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Lecture 02 - Chapter 1 - Ideal Gas

1) Gases are defined by their ability to expand to fill any container. The state of gases is described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. 2) Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in units such as pascals. Several gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. 3) The gas constant R is used in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of ideal or perfect gases.

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106 views

Lecture 02 - Chapter 1 - Ideal Gas

1) Gases are defined by their ability to expand to fill any container. The state of gases is described by pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas. 2) Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is measured in units such as pascals. Several gas laws relate the pressure, volume, and temperature of gases including Boyle's law, Charles' law, and the combined gas law. 3) The gas constant R is used in the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of ideal or perfect gases.

Uploaded by

Hyeon Chang No
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Title

Atkins & de Paula:


Atkins’ Physical Chemistry

Part I: Equilibrium
Chapter 1: The Properties of Gases

State of gases

gas, a form of matter that fills any container it occupies

The perfect gas (ideal gas)


the molecules of a gas are widely separated from one another and
move in paths that are unaffected by intermolecular forces
1.1 The state of gases
The physical state of a substance is defined by its
physical properties (V, n, P, T).
Equation of state P = f (T, V, n)
nRT
For perfect gases, P=
V
Pressure
Pressure is defined as force divided by the area to which the force is applied.
The origin of the force exerted by a gas is the incessant battering
of the molecules on the walls of its container. P= Force/ Area = F / A
1 Pa = 1 N m-2 = 1 kg m-1 s-2
Standard pressure p∅ = 1 bar = 105 Pa
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 14.7 psi = 760 torr = 760 mmHg

Mechanical Equilibrium

Mechanical equilibrium
the condition of equality of pressure
on either side of a movable wall
Pressure Measurement

Measurement of pressure
F = ma = ρAh g A

P = F/A = ρAhg/A = ρgh h

P = ρgh = ρglcosθ

Pressure Measurement

h ∝ P – Pex

P = Pex + ρgh

Difference in the height of column in the open-


tube manometer is proportional to the difference
in the pressure between sample and atmosphere.
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature T is the property that indicates the direction
of the flow of energy through a thermally conducting, rigid wall.
Diathermic boundary : energy transfer across the boundary
Adiabatic boundary : No energy transfer across the boundary

Thermal equilibrium

Zeroth Law

Zeroth Law of thermodynamics


If A is in thermal equilibrium with B,
and B is in thermal equilibrium with C,
then C is also in thermal equilibrium with A.

Celsius T(oC) = T(K) -273.15


Rankine T(R) = 1.8 T(K)
Fahrenheit T(oF) = T(R) -459.67
T(oF) = 1.8 T(oC) +32
Perfect Gas Law

1.2 The gas laws

Boyle’s law : At constant temperature, the


Pressure of a sample gas is inversely proportional
To its volume, PV = constant, at const n, T

Charles’ law : At constant pressure, the volume of


A gas is proportional to the absolute temperature
V ∝ T, at const n, P

Avogadro’s principle : Equal volume of gases at


The same pressure and temperature contain the same
Numbers of molecules
V ∝ n, at const P, T
Boyle’s law

Isotherm

Isotherms Isobars Isochores

Boyle’s law Charles’ law

Limiting law : A law that is strictly true only in a certain limit


Gas Constant

The perfect gas law


PV = constant × nT
PV = nRT
R ≡ gas constant

Perfect Gas

P1V1 P2V2
= = nR
T1 T2
STP & SATP

STP (standard temperature and pressure)


• standard T and P,
• Molar volume Vm = 22.414 Lmol-1
• 0℃, 1 atm

SATP (standard ambient temperature and pressure)


• standard ambient T and P,
• Vm = 24.789 Lmol-1
• 25℃ (298.15 K), 1 bar (P∅)

Atmospheric Pressure

h = H ln2

P = P0 e –h/H
H = RT/Mg Æ approximately ~ 8 km
M = the average molar mass number
P0 = the pressure at sea level
Weather

How can a cloud be formed?


Rising of hot air parcel → Adiabatic expansion → Cooling in temperature
→ Moisture condensation → Cloud formation

Greenhouse Effect
Mixture of gases

Mole fraction
xJ = nJ / n where n = nA + nB + ····
xA + xB + ···· = 1
Partial pressure
PJ = xJ P

Dalton’s law : The pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the


sum of the partial pressures of the gases.

P = PA + PB + ··· = (xA + xB)P

Partial pressure

PJ = xJ P

PA + PB + ···· = (xA + xB + ····)P = P


Example 1.3

Q) The mass percentage composition of dry air at sea level is approximately


N2:75.5; O2:23.2; Ar:1.3. What is the partial pressure of each component
when the total pressure is 1.0 atm?
A) When we suppose the presence of 100g of air,

75.5 g 2.68 mol


n( N 2 ) = = 2.68 mol P( N 2 ) = × 1.00 atm = 0.780 atm
28.02 g / mol 3.45 mol
23.2 g 0.725 mol
n(O2 ) = = 0.725 mol P(O2 ) = × 1.00 atm = 0.210 atm
32.00 g / mol 3.45 mol
1. 3 g 0.033 mol
n( Ar ) = = 0.033 mol P( Ar ) = × 1.00 atm = 0.0096 atm
39.95 g / mol 3.45 mol

Total = 3.45 mol

Example 1.3
Real Gases

Molecular interactions

(1) Low pressure : non-molecular interaction


Perfect gas behavior

(2) Moderate pressure : attractive interaction


More compressible

(3) High pressure : repulsive interaction


Less compressible

Compression factor
The compression factor
The compression factor Z of a gas is the ratio
of its molar volume Vm to the molar volume
of a perfect gas Vmo at the same pressure and
temperature
Vm
Z= PVm = ZRT
Vmo

Z = 1 : perfect gas
Z > 1 : larger Vm, less compressible
repulsive, high pressure
Z < 1 : smaller Vm, more compressible
attractive, moderate pressure

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