrdKU NrdKUta&SU (500) wGif;cefY (0g) 1 rkdifcefY qdkonf/
tuG m wG i f wnf & S d o nf / wef c d k ; awmf x if & S m ;vS o jzih f oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;\ ordkif;0ifapwDawmfjrwfudk
emrnfvnf;ausmfapmvSonfhbk&m;jzpfonf/ taemf&xmESifh tavmif;pnfolrif;wdkYonf tpOftquf
a,ma'o\ NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfaom xD;vif;NrdKU a&TuGef ESprf sm;pGm ylaZmfvmcJMh u&m 1242 ck? jymodv k qef; (13) &uf
bk&m;\ ordkif;0ifa&S;a[mif;ausmufpm (A'Hkrif; bkd;awmf ol&d,puúeu©wftcg avmif;&SnfNrdKU ta&SUrif;ausmif;BuD;
pyfxdk;ausmufpm (0g) yk*Hacwfausmufpmtm; A'Hkrif;u q&mawmf yknmbd"Z*Pygarmu© "r®mp&d,rax&fjrwf
jyefvnfa&;xdk;xm;onfhausmufpm)/ rEÅav;NrdKU ausmufpm *d k P f ; axmuf OD ; yk n rax&f j rwf u *d k P f ; csKyf q &mawmf
wkdufwGif&Sd ]]'g,uma&Tul avmif;pnfolonf Adkvfvlrsm;pGm OD;u0dxH bk&m;apwDjyKjyif&ef avQmufxm;awmif;yefcJhonf/
rwf a ygif ; umvsuf xG u f c G m wk d i f ; cef ; vS n f h v nf j ref ; &m 'g,umtrsm; vSL'gef;xm;aom aiGom; '*Fg; (4000) usyu f kd
pcef;uGef;axmufa,me,fa&mufvm}} [lí a&;om;xm; rwnfNyD; jyKjyifMuonf/
cJhonfESihf yk*Hjynfh&Siftavmif;pnfolrif;onf þavmif;&Snf a&S ; rif ; jrwf E S p f q uf j yKjyif c J h a om apwD a wmf r S
NrdKUa'oodkYvnf; a&mufcJhonf/ oD&d"r®maomurif;BuD;\ tkwft*FawwdkYtm; wpfxyfcsif;z,fxkwf&Sif;vif;Muonf/
56

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 36

58 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 59

rZösdra'o rlv'g,um Ak'¨omoemjyKrif;jrwf wnfxm;

apcJ h o nf h jrwf A k ' ¨ " mwf a wmf u d e f ; 0yf & m apwD i ,f o d k Y
a&muf a omtcg wpf a vmuvH k ; rk d ; om;wd r f w d k u f r sm;
wvdyfvdyfwuf tHkYrdIif;rnf;arSmifvmavawmh\/ vQyfpD;rsm;
vufum rk;d Ncrd ;f oHwYdk jrnf[nf;vmavawmh\/ aeYtcgonf
aea&mifuG,faysmufvsuf nuJhokdY rnf;arSmifvmayawmh\/
tcsdeftcg&moDr[kwf tvGefw&myif qef;Mu,fvSav\/
xdktjzpftysuftaetxm;aMumihf aMumuf&GHUpdk;xdwf
pdwfjzihf q&mawmfBuD;ODu0dxH tvsiftjrefavQmufxm;&m
OD;u0drS Mo0g'tBuHjyKcsufcsrSwfcJh\/ 1242 ckESpfESifh 1310 jynfhESpfu a&;xdk;xm;cJhaom
a&S ; a[mif ; ord k i f ; 0if od e f ; usif ; a&T w ef q mbk & m;&S d
ausmufpm (2) csyf
avmuxdyfwif twkr&SdAk'¨&SifawmfjrwfpGmbk&m;tm;
OD;cdk ufí odMum;? jA[®m? or®ma'0ewfjrwfewfaumif;
omoemawmfapmifhewftaygif;? awmawmifapmifhewf?
ajra&avrD;apmifhewfrsm;ESifh tvHk;pHkaom apmifha&SmufrI
taygif ; wk d Y t m; arwå m xyf a vmif ; vsuf toem;cH
awmif;yefNyD; apwD0rf;wkdufudk aMu;jzihfjrefpGm&pfywfapum
xm;ap&avawmh\/ xkdrS tkwft*FawwkdYjzihf tvsiftjref
rGrf;rHjyKjyifNyD;ap&\/ a0Z,EÅmeef;jymom'fuJhodkY zefwD;
apNyD;vQif t&Hjymom'fajcmufaqmifESihf bk&m;&ifjyiftwGif;
a&S ; a[mif ; ord k i f ; 0if od e f ; usif ; a&T w ef q mbk & m; trdk;csif;qufwGif vif;EdkYawmifyHqGJ ½kyfvkH ;½kyf<ursm;jzihf
jyKvkyfvSL'gef;jcif;udk NyD;ajrmufapcJhMuav\/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 37

60 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 61

onfodkYESihf omoedutaqmufttHkrsm;tm; jyKjyif a&Twefqmbk&m;yGaJ wmfukd ESppf Of wefc;l v oBueF t f cg

rGrf;rHjcif;rsm;? topfxyfrHwdk;csJUaqmufvkyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf oBuFeftBudKaeY? tusaeY? tMuwfaeY? twufaeYrsm;wGif
vm&if ; apwD a wmf u d k v nf ; tk w f t *F a wrsm;jzih f use usif ; yonf / bk & m;a'oemawmf r sm;&G w f z wf y l a Zmf j cif ; ?
aooyfpGmjyKjyifNyD; ÓPfawmf (1) aywkd;jrihfcJh\/ oHawmif qGrf;qefpdrf;avmif;vSLjcif;? qGrf;awmfBuD;avmif;vSLyGJwkdYudk
tjrihf (16) &SdapwDawmfjzpfapcJh\/ jyKvkyfNyD; aysmfyGJ&TifyGJMunfhcsifyGJ NcdrfhNcdrfhoJoJ&SdvSaMumif;
rPdpnfolrif;BuD;\ xD;awmftpm; ,cifausmif; od&ygonf/
q&mawmf OD;u0d"ZOD;aqmifNyD; tifbl;&GmolBuD; OD;zkd;odef;\ awmifjrihaf wmifwef;Bu;D awG0ef;&HvsuEf iS fh tvGew f &m
om; xkdpOfu rEåav;wkdif;rif;BuD; (0g) jynfxJa&;Xme om,mvSyaom½Icif;? pvif;acsmif;a&MunfMunfat;at;
twGif;0ef (tNidrf;pm;) OD;vSarmifESifh ZeD;a':cifzl;wdkYu urf;eHab;uke;f jrih0f ,f? tvGew f &mvQif wefc;kd <u,fvaS yaom
xD;awmfwifcJh\/ wefzdk; (700) usyfjzpf\/ xdkolwkdYuyif a&TwefqmapwDawmfjrwfonfum; a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if
1343 ckESpf? wefcl;vjynfhausmf (8) &uf? aomMumaeY eHeuf apwDawmfwpfqlyif jzpfavonf/
(9) em&Dü rkd;ukwfxGufwefzdk; (5000) usyfoifh ovif; ordkif;0if odef;usif;a&Twefqmbk&m;wGif 1242 ckESpf
ausmuftppf pdefzl;awmfudk xyfrHwifvSLcJhMuay\/ ESihf 1310 jynfhESpf pmwef;xdk;ausmufpm (2) csyf pdkufxlxm;
taemf & xmrif ; vS L 'gef ; aomxD ; awmf q k d o nf r S m &Sdonfudkvnf; awGUEdkifavhvmí&Edkifayonf/
aMu;xD;awmfjzpfí atmufqHk;acGrSm jAuf (4) vufr&SdNyD;
acG (3) qifhESihf tcsif;tm;jzihf (12) vufrcefY&SdaMumif;
od&Sd&onf/
*E¨uk#Dwdkufawmftjzpf av;zufav;wefjyKvkyfum
oHyef;? oHwHcg;? tcdkiftrmjyKvkyfxm;vsufESihf odef;usif;
a&Twef;qmbk&m; apwDawmf0,f? bk&m;½kyfyGm;awmf (8) ql
tjyif ESpfusdyf&Spfql (28) qlukefaom bk&m;½kyfyGm;awmf
rsm;udk xm;&Sdudk;uG,fEkdifcJhMuygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 38

62 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

tcef; (7)
emrnfxif&Sm; avmif;&SnfNrdKUu
bk&m;? ykxdk;? apwDawmfrsm;
(1) Zderm&fatmifjrrmvmbk&m;
NrdKUv,fbk&m; ac: jrrmvmbk&m;BuD;ESihfpyfvsOf;í
Zderm&fatmif jrrmvmbk&m;BuD; ausmufpmrSwfwrf;udkrawGU&aomfvnf; a&S;olBuD;rif;rsm;
rS w f o m;xm;cJ h a om yk & yd k u f r sm;t& omoemouú & mZf
(1762) ck? aumZmouú&mZf (580) jynfhESpfwGif NrdKUolBuD;
OD;wkyfESihf taygif;yg'g,umrsm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhaMumif;
avhvmod&Sd&onf/
zdeyfawmf (144) awmif? ÓPfawmftjrihf (51) awmif
&Sdonfqdk\/ av;zufav;wefrkcf? *E¨uk#DwdkufESifh t&HapwD
(4) ql? yef;tkd;BuD; (4) vHk;jzihf wihfw,fpGm wnfxm;awmfrl
cJh\/
rlvwnfxm;cJah om apwDawmfukd ESpaf ygif; (766) ESpf
Mumaomtcg ,dk,Gif;rIrsm;&SdvmcJhonfESihf (1346) ckESpf?
jymodkvjynfh (15) &uf paeaeYü aus;Zl;&SifurÇmhomoemjyK
NrdKUv,f&Sd Zderm&fatmif jrrmvmbk&m;BuD;ESifh awmifykvkq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESihfwuG oHCmawmft&Sif
avmif ; &S n f j rif u G i f ;
63

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 39

64 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 65

oljrwfwkdY atmifajreif;í ajroefYum yEéufcsNyD; vkdtyf jyKygrnfhtaMumif; avQmufwif\/ bk&ifrif;w&m;onf

onfrsm;tm; jyKjyifrGrf;rHapcJhonf/ om;awmf\vuf½Hk;&nfudk odawmfrlonfhtwdkif; AdkvfrSL;
rlvyHkpHrysufapbJ iHkNyD; xyfrHwnfxm;cJh&m rlvu cefYawmfrl\/ wyfrSL;? ppfuJ? emcHwyfa&; tuGyftMuyf
apwDawmfÓPfawmf (51) awmifrSm jyKjyifNyD;aomtcg wkdYudkvnf; cefYxm;ap\/ qifwyf? jrif;wyf? ajcvsifawmf
ÓPfawmf (61) awmif&SdvmcJhygonf/ (10) wyfESihf avmif;&Snfudk csDwufapcJhawmhav\/
ESppf Of wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (14) &ufEiS hf vjynfh (15) yk c ef ; pm;w&zsm;wpf w yf ? yk * H p m;OZemwpf w yf ?
&ufaeYrsm;wGif y|mef;&Gwfzwfjcif;? r[mbHkuxdefyGJESifh awmifwGif;pm;odefyawhwpfwyf? w½kwfpm;&mZolwpfwyf?
r[m'kufpma&;wHrJcsjcif;? qGrf;awmfBuD;avmif;vSLyGJESihf pvif;pm;aemf&xmwpfwyf? pOfhul;pm;b,*grPdwpfwyf?
qG r f ; w&m;emjcif ; ? qG r f ; qef p d r f ; avmif ; vS L jcif ; ponf h pnfykwå&mpm;&mZoBuFefwpfwyf? aygufNrdKifpm; pnfol
aumif;rI'gersm; jyKvkyfusif;yNrJjzpfavonf/ wpfwyf? ajrmufbufjrif;rSL;apmepfwpfwyfESihf om;awmf
rif;&JausmfpGmwpfwyfwkdYwGif om;awmfwyftm; NrdKUvSpm;udk
(2) a&T*lBuD;bk&m; ppfuJcefYawmfrl\/ wkdufqifav;&m? jrif;ig;axmif? ppfonf
ouú & mZf (765) ck ? yxrtif ; 0bk & if r if ; acgif ol&Jwpfodef; ESifcsDav\/
vufxufawmftcg &ckdifbk&if axm&mBuD;onf a,me,f &cd k i f b k & if a xm&mBuD ; onf &J r uf A d k v f y g qif v H k ;
a'otyg avmif ; &S n f N rd K Uud k xd y g;vmcJ h \ / &cd k i f j ynf ? jrif;&if;ESihf eEGif;awmifuBudKícHonf/
&cdik b
f &k iftyk cf sKyrf aI tmuf odr;f oGi;f cJah v\/ bk&ifrif;acgif rif;&JausmfpGmwkdY eEGif;awmifqDodkYa&mufavvQif
eef;wufpumvjzpf\/ tif;0EdkifiHawmfü bk&ifjzpfump ppfulppfaxmuf wyfrSL;ppfuJtaygif;wkdYu rif;&JausmfpGm
rif ; opf t m; tk y f c sKyf r I w G i f z,d k z &J & S d v d r f h r nf t xif E S i f h tm; avQmuf w if \ / &ef o l w k d Y tif t m;rsm;jym;vS \ /
apmfum;odrf;ydkufum tkyfcsKyfaexdkif[ef&SdaMumif; rSL;rwf t&Sio hf m;Munfí h omaeyg? &efoEl iS efh ;D uyfaomtcg pdwrf mef
rsm;u avQmufxm;csufudk yxr tif;0bk&ifrif;acgifu awmf t vd k u f wk d u f c d k u f a wmf r rl y gES i h f [ k avQmuf M u\/
wHkYjyefta&;,lcJhavawmh\/ rif;&JausmfpGmqdwfqdwfaeawmfrl\/
xktd csed wf iG f oufawmf (13) ESpt f &G,o f m½daS o;aom &efolESihfeD;uyfvmaomf rif;&JausmfpGmu rdefYonf/
om;awmfrif;&JausmfpGmu crnf;awmfudk,fpm; wdkufcGifh ppfonftiftm;rrQaomaMumifh igwko Yd nf ppfaMumif; oHk;aMumif;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 40

66 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 67

cGí
J wdu k rf S &efou l kd ysuv f ,
G rf nfred aYf vonf/ rdeo Yf nft h wkid ;f aemifawmfb&k ifrif;acgifu uav;NrKd Upm; taemf&xm
vuf0J? vuf,m oHk;aMumif;pD csDapum tv,frSaeí rif ; apmtm; avmif ; &S n f N rd K Uud k pm;apcJ h \ / om;awmf
rif;&JausmfpGmvkdufavonf/ rif;&Jausmpf mG udk tif;0odjYk yefac:apcJ&h efred \ Yf / rif;&Jausmpf mG
rif;&JausmfpGmonf &JjrwfpGm trnf&qifudk pD;í onf avmif;&Snu f kd odr;f ydu
k &f rdum pcef;csem;aecJah vonf/
jrif;wyf&HNyD; ppfpnfudk,Grf;um ppfatmifvHudkvTifhvsuf avmif ; &S n f N rd K UwG i f omoempnf y if x G e f ; um;aeonf u d k
&efolwyfudkcsif;eif;azmufxGif;0ifa&mufwkdufcdkufavonf/ jrifawGU&í ppfatmifjrifjcif;txdrf;trSwftaejzihf bk&m;
rif ; &J a usmf p G m onf ol Y q if u d k cRef ; zG i f h í vT w f N yD ; apwDwnfvdkomqE´awmfjzpfay:av\/ wyfrSL;ppfuJrsm;ESihf
&Gyf&GyfcRHcRHwdkufonf? OD;pGmawGUaomqifonf ,SOfrdonf wkdifyifNyD; bk&m;wpfqludk NrdKU\taemuft&yfwGif wnfap
ESihfwpfNydKifeuf tm;csif;rwefívJonf/ aemufwpfpD;udk cJ\
h / ]]a&T*Bl u;D bk&m;}} [k bGUJ awmfrnfapNy;D rkcw f wH idk ;f rsm;ESifh
wdkufcdkufjyef&m &JjrwfpGmudkjrifonfESihf a[mifa[mifjrnfí wuG wnf x m;awmf r l c J h a vonf / aerif ; wpf q l t vm;
qk w f u majy;onf E S i h f ol Y w yf u d k ol e if ; rd a vonf / a&T*lbk&m;[k tajymrsm;\/ ,cktcsdefwGif ESpfaygif; (600)
wwd,qifESihfawGUjyef&m tpG,fcsif;,SOf,SufrdonfESihf ausmf MumvmcJhNyD;jzpf&m jyKjyifxdef;odrf;Ekdifjcif;r&Sdojzihf
wpfNydKifeuf aemufodkYvefum zifxdkifvJonf/ pwkw¬qifESihf a[mif E G r f ; ysuf p D ; vmaecJ h & m jyKjyif & ef v k d t yf a eaom
tpG,fcsif;,Suf ESmarmif;csif;vdefxkd;&m &JjrwfpGm\tm;udk taetxm;tjzpf jrifawGUEkdifayonf/
r,SOfomí vJjyefavonf/ rlvtpu a&T*lBuD;bk&m;onf aumZm (756) ckwGif
axm&mBuD ; ud k j rif a vvQif rif ; &J a usmf p G m onf zdeyfawmfrS pdezf ;l awmftxd ÓPfawmf (19) awmif&adS Mumif;
axm&mBuD ; \wyf x J o d k Y &J j rwf p G m ud k cRef ; uk e f z G i f h u m qkd\/ ½kyf&SifawmfjrwfoDwif;oHk;&m rkcfwGif opfeufom;
[l;[l;vQifvQif vTwfonf/ tiftm;csif;rrQonfudk jrifí (uRe;f euf) jzihNf y;D apNy;D ½kyyf mG ;awmfjrwftyg;wGif a&TwpfMuufO
olYqifESihfrwdkuf0Hhojzihf qifay:rSjrif;udkqif;vsuf jrif;wyf &Sdonf[k odkufordkif;rsm;xGufay:í rormolwkdY zsufqD;
ESihfckcHavaomf axm&mBuD;jrif;wyfESihf tif;0jrif;wyfwkdY jcif;rsm;&Sd\/ opfeufom;udk wl;um,laeMuojzihfvnf;
wk d u f M u&m axm&mBuD ; onf wk d u f y G J w G i f usavaomf apwDawmfrkcfonf ysufpD;jcif;udkBuHK&yg\/ ,if;a&T*lBuD;
ol Y w yf r sm;vnf ; upOf h u vsm;jzih f xG u f a jy;Muav\/ bk&m;rSm NrdKUtaemufwm (20) cefYuGmESihf tkwfausmif;
axm&mBuD; ppf½HI;avonf/ taemufbufwGif &Sdavonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 41

68 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 69

&S i f y if * l B uD ; bk & m; oDaygbk&m;\ &Sifbk&ifbk&m; (bHkckepfqifh jymom'fawmfjzifh)

a&T*lBuD;bk&m;\ awmifbuf? ,Gef;ausmif;0dkif;twGif;
wGif ysufpD;aeaom bk&m;wpfql&Sdonf/ ,if;bk&m;apwDudk oD a ygrif ; \r,f a wmf j zpf o l yOö r o*F g ,emwif
]]&cdkifbk&m;}} [k a'ocHtqufqufwkdYu ac:a0:aecJhMu\/ rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;\ rdzk&m;wpfyg;jzpfaom avmif;&Snf
bGJUawmftrnfemrtm; twdtusrodMu&ay/ ,if;apwD rdzk&m;onf bmoma&;udk udkif;½Idif;vSaom rdzk&m;jzpfonf/
onf &ckid b f &k ifaxm&mBu;D wnfxm;cJah vonfvm;[k ,lq bmoma&;ud k ,H k M unf v S o nf h t m;avsmf p G m om;awmf
&ayonf/ a&S;vuf&m a&S;utkwfcsyfrsm;ESihf &Sdaeayonf/ oDaygrif;om;av;tm; tppt&m&m xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
umuG,fay;cJh½Hkomru twwfynmwkdYudk wwfajrmufap
(3) &Sifbk&ifbk&m; &atmifvnf; vHkYvjyKay;cJh\/ wu,fhaoa&;&Sifa&; ta&;
1240 jynfhESpfwGif rEåav;&wemyHkaejynfawmfudk tcif;? jrifueG ;f -jrif;ckew
f ikd t
f a&;wkaYd b;rS oDaygrif;om;av;
xD;eef;pd;k pHaom oDaygrif;onf oufawmf (27) ESpf ta&mufü udk umuG,fjyKpkapmifha&Smufay;cJhonf/ rdcifarwåm tiftm;
apwDaygif; (27) qlwnfapcJhonfwGif &Sifbk&ifbk&m;onf Bu;D rm;vSyukH kd odjrifavaom om;awmf oDaygrif;om;onf
wpfqltygt0ifjzpfonf[kqkdonf/ &Sifbk&iftjzpfudk &&SdcJhonfhaemuf r,fawmfrdzk&m;tm;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 42

70 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

tydkifpm;ay;oem;awmfrlxm;jcif;cH&onhf avmif;&SnfNrdKU
a'owGif crnf;awmf? r,fawmfwkdYtwGuf apwDwpfqludk
wnfapcJhonfqdkyg\/
a&S ; ya'o&mZf j ref r mbk & if r sm; eef ; wuf a omES p f ? tcef; (8)
bdodufcHaomESpfwkdYwGif EdkifiHawmftwGif; bk&m;apwDrsm; a&S;a[mif; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;
wnfMu\/ ysufpD;aeonfrsm;tm;vnf; jyKjyifrGrf;rHMu\/
eef;wuftxdrf;trSwf aus;Zl;w&m;txdrf;trSwfjzpfyg\/ avmif;&SnfomoemwGif bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;aygif;
t"duewfueG ;f ewftrd rf sm;udv k nf; a&S;a[mif;rlvutwdik ;f (18) ausmif;&SdcJhonfwGif rSwfrSwfom;om; txifu&
jyKjyifapMu\/ jzpf&aom vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; (100) ausmfuwnf;u
odkYjzpfí txufuqkdcJhonfhtwdkif; avmif;&SnfNrdKUwGif wnfaqmufxm;cJMh uaom bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;Bu;D rsm;udo
k m
bk&m;apwDwpfqlwnfapcJhonf/ NrdKUolBuD; OD;oH'dkifudk azmfjyvdkuf&ayonf/
OD;pD;apNyD; wnfxm;ap&m 1242 ck? wefaqmifrkef;vqef;
(8) &ufwGif NyD;pD;aMumif;od&onf/ (1) rif;ausmif;BuD; (ac:) ta&SUrif;ausmif;
apwD a wmf \ tjrih f oH a wmif (11) awmif c eY f ? yxrausmif;xkdifaomq&mawmfrSm OD;yknmbd"Z*P
(zdeyfawmfrS pdefzl;awmftxdqdkvQif 13 awmifcefY) &Sd ajrpdkuf ygarmu© "r®mp&d,*dkPf;axmufq&mawmfbk&m; jzpfonf/
apwDawmfwpfqljzpf\/ (1231) ckwGif pvif;NrdKUwGifaexdkifaom ausmif;'g,um?
a&S;tprlvtac: &Sifbk&ifbk&m;jzpfum &mZrked bk&m;'g,um OD;xGm;BuD;rS aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhaMumif;
(ac:) oD&drm&fatmif[k trnfwGifvmcJhjyefao;av&m od & onf / ,ck t cgqd k v Qif ES p f a ygif ; (140) ausmf c J h N yD
oH k ; rnf & apwD a wmf jzpf & yg\/ a'ocH r sm;taejzih f r l jzpfavonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzih f &S i f b k & if b k & m;[l í om tac:ta0: ta&SUrif;ausmif;Bu;D 0dik ;f twGi;f bk&m;Bu;D (apwDawmf)
rsm;onfudk avhvmod&SdcJh&ayonf/ wpf q l u d k v nf ; OD ; xG m ;BuD ; uyif pwnf x m;cJ h a Mumif ;
qkyd gonf/ rif;ausmif;Bu;D 0dik ;f ü apwDb&k m; (12) qlww d &d NdS y;D
avmif;&SnNf rKd UwGif bk&m;apwDtrsm;qH;k ausmif;Bu;D jzpfonf/
71

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 43

72 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 73

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;OD;yknonf aumZm 1242 ckwGif (3) a'geausmif;

a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if odef;usif;a&TwefqmapwDawmfESihf a'geausmif; yxrq&mawmfOD;cEDÅonf ,Gef;ausmif;
wefaqmif;awmfBuD;wkdYudk jyKjyifrGrf;rHaqmufvkyfcJhonfudk q&mawmf OD;u0dESihf vlnDtpfudkjzpfonf/ OD;ykn? OD;u0dESihf
od e f ; usif ; a&T w ef q mapwD a wmf yxrausmuf p mwG i f OD;cEÅDq&mawmf (3) yg;wkdYonf pvif;NrdKUrS<uvmMuNyD;
awGU&onf/ &[ef ; nD a wmf r sm;[k avh v mod & S d & ygonf / od k Y j zpf o nf h
yxrq&mawmfO;D yknonf ,Ge;f ausmif; yxrq&mawmf tm;avsmfpGm rif;ausmif;? ,Gef;ausmif;wkdYESihf ra&S;raESmif;
OD;u0d? a'geausmif;yxrq&mawmf OD;cEDÅwkdYESihf &[ef; rSmyif a'geausmif;udk aqmufvkyfcJhonf[kqkdayonf/
nDawmf? aemifawmfrsm;[k od&Sd&ayonf/ 1339 ck? wydkYwGJvjynfhausmf (13) &ufaeY ntcgwGif
a'geausmif;rS rD;pwifavmifuRrf;cJh&m avmif;&SnfNrdKU&Sd
(2) ,Gef;ausmif;BuD; tdrfajc (162) tdrf rD;avmifuRrf;cH&onf/
ta&SUrif;ausmif;BuD;ESihf wpfcsdefwnf;eD;yg;[k ,lq 1342 ckwiG f yOörq&mawmf OD;aombdwu rwnfum
&aMumif ; ES i h f aumZmouú & mZf (1230) ck 0 ef ; usif w G i f 'g,um? 'g,dumrwkdYvSL'gef;aiGrsm;jzihf ,ckausmif;awmfudk
wnfaqmufcJhaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ aqmufvkyfcJhaMumif; od&ayonf/
yxr,G e f ; ausmif ; q&mawmf OD ; u0d o nf ta&S U
rif;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;yknxuf odu©m0gawmfBuD;onf/ (4) r*Fvmausmif;
rEÅ a v;&wemyH k e ef ; wnf rif ; wk e f ; rif ; BuD ; vuf x uf avmif;&Snf ta&SUxdyfwGifwnf&Sd\/ NrdKUolBuD;OD;oH'dkif
,Gef;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;u0dukd rEåav;&wemyHkeef;OD; wnfaqmufvSL'gef;cJhaMumif; od&\/ NrdKUolBuD; OD;oH'dkifonf
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;u *dkPf;tkyfcefYNyD; ta&SUrif;ausmif;BuD; &wemyHak cwf rif;wke;f rif;w&m;BuD;vufxufwiG f wnfaqmufru I kd
q&mawmf OD;ykntm; *dkPf;axmuftjzpf aqmNrdKUawmif pwifcJhyHk&aMumif;qkd\/
ausmif;q&mawmf OD;eE´rOÆLESihf ESpfyg;wGJ *dkPf;axmuf rif;wke;f rif;Bu;D \om;awmf oDaygrif;\aumif;rIjzpfaom
cefYxm;aMumif; avhvmod&Sd&onf/ &Sifbk&ifbk&m; ac: &mZrked (ac:) oD&drm&fatmif oHk;rnf&
,ckaomf ,Ge;f ausmif;Bu;D rSm oufwrf; (140) ausmcf efY apwDawmftm; NrdKUolBuD;OD;oH'dkifudk OD;pD;apum wnfxm;
oufwrf;&SdcJhayNyD/ cJhapjcif;ESihfqufET,fívnf; jrifí&\/ &Sifbk&ifbk&m;udk

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 44

74 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 75
1242 ck? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (8) &ufaeYü wnfxm;NyD;pD; (5) vnfay:ausmif;
aMumif ; ud k axmuf ½ I j cif ; tm;jzih f v nf ; xd k t csd e f r S m yif vnf a y:ausmif ; yxrq&mawmf OD ; ar"monf
r*Fvmausmif;BuD;tm; jrifawGUae&NyDjzpfaMumif; vnfay: oDaygrif;vufxuf eef;OD;q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpfcJh\/ aumZm
ausmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; OD;£E´mp&d,u rdefYcJhonfudk ouú&mZf 1247 ck oDaygrif;ygawmfrNl y;D aemuf atmufjrefrm
rSwfom;&yg\/ jynfodkY <uav\/ &efukefwpfzuf 'vbufurf; &Srf;uav;
r*Fvmausmif;Bu;D atmufwiG f vTwaf usmif;pepfaMumifh uRe;f &Gmü oDwif;oH;k aexdik cf \ hJ / rlvae&mXmae aqmNrKd Ue,f
EG m ;rsm;rd w f v k d u f M u&m EG m ;rrsm; acwå r Q 0yf a eMu&m v,f&if;&Gm&Sd q&mawmf\zcrnf;awmf uG,fvGefjcif;aMumihf
ae&mjzpf j cif ; vnf ; BuKH c J h \ / ZD ; &S d a omEG m ;ronf r*F v m q&mawmf OD;ar"m Zmwdajrjyef<ucJhyg\/ crnf;awmf\
ausmif;Bu;D \ wkid rf sm;teD;0,f EGm;uav;arG;zGm;cJjh cif;aMumihf tokbp&dwfudk avmif;&SnfNrdKUtkyf OD;,if;rmu vSL'gef;NyD;
vnf; vlwdkYu r*Fvmausmif;[k ac:qkdcJhMuaMumif; avhvm q&mawmftm;vnf; avmif;&SnfudkyifhcJh\/
awGY&Sd&\/ aumZmouú&mZf 1249 ckwGif OD;,if;rmrS rwnfí
r*Fvmausmif;Bu;D Ny;D pD;aomtcg q&mawmfO;D aum@nudk ausmif;aqmufvSL'gef;&m ausmif;'umtrsm;vnf; o'¨g
ausmif;tyfvSL'gef;cJh\/ cef;ae OD;yOöif;rSm OD;pE´ jzpf\/ aygufcJhMuaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&yg\/ ,cktcg ESpfaygif;
vnfay:ausmif;q&mawmf OD;ar"mxHwGif pmvkdufae\/ (120) ausmfcJhNyDvnf;jzpfavonf/
OD;aum@nonf omoemawmfwGif raysmfarGUí aumZmouú&mZf (1284) ckwGif OD;ar"m ysHvGefawmfrl
vl0wfvJoGm;aomf cef;ae OD;pE´rSmvnf; pmvdkufqJjzpf NyD ; aemuf 'k w d , q&mawmf OD ; pE´ ? wwd , q&mawmf
jcif;ESifh vnfay:ausmif;q&mawmf OD;ar"muvnf; vufrvTwf OD;0do'k E¨ iS fh ,ck pwkwq ¬ &mawmf OD;£E´p&d,wkt Yd qufquf
vdkaomaMumihf aumZmouú&mZf 1262 ckwGif ausmif;ESihf ausmif;xkdifoDwif;okH;awmfrlcJhMuonf/
wuG t&Hrsm;udkyg OD;ar"mxH OD;oH'dkifu vSL'gef;cJhyg\/ OD;,if;rm vSL'gef;cJhaomausmif;onf Z&moabm
OD;oH'dkifrSm avmif;&Snfe,faumfwHk&Gmom;[k qkdavonf/ ,d, k iG ;f vmrIaMumihf jyKjyifrrI sm;ESihf xyfraH qmufvyk cf &hJ onf/
r*Fvmausmif;Bu;D rSm ESpaf ygif; (130) oufwrf;ausmcf hJ OD;ukE´mp&d,u aumZmouú&mZf (1356) ckwGif xyfrH
NyD[k od&avonf/ a&pufcsvSL'gef;rIjyKcJhavonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 45

76 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 77

yxrvnf a y:ausmif ; BuD ; q&mawmf OD ; ar"mtm;

rmvmvuFm&"Z "r®aoemywd twkve,m;½kyftrSwf
wHqdyfyg "dywdoD&dy0& r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k½k t*Fvefwdkif;
tdEd´,aomVwkdif; bk&ifcH0ef&Sifawmfu aumZmouú&mZf
(1252) ckwGif *dkPf;axmufawmfcefYawmfrlonf/ ,if;0ef&Sif
awmfuyif aumZmouú&mZf (1255) ckwGif OD;ar"mtm;
*dkPf;csKyfcefYawmfrlcJhaMumif; pmcRefawmfrsm;t& od&Sd&
ayonf/

ESpfaygif; (120) ausmfoufwrf;&Sd "r®dum&mr

vnf a y:ausmif ; wd k u f B uD ;

rpd k ; &d r f p moif w d k u f

ESpfaygif; (140) ausmfoufwrf;&Sd ,Gef;ausmif;
ausmif ; wd k u f

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 46

78 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 79

rjyKjyif E d k i f a o;aom a&S ; a[mif ; apwD w pf q l r*F v mOD ; bk & m;0d k i f ; ES i f h 'D y uF & mAsm'd w f a y;bk & m;

rjyKjyif E d k i f a o;aom a&S ; a[mif ; apwD w pf q l rif;ausmif;BuD; ac: ta&SUrif;ausmif;BuD;ae&m

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 47

80 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 81

a&S ; uapwD r sm; avmif ; &S n f N rd K U om,mzG , f j rif u G i f ; wpf c k

a&S ; uapwD w pf q l

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 48

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 83

oD a ygrif ; vuf x uf a wmf t cg usif ; yjyKvk y f a om

pmjyef y G J r sm;wG i f &S i f a r"monf yxri,f ? vwf ? BuD ; ?
yxrausmftxd atmifjrifcJhonf/
tcef; (9) oDaygrif;ygawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf wkdif;jynfrNidrfrouf
a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ omoemh*kPfaqmif &Sdonfjzpfí atmufjrefrmjynf &efukefNrdKUwpfzufurf;
&[ef;awmfrsm; 'vNrdKU &Srf;uav;uRef;&Gmü oDwif;okH;aexdkifcJh\/ rlvZmwd
txufjrefrmjynfa,ma'o aqmNrdKUe,f v,f&if;&Gm&Sd
(1) q&mawmfOD;ar"m zcrnf;awmfu, G v f eG o
f nfwiG f jyefvmcdu k f avmif;&SnNf rKd Utkyf
rif;udk;uG,faom q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpfonf/ jrefrm OD;,if;rmu avmif;&SnfodkYyifhum ausmif;aqmufvSL'gef;NyD;
ouú & mZf 1219 ck ? oD w if ; uRwf v qef ; 14 &uf ? oDwif;oHk;apojzifh yxrvnfay:ausmif;q&mawmf jzpfvm
Mumoyaw;aeY 4 csufwD;ausmf 3 em&Dywfjynfh 9-ADZmem- cJh&onf/
3 jyefc&m? rdóv*f? ukrfpef;? Owå&moeu©wf,SOfvsuf OD;ar"mtm; rmvmvuFm&"Z "r®aoemywd twkv
tbOD ; jrwf o d e f ; ? trd a':rS e f B uD ; wk d Y u zG m ;jrif o nf / e,m;½k y f t rS w f w H q d y f y g "d y wd o D & d y 0& r[m"r® & mZm
q&mawmfavmif;vsm\ i,ftrnfrSm armifrifomjzpfNyD; "d&mZ*k½k t*Fvefwidk ;f tdE, ´d aomVwdik ;f bk&ifc0H ef&iS af wmfu
aqmNrdKUe,f v,f&if;&GmZmwdjzpfonf/ aumZmouú&mZf 1252 ckwGif *dkPf;axmuf cefYawmfrljcif;
aqmNrdKUawmifausmif;q&mawmf OD;eE´mrÍÆLxHwGif cH&onf/ ,if;0ef&iS af wmfuyif aumZmouú&mZf 1275 ckwiG f
omraPjyKonf/ &[ef;abmif0ifonf/ o'´g? oN*KØ[fpaom OD;ar"mtm; *dkPf;csKyfcefYawmfrlcJhonf/
yd#uwftajccHwkdYudk tm*HkaqmifEkdifonf/
&[ef;jzpfNyD;aemuf rEÅav;NrdKU? &wemyHka&Teef;awmf\ (2) ,Gef;ausmif;q&mawmf &Sifu0d
ta&SUbuf r[m0dok'¨g&mrwkdufü oDwif;oHk;aexdkifawmf
*Pmp&d,? *Pygarmu©? ur®mur®0ed pd , ä bGUJ awmfukd
rlaom OD;aÚ,s"r®mbd0HooD&dy0& vuFm&"r®aoemywd
rEÅ a v;&wemyH k a ejynf a wmf r S quf u yf j cif ; cH & onf h
r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k½k q&mawmfxHwGif ynmoifMum;cJh
q&mawmfjzpfonf/ avmif;&SnfNrdKUe,fae oHCmawmfwkdYwGif
onf/ OD;aÚ,sonf rif;wkef;rif;ESihf om;awmfoDaygrif;wkdY
pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef&SdorQ omoema&; omoemrIESihfpyfqdkif
udk;uG,faom q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpfonf/
82

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 49

84 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif
93 ;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 85
onfrsm;udk 0denf;"r®ESihftnD pD&ifqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef *dkPf;tkyf (4) avmif;&Snfydkif &if;uJ&Gmausmif; &Sif0dpdwåq&mawmf
q&mawmftjzpf cefYxm;awmfrljcif;cH&onf/ ]]oHCmvuFm& &if;uJ&Gmbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;aom
o'¨r®0HooD&dy0&"r®aoemywd r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k½k}} q&mawmf j zpf \ / *d k P f ; tk y f avmif ; &S n f ,G e f ; ausmif ;
wHqdyfawmfjzihf pmcRefawmf qufuyfcefYxm;jcif;jzpfonfudk q&mawmf &Sifu0dESifh*dkPf;axmuf avmif;&Snf NrdKUrausmif;
od&\/ q&mawmf &SifyknwkdYESihftwl *dkPf;axmufq&mawmftjzpf
wpf z ef ynmomrd u 0d " Z r[m"r® & mZm"d & mZ*k ½ k rEÅav;&wemyHak ejynfawmfEiS fh omoemydik w f u Ydk cefx Y m;jcif;
wHqyd jf zihf r*FvmrSeaf usmif;q&mawmfEiS fh eef;OD;q&mawmfwu Ydk cH&aom q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpfonf/
avmif ; &S n f N rd K Uod k Y ay;yd k Y a ompmwG i f v nf ; &S i f u 0d t m; q&mawmf\rsKd;½dk;Zmwdrdbrsm;udk rod&Sd&yg/
*dkPf;tkyftjzpfcefYxm;aMumif; avhvmod&SdEkdifonf/
rdbrsdK;½dk;Zmwdtppfudk rod&Sd&yg/ pvif;e,fa'orS
<ua&muf a&muf&SdvmcJhjcif;[kom od&ayonf/

(3) avmif;&SnfNrdKUrausmif; &Sifyknq&mawmf

*dkPf;tkyfq&mawmf &Sifu0dESihf*dkPf;axmufq&mawmf
&if ; uJ & G m ausmif ; &S i f 0 d p d w å E S i h f t wl rif ; aejynf a wmf r S
*dkPf;axmufq&mawmftjzpf qufvufcefYxm;jcif;cH&aom
q&mawmfwpfyg;jzpf\/ tvm;wl &wemyHkaejynfawmf
rSefausmif;q&mawmfESihfeef;OD;q&mawmfwkdY\ *dkPf;axmuf
tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;vnf;cH&jyef\/
rdbrsKd;½dk;Zmwdtppfudkrl rod&Sd&ay/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 50

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 87

(2) ynmomrdu0d"Z r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k½w k qH yd af wmfjzif

j zifh
ay;yd k Y a ompmcRef a ypm
rEÅav; &wemyHkaejynfawmf omoemydkifq&mawmf
tcef; (10) rsm;jzpf M uonf h rS e f a usmif ; q&mawmf b k & m;ES i h f eef ; OD ;
a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ omoemhpmcRefawmf q&mawmfbk&m;wkdYu ,Gef;ausmif;q&mawmf &Sifu0dtm;
aypmrsm;? yk&ydkufpmrsm; *dkPf;tkyfNrdKUrausmif;q&mawmf &SifyknESihf &if;uJ&Gmausmif;
q&mawmf &Sif0dpdwåwkdYtm; *dkPf;axmufq&mawmftjzpf
aESmif;acwf a&S;a[mif;avmif;&SnfNrdKUESihfpyfvsOf;í cefx
Y m;aompmjzpfonf/ 1244 ck? wefc;l vjynfah usmf 4 &uf
aypmayxkyfrsm;? yk&ydkufpmrsm;? pmcRefawmfaypmrsm;udk aeYpGJjzifhjzpfonf/ (,Gef;ausmif;wGif&Sdonf/)
odrf;qnf;xm;&Sd&m ,if;wkdYteuf tcsKdUudkom azmfjyvdkuf
ygonf/ (3) trd e f Y p mwG i f a'gif ; wH q d y f c wf E S d y f x m;aom pmcRef
aypm (od r f a qmuf c G i h f )
(1) oH C mvuF m & o'¨ r ® 0 H o oD & d y 0& "r® a oemywd ouú&mZf 1236 ck? wydkYwJGvqef; 2 &uf? we*FaEGaeY
r[m"r® & mZm"d & mZ*k ½ k w H q d y f a wmf j zif h ay;yk d Y a om aeY p G J j zih f rif ; wk e f ; rif ; w&m;BuD ; u &[ef ; oH C mawmf w k d Y
pmcRef a ypm Oykofy0g&Pm uHBuD;uHi,faqmif&Guf&ef avmif;&SnfNrdKU
rEÅav; &wemyHkaejynfawmfrS avmif;&SnfNrdKUodkY taemuf,Gef;ausmif;wdkuftwGif; pwk&ef; (7) pD&ifajrudk
ay;ydkYaom pmcRefawmfjzpfonf/ ,Gef;ausmif;q&mawmf ieDwGuf\ u0doHk;yg;*grajrtm; c@odrftjzpfvSL'gef;&ef
&Siuf 0dtm; *dP
k ;f tkyt
f jzpfcefx
Y m;jcif;? NrKd Urausmif;q&mawmf taMumif;Mum;onfh aypmjzpfonf/
&SifyknESihf &if;uJ&Gmausmif; &Sif0dpdwåwkdYtm; *dkPf;axmuf (,Gef;ausmif;wGif&Sdonf/)
q&mawmfrsm;tjzpf cefYxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (,Gef;ausmif;wGif (4) aÚ,s "r®tbd"Z oD&dy0& r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ *k½k
&Sdonf/) wHqdyfawmfjzihf ay;ydkYaompmcRefaypm (bk&m;wnfcGifh)
&wemyH k a ejynf a wmf rif ; wk e f ; rif ; w&m;BuD ; u
avmif ; &S n f N rd K UpD & if p k yk y Ü u d k i f ; &G m ae? 'um iygaemuf
86

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 51

88 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 89

iygav;u ¤if;&GmwGif o&D&"mwfawmf? arGawmf udef;0yf&ef pD & if r nf h *Pmp&d , *Pygarmu© ur® m ur® 0d e d p ä ,
tk w f ½ d k ; pnf ; cH k a pwD w nf x m;a&;twG u f ay;yd k Y a om bJGJUawmfjzihf ouú&mZf 1252 ck ewfawmfvqef; 12 &uf
pmcRefawmf jzpfonf/ (,Gef;ausmif;wGif&Sdonf/) wGif vnfay:ausmif;ae &Sifar"mtm; *dkPf;axmuftjzpf
cefYtyfaMumif; rEÅav;NrdKU &wemyHkaejynf omoemydkifrS
(5) ar"mbd 0 H o o'¨ r ® " Z r[m"r® & mZm"d & mZ*k ½ k taMumif;Mum;pm pmcReaf ypmjzpfonf/ (,Ge;f ausmif;wGi&f o
d S nf/)
wHqyd af wmfjzif hay;ydaYk om pmcReaf ypm (ausmif;aqmufciG )fh
jzifay;yd
&wemykHaejynfawmf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;taejzihf (7) rmvmvuF m &"Z "r® a oemywd twk v "d y wd
avmif;&SnfNrdKUae ieDwGwf? ieDwm? indK? iydefwm? icspf oD & d y 0& r[m"r® & mZm"d & mZ*k ½ k w H q d y f a wmf j zih f
wkdYu avmif;&SnfNrdKUtaemufwGif ausmif;aqmufvkyfvSL'gef; ay;yd k Y a om pmcRef a wmf a ypm
vkdaMumif; avQmufxm;csuft& aqmufvkyfcGifhjyKaMumif; rEå a v;omoemyd k i f q&mawmf r S avmif ; &S n f
taMumif;Mum;onfh pmcRefaypmjzpfonf/ ,Ge;f ausmif;q&mawmftm; *Pmp&d, *Pygarmu© ur®mur®
(aumZmouú&mZf 1222 ck? wefcl;vqef; (13) &uf? 0dedpä,tjzpf ouú&mZf 1255-ck jymodkvqef; 2-&ufwGif
rl v moeu© w f rG e f ; wnf h r wf a omtcg ,G e f ; ausmif ; ud k *dkPf;axmufrS *dkPf;tkyftjzpf cefYxm;aMumif; taMumif;
aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhMuygonf/) Mum;onfh pmcRefawmfaypmjzpfonf/ (,Gef;ausmif;wGif
&Sdonf/)
(6) rmvmvuF m &"Z "r® a oemywd twk v "d y wd
o D & d y0& r[m"r® & mZm"d & mZ*k ½ k w H q d y f a wmf j zih f
ay;yd k Y a om pmcRefaypm
1247 ck? wydw Yk vJG qef; (13) &ufaeYwiG f a&Teef;awmfü
Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfudk txufEdkifiH? atmufEdkifiH
uGjJ ym;rIr&Sad p&ef avQmufxm;cJNh y;D jzpfaMumif;? avmif;&SnNf rKd Ue,f
4 &yf? 8 &yf owfrw S o f nfth wkid ;f 8 &yfowfrw S o
f nft h wGi;f
oDwif;oHk;aexdkifMuonfh oHCmawmfwkdYtm; qihfqkdqHk;r

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 52

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 91

ysufjyefíusef&Sdaom&GmwkdYudkvnf; NrdKU? &Gm? *gr? ed*krf;

pD&ifí tdrfajcpdkufae&onf/ avmif;&SnfNrdKUe,f 4-&yf
twGif;wGif &Gm? *gr ed*krf;rsm;udkvnf; a&S;uwnfxm;aom
tcef; (11) ukef;rsm;ü tdrfajcwGif;pdkufae&onf/ ykyÜudkif;&Gm rkd;n§if;rif;
atmufrm;0ef\ vufatmufcH w&m;vufxufawmf atmufrm;awmfom;wku Yd kd ay;acsoem;
qifzrf;aus;&Gmrsm;ESifh aypm? yk&ydkufpmrsm; awmfrlonf? pma[mif;pmwrf; armfuGef;xdef;wkdYwGif&Sdonfh
twkdif; wpf&GmvQif ta&SUwpfwdkif 2d? taemufwpfwdkif 2d?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif awmqif½dkif;rsm;aygrsm;aom t&yf ajrmufwpfwkdifjyKí wpf&GmvQif wpf,lZemudkvnf; 6-wdkif
a'orsm;&Sdonfhteuf a&S;tcgu a,ma'otygt0if 4-&GmwGif;jzpfapí e,f-4 &yftwGif;wGif tcGeftwkwfrSpí
jzpfonfh avmif;&Snfe,fajronfvnf; wpfcktygt0if tay:0ef t aumuf t pm;w&m;uG r f ; zk d ; ? uRJ E G m ;jrif ; 0if
jzpfonf/ bk&ifhwyfrawmftwGuf qif½dkif;rsm;udk zrf;ay; qifaojrif;rwfuRef uREJ mG ;? NrKd UO,smOfceG ?f vSn;f cGe?f aygif;cGe?f
&aom a'ojzpfcJhonf/ awmcGef? ,mcGef? ig;qDjrif;vuf EkdifusH½dkwuf? arsmrSpí
avmif;&Snaf 'o t½dik ;f uJ&mG ? ykyu Ü ikd ;f &Gm? v,fjzL&GmESifh yk y Ü u d k i f ; &G m wG i f jynf p d k ; iatmif p H ? ajrwd k i f ia&T x G e f ; ?
a,mNrKdUa'o acsmif;ul;&Gm? yJcif;&GmwkdYonf atmufrm; acsmif ; ul ; &G m ü jynf p d k ; ? ixG e f ; jzL? ajrwk d i f ixG e f ; OD ; ?
qif0ef\ vufatmufcHaus;&Gmrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ t½kdif;uJ&GmwGif jynfpdk; iatmifxif? ajrwkdif;iaemufaxG;wkdY
xkud mvu a&S;a[mif;aypm? yk&ydu k pf m? ppfwrf;wkw Yd iG f wkdifaqmfí&GmqD? &GmcGeftay: 0eftaumuf tpm;rsm;udk
awGUEdkifonf/ taxmuftxm;tvdkYiSm atmufwGif azmfjy atmufrm;trSL;tuJ&Gm aoGm;HBuD;wkdYu pm&if;aumuf,lí
ygonf/ trIawmfudkxrf;&Guf&onfht&mrsm;udk orkdif;armfuGef;wGif
&wemyl&NrdKUawmf&mwGif a&T0NrdKUBuD;trnf&aom? &S d o nf h t wk d i f ; jymom'f o H k ; ql ' g,um r[m"r® & mZf
emrork w f t yf a om a&T N rd K Uawmf o nf awmif b uf w k d u f rif;w&m;BuD;vufxufü qufvufí atmufrm;awmfom;
r[m'gef w d k u f r S p í a&T a yguH ú & mr 0d Z ,yk & Nrd K Uawmf u d k wk d Y u d k ay;csoem;awmf r l o nf / &G m qd a jrcG e f u d k p m;í
tpd;k &aom rif;{u&mZfwv Ydk ufxuf? NrKd U&GmwGif umv&Snv f sm; atmufrm;awmftrIudk xrf;&Guf&ygonf/

90

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 53

92 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 93

(iwrd? ivdyÜg? iqGyÜg? iemvS wkdYtppfcHcsuf) txufygtrdefYtwdkif;aqmif&GufzG,fwkdYudk aqmif&Guf

(ouú & mZf 1164 ck ? acsmif ; ul ; &G m ol B uD ; a[mif ; NyD ; pD ; í jcaoF h w H q d y f c wf E S d y f x m;aomtaMumif ; pmcRef
OD;bvHk;xHrSyk&ydkufpm) awmftrdefYudk &&Sd&m qufvufwifjyygrnf/
xkdUaemuf rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf qif0efrif;xHrSpmudk
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/ ol B uD ; cef Y w pf a Mumif ; pmcRef a wmf
bkef;awmftvGefBuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom a&ajrht&Sif
qif 0 ef r if ; trd e f Y p m q'´ e f q if r if ; ocif qif j zLrsm;&S i f vuf e uf p Mumocif
qifprf;? t½dkif;uJ&GmolBuD; aersKd;ndeforEÅoD[ausmf t&S i f b 0&S i f r if ; w&m;BuD ; bk & m;? ouú & mZf 1230 ck ?
/ / acsmif;ul;olBu;D ijrwfvw S /Ydk /vuf&adS us;&GmolBu;D rsm;rSm oDwif;uRwfvqef; 9 &uf? 5-aeY ijrwfvSudk a,mNrdKUpD&ifpk
jcaoFhwHqdyfawmfr&SdvQif Ekdifpm;ray;apESifh/ Ekdifpm;pm;vkdí acsmif;ul;&GmolBuD;cefYxm;awmfrlonf/ tonfi,fom;wkdY
aus;&Gmudkvuf&SdBuD;pdk;vdkvQif vTwfawmfrSmavQmufxm;í trI a wmf x rf ; uk e f í vk y f p m;aqmif p m;pD ; yG m ;jzpf a tmif
vuf&SdtrdefYawmfpmcRefqdkif&mpmrsm;udk jcaoFhwHqdyfawmf rppD&if/
ay;tyfBuD;pdk;aqmif&Gufap[k bk&m;trdefYawmfudk OD;xdyf txuf y gpmcRef a wmf E S i h f p yf v sOf ; í ouf q k d i f & mrS
xufqif&Guf&onfjzpfí? t½dkif;uJ&GmolBuD; aersKd;ndef qufvufxkwfjyeftyfaom jcaoFhwHqdyfcwfESdyfxm;aom
orEÅoD[ausmf? acsmif;ul;olBuD; ijrwfvSwkdYudk pvif; (7) a,mwGif; 4 NrdKU0efrif;\pmudk qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
oif ; qif t pD & if O'd e f & mZmaemf & xmbk d Y 0ef p may;tyf
ac:vmaponf/ trd e f Y a wmf
a&mufvQif t½dkif;uJ&GmolBuD;cefYtrdefYawmfqkdif&m a,mNrdKUolBuD; NrdKUpma&;wkdYESihf acsmif;ul;&Gmtonf
pmrsm;udk,lí a&Tb0g;awmfjrwfatmuf wufvm&rnf/ tvm0ifaeuyÜg;aMu;xrf;BuD;i,fwkdY/ / a,m 4 NrdKU0ef
olBuD;wkdYrusef;rrm&dSvQif aqmif&GufEkdifolwkdYudk a&Tb0g; aersKd;rif;xif&mZm &Sdcdk;oHawmfOD;wifcsuftwdkif; a,mNrdKU?
awmfjrwfatmufapolESihftwl qefwufvm&rnf/ aqmNrdKU? avmif;&SnfNrdKU? xD;vif;NrdKU pm&if;yg NrdKUolBuD;?
(qE´qifrif;0ef? atmufrm;0ef? rkd;ZmavSawmftkyf aus;&GmolBu;D 126 wku Yd kd vuf&BdS u;D pd;k NrJ Bu;D pd;k ap[k ouú&mZf
rif;vSrif;acgif&mZmpm) 1230 ck oD w if ; uRwf v qef ; 9 &uf a eY bk & m;trd e f Y

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 54

94 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 95

awmfjrwfudk OD;xdyfxufqif&Guf&onfhtwkdif; vuf&SdolBuD; qif0efaxmuf OD;vlBuD;tpD;teif;taqmift&Gufrsm;

qufoiG ;f &mygaom NrKd UpD&ifpk acsmif;ul;&Gm ijrwfvu S kd vuf&dS aersKd;bGJUoem;awmfrlonf/
BuD;pdk;NrJBuD;pdk;aponf/ acsmif;ul;&Gm tonftvm0ifae aersKd;bGJU oem;awmfrlonf - 1
uyÜg;aMu;xrf;BuD;i,fwpfpkwkdY/ /olBuD;ijrwfvS qifhqdk&m bJeDyawmif;vnf 3 qihf
emcHaqmif&GufMu&rnf/ olBuD;ijrwfvSvnf; aus;&Gmpnfyif txG#fem;&Gufa&TxD; - 1 aygif;-4
om,matmif odrf;oGif;jyKpkNyD;vQif cefYxm;usa&mufonfh a&Txm; ("m;) - 1
rif;rIawmf&yfrsm;udk ajyukefatmifBuD;pdk;aqmif&Guf&rnf/ bJeDabmif;bDtusÐa&TZm
txufygolBuD; ijrwfvSwGif&&Sdaom tpD;teif;? 2-qifhowf - 1
taqmift&Guftcrf;tem;udk atmufwGif qufvufazmfjy qifpcsDOD;awmif;tpD;teif;taqmift&Gufrsm;
ay;ygrnf/ 1241 ck? uqkefvjynfhausmf 6 &ufaeYwGif taemf&xmbGJUoem;awmfrlonf - 1
qif0efr[m rif;vSrif;ausmfu qif0efaxmufwkdYrSm aoewf xD;eDtxG#fem;&Gufa&T - 1
pma&;wenf;? qifpcsDwkdYrSm aoewftpk wyfrSL;wdkYenf;? a&Txm; ("m;) - 1 aygif;-4
xm;pGJudkifap&rnfhtaMumif;ESihf trdefYawmfjrwf OD;xdyf bJeDabmif;bDtusÐa&TZm
xufqif&u G &f onfukd aersK;d pnfoal usmx
f ifEiS fh qifpma&;Bu;D 2-qihfowf -1
rif;vSpnfolwkdY\ rSwfom;csufjzpfygonf/ qifprf;olBu;D ijrwfvS tZoD&ad emf&xmtpD;teif;taqmif
taemf&xmbJGUoem;awmfrlonf - 1
trd e f Y a wmf xD;eDtxG#fem;&Gufa&T -1
atmufrm; r[mrif;xif&mZm &Sdckd;oHawmfOD;wifcsuf a&Txm; ("m;) - 1 aygif;-4
twdkif; atmufrm;pma&;wkdYudk aersKd;bGJUESifh qif0efaxmuf bJeDabmif;bDtusÐa&TZm
wkdYenf;/ xD;tpD;teif;oem;awmfcHap/ /tpkttkyfqif 2-qihfowf -1
tpD t &if w k d Y r S m qif p csD w k d Y e nf ; / /atmuf r m;qif r S L ; [lí txufygtwkdif;trSwftom;awGU&onfhtjyif
qifuo hJ eYkd nf; bGUJ xD;? tpD;teif;? taqmift&Guf oem;awmf OD;jrwfvS &&Sad oma&Txm;("m;) 1/ xD;eDBu;D txG#ef m;&Guaf &T 1/
cHap/ *ZoD&daemf&xmbGJUudk aMu;jym;wGif pmvHk;xGif;xm;aom

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 55

96 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

ezl;pnf; 1/ a&Tcu
G f 1/ wku
Yd ,
kd aeYwidk f acsmif;ul;olBu;D a[mif;
OD;bvHk;tdrfwGif odrf;qnf;xm;qJ&Sdygonf/
*ZoD&daemf&xmbJGUrSm tvsm; (7) vufr? teH (1 14 )
vufr&Sd aMu;jym;ü ab;ESpfzufrS jcaoFhwHqdyfwpfckpDESihf tcef; (12)
tv,fwGif bGJUtrnfa&;xm;onfudk avhvmí&onf/ &mZ0ifxJu avmif;&Snf\ txifu&vlyk*¾dKvf
tausmftarmfrsm;
pum;vH k ; wk d Y \ t"d y Ü m ,f r sm;
aersKd;bGJU - uRefudkcspfvQifaersKd;bGJUay;onf/ (1) avmif;&SnfNrdKUpm; avmif;&Snfrdzk&m;
xD; - zJex D ;D ? txGwef m;&Gu?f xD;\xdycf Reu f kd yOöro*Fg,emwif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;\ rdzk&m;
txGw[ f ak c:\/ txGwEf iS fh xD;&Guwf Ydk wpfyg;jzpfonf/
Mum;&Sd t0wfptydkif;udk em;&Guf[k &r®m0wDrif;om; oD&dokr[m"r®&mZm rdk;eJAdkvfrSL;
ac:\/ em;&GufrSm a&Tcsxm;aomxD;/ cRef;awmifNrdKUpm;ESihf rdrdaESmuf (anmif&rf;0efOD;jrwf&m ac:
a&Txm;("m;) - vufudkif½dk;wpfay? "m;oGm;wpfayESihf pBuFm0efBuD; + &SifykpGef) wkdYrS avmif;&Snfrdzk&m;jzpfvmrnfh
udk;vufr"m;½dk;aemufydwfrS aMu;yef; orD;awmfEiS fh acgifw;kH NrKd Upm;jzpfvmrnfh om;awmfwu Ydk kd arG;zGm;
ajymufyHk iSufBuD;awmif"m;&Snf/ cJhjcif;jzpf\/
atmufrm; - awmqif½dkif;udkjrLaomqifr avmif ; &S n f r d z k & m;\arG ; ouú & mZf E S i h f i,f r nf u d k
pmcsD - pma&;awmfwkdY\tcsKyf aocsmpGm rod&ay/ okdY&mwGif &wemocFukef;abmif r[m
qifxl;BudK; - qif\ajcudkcsnfaESmifxm;aomBudK;? &mZ0iftusO;f wGif ouú&mZf 1203 ck? e,kev f qef; 5 &ufaeY
xl;cwfonf[kac:a0:aomaMumihf uHukefawmfrlpOfu oufawmf 66 ESpfjynfhNyD[k azmfjyxm;
xl;BudK;[kac:onf/ onfudkaxmufí ouú&mZf 1177 wGif zGm;jrifonf[k
(ouú&mZf 1164 ck acsmif;ul;&GmolBu;D a[mif; OD;bvk;H ,lq&ygaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&ay\/
xHrS yk&ydkufpm) avmif;&Snfrdzk&m;onf yk*Hrif;? rif;wkef;rif;? tdrfa&SUpH
uaemifrif;? pMuma'0Drdzk&m;acgifBuD;? tv,feef; rdzk&m;?
97

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 56

98 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 99

qifjzLr&Sif? rif;wkef;rif;\ rauG;rdzk&m;? tdrfa&SUrdzk&m; avmif ; &S n f r d z k & m;bG J U trnf r S m oD & d r [m r*F v m
vdIifxdyfacgifwifwkdYESihf armifESrwpf0rf;uGJawmfpyfyg\/ okybma'0DbGJUESihf avmif;&SnfNrdKUpm;rdzk&m;[k wGifavonf/
om,m0wDrif;vufxuf ouú&mZf 1202 ck? wefaqmifrkef; avmif;&Snfrdzk&m;onf rEÅav;NrdKUta&SUjyif 0ZD&m&mr
vqef; 13 &uf yifwkdifpHorD;awmfBuD; (aemifpMuma'0D) ac: pdefwHk;ausmif;wkdufawmifbufwGif bHkoHk;qihf pHjrihfcH
udk em;xGif;r*FvmjyK&mü tjcm; om;awmf? orD;awmfrsm;ESihf ausmif;awmfBuD;udk ausmif;&Hrsm;ESifh aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;
twl em;&Hawmftjzpfyg0ifcJh&\/ (xkdpOfu avmif;&Snf cJhonf/ rwå&mwkduf[kac:avonf/
rd z k & m;\crnf ; awmf o nf oD & d o k r [m"r® & mZmbG J U ES i h f
oDaygNrdKUudkpm;&aomaMumihf oDaygrif;\orD;awmf (5) aw; (2) a,mtwG i f ; 0ef a &T j ynf 0 ef B uD ; OD ; bk d ; vd I i f
orD;tdrfawmfwGif oBuFefawmf[k azmfjyxm;onf/)
avmif;&Snfrdzk&m;udk eef;&aqmif&rdzk&m;pm&if;wGif 14
9
rygí rif;wkef;rif;\ rdzk&m;i,fwpfyg;[k xifaeMu\/ v6
20
trSefrSm rif;wkef;rif;\ ESrawmf0rf;uGJrsm;jzpfonfh pdefwHk;
rd z k & m;? rauG ; rd z k & m;? avmif ; &S n f r d z k & m;wk d Y o nf eef ; & 8
rdz&k m;Bu;D av;yg; atmufaqmif&rdz&k m;Bu;D av;yg; txufwiG f
&SdMu\/ a&Tjynf0efBuD; OD;bkd;vdIif\Zmwm
avmif;&Snfrdzk&m;onf a'0DbGJUudk tyfESif;jcif;cH&ol
jzpf\/ tcsdKUaqmif&rdzk&m;rsm;yif ra[bGJUomtyfESif;jcif; rif ; wk e f ; rif ; BuD ; acwf E S i h f oD a ygrif ; wk d Y a cwf w G i f
cH&oljzpf\/ taqmift&Guf tpD;tESif;tyfESif;jcif;cHMu&m xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom ynm&SdBuD;jzpfonf/ a,ma'o
wGif ]]crnf;awmfbk&m;vufxuf ausmufarmfNrdKUpm;rdzk&m;? (uHhaumf? xD;vif;? aqm? a,m? avmif;&Snf) udk tydkifpm;
uaemifNrKd Upm;rdz&k m;wku Yd kd oem;awmfrol nfh taqmift&Guw f iG f &ojzihf a,mtwGif;0ef[k ac:qkdorkwfcJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/
wd k ; í avmif ; &S n f r d z k & m;ud k oem;awmf j rwf c H a p}} [k armifb;dk vdiI u f kd tb ,if;awm0efBu;D OD;a&Tww k ?f trd
azmfjyxm;onfudk avhvmod&Sd&yg\/ 0efBuD;uawmf r,fNidrf;wkdYu 1191 ckESpf? aESmif;wefcl;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 57

100 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......101

vqef; (10) &uf? nOfYoHk;csufwD;ausmfcsdefwGif jrif;NcHtxuf uaemifrif;om;BuD;\ EkdifiHawmfjyKjyifa&;ESihf acwfrD

ykvJ&GmwGif zGm;jrifonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmfBuD;wnfaqmufa&; pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJ&mü
tr&yl & q&mawmf OD ; usnf a yG U xH w G i f omraP t"dutcef;rS yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ acwfrDynmrsm;
0wfonf? jynfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xHrS ynmoif,lonf? oifMum;a&;udk pDrHcsufcsaqmif&Gufonf/ EkdifiHjcm;ynmoif
rJxD;wdkufq&mawmfxH qufvufynmoif,lonf/ rsm; a&G;cs,fay;NyD; EdkifiHjcm;okdY ynmawmfoifrsm; a&G;cs,f
rif;wkef;rif;om;ESihf uaemifrif;om;wkdYu aemifawmf apvTwfay;cJhonf/ ynmoifrsm;wcsKdU jyefvmaomtcg
yk*Hrif;udk 1214 ckESpfwGif awmfvSefykefuefjcm;em;aomtcg puf½Hktvkyf½Hkaygif; (50) ausmf wnfaqmufonf/ jynfwGif;
tr&yl & rS a&T b k d t xd twl v k d u f y gonf / vl x G u f í ynma&;udkvnf; acwfrDap&ef a&S;a[mif;ocsFmoifMum;
vkud &f rnf[k trdeaYf wmf&o dS nft
h wdik ;f vlxu
G í
f vku d &f onf/ a&;rljzpfaom ]]aem? {u? aem}} tpcsDocsFmwGufenf;?
a&TbkdNrdKUudkodrf;ydkufatmifjrifawmfrlaom rif;wkef; udk;acsmif;wGufenf;udk tpm;xkd;oifMum;&ef ]]vDvm0wD
rif;om;ESifh uaemifrif;om;wkdYonf ÓPftajrmftjrifBuD;
*Pef;usrf;}} BuD;udk pD&ifa&;om;bmomjyefqkdcJhonf/
aom armifbdk;vdIifudk pwifcsD;usL;cJh? rif;wkef;rif;BuD;u
a,mtwG i f ; 0ef O D ; bk d ; vd I i f [ k emrnf B uD ; cJ h o nf r S m
om;t&marG;pm;jcif;udkvnf;cH&onf/ tdrfa&SUpH uaemif
ÓPfynmxufjrufNyD; uavmifvufeufaMumifhjzpfonf/
rif;om;BuD; vl , H k a wmf t jzpf v nf ; aumif ; ? wk d i f y if a zmf
OD;bkd;vdIifa&;om;aom bmom&yfrsm;rSm pHkvSyg\/
wkid yf ifzuftaejzihv f nf;aumif; cefx Y m;onf? tr&yl&NrKd UodYk
0ifawmfrl&m ukvm;0eft&mcefYawmfrlNyD; rauG;0efBuD; 1255 ckESpf? vDvm0wD*Pef;usrf;? 1231 ckESpf?
orD;ti,fcifjzLESihf 1215 ckESpf? trdefYawmfESihf awmif;&rf; avmu"mwfaq;usrf;? vdyd'Dydum? aMu;eef;½dkufenf;usrf;?
vufxyf r*FvmjyKaponf/ tóaA'usrf;? 1233 ckESpf? 0drkwdå&ousrf;? 1234 ckESpf?
1219 ck E S p f w G i f twG i f ; 0ef a,mNrd K Upm;t&mES i h f r[morxuyÜ0dedpä,usrf;? 1235 ckESpf? o'´o*F[usrf;?
olaumif;jyKawmfrlcH&onf/ aiGcGef 12 &yf? taumuf? a&eH? 1237 ckESpf? um,Ekyóemusrf;? 1240 ckESpf? &mZ"r®
aps;? yGJ? Zif;? ul;wkdYrsm;udkvnf; tyfawmfrlcH&onf/ o*F[usrf;? 1242 ckESpf? OwkabmZeusrf;? tvuFmedoQ
1229 ck E S p f w G i f uav;Nrd K U? a,mNrd K U? aqmNrd K U? usrf;? 1244 ckESpf? r[mokZmwuaA'ifusrf; tp&Sdonfjzihf
xD;vif;NrdKU? avmif;&SnfNrdKUrsm;udk qdkif&mtyfawmfrlonf/ bmomaygif;pHkudk a&;om;Ekdifoljzpfygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 58

102 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......103

ynm&SdowdjzpfcJqdkouJhodkY ynm&SdBuD;OD;bkd;vdIifonf aomfvnf; 1865 ckEpS üf &mxl;usomG ;cJo h nf/ 1869 ckEpS w f iG f
ol \ ynmom;ygaom ]]&mZ"r® o *F [ usrf ; }} [l a om twG i f ; 0ef & mxl ; jyef v nf & &d S a omf v nf ; 1871 ck E S p f ü
bk&ifpepfrS 'Drkdua&pDpepfodkY ajymif;vJtkyfcsKyf&ef tqkdjyK &mxl;uscJh&jyefonf/ 0efBuD;jzpfpOf a&Tjynf0ef&mxl;udkyg
wifjyaomusrf;BuD;aMumihf t&mrScsxm;jcif;cH&onf/ yl ; wG J x rf ; aqmif & ojzih f a&T j ynf 0 ef B uD ; [k trnf w G i f
a,mtwGif;0ef[laom &mxl;rSonf aemufxyf&mxl;? jyefygonf/
bGJUxl;trsKd;rsKd;&cJhonf/ oDaygrif;vufxuf a&Tjynf0efBuD; xkdodkY jrefrmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;cJhaom a,mtwGif;0ef
t&mcefx Y m;olaumif;jyKawmfro l nf/ owk;d rif;Bu;D rif;vSr[m OD ; bk d ; vd I i f ? owk d ; rif ; BuD ; rif ; vS r [mrif ; acgif o D [ ol
rif;acgifo[ D olvnf;jzpfonf/ ynm&S[ d í
l ausmaf pmxif&mS ; a&Tjynf0efBuD;t&mwkdYjzihf r[mvl&nfcRefvnf;jzpfaom
&S d v S o nf E S i f h wk d i f ; jynf \ tusKd ; ? rif ; {u&mZf t usKd ; ? vli,frsKd;qufopfrsm;u rdrdwkdYbkd;ab; a&S;jrefrmBuD;rsm;udk
wkd;wufBuD;yGm;&efrsm;udkvnf; txl;tm;xkwfonf/ avmuD pd w f 0 if w pm; wef z d k ; xm;jcif ; jzih f Ek d i f i H E S i h f v l r sKd ; twG u f
avmukwå&mtusKd;udkarQmfí usrf;trsm;tjym; a&;om; rsK;d csppf w
d f Zmwdrmef&iS o f efapaom OD;bk;d vdiI u f m; (17-8-1883)
jyKpkcJhonf/ (1245) ckESpf? 0gacgifvjynfhaeY? touf (54) ESpft&G,fwGif
OD ; bd k ; vd I i f o nf a,mtwG i f ; 0ef 0uf r pG w f N rd K Upm;? uG,v f eG t
f edpaö &mufc&hJ ayonf/ OD;bd;k vdiI u f awmf a':cifjzLrSmrl
rauG;NrdKUpm;? &mxl;trsKd;rsKd;tqihftoG,foG,fcsD;ajr§mufjcif; (18-5-1895)? (62) ESpft&G,fwGif uHukefayonf/
cH & um a&T j ynf 0 ef B uD ; txd cef Y t yf j cif ; cH c J h & aomf v nf ;
a,mtwGi;f 0ef a,mrif;Bu;D [laom trnfomvQif vltrsm; (3) avmif;&SnfNrdKUpm; ? 0efBuD; OD;armifuav;
yg;pyf z sm;wG i f pG J u sef a ecJ h y gonf / a,mES i h f O D ; bd k ; vd I i f ? ]]ycef;rSmav cef;ywfrSmem; avmif;&SnfrSm"m; a&eH
OD;bdk;vdIifESifha,m onfcGJjcm;r&cJhojzihfvnf; OD;bdk;vdIifudk wpfwkdifcsif;&,feJY vif;Edkifygrvm;}}
a,me,fajrzGm; a,ma'oom;? a,mom;[kyif xifrw S cf MJh u [laom Aef;armfq&mawmfBu;D \pmcsK;d t& uke;f abmif
ygavonf/ rif;quf &wemyHkacwf 0efBuD;rsm;wGif txifu& 0efBuD;
a,mrif;BuD; ac: 0ufrpGwfNrdKUpm;0efBuD;\ trIxrf; (4) yg;&Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif ycef;0efBuD; (OD;&efa0;) rSm
oufwpfavQmufwGif &mxl;usrIrsm; tBudrfBudrfBuHKawGY avema&m*g&Sdonf/ avmif;&Snf0efBuD; (OD;armifuav;) rSm
cJh&ygonf/ 1858 ckESpfwGif twGif;0ef&mxl; cefYtyfcH& jrifuGef;jrif;ckefwkdifta&;wGif "m;'Pf&maMumihf vnfyif;

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 59

104 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......105

wpfzufapmif;oGm;cJhonf/ cef;ywf0efBuD; (OD;a&Tarmif) u xufwGif acgif;avmif;pmrsm; a&;xGif;rSwfwrf;wifcJh&m

em;av;onf? a&eHacsmif;0efBuD; (OD;a&Tpkd) wpfyg;wnf;ESihf 0efBuD;\tw¬KyÜwdåudk wduscdkifrmpGm awGU&SdEkdifygonf/
wkdif;a&;jynf&mudk pDpOfEkdifygYrvm;[k qkdcJhavonf/ avmif;&SnNf rKd Upm;0efBu;D \ 0efuawmfrmS bk;d awmfb&k m;
azmf j yyg avmif ; &S n f N rd K Upm;0ef B uD ; owk d ; rif ; BuD ; vufxuf vuf0J0efrSL;OD;aw\orD;jzpfNyD; om;orD;rsm;
r[mpnfob l UJG cH OD;armifuav;udk oHvsirf if;Bu;D OD;ausmaf cgifEiS hf teuf xif&Sm;olwkdYrSm jrif;pkBuD;0efuawmf? rauG;rif;BuD;\
0efuawmfwkdYu (21-3-1804) ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf/ acR;r? rif;wkef;rif;\xD;vdIifwkdufpm;rdzk&m;ESihf pD;awmf
OD;armifuav;onf bBuD;awmfrif;vufxufwGif jrif;0efwkdY jzpfMuygonf/ OD;armifuav;onf oDaygrif;
a&Tawmifrif;i,fbGJUjzihf vufzuf&nfawmftjzpf pwif vufxufwiG v f nf; 0efBu;D &mxl;jzihyf if qufvufxrf;aqmif
trIxrf;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf rif;vSausmfxifbGJUcH rif;pHBuD; cJh&onf/
avSawmftkyf? a&Tyef;uefavSawmftkyf vuf½Hk;awmfukdif avmif;&Snf0efBuD;ESihfvufqufí yk&ydkufrSwfwrf;
&mxl;rsm;jzihf trIxrf;&\/ (1846) yk*rH if;eef;wufaomtcg wpfapmifwiG f ]]tvkyaf wmf? taqmif0ifvyk o f ?l ausmufawmf
cRe;f awmifNrKd Upm; a&TveG af vStyk t f &m/ xdaYk emuf rif;Bu;D r[m BuD;bk&m;yifhol}} [krSwfcsufjyKxm;ygonf/
rif;vSausmfxifbGJUcH NrdKUawmf0eft&mrsm; cefYtyfcH&ygonf/ (10-2-1883) wGif avmif;&Sn0f efBu;D uG,v f eG yf gonf/
rif; wke f; rif; vufxufwGi f aiGc Ge f0 ef? twGi f; 0ef? 0efBuD;\psmyeudk qifjzLr&Sifrdzk&m;BuD;udk,fwkdif wufa&muf
avSoif;awmf&mxl;rsm;jzihf avmif;&SnfNrdKUpm;t&m&cJh\/ cJhonf[k avhvmod&Sd&ayonf/
1861 ckESpf? arvwGif 0efBuD;&mxl;wkd;jr§ihfcefYtyfcHcJh&\/
1866 ckESpf? jrifuGef;jrif;ckefwdkifta&;wGif "m;'Pf&m&&SdNyD;
vnfapmif;vsuf&Sdonfqkdygonf/
avmif;&SnNf rKUd pm;0efBu;D onf a&pBuKd NrKUd e,f? a&&Sm;&Gm?
a&TyGifhvif;bk&m;0if;twGif; aMu;csdef (23930) usyf&Sd
acgif;avmif;wpfvHk;udk aiG'*Fg; (930) usyf tukeftuscH
oG e f ; avmif ; vS L 'gef ; cJ h y gonf / acgif ; avmif ; rsuf E S m jyif

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 60

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......107

twGif;wGif bk&m;ajr? ausmif;ajr? av;ajr? umajr? qifajr?

jrif;ajrr&Sd? rif;ajrom&Sdygonf/ ajr&yfvnf; awmifBudK
awmifMum;? acsmufBuKdacsmufMum;jzpfí awmif,mpyg;
tcef; (13) pl;xkd;vuf,ufESihf 0g? ajymif;? yJ? vl;? qyf? taoGUtajcmuf
aESmif;twdwf avmif;&SnfNrdKU\ pD;yGm;? vlrI? pdk;pdrQom vkyf&ygonf/ tqDtcGefrSm tjcm;rqufoGif;&
"avha&;&m ...}}
[l í yg&S d & m xd k a cwf u mvu avmif ; &S n f N rd K Ue,f
yx0Dtaetxm;tm;jzihf avmif;&SnfNrdKUonf jrpf? taetxm;onf pD;yGm;a&;rzGHUNzdK;ao;? pdkufysKd;a&;tqifh
acsmif ; ? awmawmif x l x yf í quf o G , f o G m ;vma&; edrfhusaeao;onf[k qkd&rnfomjzpfyg\/ t½dkif;uJ&Gm?
rvG,fulaom a,me,fa'o&Sd NrdKUuav;wpfNrdKUjzpfay&m ykyÜukdif;&Gm? v,fjzL&GmwkdYrSm pyg;pdkufMu\/ pyg;wif; (100)
,aeYtxdyifvQif ajrjyefYt&yfa'orsm;ESihf eD;vsufESihfa0; &vQif (10) wif;? (10) wif;&vQif (1) wif; ajrcGeftjzpf
aeao;ouJhodkY jzpfaeao;onf/ þodkYjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olBuD;pm;&av\/ wpfq,f&mcdkifEIef; tcGefaumufcHjcif;
avmif;&Snfonf tjcm;aomNrdKUpm;apmfbGm;rsm; e,frsm; aywnf;/
enf;wl bk&if{u&mZftrdefYus&m? ppfa&;ppf&m? e,fy,f rif;aejynfawmfodkY pyg;cGef? 0gcGef? apmifcGef? vlcGef?
a&;&m? Ed k i f i H a &;&mwm0ef r sm;ES i h f tcG e f t ctrsKd ; rsKd ; za,mif;cGefrsm; qufoGif;&\/
xrf;aqmifcJhMu&onfudk rsm;aomtm;jzihf rod&SdMuyg/ &Gm (11) &GmrS wpfESpfvQif tcGefawmfpyg; (225)
zGHUNzdK;rIvnf;enf;cJhaom avmif;&SnfESihfpyfvsOf;í wif;oGi;f Mu&\/ qefpyg;udk avmif;&SnNf rKUd wGif usED iS x
fh m;\/
a0;vHa'ojzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm tcdkiftrmawGU&dS&aom ppfcsDppfa&;&Sdaomtcg qefpyg;udk wyf&du©mtjzpf pm;&\/
taxmuftxm;rsm;tjzpf avmif;&SnfNrdKUppfwrf;udk t"du &du©mudk BudKwifodkavSmifxm;jcif;yifjzpf\/
ñTef;vsuf azmfjy&efom&Sdyg\/ cGefr (0efpm;? pdk;pm;? a&;pm; tcGefrsm;) ay;Mu&\/
ouú&mZf 1127 ckESpf? 1145 ck ppfwrf; (2) apmifwGif bk&ifhtwGuf cGefrudk taemuf0efESifh pma&;wkdYtm; ay;Mu
ouú&mZf 1127 ck ppfwrf;ü ]],ckoufqkdifonfh e,fajr &\/ 0efpm;rSm qkdif&m0efodkY? a&;pm;rSm taemuf0efpma&;okdY
ay;Mu&\/
106

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 61

108 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......109

a,mNrKd U&Gmrsm;onf bk&ifrif;jrwfEiS hf tdraf &SUrif;wktYd m; avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;pm;v,f? &Spfq,fhajcmufy,fcGJ &Sdonf[k

ESpfpOf ESpful;wpfBudrf? 0guRwfwpfBudrf uefawmhvufaqmif qkdyg\/
rsm; qufoMu&ygonf/ ypönf;ESihfta&twGufwkdYonf avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;onf tcGefawmftjzpfESifh uRefudk
wpfNrdKUESifhwpfNrdKU? wpf&GmESifhwpf&Gm rwlnDMuyg/ aumuf,lapckdif;ydkifcGifh&Sd\/ 1861 Mo*kwfv? 16 &ufwGif
vuf a qmif a y;Mu&aom"avh r sm; a&S ; uyif & S d c J h avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD; izkd;oD;u ratG;&GmESifhusnfaxG;&GmwkdYrS
aMumif; awGU&\/ xkdacwfvufaqmifonf rdrdwkdY\vkyfief; wpf&GmvQif wpfESpftwGuf uRefwpfa,mufpDudk tcGefawmf
cGifrS&jcif;jzpfay\/ tjzpf aumuf,lcdkif;ap&NrJjzpfonf[k tppfcHyg\/
ppfwrf;ü usDpkd;udk vufaqmifqH2if; (qefESpfwif;) xkdpOfu csif;wkdYukd rif;rIcefYxm;avhr&SdbJ tdrfajc
Muufwpfck? acgif&nfwpfbl;? MuufOig;vHk;? csif; (*sif;) enf;rsm;rqdk csif;wkdY"avhjzihf vkyfudkifpm;aomufonfudkom
wpfcsKdifh? ydef;wpfcsdKihfESihf[k azmfjyxm;av\/ tcGefawmftjzpf xrf;aqmifMu&í pkrodjrefrmuyÜg;&SdvQif
wefzdk;BuD;rm;vSonfr[kwf? wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; qufqH ,if;udk NrdKUolBuD;wkdYu rif;rIcefYxm;NrJjzpfyg\/ csif;&Gm
aygif;oif;&mü arwåmapwemjzihfay;½dk;jzpfonfh "avh[kyif tcsKd U wG i f wpf E S p f v Qif 0gyd ó m ig;q,f p D ? tcG e f a wmf
qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/ ay;Mu&yg\/
a&mif ; 0,f & mwG i f v nf ; tcG e f a umuf c H j cif ; r&S d ? qif t pk t rI x rf ; jzpf a om atmuf r m;&G m wk d Y u d k
vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fEkdifyg\/ qifaovQif NrdKUolBuD;udk oufqkdif&m0efu pD&iftkyfcsKyfyg\/ avmif;&Snfe,fwGif
tpG,fwpfacsmif;? t&mawmfudk tpG,fwpfacsmif; quf&\/ t½dkif;uJ&Gmonf atmufrm;om;wdkYaexdkifonfh aus;&Gm
uRJ0if? EGm;0ifwkdYudk NrdKU&GmolBuD;wkdYuzrf;rdvQif oHk;ESpfaphí jzpfaomaMumihf atmufrm;0efupD&iftyk cf sKyo f nf[k qkyd g\/
ydkif&Sifray:ygu olBuD;wpf0uf? t&mawmfwpf0uf cGJa0 1611 ckESpfuwnf;u atmufrm;oif;zGJU&mwGif yg0ifcJh\/
,lvsuf xdef;ausmif;ol&SdcJhvQif olBuD;u ¤if;\wpf0ufudk 1783 ckwGif atmufrm;&Gmrsm;? acsmif;ul;? ykyÜudkif;? yJoif;?
xdef;oltm; ay;&yg\/ v,fjzL? t½dkif;uJ&GmwkdYü tdrfajcaygif; 87 tdrf&SdaMumif;ESihf
avmif;&Snef ,fwiG f omoemhajrESifh trIxrf;wdYk pm;ajr acsmif;ul;&Gm? 9 tdrf? ykyÜudkif; 12 tdrf? yJcif; 14 tdrf?
r&Sdyg/ a,mav;NrdKUwGif avmif;&SnfNrdKUrü olBuD;pm;ajr v,fjzL 9 tdrf? t½dkif;uJ&Gm 43 tdrfjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&yg\/
trsm;qHk;&Sdonfudk awGY&yg\/ 1861 Mo*kwfv? 16 &uf xkd&Gmrsm;udk qifrSL;olBuD;rsm;uom tpOftkyfcsKyfNyD;? tonf

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 62

110 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 111

olBuD; cefYxm;½dk;r&SdMuyg/ pkroduyÜg;&SdvQif ,if;udk NrdKUolBuD; jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf oDaygrif;txd uRefpepf

wkdYu aumufcHpD&ifNrJjzpfyg\/ &SdcJhaMumif; 1245 ck? avmif;&Snfppfwrf;ü-
atmufrm;qiftpk trIxrf;aus;&Gmrsm;udk atmufrm; ]]3 &GmrS (7) ESpft&G,f? t&yf 2F ? 2d &Sd uRefwpfa,muf
0efu pD& iftky fc sKyfa omfvnf; pm;ajr? aeajrowfr Sw f (3) ESpw f pfBurd f qufoiG ;f &ygonf/}} (t&yf 2 awmif 2 rdu k f
ay;xm;jcif ; r&S d y g/ od k Y j zpf í ,mck w f v k y f u d k i f p m;vQif = 4ay) [kyg&Sdyg\/ wpfzef avmif;&Snfa'oü EdkifiHydkif
avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;tm; ajrOD;? ajrwdkiftwGuf ,mwpfcif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;[lívnf; rif;wkef;rif;rwdkifrDu vkyfudkif
vQif apmifjzL 1? acgif&nftkd; 1 ESihf? Muufwpfaumif ay;&NrJ cJjh cif; rawG&Y ay/ qifzrf;jcif;tvkyw f pfrsK;d udo
k m awGU&onf/
jzpf\/ 1835 {NyD 7? t½dkif;uJ&GmolBuD; orEÅa&TawmifESihf 1145 ckESpf? waygif;vjynfhausmf 5 &ufaeYpGJjzihf
&Gmom;wkdYu 1834 ajrESD;? ajrwkdif;wGuf apmifjzLtawmif qif o l B uD ; iausmf u tr&yl & aejynf a wmf o d k Y tpD & if c H
30 ESihf apmif 12 xnfudk avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;tm;ay;& pmwpf a pmif o G i f ; onf / qif ½ d k i f ; rsm;ud k aMumh z rf ; NyD ;
yg\/ tcsKdUqifaotrIxrf;&Gmrsm;udk pm;ajr? aeajrrsm; ,Of y g;atmif a vh u sih f u m bk & if x H q uf M u&onf /
oD;jcm;owfrw S af y;xm;onfuv kd nf; awGU&ao;&m 1802 ck? qiftrIxrf;rsm; aexkdifaom&Gmudk tkyf&aom tBuD;tuJudk
atmufwkdbm 22 acsmif;ul;&Gm atmufrm;awmftrIxrf; qifolBuD;[kac:onf/ ol\ppfwrf;wGif ykyÜudkif;&Gmonf
wkdYonf NrdKUqifajczHk;aygufusefawm&GmESihf ewf&J&GmtMum; atmufrm;tpkom;wkYd aexdik cf iG ahf y;xm;cJo h nfrmS anmif&rf;rif;
ajr 2 y,f? ewf&J&GmESihf a&Smufyif&GmtMum; ajr 3 y,fudk vufxufrpS í jzpfygonf/ ae&mcsxm;jcif;cH&olaygif; 3 ck
vkyfudkifpm;&yg\/ tdrfaxmifpk&Sdum avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrS
acsmif;ul;&Gm? ykyÜudkif;&Gm? yJcif;&Gm? v,fjzL&GmESihf uif;vGwfcGifhjyKxm;cJhaomfvnf; 1883 ckwGif avmif;&Snf
t½k d i f ; uJ & G m wk d Y o nf 1611 ck u zG J U pnf ; cJ h a om pvif ; olBuD;u ajrcGefaumufcHcJhojzihf trIjzpfyGm;cJhonfudkvnf;
ckepfoif;0if atmufrm;qifprf;&Gmrsm;jzpfMu&m tpkqkdif&m od&Sd&onf/
trIawmfudk xrf;&GufMu&NrJjzpfaomaMumihf ppfa&;rif;rI Ek d i f i H y d k i f v k y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f qif z rf ; vk y f i ef ; tjyif
wm0efrsm;vn;f uif;vGwNf rjJ zpfyg\/ qiftpktrIxrf;olBu;D opfxkwfjcif;vkyfief;udk rif;wkef;rif;vufxufwGif pwifvkyf
wkoYd nf &Gmü orD;vkvifwYdk vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;MuvQif &Gm0ifaMu; aqmifcJh&m uRef;opfxkwfvkyfcGifhtm; awGU&onf/ rpöwm
aiGwpfusyfESihf vufzufwpfy dómudk aumuf,lpm;&NrJ pkwmvif; (Mr. SutherLand) qkdoltm; (7) ESpfvkdifpOf csay;?
jzpfyg\/ w&m;udkrl NrdKU&GmtBuD;tuJwkdYu pD&ifMuygonf/ csxm;cJhojzihf a,me,fajr&yf0ef; qiftpD; 80 jzihf csDacsmif;?

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 63

112 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 113

ausmufqpfacsmif;? usDacsmif;? a,macsmif; a'orsm;rS rdrdwkdY&yf&GmrSmjzpfap? wpf&yfwpf&GmodkY tzGJUvdkuf

opfrsm;udk xkwf,lonf/ uRef;opfrsm;onf pvif;acsmif;? oG m ;Muíjzpf a p? vl y sKd r sm;u tysKd r sm;ud k apmif h a &S m uf
rkef;acsmif; a'orsm;rSjzpfonf/ xde;f odr;f Mu\/ odum© rJah om pm&dw, å iG ;f aom trltusiu fh kd
"avha&;&mESihfpyfvsOf;í a,me,fajr avmif;&Snf rvkyfap&atmif apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;Muonf/
a'owGif Ak'b ¨ momxGe;f um;pnfyifco hJ nfjzpf&m jrefrmh½;kd &m umvom;? umvorD;tzGJU\ wm0efrsm;um; rsm;jym;
0guRwfuefawmhyGJ qDrD;wpfaxmifylaZmfyGJjzpfaom a'o vSay\/ 12 &moD bmoma&;yGJawmfrsm;? bk&m;yGJawmfrsm;?
tac: yef;urf;yGJ? rD;urf;yGJ? rD;yHk;ysHvTwfyJG? oeyfcg;yg;wkdYyGJ tcsdeftcgra&G;ay:vmwwfaom oma&;? ema&;rsm;wGif
wkdYudk ½dk;&mtpOftvmrysuf usif;yjyKvkyfMuavonf/ xkdtzGJUrygvQif rNyD;acs/ r@yfxkd;? a&cyf? xrif;[if;csuf?
(oeyfcg;yg;wkdYyGJonf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a,m"avhjzpfay\/) xrif ; auR;? azsmf a jza&;? oef Y & S i f ; a&; tppt&m&mud k
wpfzef rod;k ouFe;f uyfvLS yG?J rD;yH;k ysyH ?JG &Sio
f mraPavmif; wm0efcHvkyfaqmifay;Muavonf/ jrefrmhvlrI"avhwGif
vSnfhyGJ &SifjyKyGJ? bkef;BuD;ysHyGJ? tokbtcrf;tem;rsm;rSmvnf; tvG e f w &m cspf M unf z G , f & mvnf ; jzpf a om "avh u d k
Ak'b¨ momxH;k xrf;"avhrsm;t& jyKvyk u f si;f yonfukd avhvm avmif;&Snfa'owGif ,aeYwkdif awGUjrifEkdifavonf/
od&Sd&ayonf/ azmfjyyg bmoma&;yGJrsm;tjyif vlrI"avh
½dk;&mrsm;&SdMuonfwGif uav;rsm;i,fpOftcg uifyGef;wyf
"avhtm;vnf;aumif;? t&G,fa&mufvwfaomf vufxyf
r*FvmjyKjcif;"avhtm;vnf;aumif; jrefrmhxHk;wrf;pOfvmESihf
tnD usif;yMuayonf/
þwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;tm;jzihf avmuDr*Fvm (12) yg;
wkdYudk usif;yjyKvkyfavh&SdMu&mü umvom;? umvorD;
tzGUJ [lí ½d;k &m"avh,Ofaus;rItzGUJ tpnf;udk tzGUJ zGUJ pnf;um
xm;&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ a&S;a&S;umvrsm;uyif a,me,fajr
wGi&f cdS o
hJ nft
h m;avsmpf mG avmif;&Snaf 'orSmvnf; twlwyl if
jzpfavonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 64

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......115

oHCmawmfwkdYpaom ulnDrIvnf;vkdayonf/ ½dk;&mtvdkuf

tusifhaumif;oludk trsm;tm;jzihf cefYNrJjzpf\/ olBuD;udk
tk y f c sKyf r nf h Nrd K U0ef t p&S d o l \ oabmwl r I u d k v nf ; &,l
tcef; (14) &ao;onf/ tqifhqifh vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;NyD;rS bk&ifu
ya'o&mZfacwfa[mif; avmif;&Snf\ trdefYawmfrSwfcefYxm;avonf[k tajcjyjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;
tkyfcsKyfa&;&mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;&m orkid ;f 'kw, d wG?J 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif azmfjyyg&So
d uJo
h Ydk avmif;&Snf
wGifvnf; usifhoHk;aMumif; aypm? yk&ydkufpmrsm;u oufaocH
tk y f c sKyf a &;&m ay\/
a&S ; tp rZd ö s ra'orif ; rsm; tEG , f a wmf r sm;u 1861 ckEpS f a,mav;NrKd UESifh aus;&Gm&Sd olBu;D pm&if;tm;
ouf O D ; qH y d k i f bk & if t k y f c sKyf a &;&S d c J h & m avmif ; &S n f a 'o avhvmí&yg\/ wpfzef taqmifta,mifrsm;ESipfh yfvsO;f í
onf v nf ; xk d e nf ; ES i f E S i f j zpf c J h y g\/ yk * H r if ; quf r sm;\ vnf; ay;tyfxm;rIudk avhvmod&SdEdkifyg\/
atmufodkY usa&mufoGm;MuonfhtcgwGifrl bk&iftrnf
rcH & awmh b J apmf b G m ;tqif h o d k Y avsmh u soG m ;&awmh \ / pOf Nrd K Urtrnf vuf a tmuf c H ol B uD ; OD ; a&
apmfbGm;acwftpOD;wGif apmfbGm;rsm;u NrdKUudktkyfcsKyf\/ &GmolBuD;
&GmtcsKdUudkpkNyD; wkdufe,ftjzpf owfrSwfum wkdufolBuD;u 1 xD;vif;NrdKUrESifh 42 28
tkyfcsKyf\/ aus;&Gmwpf&Gmcsif;pDudk &GmolBuD;u tkyfcsKyfay\/ e,faus;&Gm
jref r mbk & if r sm;onf rd z k & m;? rif ; om;? rif ; orD ; ? 2 a,mNrdKUrESihf 75 75
rSL;rwfponfwkdYtm; NrdKU&Gmrsm;udkay;\/ NrdKUpm;? &Gmpm; e,faus;&Gm
[k a c:qk d y g\/ Nrd K Upm;? &G m pm;rsm;onf Nrd K U&G m rS & aom 3 aqmNrdKUrESihf 4 3
tcGeft&yf&yfudkom pm;Muonf/ rdrdpm;&aom NrdKU&Gmudk e,faus;&Gm
rtkyfcsKyfMu? apmfbGm;ESihfolBuD;rsmuom vufawGUtkyfcsKyf 4 avmif;&SnfNrdKUESihf 29 29
MuaMumif; od&yg\/ e,faus;&Gm
olBuD;rSpí e,ft&m&Sdrsm;udk bk&ifu trdefYawmf pkpkaygif; 150 135
xk w f j yef c ef Y x m;&onf / &G m om;rsm;ES i h f &G m rS q &mawmf ?
114

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 65

116 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......117

]]NrKd UolBu;D wko Yd nf usK;d ? carmufe?D a&T"m;? ig;ywfcw H iG ;f ? vma&mufwkdufcdkufjcif;udk wm;qD;ckcH&m t&yfa'ovnf;
Muufvufzuftkd;? aiGaxG;tkd;? uGrf;cGuf&SpfarQmifh tkH;0ef; jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí avmif;&Snftygt0if a,me,fa'o
carmufwif? a&Taq;wH? jcL;tHck si;f cGu?f jrif;BuKd ;ouúvyfuu G ?f onf jrefrmEkdifiH taemufbufESihftaemufajrmufbuf\
aiGMu,fpvG,u f ;kd oG,?f uukid ;f a&SU 4-aemuf 3? jrif;uawmif vHkNcHKa&;wHcg;0[kqkdEdkifygonf/
wkd; a&Tpum;0ga&;wif &rf;atmifvHk;wGif pD;eif;&onf/ avmif ; &S n f ? xD ; vif ; ? aqm? a,m Nrd K Uwd k Y o nf
olBuD;wkdYr,m;rSm,OfteD? trdk;vdyfcGHpD;eif;&onf/ ya'o&mZfwkdY ½Hk;pkduf&m NrdKUrsm;jzpfcJhMuygonf/ opfNrdKU½dk;ESihf
olBu;D wkt Yd rd rf mS trd;k pausm? omedrohf mjrih?f yg&aqmif? um&Hxm;aomaps;r&Sdonhf NrdKUi,frsm;omjzpfMuygonf/
avScg;OD;wdkuf 2 ESihf ,dk;pifyg aqmufvkyfaexdkif&onf/ vlaetdrfajcrsm;onfxuf umuG,fa&;twGuf cHwyf&Sdonf
olBuD;ESihfom;r,m;aovQif jywH? oHuGefysOftzHk;? ud k o m yd k r d k & nf ñ T e f ; jcif ; jzpf y gonf / rsm;aomtm;jzih f
cg;ywfoufa&TarmfBuJ Muifzka&TjrLwmtkd;? aiGjrLwmtdk; xkdNrdKU&Gmrsm;onf ywf0ef;usife,frsm;\ vk,ufwdkufckduf
iSufacs;cH avmifwkdufESihf pE´m;? ,jrm;? a&TyjcKyf? aiGyjcKyfESihf
jcif;udk ckcHumuG,f&m cHwyfNrdKUrsm;vnf;jzpfMuygonf/
oN*ØK[fMuonf/
1765 ckESpfu avmif;&SnfNrdKUonf EkdifiHawmftaemuf
jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuftcg rif;? rdzk&m;? rif;om;?
rsufESmrS csif;? &ckdifwkdYtm; wm;qD;ckcHwkdufcdkuf&onfh
rif;orD;? rSL;rwfrStp &GmolBuD;? aus;&GmaeolwkdYudk pum;
opfwyfNrdKUjzpfonf[k qkdxm;ygonf/
tajymtqd?k tdrt f aqmifta,mifrpS í tqihcf x JG m;av\/
xd k a cwf u mvrsm;utaetxm;t& avmif ; &S n f avmif ; &S n f N rd K UrwG i f xk d p Of t cgu td r f a jc 386?
tygt0if a,me,f a 'o Nrd K U&G m rsm;onf jref r mEd k i f i H qifajczHk;tpk 18 ck? &Gmvwf 37 &Gm &SdcJhaMumif;qdkygonf/
taemufbufEiS fh taemufajrmufbufrS uif;apmifNh rKd U&Gmrsm; xD;vif;? a,m? aqm? avmif;&Snf NrdKUrav;cktm;
jzpfMuygonf/ awmawmifxlxyfí oGm;a&;vma&;cufcJ 19 &mpk 'kwd,ESpfig;q,fwGif NrdKU0efwpfa,mufwnf;u
jcif;? csif;? &ckdife,fpyfa'ojzpfjcif;aMumihf ppf½HI;jrefrm tk y f c sKyf c J h j cif ; jzif h a,mav;Nrd K U[k xif & S m ;vmygonf /
ya'o&mZfwo Ydk nf a,me,f avmif;&Snaf Mumif;jzihf csi;f awmif ,if;a,m 4 NrdKUESihf tvSrf;uGmí wkdufyGJ&mrygaom&Gmrsm;udk
odkYvnf;aumif;? &ckdife,fodkYvnf;aumif; ckd0if&mae&m a,mwdu k u f secf ek pf&mG (aMum? uHah umf? pum;? awmr? rif;&Gm?
jzpfcJhygonf/ txl;ojzifh ywf0ef;usif&Sd uonf;? &ckdifwkdY\ &SJ? jrifom;) [kac:ygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 66

118 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......119

ukef;abmifacwf (1752-1885) wGif a,ma'oNrdKU tkycf sKyaf &;wGif NrKd U&Gmtkycf sKyo f El iS fh wku d ef ,faus;vuf
rsm;onf rdrdwkdYtcsif;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usif wku Yd kd tkycf sKyo
f [ l í l awGU&&m NrKd U&Gmtkycf sKyo f wl rYdk mS xD;vif;?
e,frsm;ESihfaomfvnf;aumif;? e,fajrvkjcif;ESihf e,fedrdwf a,m? aqm? avmif;&SnfNrdKU qifajczHk;tpkESihf vufatmufcH
tjiif;yGm;jcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhMuzl;ygonf/ xkde,fajrrsm;udk &Gmrsm;ay: tkycf sKyo f ul q kd v
dk jdk cif;jzpfNy;D 19 &mpk 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif
ya'o&mZfacwf w&m;pD&ifpepfjzihf pD&ifq;kH jzwfcMhJ uygonf/ ,if;av;NrdKUü tdrfajc (2473)? qifajczHk;tpk (39) pkESifh
avmif;&SnfESihfpvif;e,fwkdYonf 1780 rS 1781? &Gmvwf (138)? &GmrSm (5425) tdrf&SdcJhonf/
Zlvdkif 7 txd e,fajrrIjzihf w&m;awGUqHkcJhonfudk avhvm 1861 ck a,mav;NrKd UESifh aus;&GmwGi;f &Sd olBu;D pm&if;udk
od&Sd&ygonf/ Munf h a omf avmif ; &S n f N rd K Ue,f e,f a us;&G m rsm;tjzpf
19 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;wGif avmif;&Snf? aqm? a,m? avmif;&SnfwGif vufatmufcH&GmOD;a& (29)? olBuD;OD;a&
xD;vif; av;NrdKUudk NrdKU0efwpfa,mufwnf;u tkyfcsKyf (29) &SdaMumif; awGU&onf/
cJhonfrS wdkufusef 7 &Gm tygt0if a,mav;NrdKU0efuyif rif;wkef;rif;ESifhoDaygrif;wkdYvufxuf a,mNrdKUpm;
wGJzuftkyfcsKyfí NrdKU0efudkvnf; ]]a,mav;NrdKUckepf&Gm0efrif;}} rif;vSpnfob l UJG cH OD;bk;d vdiI f t&musNy;D aemuf avSoif;0efBu;D
[k a c:qd k M uygonf / 1884 jref r mEk d i f i H u d k 10 XmecG J owkd;rif;BuD;r[moD&dpnfolbGJUcH avmif;&SnfNrdKUpm;0efBuD;
tkyfcsKyfaomtcgwGif avmif;&Snftygt0if a,ma'oudk OD;armifuav; xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ txl;ojzihf ukef;abmif
]]q|rXme}} ycef ; BuD ; c½d k i f t wG i f ; xnf h o G i f ; cJ h o nf / acwf ukefqHk;cgeD;wGif avmif;&SnfNrdKUrSm NrdKU0ef½Hk;pdkuf&m
ya'o&mZfacwfaESmif;ydik ;f oDaygrif;vufxufwiG f a,me,f jzpfvmonf/ xD;vif;? a,m? avmif;&SnNf rKd Uwko Yd nf a,moH;k NrKd U[k
a'oudk ykcef;BuD;c½dkif0efu wGJzuftkyfcsKyfygonf/ xif&Sm;um NrdKU0efESihf tpD&ifwkdYudkvnf; a,moHk;NrdKU0ef?
þokdYjzihf ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;wkdYwGif ta&;ygcJhaom a,moHk;NrdKU tpD&ifcHrif;[kac:qdkcJhMuygonf/
avmif;&Snftygt0if a,me,fudk ukef;abmifacwfjrefrm þodkYjzifh a,me,fapmfbGm;ESihf NrdKU&GmolBuD;rsm;onf
bk&ifwkdYonf aus;Zl;opömcHe,fajrtjzpf apmfbGm;? NrdKUpm;? ½dk;&mtvdkuf t&mudkqufcH&mwGifvnf;aumif;? rif;ajymif;
NrdKU0efrsm;ceYfum tkyfcsKyfjcif;? ,if;ESihfeD;pyfaom uav;? rif;vGJjzpfonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;? t&mvTJajymif;&mwGif
ykcef;? tjrifh NrdKUrsm;ESihf wGJzuftkyfcsKyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf vnf;aumif;? bk&ifrif;jrwf? vTwfawmfESihf oufqdkif&m
cJhMuygonf/ xkdokdYtkyfcsKyf&mwGif yx0D0iftaetxm;t& tBuD;uJwkdYxHodkY vuf&Sdt&mwGif qufvufcefYxm;ygrnfh
NrdKUrESihfwdkufe,faus;vufwkdYudk cGJjcm;xm;cJhygonf/ taMumif; avQmufxm;Mu&ygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 67

120 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 121

odkYjzpfí NrdKU&GmolBuD;wpfOD;vQif cefYpm av;apmifrS vufaqmifwkdYudk uefawmhyGJawmftrD vma&mufay;ydkYMu&ef

ig;apmiftxd qifpktrIxrf;aus;&GmolBuD;wkdYrSmrl trdefYawmf EdI;aqmf&ygonf/ odkYjzpfí 0guRwfcsdef oDwif;uRwfvqef;
vTwaf wmfEiS q fh idk &f m 0efpm? tonf0efpmwko Yd mru tpkqidk &f m 5 &ufta&muf q,f&ufBuKd wifum ay;yd&Yk efqifq h ydk gonf/
peufyvmqif0ef? atmufrm;0efw\ Ykd pmrsm;udo k m avQmufxm; ,if;uefawmhvufaqmifrsm;udk bk&ifxH wkduf½dkuf
&,l M u&ygonf / avQmuf x m;&mwG i f ouf q k d i f & mwk d Y u d k qufo&jcif;rjyK&yg/ rif;wkef;rif;vufxufwGif ypönf;rsm;
vuf a qmif r sm;ay;Mu&ygonf / trd e f Y w H q d y f p m&G u f r sm; udk a&SU½Hk;awmfwGif yxrjyo&í qifhqdkorQ emcHaqmif&Guf
&,lMu&ygonf/ apygonf/ uefawmhp&dwfaiGudkrl NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd apmfbGm;
wpf z ef a,me,f N rd K U&G m rsm;wG i f bk & if r if ; jrwf E S i h f rsm;u NrdKUpm;apmfbGm;wkdYtm; ay;&NrJjzpfonf[k od&ygonf/
tdrfa&SUrif;wkdYtm; ESpfpOf ESpful;wpfBudrf? 0guRwfwpfBudrf? 19 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;wGif uefawmhvufaqmifypönf;wkdYudk
uefawmhvufaqmifrsm; qufoMu&ygonf/ qufo&aom NrdKU&GmtBuD;tuJwkdYonf NrdKU&GmjynfolwkdYxHrS cGJa0aumufcH
ypönf;ESihf ta&twGufwkdYonf wpfNrdKUESihf wpfNrdKU? wpf&GmESihf Mu[efwlygonf/
wpf&mG rwlnMD uyg/ NrKd U&Gmtus,t f 0ef;tvdu k f owfrw S [f ef 1878 oDaygrif;eef;wufvQif ESpfpOfuefawmh&NrJ
wlygonf/ ypön;f wku Yd dk NrKd U&Gmaejynfow l x Ydk rH S cGaJ 0aumufcjH cif;rjyKMu&ef
1765 wGif xD;vif;NrdKUu tav;csdefa&Tig;usyfom;&Sd trdefYxkwfí wm;jrpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/
a&Tzvm;wpfv;kH ESihf cgomydwt f yk w f pftyk u
f kd ESppf Of uefawmh þodkY qufo&ouJhodkY NrdKU&GmtBuD;tuJwkdYudkvnf;
Mu&onf[k od&onf/ aqmNrdKUurl tav;csdef ig;usyfom;&Sd &mxl ; ed r f h j rih f t vd k u f tpD ; teif ; ? taqmif t &G u f w k d Y u d k
a&Tzvm;wpfv;Hk ESifh zsiw f bufukd qufo&onf[k od&onf/ {u&mZfu csD;jr§ifhygonf/
avmif;&Snf qiftrIxrf;&Gmrsm;jzpfaom acsmif;ul;ykyÜudkif;? avmif;&Snftygt0if a,me,fNrdKU&GmtkyfcsKyfolwdkYwGif
avQmf j zLES i h f t ½d k i f ; uJ & G m wk d Y r S m zsif r sm;ud k o m quf o Mu pD&ifpke,fvufatmufcH aus;&GmolBuD;wkdYrSty apmfbGm;
&ygonf/ NrdKUpm;rsm;ESihf tpktrIxrf;tBuD;tuJwkdYonf &mxl;edrhfjrifh
ESppf Of uefawmhy&JG ufe;D vmaomtcgwGif vTwaf wmfu t& owfrSwfxm;aom tpD;teif;? taqmift&Gufrsm;ESifh
vuf a tmuf c H a pmf b G m ;? Nrd K Upm;? NrKd U 0ef t&m&S d r sm;ES i h f bk&ifha&SUawmfodkY 0ifa&mufaomtcgwGif aexkdif&rnfh
Nrd K U&G m ol B uD ; wk d Y x H r S quf o &NrJ j zpf a om uef a wmh ae&mrsm; toD ; oD ; &&S d M uygonf / tpk t rI x rf ; wd k Y \

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 68

122 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 123

tpD ; teif ; ? taqmif t &G u f w k d Y u d k r l rsm;aomtm;jzih f xD;vif;NrdKUpm; ia&Tjrwfu 1796 usKdif;wHkta&;wGif

tpk q k d i f & mtBuD ; tuJ w k d U u avQmuf x m;ay;Mu&[ef aoqHk;oGm;aomaMumihf tarGwkdufawmfodkY jyefvnftyfESif;
wlygonf/ xm;&aom ¤if ; zcif \ uG r f ; cG u f t 0ef ; ? vuf z uf t d k ;
1880? Zlvdkif 19 atmufrm;0ef r[mrif;xif&mZm\ waumif;ydwf? xD;0g 5? a&Tanmif&GufqGJwqifh? tcsufa&T
avQmufxm;csuft& atmufrm;pma&;wkdYudk aersKd;bJGUESihf t½d;k eD? "m;rd;k BuKd ;qih?f pnfjzL 5? a&TZ0gESi;f ESi;f ody?f tdraf jrmif?
qif0efaxmufweYdk nf;wl? taqmift&Gucf aH pí pktyk o f Bl u;D ? &ifywfuGif;? aiGZ0g? uavmifa&Ta&;? Zmr&D ½kyfyef;cufudkuf?
qiftpDt&ifwkdYrSm qifpcsDwkdYuJhodkY bGJU? xD;? tpD;teif;? tem;oHav;opf? a&Tyed ;f jrif;BuKd ;? pD;ES;D ouúvyfwif&rf;ponfh
taqmift&Gufrsm;ay;&ygonf/ ,if;wGif qif0efaxmuf tpD;teif;? taqmift&Guw f uYdk kd bk;d ? b wku Yd o hJ yYdk if jyefvnf
OD;vlBu;D rSm vuf0aJ wmftwGi;f ba0gae&m&onf/ OD;vlBu;D \ csD;jr§ifhygrnfhtaMumif; vTwfawmfodkY avQmufxm;cJhygonf/
qif0efaxmuf? tpD;teif;? taqmift&Gufrsm;rSm aersKd;bGJU ,if;udk vTwfawmfu 1773? Mo*kwf 11 wGif &ufpGJESihf
ESifh zJe?D yawmifvnfo;kH qif?h txG#ef m;&Guaf &Tx;D 1? a&T"m; 1? wuGazmfjyí emcHawmfajymBuD;rSL;rSwpfqifh bk&ifrif;jrwfxH
zJeDabmif;bD? tusÐa&TZmESpfqifhwyfjzpfygonf/ wifoGif;ygonf/
qifpcsD OD;aumif;rSm vuf,mawmftwGif;ba0gae&m od k Y j zpf í 1773? puf w if ? 24 wG i f ajr'l ; rif ; u
ae&onf/ ,if;rSm aemf&xmbJGUESihf txG#fem;&Gufa&TxD;eD xD;vif;pm; ia&Tjrwftm; ¤if;\zcifuo kd em;onfh tpD;teif;?
wkdYom uGJjym;jcm;em;í usef"m;ESihf t0wftxnfwkdYonf taqmift&Gufrsm;twkdif; jyefvnfay;oem;cJhygonf/
qif0efwkYdenf;wljzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ aqmNrdKUpm;ESifh avmif;&SnfNrdKUpm;wkdYvnf; ,if;uJhodkYyif
,if ; uJ h o d k Y y if qif r S L ;ol B uD ; *ZoD & d a emf & xm\ tpD;teif;? taqmift&Gufrsm; udk,fpD&&SdMuygonf/
tpD;teif;? taqmift&GufwkdYrSmvnf; aemf&xmbGJUrSty tpD;teif;? taqmift&Guw f u Ykd kd trsK;d orD;rsm;udv k nf;
qifpcsDrsm;enf;wl jzpfygonf/ oem;avh&Sdygonf/ 1830? {NyD 26? a,mNrdKUpm;uawmfudk
apmfbGm;NrdKUpm;wkYdaoqHk;vQif ,if;wkdY\ tpD;teif;? Z½TUHNrdKUpm;ESifhawmifNyHK;BuD;NrdKUpm;uawmfwkdYenf;wlyif oHk;pGJ
taqmif t &G u f r sm;ud k usef & pf o l t arG c H o m;^nD wk d Y u apygonf/ rif;wkef;rif;vufxufwGif avmif;&SnfNrdKU0ef
tarGwkdufawmfodkY jyeftyfMu&NrJjzpfí aemufrSwpfzef uawmfESihf a,mtwGif;0efuawmfwkdYrSm taemufyGJwuf
qufcHol\ t&nftaoG;udkMunfhvsuf bk&ifrif;jrwfu uefawmhcH&mwGif yg0if&ojzihf taemufuawmfBuD;wkdY\
jyefvnfoem;avh&Sdygonf/ tpD;teif;? taqmift&Gufrsm; udk,fpDoHk;pGJcGifh&&SdMuygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 69

124 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......125

,if;NrdKUpm;uawmfr,m;rsm;uJhodkYyif NrKdUolBuD;uawmf xm;aom tpD;teif;? taqmift&Gufrsm;ESifh a&SUawmfwGif

wkdYudkvnf; NrdKUolBuD;tqihftvkduf taqmift&Gufrsm; 0ifa&mufonfhtcgü aexdkif&rnfhae&mpm;udk toD;oD;
ay;oem;ygonf/ &&SdMuygonf/ ,if;NrdKU&GmtBuD;tuJwkdYonf NrdKU&Gmtvdkuf
1784? rwf 12? avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;? ia&Tabmfu tpOfxrf;aqmifNrJ? tcGeftaumufwkdYudkvnf; aumufcH
NrdKUolBuD;wkdYrSm usKdif;ESpfcsuf? carmufeD? a&T"m;ig;ywfcH xrf;aqmifMu&ygonf/
wG i f ; Muyf ? vuf z uf t k d ; ? aiG a xG ; cH ? pvG , f ? uG r f ; &G u f ?
&Spfajr§mifhtHk;0ef? carmufwif? a&Taq;wH? jcL;tHkcsifpGyf? w&m;pD & if a &;&m
jrif;BudK;ouúvyf&Snf? aiGMu,fpvG,fudk;oG,f? uudkifa&SU avmif;&Snftygt0if a,me,fa'o w&m;pD&ifa&;
a&T a v;? aemuf q H k ; ? jrif ; uawmif a &T Z 0gwk d ; ? wif & rf ; pepfrSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf jypf'PfowfrSwfay;jcif;xuf
atmifvHqGJwkdYudk pD;eif;aqmif&Guf&í NrdKUolBuD;r,m;rSm w&m;vdkw&m;cH ESpfOD;ESpfzufauseyfvufcHonfh zsefajz
trdk;vdyfcGHESihf,mOfteDudk pD;eif;&onf[kqkdygonf/ ay;jcif;pepfuo kd m usio fh ;kH onf/ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;twGuf
aus;vufolBuD;wkdYrSmrl NrdKUolBuD;wkdYuJhodkY tpD;teif;? omoemh0efxrf;&[ef;wkdYtm; BuD;Muyfapygonf/ w&m;a&;
taqmift&Gufrsm; &&SdMu[efrwlyg/ qiftpktrIxrf; udpöwkdYudk NrdKUolBuD;ESihf NrdKUpm; odkYr[kwf NrdKUpm;rSvTJtyfxm;ol
olBuD;wkdYrSty tjcm;aus;&GmolBuD;wkdYonfvnf; tpD;teif;? NrdKUudkifwkdYu pD&ifygonf/
taqmift&Gufrsm;ESihf trIxrf;Mu&onfudk ppfwrf;rsm;ü ,if;odkYpD&if&mwGif zsefajzay;jcif;enf;vrf;oHk;&mwGif
rawGU&oavmufyifjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzihf jrefrmwkdY\w&m;pD&ifa&;pepft& BuD;aomtrI
&Gmpm;topfcefYxm;vQif ¤if;udk aus;&GmolBuD;wkdYu i,fatmif? i,fonfhtrI yaysmufatmif rus,fryGm;ap&m
&Gmwufr*FvmwGif wpftdrf wpfusyfus vufaqmifpkay; [laomrljzihf tBuD;tuJwkdYu zsefajzay;Muygonf/ w&m;vdk
&ouJhokdY &Gmpm;uvnf; ,if;olBuD;wkdYtm; 0wfpHkwpfpHkpD w&m;cH E S p f O D ; wk d Y r S oabmwl v uf c H v Qif vuf z uf p m;í
vufaqmifjyefay;&NrJjzpfonf[kod&ygonf/ ajyNidrf;Muonfudk rSwfwrf;xm;avh&Sdygonf/
þodkYtm;jzihf a,me,fNrdKU&GmtkyfcsKyfolwdkYwGif pD&ifpk zsefajzír&Edkifonfh txift&Sm;ajymqdkqkH;jzwfjcif;
e,fwGif;&Sd aus;&GmolBuD;wkYdrSty usefapmfbGm;? NrdKUpm;ESihf rjyKEdkifaom e,fajrvkrI? e,fedrdwftjiif;yGm;rI ponfwdkYudkrl
tpktrIxrf;tBuD;tuJwkYdonf &mxl;edrfhjrihft& owfrSwf w&m;vdk w&m;cHESpfOD;wkdYtm; usrf;jyoGm;apjcif;? urÇm

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 70

126 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......127

av;&yfw&m;pD&ifenf;jzpfaom a&vm;w&m;pD&ifjcif;enf; wGif qifewf OD;'defrif;apmudk ylaZmfyoMuí usefvQif

wkdYjzihf pD&ifqHk;jzwfay;avh&Sdygonf/ qifrSL;olBuD;u pm;&onf[kqkdygonf/
&Hzef&HcgwGif &yf&Gm"avhtwdkif; usdefqdkjcif;udkvnf; oDaygrif;vufxufwiG f vufaxmufcNH rKd U&GmwkrYd S ESppf Of
,HkMunfvufcHMuygonf/ csif;wkdYudkrl csif;vlrsKd;"avhxHk;pH qufo&NrJjzpfaom w&m;uGrf;zdk;aiGrsm;udk NrdKU&Gmtvdkuf
twdkif; pD&ifonfudk awGU&ygonf/ owfrSwfawmif;qkdMuygonf/ aus;&GmwkdYu cGJa0xrf;aqmif
odkYjzpfí a,me,fajronf t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sifpepf Mu&onfudk awGU&ygonf/
vufatmuf&dS ya'o&mZfe,fwpfcjk zpfaomfvnf; wpfzufowf txl;ojzihf a,me,ftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif NrdKUe,f&yf&Gm
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfrsKd;r&Sd[k ,lq&ygonf/ Nid r f ; csrf ; om,ma&;ES i f h w&m;Oya'pd k ; rk d ; a&;wk d Y t wG u f
tarG r I r sm;wG i f rsm;aomtm;jzih f ,if ; tarG q k d i f omoemh0efxrf;&[ef;wkdYudk *dkPf;tkyf? *dkPf;axmufrsm;
rdom;pkwkdYtay: MoZmoufa&mufonfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm;u qHk;jzwf cefYxm;vsuf BuD;Muyfapygonf/ &[ef;wkdYu rSefuefonfh
wwfMuygonf/ 1768 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f 8 &uf avmif;&SnNf rKd Utkyf
twkdif; arwåmpma&;om;í bk&ihfxHwifoGif;apygonf/
armifykESihfr,ftdwfwkYd tarGrIwGif a&Tausmif;q&mawmfu
jynf o l w k d Y t wG u f v nf ; tusKd ; aus;Zl ; toif h t wif h
a&SUaearmifuHayESihf armifiHaESmif;wkdYudk todoufao
&apcJhonfudk awGY&ygonf/ NrdKU&Gmvlxk qif;&J'ku©rsm;ESihf
oabmxm;vsuf 0ifa&mufzsefajzay;onfudkawGU&ygonf/
awGUBuKH &vQiv f nf; bk&ifrif;jrwfxo H Ykd tcGev
f w
G Nf ird ;f cGirhf sm;
tpktrIxrf;jzpfaom qif&Gmrsm;wGif qifrSL;olBuD;wkdY
uom pD & if t k y f c sKyf M uí tpk o m;csif ; cd k u f & ef j zpf v Qif avQmufxm;ay;Muonfudk awGU&ygonf/
ajyxHk;pmEIwfom&Sdonf[kod&ygonf/ tcsKyftm;jzihfqkd&aomf a,mav;NrdKUwGif {u&mZf
w&m;awGUqH&k mwGif w&m;vdw k o
Ydk nf w&m;pGq J cdk tjzpf opömcH apmfbGm;? NrdKUpm;? NrdKU0efrsm; cefYxm;tkyfcsKyfouJhodkY
w&m;olBu;D tm; uGr;f zk;d ay;Mu&ygonf/ ,if;w&m;uGr;f zd;k udk wkdufusef&Gmrsm;wGif NrdKUpm;? NrdKUudkif? NrdKU0ef? NrKdUpma&;?
rsm;aomtm;jzih f Nrd K Uol B uD ; wpf 0 uf ? t&mawmf w pf 0 uf qifajczHk;acgif;ESihf vufatmufcHaus;&GmolBuD;rsm; &SdMu
cGJa0,lavh&Sdygonf/ ouJo h Ykd wdu
k 0f efwu
kd t
f yk Ef iS hf pD&ifp&k mG rolBu;D ac: t&efyikd rf if;?
atmufrm;&GmolBuD;wkdYrSm w&m;uGrf;zkd;aiGudk qifzrf; ,if;vufatmufcaH us;&GmolBu;D rsm;? &Gmpma&;? &GmtpDt&ifEiS fh
rxGufrD 0gqkdv? oDwif;uRwfvrsm;ESifh ESpfopful;csdefrsm; &Gmacgif;&Gmaqmfrsm;[lí &SdMuygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 71

128 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......129

,if;wkdYwGif NrKdUpm;udk rif;rdzk&m;? om;orD;rsm;ESifh tdrfaqmuf0if;jyif? qifjrif;wif;ukyftvkyf? qifpmjrif;pm

,HMk unfpw d cf s&aom uReaf wmf&if;rsm;udo k m cefx Y m;avh&o dS nf/ auR; ponfhvkyftm;cGefudkay;Mu&onf/
NrdKU0efudkrl rsm;aomtm;jzihf NrdKUpm;oabmusoltm; cefYxm; csif;wkdYudkrl cefYxm;avhr&SdbJ tdrfajcenf;rsm;rqkd
onfudk awGU&ygonf/ &Gmpm;ESihfwkduf0efwkdYrSm rif;rIwm0ef csif;wkdY"avh vkyfudkif&&Sdonfh Muuf? MuufO? csif;pdrf;? ig;uif?
ausyGefaomolrsm;udkom bk&ihfqE´t& trdefYjzihfcefYxm;í *k e f a vQmf ? pyg;? apmif ? za,mif ; ? ,mES i h f 0 uf i ,f w k d Y u d k
*dkPf;tkyf? NrdKUtkyf&mxl;rsm; vpfvyfaevQif NrdKU&GmolBuD;rsm;rS awmif p Of ; pm;? awmif p Of a qmf w k d Y E S i h f tcsKd ; usquf o
rif;rIwm0efausyGefaomolrsm;udk t&nftcsif;tavsmuf apygonf / ypö n f ; cG e f r sm; ray;Mu&aomf v nf ; Nrd K Upm;
a&G;cs,Nf y;D cefaY vh&o dS jzihf vufatmufco H Bl u;D rsm; avQmufxm; apmfbGm;wkdYu vkd&mcdkif;apNrJjzpfouJhodkY tcsdKUaus;&GmwkdYurl
avh&Sdygonf/ ESppf Of a,musmf ;i,fwpfa,mufukd uRet f jzpf tcGex
f rf;aqmif
xkdYaMumifh a,ma'otkyfcsKyfa&;wGif NrdKUpm;? NrdKU0ef? aponfudk awGU&ygonf/
wdu k 0f ef? wdu k t f yk ?f &Gmpm;ESifh ¤if;wkvYd ufatmuf&dS tcsKUd aom tpktrIxrf;jzpfaom atmufrm;&GmwkdYrSm oufqkdif&m
olBuD;t&mrsm;onf bk&iftrdefYjzihfcefYxm;aom &mxl;rsm; tpk0efu tkyfcsKyf&m ppfa&;? rif;rIvGwfuif;&ef pm;ajr
jzpfMuí NrdKU&GmolBuD;t&mwkdYrSmrl ½dk;&mtvdkufcefYxm;&aom aeajrr&Sdaom t½dkif;uJ&Gmu ,mckwfvkyfpm;ctjzpf ajrESD;?
&mxl;rsm;jzpfonf[k qkdEdkifygonf/ ,if;odkY ½dk;&mtvdkuf ajrwdkif;twGuf avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;tm; ,mwpfcif;vQif
cefx Y m;aom&mxl;wGif apmfbmG ;wkv Yd nf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf/ wpfESpftwGuf Muuf 1? apmifjzL 1? acgif;tHk; 1 wkdY
okaYd omfvnf; bk&iftrdeaYf wmf? vTwaf wmfEiS q hf ikd &f m 0efpmrsm; ay;&onf[kod&ygonf/ oufqkdif&mwkdYu vlrsKd;tvdkuf
&&SdrSomvQif tBuD;t&yftjzpf tcdkiftrm ,lqcHMu&ojzihf tcGefawmf tenf;trsm; vufaqmifjyefay;avh&Sdygonf/
&mxl;qufcv H aJT jymif;jcif;rsm; jyKMu&mwGif trdew Yf q H yd pf mrsm;udk NcH K íMunf h & vQif jref r mEd k i f i H t aemuf a jrmuf b uf
avQmufxm;&,lMu&ygonf/ e,fpyfa'ojzpfaom avmif;&Snftygt0if a,me,fonf
ya'o&mZfNrdKUpm;apmfbGm;wkdYtkyfcsKyfonfh e,fajr ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;vHkNcHKa&;wkdYwGif ta&;ygvSonfudk awGU&Sd
jzpfonft h avsmuf aus;Zl;cHaus;Zl;pm;oabm tcGeq f ufo& &aomaMumihf a&S;acwfya'o&mZfrif;rsm;u enf;pepf
jcif;ESifh tjyeftvSefaus;Zl;pm;&jcif;rsm;&Sdygonf/ tcsKdU aumif;rGefpGmjzihf pDrHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfxm;onfh w&m;pD&if
aus;&Gmrsm;onf NrdKUpm;apmfbGm;wdkYcdkif;aponfh v,fvkyf? a&;&musihfoHk;onfh e,fajrwpfck[kqkdEdkifygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 72

130 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......

wpfzefvnf; jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufwGif avmif;&Snf

tygt0if a,me,f \ Nrd K Ursm;ü apmf b G m ;rsm;cef Y x m;NyD ;
tkyfcsKyfaomacwfESihf NrKdUolBuD;rsm;cefYí tkyfcsKyfaom
acwf[lí awGU&Sd&ygonf/ yk*Hacwfouú&mZf (453) rS tcef; (15)
(1149) txd ESpfaygif; (696) ESpfwkdif apmfbGm;rsm; avmif;&Snfa'o a&S;uppfrIa&;&m
tkyfcsKyfaomacwfjzpfNyD; ouú&mZf (1149) rS (1248) ckESpf
txufjrefrmEdkifiHudk NAdwdoQwkdYodrf;ydkufvdkufonftxd avmif;&Snt f ygt0ifjzpfaom a,ma'oonf uonf;?
ESpaf ygif; (98) ESpMf um NrKd UolBu;D tkycf sKyaf omacwfjzpfco
hJ nf[k csif ; ? &cd k i f E S i h f j ref r mwk d Y \ taemuf a jrmuf b uf a 'orS
qkd&rnfomjzpfayonf/ e,f p yf u if ; apmih f e ,f a jrjzpf a omaMumih f a,ma'o
om;wkdYonf rsm;aomtm;jzihf ppftaMumif;udk em;vnf
onf[k qk&d rnfjzpfonf/ ppfcspD pfwufem;vnfraI umif;onf
vnf; jzpfMuygonf/
a,majr&yf0ef;u a&S;a,mESihfavmif;&SnfNrdKUwkdYum;
yk*Hacwfuyif pvif; 600 jyK NrdKUwGif tygt0ifjzpfygonf/
[H o m0wD y grif ; vuf x uf w G i f v nf ; a,ma'oNrd K Ursm;rS
vufeufudkifvl (1000) jzihf rwå&mtkwfzdke,frS auGUwkdYudk
ESdrfESif;cJhMuygonf/
ukef;abmifrif;quf ukef;abmifacwf (1752-1885)
wpfavQmufvnf; a,me,fajrom;wkdYonf EdkifiHpnf;½Hk;
a&;ppf? e,fcsUJ ppfEiS u fh muG,af &;ppfyrJG sm;? ,d;k ',m;a&;wkw
Yd iG f
yg0ifcJhMuonfh ol&Jaumif;rsm;yifjzpfMuygonf/
jrefrmrif;vufxufwdkYwGif xif&Sm;aom ppfrIxrf;
e,f B uD ; wpf c k t jzpf E S i h f ppf a &;ppf & mwG i f ta&;ygaom
131

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 73

132 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 133

a,me,f a jra'o\ ppf t if t m;onf {&m0wD j rpf \ NrdKU aoG;aomufBuD

BuD; tMuyfom;
om; i,fxrf
xrf; 3-pk
3-pk
taemufajrmufbufwpfvTm;ü y"meuscJhygonf/ 1404
avmif;&Snf 4 20 200 224
wGif yif;, paMumoljrwfu ]]t0}} udk vmwdkufaom
[Hom0wDbk&if &mZ"d&mZftm; xD;vif;? a,m? avmif;&Snf a,m 6 30 300 336
ponhfNrdKU&GmwdkYwGif qifjrif;vufeufESihf ppftiftm;tjynfh aqm 1 5 50 56
&Sdonf[kajymum jyefapcJhzl;ygonf/ xD;vif; 5 25 250 280
xkdYaMumihf 19 &mpkü (1829 rS 1854) twGif; a&Twdkuf wdkufusef (7) &Gm 3 15 150 168
pm&if;t& a,ma'oppfrIxrf;tiftm; trIxrf;vltpkpk
(3) ckwGif 724 a,muf&Sdygonf/ a,me,fav;pk trIxrf;wkdYudk yk*Hrif;? rif;wkef;rif;ESihf
oDa ygrif; wkdYvufxufwG if aoewfp kt rIx rf;rsm;tjzpf
zGJUcJhygonf/ AefYusDwdkufwGifyg ajcmufaMumif;aoewfpk
NrdKU aoG;aomuf tMuyf trIxrf; 3-ck zGJUonfhESpf
jzpfvmygonf/ wyfom;wkrYd mS NrKd U&Gmtiftm;tavQmuf qifq h kd
avmif;&Snf 1 5 50 56 1191-ck xm;onfh t&yfom;rsm;omjzpfMuygonf/
a,m 4 20 200 224 1200-ck ppfrIa&;&m&SdcJhvQif a,me,fNrdKU&GmtBuD;tuJwkdYonf
aqm 1 50 50 56 1207-ck owf r S w f q if h q k d a om wyf o m;ta&twG u f u d k r D a tmif
pkaqmif;vsuf udk,fwkdifppfrIxrf;Mu&ygonf/ tcsKdUuvnf;
wdkufusef (7) &Gm 7 45 342 388 1207-ck
ppf r I x rf ; tiS m ;vd k u f M uygonf / ,if ; ppf r I x rf ; wk d Y o nf
trdefYawmfESihfrac:vQif ae&yfNrdKU&GmodkY jyefvm&½dk;vnf;
wpfzef a,mav;NrdKUESihfwkdufusef (7) &GmwkdYrS ouú&mZf
r&SdMuyg/ ppfrIxrf;rsm;onf rdrdwkdYe,fajraus;&Gmudk udk,fpm;
1201 ck (av;trIawmfxrf;) pm&if;udkvnf; avhvmí jyKí ppfrIa&;&mNyD;qHk;onftxd trIxrf;aqmifMu&ygonf/
&ygonf/ ppfrIa&;&mNyD;qHk;jcif;r&SdbJ jyefvmcJhvQif oufqdkif&m NrdKU&Gm
tBuD ; tuJ w k d Y u ¤if ; tm; zrf ; qD ; xm;í vT w f a wmf o d k Y
tvsiftjref tpD&ifcH&ygonf/

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 74

134 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......135

ioH y d k E S i h f i uH v d I i f xk d o l w k d Y o nf trd e f Y a wmf r &S d b J a'ojzpf a om a,me,f a jra'oom;wk d Y o nf rsm;aom

aus;&GmodkY jyefvmMuaomaMumihf avmif;&SnfNrdKUolBuD;u tm;jzihf ppftaMumif;udk em;&nf0í ppfcsDppfwufem;vnf
zrf;qD;csKyfxm;í 1884 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufwGif Muygonf/ odkYjzpfívnf; a,me,fajra'oonf jrefrmrif;
vTwfawmfodkY tpDt&ifcH&aMumif;ESihf jyefvmMuol&SdcJhygu tqufquf xif&Sm;aomppfrIxrf;e,fajrrsm;wGif wpfck
wyfajy;? wyfa&Smif [kwfr[kwf NrdKUawmfodkYac:,lppfaq;um tygt0ifjzpfcJh&um {&m0wDjrpf\ taemufwpfvTm;ü
vdktyfonfrsm;udk cdkif;avh&Sdygonf/ y"meuscJhygonf/
ppfrIxrf;aqmif&mwGif ppfa&;ppf&mrsm;ay:aygufvm
aomtcg NrdKU&GmrS&onfh vufeufudkpGJudkifí tdk;? cGuf? &du©m?
ud&d,mtpHkjzihf NrdKU&GmtBuD;tuJwdkYESihftwl qifhqdkonhf
t&yfodkY owfrSwfaeY&ufta&mufoGm;Mu&ygonf/
ppfcsDaomtcgü ppfwyfudk vlig;a,mufwpftkd;pm;?
ESptf ;kd pm;vQiw f pfMuyf? tMuyfwpfq,fwiG f rSL;i,fwpfa,mufus
zGJUpnf;csDwuf&ygonf/ wyfoHk;jrif;udkvnf; vl (20) vQif
jrif ; wpf p D ; EI e f ; jzpf y gonf / 1805 ck E S p f u wyf o H k ; jrif ;
wpfaumif\wefzdk;rSm aiG (50) usyf&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/
aoewf? "m;? vSH? oHcRef? "m;r? aygufqdef? aqmuf?
vG,ftdwf ponfhvufeufwkdYudk NrdKU&GmtwGif;rS &EkdiforQ
pkaqmif;odrf;,lí cGJa0udkifaqmifMuygonf/ aoewf?
cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwkdYudkrl vlwkdif;aph rudkifaqmifEdkifMuay/
rdrdNrdKU&Gmrsm;rSvnf;aumif;? &Hzef&Hcg bk&ihfvufeufwkdufrS
vnf;aumif; &&SdMuygonf/
txuf y gwd k Y u d k M unf h j cif ; tm;jzih f jref r mEd k i f i H
taemufbufESifh taemufajrmufbuf&Sd uif;apmihft&yf

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 75

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......137

vrf;pOfygwDacwf? 1974 ckESpf jynfolYvTwfawmfESihf jynfolY

aumif p D t qif h q if h w k d Y j zif h zG J U pnf ; tk y f c sKyf c J h a omacwf ?
Ekid if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;ESiwfh nfaqmufa&;umv? Edik if aH wmf
tcef; (16) at;csrf ; om,ma&;ES i h f zG H U Nzd K ;a&;aumif p D ponf j zih f
*E 0¬ ifavmif;&Snf\ jzwfoef;cJh&aom c&D;&Snf tqihfqihfajymif;vJtkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfwkdYudkvnf; jzwfoef;
vmcJ h N yD ; NyD v nf ; jzpf a vonf / ,ck c sd e f c gumvor,
avmif ; &S n f w G i f &S n f v sm;vS a omork d i f ; aMumif ; u 'Dru kd a&pDEidk if aH wmfopfqo D Ykd csw
D ufaeNyjD zpfaom avmif;&Snf
&S d a ecJ h o nf / avmif ; &S n f [ k trnf e mrjzpf a y:rvmrD jzpfaeayNyD/
]]AsLyÜwf&Gm}} [lí ac:wGifcJhonfESifh a*gwrjrwfAk'¨bk&m;&Sif wpfzef a&S;a[mif;aESmif;acwf &mZ0ifxu J avmif;&Sn\ f
ryGifhrDrSmyif &SdaecJhNyD[kqkdcJhonf/ orkid ;f aMumif;wkYd tus,w f 0ifah zmfjycJNh y;D onfah emuf ya'o&mZf
ya'o&mZf p epf jref r mrif ; rsm;umv yk * H a cwf jrefrm&Sifbk&ifrsm;tvGef avmif;&SnftaMumif;tm;vnf;
tavmif ; pnf o l r if ; vuf x uf a wmf t cgurS p wif u m tqifhqifh vufvSrf;rDoí tusOf;csKyfumvQif xyfqihfNyD;
]]avmif;&SnfNrdKU}} trnfwGifvmcJh&onfh avmif;&Snfonf wifjy&ayOD;rnf/
orkdif;tqufquf ESpfumvvnf;MumjrihfcJhvSNyDjzpfayonf/ 1887 ckESpfwGif avmif;&Snfü NrdKUtkyf½Hk;pdkufcJhonf/
ouú&mZf wifEdkifaomtcgumv jrefrmbk&ifrsm; 1904 ckESpfwGif yqkyf½Hk;udk aygif;cJh&onfESihf NrdKUtkyf½Hk;pdkuf&m
vufxuf NrdKUpm;? &Gmpm;? olBuD; zGJUpnf;ESif;tyfyHkacwfwkdYudk rSonf avmif;&SnfNrdKUrSm aus;&GmtkyfpktqifhodkY avsmhusvm
vnf; yg0ifjzwfoef;cJhNyD;NyD? e,fcsJUNAdwdoQvufatmufESihf cJ h & onf / a,ma'o\tpG e f t zsm;vnf ; jzpf ? vrf ; yef ;
*syefvufatmufwkdYwGifvnf; BuHKcJh&NyD;NyD/ tquf t oG , f t m;jzih f v nf ; aumif ; rG e f r I enf ; aeao;
jrefrmwkYd oYu
l Reb
f 0rSvw G af jrmufa&;twGuf vGwv f yfa&; aomaMumifhvnf; tqihfavsmhusjcif;[k,lq&ayrnf/
BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;udkvnf; avmif;&Snftaejzihf BuHKcJh&onf/ 1962 ck E S p f ? awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D w uf N yD ; aemuf
vG w f v yf a &;BuD ; &NyD ; onf h a emuf jref r mwk d Y \ ygvD r ef avmif;&SnfNrdKUwGif vufaxmufNrdKUydkif½Hk;zGifhNyD; NrdKUe,fcGJ[k
'Drdkua&pDpepf? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&umv? jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf owfrSwfrI&SdcJhonf/ yckuúLc½dkif aqmNrdKUe,f\ NrdKUe,fcGJwpfck
jzpfcJh&onf/
136

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 76

138 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......139

onfodkYESihf jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0ef; wkdif;? c½dkif? NrdKUe,frsm; t"duxm;vkyfudkifMuNyD; Ak'¨bmom0ifutrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/

tqifq h ihaf jymif;vJzUJG pnf;cJjh yef&m 1996 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D 4 &ufü c&pf,mefbmomudkudk;uG,fol tenf;i,f&Sdonf/ jrefrm
*ef Y a *gNrd K U? xD ; vif ; Nrd K U? aqmNrd K U wk d Y y g0if a om Nrd K Ue,f vlrsK;d utrsm;qH;k ESifh awmifo^l om; (olwu Ydk ,
kd o
f w
l Ydk ysLvlrsK;d
(3) cktm; a,ma'o? *efYa*gc½dkif[k ac:a0:vmapcJhonf rsm;jzpfonf[k ,HkMunf,lqum ajymqdkaeMuaom ta&;
wGif avmif;&Snfum; aqmNrdKUe,fwGifyg0ifNyD; ,aeYumv bmompum; rSwfwrf;wifEdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; tajym
tcg 'd k i f e ,f a us;&G m BuD ; wpf & G m tjzpf E S i h f o m jzpf a eay bmompum; oD;jcm;&Sdaeavaomolrsm;)? csif;vlrsKd;wkdYvnf;
awmhonf/ tenf;tusOf;aexkdifvsuf&Sd&m avmif;&SnfNrdKUuav;um;
qufvufíwifjy&rnfrSm- (2011) ckESpf? oef;acgifpm&if;t& tdrfajc (511)? vlOD;a&
rauG;wdik ;f a'oBu;D twGi;f *efaY *gc½dik f (a,ma'o) \ (2540) a,muf&Sdayonf/
vl O D ; a&ES i h f Nrd K Ue,f t vd k u f a exd k i f r I w G i f 2003 ck E S p f ? c&D;vrf;qufoG,fa&;tm;jzihf rEåav;-yckuúL-ayguf-
*efYa*gc½dkifjyefwrf;ü atmufygtwdkif;awGU&ygonf- ausmufxk-aqm-avmif;&Snf armfawmfum;vrf;? aqmNrdKUrS
aqm-avmif;&Snf-uefyufvufarmfawmfum;vrf;ESihf qdyfjzL
pOf Nrd K Ue,f ucsif u,m; u&if csif ; Arm rG e f &cdkif &S r f ; Ed k i f i H j cm;
avmif;&Snf-aqm armfawmfum;vrf;wkdY&Sdonf/ aqmNrdKUESihf
1 *efaY *g 188 63 169 9955 124038 55 110 150 1
vnf;aumif;? qdyfjzLNrdKUESihfvnf;aumif; oGm;vmí&aom
2 xD;vif; 1 110 71742
3 aqm 74 81797
armf a wmf u m;vrf ; wk d Y r S m aqmif ; ES i h f a EG & moD w k d Y w G i f o m
c½dik cf sKyf 188 63 170 10139 277577 55 110 150 1 oGm;vmí&aomvrf;rsm;jzpfaomaMumihf avmif;&SnfodkY
&moDra&G;oGm;vmEkdifa&;wGif tcuftcJjzpfaeao;onf/
¤if;jyefwrf;udkMunfhjcif;tm;jzihf avmif;&Snftygt0if
jzpfaom (*efYa*gc½dkif) twGif;u ,aeYavmif;&SnfwGif
EkdifiHawmftpdk;& tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;? wdkufe,f
aq;½Hk? jynfolY&Jpcef;? pmwkdufESihfaMu;eef;½Hk;wkdY&Sdonf/
avmif;&Snfae jynfolwkdYrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 77

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 141

ynm&SifwkdYxH ar;jref;íwpfenf;/ pdppfjcif;tcgcg tcsdef

rsm;pGmay;umvQif yifyef;pGmaqmif&u G cf &hJ ygonf/ rnfoaYkd om
tcuftcJrsm;udk awGUapumrl ZG?J vHv Yk ? 0D&, d jzihf wwfEikd pf rG ;f
ed * k H ; orQ BudK;yrf;cJhygonf/
]]aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkYr[kwf) ]]avmif;&Snf}} wGif ouú&mZf 1263 ck OD;pmyif
a,ma&Tjynfu yk*H}} [laomtrnfjzifh jyKpka&;om;&jcif;wGif rD;ab;aMumihf &yfuGufwpfckvHk;ESihf ta&SUrif;ausmif;BuD;yg
t"durSm wdrfjrKyfvsuf&Sdonfh a&S;acwfa[mif;NrdKUuav; rD;avmifc&H jcif; ? ouú&mZf 1319 ckEpS u f NrKd UrOD;aomif;armf
wpf N rd K Uud k trsm;jynf o l w d k Y od v mEd k i f M uapa&;twG u f rD;ab;aMumihf NrdKUrajrmufbuf&yfuGufwpfjcrf; tdrfajc
&nf&G,f&if;jzpfygonf/ rsm;pGmrD;avmifcH&jcif;? ouú&mZf 1339 cku a'geausmif;
ordkif;\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;rQjzpfaom ]]avmif;&Snf}} udk BuD;rSpí NrdKUr&yfuGuf tdrfajc (162) tdrfrD;avmifcH&jcif;
aESmif;vlwkdYtwGuf odapvdkívnf; pma&;olonf BudK;pm; paom taMumif;rsm;ESifh a&mifpHkolykefrsm;wkdY\ zsufqD;rIrsm;
&SmazGp;l prf;cJyh gonf/ xdo k &Ykd mS azG&mwGif &&m&aMumif;enf;vrf; wkdYaMumihfvnf; rSwfwrf;rsm; ysufpD;aysmufqkH;jcif;rsm;pGm
rsm;tjzpf ausmufpmESihfaypm? yk&ydkufpmrsm;? &mZ0ifwGif &SdcJhonfudkyg Mum;odcJh&ygonf/
pmwifxm;aom jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk odkY&mwGif rqkwfrepf tm;ravQmhaompdwf"mwfjzihf
ajymjyEkdifrnfh awGUoifhawGUxdkufaom &[ef;yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? azG&Smpkpnf;EkdiforQtm; NyD;jynfhpHkonfhtaetxm;rsKd; r[kwf
vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;xH awGUqHkar;jref;rIrsm;wkdYtm; jyKpkum a&;om; onfhwkdifatmif aemifvmaemufom;rsm; od&SdEkdifap&ef
xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ tvdkYiSm BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjzpfcJhygonf/
]]avmif;&Snf}} odkU oGm;vma&;tcuftcJ? tjcm; ]]avmif;&Snf}} \ taetxm;? taumif;tqdk;udk
tcuftcJrsK;d pH&k adS eonfMh um;rS ra&mufa&mufatmif txyfxyf oHk;oyfum acwftajctaeESihf vlrIb0udkem;vnfoHk;oyf
tcgcgoGm;NyD; tcsuftvufrsm;? "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;rsm;udk EdkifMurnfjzpfouJhodkY wkd;wufrI? qkwf,kwfrIwdkYudkyg qifjcif
&SmazGpkaqmif;cJh&ygonf/ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? ausmufpm? EkdifMurnf[k ,lqrd&ygonf/
aypm? yk&ydkufpmrsm;udk zwf½IíwpfzHk? wwfuRrf;em;vnfol ,kwfpGtqHk; wpfcgwkef;qDu tajymrsm;cJhMu&mwGif
avmif;&Snftygt0if ]]a,mjynf a,me,f}} [lonfrSm
140

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 78

142 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 143

ckdifcHhBuD;rm;aom twm;tqD;BuD;rsm;jzpfonfh urÇmausmf yd;k udk jzpfaponf/ iSuzf sm;a&m*g (4) rsK;d teuf ]]yvyfprf ;dk eD;,m;
*E¦0ifyHkawmif? yHknm nDaemifawmifwef;BuD;rsm;ESihf awmBuD; z,fqDy&rf}} iSufzsm;ydk;onf OD;aESmufodkY a&mufNyD; owd
jrufrnf; pdrfhBuD;? NrdKifBuD;wkYd&Sd&m t&yfa'o[k odcGihf vpfjcif;/ wufzsm;zsm;jcif;ESihf ½kwfw&uf aoqHk;wwfonf
&oGm;EdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; rkd;enf;&yf0ef; vnf ; jzpf y gonf / touf r aoí a&m*gouf o m
ajrjyefaY 'o&S&d mrS taemufbufqw D ufvmcJv
h Qif rauG;wdik ;f aysmufuif;apumrl pdwfazmufjyefNyD; ½l;oGyfjcif;udkyif
a'oBuD; taemuf,Gef;,Gef;wGif yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif jzpfapwwfygonf/ xkdodkYES,f cHpm;&aom vlemrsm;udk pkef;?
txuf ysr;f rQtjrihaf y (3000) ausmpf &D adS eMuaom yHak wmif? ua0 wkdY\ jyKpm;jcif;cH&onf[k xifjrifcJhMuum a,mjynf
yHknm awmifwef;jrifhnDaemifudkawGU&NyD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiH\ a,me,fudk txifrSm;apcJh&ygonf/
taemufbuftusqHk; ysrf;rQtjrihfay (7000) ausmf&Sd wpf z ef v nf ; jref r mEd k i f i H v G w f v yf a &;&NyD ; umv
csif;½dk;rawmifwef;jrihfBuD;wkdYtMum;u rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD; EkdifiHawmftwGif; ygwDrsm;tuGJtNyJjzpfcsdef? a&mifpHkolykefwkdY
taemuf,eG ;f ,Ge;f wGif a,mjynfa,me,f? a,majr&yf0ef;udk x<ucsdefrsm;0,f a,ma'oonf aomif;usef;ol tvHeD
awGUMu&ygrnfqo dk nft
h aMumif;tm;vnf; ,ckavmufqv kd Qif uGefjrLepfrsm;\ A[kdXmecsKyfwnf&me,fajrvnf; jzpfcJh
tawmftwefodcGifh&Mu&NyD[k cefYrSef;,lqrd&ygonf/ &jcif;aMumihf "m;jywdkufvk,ufowfjzwf n§Of;yef;rIrsm;
wu,f w rf ; tm;jzih f ]]avmif ; &S n f } } tygt0if BuD;xGm;cJh&um ajrjyefYujynfolom;csif;wkdY a,mwkdYe,fajrudk
a,majr&yf0ef;onf awmifpOftxyfxyf awmifjrihw f ef;awG roGm;&J? rvm&J jzpfapcJhjcif;vnf;yg0ifygonf/ ajrjyefY
Mum; EkdifihHtzkd;wefobm0 uRef;? ysOf;uwkd;? ydawmuf? a'orsm;ESihf a,ma'otquftoG,ef nf;yg;cJ&h um a,me,f
oif;0if? tifMuif;? opf&m? ,rae tp&Sad om opfyifBu;D rsm;? ajronf zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIwGifvnf; aemufuscJh&ygonf/
0g;awmBuD;rsm;u obm0tavsmuf xlxyfpGm aygufa&muf 1956 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmfu ]]atmifrmC}} ppfqif
jzpfxGef;aejcif;? awmifusacsmif;rsm; aygrsm;pGm&Sdjcif;ESihf a&;vkyfcJhí 1973-74 ckESpfrSpwifum a,majr&yf0ef;onf
pdrfhprf;aumif;rGefjcif;wkYdaMumihf oGm;vma&;tvGefcufcJ&um Nidrf;csrf;vmcJh&onf/ tjzLa&mife,fajrppfppf jzpfvmcJh
vlot l a&muftaygufvnf;enf;cJ&h ygonf/ xdt k aMumif;t&m &onf/ wjznf;jznf;ESihf zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufvmcJh&awmhonf/
wkdYudk tajccHNyD; iSufzsm;a&m*guvnf; tcef;u@wpfck ,if;uJhodkYaom taetxm;rsm;wGif wpfcsdefaom
tjzpf yg0ifvmcJ&h onf/ tifEzkd ;D vD;jcifaMumihf iSuzf sm;a&m*g ya'o&mZf&Sifbk&ifrsm; (yk*H? yif;,? ppfudkif;? tif;0?

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 79

144 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ...... 145

awmifi?l jynf? anmif&rf;? uke;f abmif) acwfu aejynfawmf\ pHkpHkr[kwfonfhwdkif ordkif;uGufvyfwpfckudk wpfaxmifh
tpG e f t zsm;jzpf c J h & aom uif ; pcef ; Nrd K U? tapmif h w yf N rd K U? wpfae&mrS jznfhpGufay;&ma&mufonf[kqdkygvQif pma&;ol
cHwyfO;D uif;NrKd Uav;wpfNrKd Ujzpfc&hJ aom? tcsed t f cgae&ma'o taejzifh þpmtkyfudk a&;&usKd;eyfNyD[k rSwf,lrdygonf/
tavsmuf ta&;ygcJh&aom? a,majr&yf0ef;u aESmif;acwf
]]avmif;&Sn}f } onf jrefrm&mZ0iftqufqufwiG v f nf;aumif;? udka,m (abm*aA')
jrefrmhorkid ;f pOfacwfpepftrsK;d rsK;d wGiv f nf;aumif; aysmufu, G f
ysuf p D ; roG m ;cJ h / &S m ;&S m ;yg;yg; bmomomoem pnf y if
0ajymvS p G m ES i h f &S i f o ef q J v nf ; &S d y gonf / jref r mh r l [ ef
trSwftom;rsm;ESihf usef&pfqJvnf;jzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí a,majr&yf0ef;u yk*HtjzpfESihf ]]avmif;&Snf}}
onf a&S ; a[mif ; ork d i f ; 0if b k & m;? yk x k d ; ? apwD r sm;ES i h f
ausmif;uefZ&yfrsm; ponfh a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if tarGtESpf
rsm;udk xdef;odrf;&if; tem*wfjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ orkdif;pOf
rsm;wGif yg0ifaeOD;rSmjzpfonft h jyif azmfxw k &f ef&adS eao;aom
bk&m;? apwD? ykxdk;rsm;ESihf acgif;avmif;wkdYvnf; &SdaeqJESihf
a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfwkdYudk jrifawGUí pl;prf;Edkifygonf/
ork d i f ; ynm&S i f r sm;? ok a woD t aygif ; wd k Y t aeES i h f v nf ;
jzpf & yf p H k v if *E¦ 0 if o rk d i f ; ES i h f avmif ; &S n f N rd K Uuav;ud k
qE´ t avsmuf oG m ;a&muf a vh v mEd k i f M uygapaMumif ;
azmfxkwfa&;om;wifjyjzpf&ayonf/
,ck u J h o k d Y ]]aES m if ; acwf a [mif ; u ]]avmif ; &S n f } }
(odkYr[kwf) a,ma&Tjynfu yk*H}} pmtkyfi,fonf jynfhjynfh

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 80

146 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......147

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 81

 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......149

17/ jrefrmrif;rsm;w&m;pD&ifa&; (OD;atmifoef;xGef;-

r[m0dZÆm)
18/ a&TbHked'gef; (aZ,s ocF,m)
usrf ; ud k ; rsm; 19/ ukef;abmifacwfa,ma'o (OD;ausmf-tNidrf;pm;
1/ rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (y? 'k? w) orkdif;ygarmu©-tzGJU0if? jrefrmorkdif;tzGJU)
2/ r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (y? 'k ? w) (OD;ukvm;) 20/ r[mvl&nfcRefa&Tjynf0efBuD; OD;bkd;vdIif (a&TbdkrdrdBuD;)
3/ ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (y? 'k? w) 21/ ukef;abmif&SmyHkawmf (ndKjr)
(OD;armifarmifwif) 22/ ukef;abmifa&Tjynf (a'gufwmwkd;vS)
4/ jrefrm&mZ0if (OD;boef;) 23/ a,mrif;Bu;D OD;bd;k vdiI f tw¬Kyw
Ü Eåd iS &fh mZ"r®o*F[usr;f
5/ taemf&xm t&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH (AdkvfrSL;b&Sif) (armifxif)
6/ e,fvn S &hf mZ0if (a'gufwmoef;xGe;f -orkid ;f ygarmu©) 24/ &wemyHkacwf xdyfwef;eef;wGif;t&m&SdBuD;rsm;
7/ ysLawGb,faysmufoGm;ovJ (a'gufwmoef;xGef;- (wifEdkifwkd;)
orkdif;ygarmu©) 25/ oDaygbk&ifESihfpkzk&m;vwf (wuúodkvf pdefwif)
8/ eef;"avhrSwfwrf;rsm; (jrauwk) 26/ eef;usbk&ifoDayg (wuúodkvfpdefwif)
9/ ukef;abmif&Sif;wrf; (armifoef;aqG-xm;0,f) 27/ uav;NrdKUorkdif; (t&Sify'kr)
10/ xD;t&dyf eef;t&dyf (armifoef;aqG-xm;0,f) 28/ a&Tpufawmforkdif;ESihfausmif;awmf&morkdif;
11/ yk*HjrifuGif;us,f (vSordef) (q&mawmf OD;'Dy)
12/ yk*HtBudKorkdif;ajc&mrsm; (OD;oef;xGef;-a&Tbkd) 29/ a,m (tNidrf;pm;ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;MumxGef;-
13/ yk*Hrif;qufrsm;&mZ0if (wuúodkvf-armifokvdIif) trsKd;om;pmayqk&)
14/ tajcjyjrefrmEdkifiHa&;orkdif; (y? 'k-jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf 30/ a,mr*¾Zif; (a,me,ftoif;-&efukef)
vrf;pOfygwD) 31/ a,m (*efYa*gc½dkif q,fESpfjynfhtxl;xkwfr*¾Zif;)
15/ jrefrmtbd"meftusOf;csKyfrsm; (jrefrmpmtzGJU) 32/ xD;vif;NrdKUe,fr*¾Zif;
16/ jrefrma&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rIokawoe (OD;jrihfatmif) 33/ xD;vif;NrdKU a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;orkdif; (OD;xGef;BuD;)
148

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 82

150 udka,m (abm*aA') aESmif;acwfa[mif;u ]]avmif;&Snf}} (odkY) ......151

34/ GAN GAW DISTRICT GAZETTER 47/ aypm? yk&ydkufpm? pmcRefawmfrsm; (,Gef;ausmif;wkduf?
35/ a,m"avh (apmMuLarmif-a,majr) avmif;&Snf/)
36/ vGrf;zG,fawGaygygwJh wkdYa,majr (a'gufwmoufvGif)
37/ a,mwkaYd jr (ausmufxNk rKd Ue,fcJG vlxyk nma&;rSL; (Nird ;f )
OD;rJ\ aypm? yk&ydkufpm? rSwfwrf;rsm;? vufESdyfpuf
pmrl)
38/ aqmNrdKUe,f avmif;&Snforkdif;jyKpka&; (pmMunfhwkduf
cifarmif? jyefMum;a&; ^ uefyufvuf\vufa&;pmrl)
39/ avmif;&SnfrSwfwrf;rsm; (wifpdk;-avmif;&Snf)
40/ aqmNrdKUe,f odef;usif;&Gm a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if
odef;usif;a&TwefqmapwDawmfbk&m;orkdif;
41/ uke;f abmifacwfa,meJY csi;f qufqaH &; (qvkid ;f usiaf 'G;
barmif-yckuúLaumvdyfESpfvnfr*¾Zif;)
42/ taemufbufwu dk f a,m (7) &GmESifh a,mav;NrKd U aypm?
yk&ydkufpmrsm; ('k-AdkvfrSL;BuD; vSxGm;)
43/ xD;vif;ppfwrf;yk&ydkuf (r*Fvmausmif; xD;vif;NrdKU/)
44/ avmif;&Snfppfwrf;yk&ydkufrsm; (OD;ausmftkef;pdef?
a':wifOD; aqmNrdKU/)
45/ aqm ppfwrf; yk&ydkufrsm; (OD;ausmftkef;pdef? a':wifOD;
aqmNrdKU/)
46/ *efYa*gppfwrf;yk&ydkuf (OD;tefYBuD; ausmif;q&m
taemuf*efYa*g? *efYa*gNrdKU/)

udka,m (abm*aA')^ jynfolYtwGuf..... 83