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Necking (Engineering) : Formation

Necking occurs when plastic deformation localizes in a small region of a material under tensile loading. It results from an instability where the material's cross-sectional area decreases by a greater proportion than the amount it strain hardens. Three factors determine if and where necking will occur: 1) natural heterogeneities in the material that cause local stress variations, 2) Poisson effect causing the material's cross-section to decrease with deformation, and 3) the extent and rate of strain hardening varying with deformation. Necking initially forms where stresses are highest but then becomes self-perpetuating as strain concentrates in the neck, further decreasing its cross-section. A neck will stabilize once hardening outp

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82 views

Necking (Engineering) : Formation

Necking occurs when plastic deformation localizes in a small region of a material under tensile loading. It results from an instability where the material's cross-sectional area decreases by a greater proportion than the amount it strain hardens. Three factors determine if and where necking will occur: 1) natural heterogeneities in the material that cause local stress variations, 2) Poisson effect causing the material's cross-section to decrease with deformation, and 3) the extent and rate of strain hardening varying with deformation. Necking initially forms where stresses are highest but then becomes self-perpetuating as strain concentrates in the neck, further decreasing its cross-section. A neck will stabilize once hardening outp

Uploaded by

afaq Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Necking (engineering)

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A polyethylene sample with a stable neck.

Necking, in engineering or materials science, is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively


large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material.[1] The
resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the name "neck".
Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with yielding,
a form of plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers.[2]

[edit] Formation
Necking results from an instability during tensile deformation when a material's cross-sectional
area decreases by a greater proportion than the material strain hardens. Considère published the
basic criterion for necking in 1885.[3] Three concepts provide the framework for understanding
neck formation.

1. Before deformation, all real materials have heterogenieties such as flaws or local
variations in dimensions or composition that cause local fluctuations in stresses and
strains. To determine the location of the incipient neck, these fluctuations need only be
infinitesimal in magnitude.
2. During tensile deformation the material decreases in cross-sectional area. (Poisson effect)
3. During tensile deformation the material strain hardens. The amount of hardening varies
with extent of deformation.

The latter two items determine the stability while the first item determines the neck's location.
Graphical construction indicating criteria for neck formation and neck stabilization.

Graphical construction for a material that deforms homogeneously at all draw ratios.

The plots at left show the quantitative relation between hardening (depicted by the curve's slope)
and decrease in cross-sectional area (assumed in the Considère treatment to vary inversely with
draw ratio) for a material that forms a stable neck (top) and a material that deforms
homogeneously at all draw ratios (bottom).

As the material deforms, all locations undergo approximately the same amount of strain as long
as it hardens more than its cross-sectional area decreases, as shown at small draw ratios in the top
diagram and at all draw ratios in the bottom. But if the material begins to harden by a smaller
proportion than the decrease in cross-sectional area, as indicated by the first tangent point in the
top diagram, strain concentrates at the location of highest stress or lowest hardness. The greater
the local strain, the greater the local decrease in cross-sectional area, which in turn causes even
more concentration of strain, leading to an instability that causes the formation of a neck. This
instability is called "geometric" or "extrinsic" because it involves the material's macroscopic
decrease in cross-sectional area.

[edit] Neck stability

As deformation proceeds the geometric instability causes strain to continue concentrating in the
neck until the material either ruptures or the necked material hardens enough, as indicated by the
second tangent point in the top diagram, to cause other regions of the material to deform instead.
The amount of strain in the stable neck is called the natural draw ratio[4] because it is determined
by the material's hardening characteristics, not the amount of drawing imposed on the material.
Ductile polymers often exhibit stable necks because molecular orientation provides a mechanism
for hardening that predominates at large strains.[5]

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