TRANSFORMATIONS OF

FUNCTIONS
1.1 Prerequisite Skills + Translations p. 1
1.2 Reflections p. 17
1.3 Stretches p. 27
1.4 Combining Transformations p. 47
1.5 Inverse of a Relation p. 65
Chapter Review Practice p. 81

1.1 Prerequisite Skills + Translations of Functions

Part A – Prerequisite Skills Review of Two Familiar Functions

In this units we’ll take some known and new functions and apply various transformations. And that means, if
you’re eager with anticipation, to alter the function’s equation or graph.
However before we get into all of that – over the next few pages (and 6 warm-ups), we’ll brush up on some key
concepts we’ll need in this first unit and throughout this course. Starting with – some functions from Math 20!

Warm-up The Quadratic Function – The Graph of

Exploration #1

1 Complete the table of values on the right,

and plot the points to sketch the graph. 3 (– 3) 2 = 9 (– 3, 9 )
2
2 State the domain and range of the function.
1
0
Domain Range
1
3 On the same grid, sketch the graph
2
of . Add 3 to all y-coordinates,
verify on your graphing calc. 3

The Absolute Value Function – the Graph of

4 Complete the table of values on the right,
and plot the points to sketch the graph.
3 |–3\ = 3 (– 3, 3)
5 State the domain and range of the function.
2
1
Domain Range
0
6 On the same grid, sketch the graph
1
of .
2
Explain how the graph compares to .
3

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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

Try yourself – Confirm the graphs on your calculator.

Toggle between the

two graphs using
Match the the arrow buttons
window to
the given grid
Also confirm
Confirm points using: points using table

To graph , you’ll need Match the window

again…. Try changing the
to find the abs( function. constant term, how does
that change things?
Key in “MATH” then choose the
first option from the “NUM” menu

Over the next two warm-ups, we’ll preview three

Preview of a Few New Functions
functions we’ll see much of later in the course.

Warm-up
The Cubic Function – The Graph of
Exploration #2
1 Complete the table of values on the left and
3
plot the points to sketch the graph of the
2 (–2) = –8 function. Use your graphing calculator to confirm.
1
0 2 State the function’s domain and range.
1
2 Domain Range

(– 2, – 8)

The Radical Function – The Graph of

3 Complete the table of values on the left and

0 0 =0 plot the points to sketch the graph of the
1 function. Use your graphing calculator to confirm.
4
4 State the function’s domain and range.
9
1
Domain Range

5 Compare this table of values with that of . 6 On the same grid, sketch the graph of .
What do you notice? State the domain and range of this new function.

Domain Range

Page |2
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Exploration #3 The Rational Function – The Graph of

1 Complete the (partial) table of values
⁄
on the left. The points are already
plotted on the graph. 5 1 /–5 = –0.2
4 1 /–4 = –0.25
2 Graph / on your graphing
calculator, using the window shown. 1
: 5, 5, 1 : 5, 5, 1 0
min max scl 0.2

3 With the help of you calculator, sketch 0.25

the graph by connecting the plotted
points in a smooth curve.

4 Fill in the blanks: The graph of has a vertical asymptote at _______ and a

horizontal asymptote at _______. The domain of the function is ___________ and the range is ___________.
Can’t divide by zero

Some of the basic functions graphs we should be familiar with are:

Domain: ∈ℝ Domain: ∈ℝ Domain: ∈ℝ

Range: ∈ℝ Range: | !, ∈ℝ Range: ∈ℝ

Horizontal
Asymptote
at $ 0

Vertical
Asymptote
at # 0

Domain: ∈ℝ Domain: !, ∈ℝ Domain: " !, ∈ ℝ

Range: | !, ∈ℝ Range: | !, ∈ ℝ Range: | " !, ∈ ℝ

Interval Notation of Domain and Range

You are likely familiar with the formats above, set notation. In this course we also use interval notation:
So, Domain: ∈ℝ can be written in interval notation: ∞, ∞ Read as: “from ∞ to ∞”
Rounded brackets, do not include endpoints
And, Range: | !, ∈ ℝ can be written: ! , ∞ Read as: “from 0 to ∞, including 0”
Square bracket, endpoint is included
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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

Exploration #4 Domain and Range Fundamentals

The concept of domain and range is highly important in this course. In this next warm-up, we’ll look at how to
determine the domain and range from a graph, and how to determine the domain from the equation of a function.

Determining Domain and Range from the graph of a function

For domain, we consider all input, or values. For range, we consider all output, or values.
% %

Range
4, 2 Domain 4, 2
# #

5, 3 5, 3

Domain is: | , ∈ℝ Set notation Range is: | , ∈ℝ Set notation

or, alternatively: ,∞ Interval notation or, alternatively: ,∞ Interval notation

Determining Domain from the equation of a function

But what of these
Given the equation of a function, we need to exclude any non-
“restrictions”?
permissible values. (That is, we need to state any restrictions)

Which is actually easier than might sound! Because in this course,

there are only three restrictions we need to consider. Ready? Just
remember that we can’t:

Divide by Zero For example, what is the domain of….

&
%

We do not need to graph on our calculators, or even consider what the graph might look like.
Simply think …. For what value(s) # would the denominator (“bottom”) be zero?
Domain is given by: # 3"0 Set the denominator not equal to zero, and isolate #
| " , ∈ℝ This domain is not suitable for interval notation, but if
we chose to, it would be: ∞, ⋃ ,∞
“Union” (think –
“combined with”)
Square Root Negatives For example, what is the domain of….
Note that this is not in the curriculum
'
Again, we need not concern ourselves with the graph! (And like ( # above, we won’t even get to the
graphs until unit 7) Instead, think …. For what value(s) # would we be square-rooting negatives?
Domain is given by: 4# 3 0 Set what’s under the root sign greater than or equal to
zero, and isolate #
4# 3
| / , ∈ℝ In interval notation: ⁄ ,∞

Take the Logarithm* of 0 or Negatives

*Let’s pin this for now – we’ll come back in unit 3!

Page |4
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Before we continue our warm-ups and into transformations, let’s do some practice with domain and range.

Class Example 1.11 Obtaining Domain and Range from a Graph

Given the graphs below, state the domain (D) and range (R) for each function, in both set and interval notation
(a) (b) (c)

D: D: D:
Set Notation Interval Notation Set Interval Set Interval

R: R: R:
Set Notation Interval Notation Set Interval Set Interval

(d) (e) (f)

Horizontal
1.5, 5
Asymptote

D: D: D:
Set Interval Set Set Interval

R: R: R:
Set Interval Set Set Interval

Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions

Class Example 1.12 Obtaining Domain from a function equation to all warm-ups and class examples

Without graphing, determine the domain of each function below.

(a) % & Provide in Set and (b) * Set and Interval (c)
Interval notation notation

(d) ' (e) % (f) %

& + ,

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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

In Math 20, we saw how a quadratic function could be expressed

$ 0 # 1 2 3, where the coordinates of the vertex are 1, 3 .
In Math 30, the vertex form equation is - . /
Where the coordinates of the vertex are ℎ, 5 .
We also saw how while . and / affect the position of the graph, - affects the
parabola shape (how wide / narrow) and the orientation. (opens up / down) ℎ, 5

0 2 - 1
0 1
0 4 2 0
4  For example, consider the graph of - ,
for different values of -.
The center function is where 0 1, that is,
When 0 6 1, such as with , the graph is
vertically stretched by a factor of 2. (The graph is narrower)
And when 0 7 0 7 1, such as with , the graph
is vertically stretched by a factor of 1/4. (graph is wider)

Finally, recall that And when - 7 !, the

when - 6 !, the graph opens down.
graph opens up.

Exploration #5 Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function – The Graph of - . /

Group 1
1 Each of the graphs in group 1 represent a quadratic function
in the form - . /, where 0 1 and ℎ, 5 ∈ 8   
Determine an equation for each graph.

 ________________  ________________  ________________

Group 2
2 Each of the graphs in group 1 represent a quadratic function in the
form - . /, where 0 1 or 0 1, and ℎ, 5 ∈ 8
Determine an equation for each graph.   

 ________________  ________________  ________________

Page |6
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Part B – Horizontal and Vertical Translations $ 0 # ℎ 2

5

On the previous page, we saw how the parameters 0, ℎ, and 5 $ #2

affected the graph of - . /.
We can think of the vertex as having shifted, or translated, from:
 0, 0 on the graph of $ # 2 to ℎ, 5 ℎ, 5 / vertically
 ℎ, 5 on the graph of $ 0 # ℎ 2 5 0, 0
. units horizontally
A transformation of a function alters the location, shape or orientation of graph.
A horizontal or vertical translation is a “shift”, or change to the graph position.
(Think of picking up and moving a graph left / right and up / down)

Exploration #6 Exploring the Effect of ., / in % . /

1 Complete each table of values below and plot the points to sketch the second function, $2 , on the same grid
as $9 # 2 . Verify your graph of $2 using your graphing calculator. (Match your window to the grid below)

i $9 #2 (– 2, 8 ) ii $9 #2
$9 #2 $9 #2
$2 #2 4 $2 # 4 2

=
2 2
2 (-2) = 4 4+4 = 8 6 –6+4 = -2 (-2) = 4 (– 6, 4 )
1 5
0 4
1 3
2 2

2 For each case, describe how the graph of can be obtained by horizontally or vertically translating the
graph of .
i $9 #2 ii $9 #2
$2 #2 4 $2 # 4 2

3 For each case above, describe which coordinate (# or $) is affected, and how. Complete a mapping rule for
each.
i #, $ → ii #, $ →

4 Graph each of the following pairs of functions in your graphing calculator. Then, describe how the graph of
can be obtained by horizontally or vertically translating the graph of , and provide a mapping rule.
i $9 # ii $9 #
$2 # 3 $2 # 5

iii $9 #
$2 # 3 1

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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

A function % , transformed to % . /, is % . /

 Horizontally translated . units: RIGHT if ℎ 6 0 LEFT if ℎ 7 0 . units

 Vertically translated / units: UP if 5 6 0 DOWN if 5 7 0
/ units
A mapping rule describes the effect on each point on the original function
%
to the transformed function. Here, it’s: #, $ → # ℎ, $ 5
Note that the direction of the horizontal
translation is the opposite of the sign

For each pair of functions below, $ < # is obtained by horizontally and vertically translating
Worked
Example the graph of $ ( # . Determine an equation for $ < # , (i) in terms of ( # and (ii) in terms
of #, for (b) and (c) only. Then, (iii) provide a mapping rule from ( # → < # .
(a) $ ( # (b) (c)
( # #2 '

' ( # #
'

4, 0

3, 2

Solution: (a) $ ( # horizontally translates (b) ' % (c) ' %

2 units left, then vertically i - Equation in terms of ( i - Equation in terms of (
translates 3 units down
' '
' % ii - Equation in terms of # ii - Equation in terms of #
ii - Equation in terms of (
, → , , → ,
, → ,
iii - Mapping Rule iii - Mapping Rule iii - Mapping Rule

Class Example 1.13 Determining the Horizontal / Vertical Translation from a graph

For each pair of functions below, $ < # is obtained by horizontally and / or vertically translating the graph
of $ ( # . Provide the indicated equations / mapping rule below.

(a) ' (c) (b)

' % '

%
%

i i i
Equation of < # in Equation of < # in Equation of < # in
terms of ( # terms of ( # terms of ( #

ii ii ii
Mapping rule of Equation of < # in Equation of < # in
$ ( # →$ < # terms of # terms of #
iii iii
Mapping rule of Mapping rule of
$ ( # →$ < # $ ( # →$ < #

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 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Class Example 1.14 Determining the Horizontal / Vertical Translation from the equation

For each pair of functions below,

i - Describe how the graph of function  can be obtained by transforming the graph of function .
ii – Provide a mapping rule for each.
iii – State the domain or range as prompted below

(a)  $ ( # (b)  $ #2 (c)  ( # # 2

2
 $ ( # 7 1  $ # 6 4  $ ( # 4 1

i Description of transformations i Description of transformations i Description of transformations

from  to : from  to : from  to :

ii Mapping rule: ii Mapping rule: ii Mapping rule:

iii Domain of function : iii Domain of function :

Class Example 1.15 Sketching a graph using translations

Given each basic graph below, use transformations to sketch the indicated function on the same grid, and
provide a mapping rule. Be sure to carefully transform each point indicated ( ).
Indicate the domain and range of each sketched function. (Use either set or interval notation)

(a) Sketch $ # 1 3 (b) Sketch $ # 2 4 (c) Sketch $ ( # 2 3

Mapping rule: Mapping rule: Mapping rule:

Domain: Domain: Domain:

Range: Range: Range:

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 1.1 Practice Questions

1. Given the graphs below, state the domain (D) and range (R) for each function, in the notations specified.
Vertical Asymptote Vertical Asymptote
(a) (b) (c)
Horizontal
Asymptote

D:
D: D:
Set Interval
Set Interval Set
R:
R: R:
Set Interval
Set Interval Set

5
(d) , 17 (e) (f)
4

D: D: D:
Set Interval Set Interval Set

R: R: R:
Set Interval Set Interval Set

(g) (h)

D: D:
Set Interval

R: R:
Set Interval

Page |10
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

2. Without graphing, state the domain and / or the range (as indicated) for each of the following functions.
Your choice – answer in either set or interval notation!
(a) $ 2 (b) ℎ # (c) $
# 3 4 # 11 9 6 9# 3

D: D: D:

R: R: R:

1 # 3
(d) ( # (e) 1 # #? 12# 2 # 4 (f) $
# 3 #2 # 6

D: D: D:

8
(g) < # (h) ( # 6 (i) $ 5# 1 11
#2 7

D:

D: R: D:

#2 4
(j) $ 5 2# 9 (k) $ 6# 5 (l) < #
#2 3# 4

D:

R: D: D:

#
(m) $ (n) $ 3A 1
#2 # 5

D: D:

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page

1. (a) D: #| 3 ≤ # ≤ 6 , # ∈ ℝ or 3 ,6 (b) D: #|# 6 2, # ∈ ℝ or 2,∞ (c) D: #|# " 2, # ∈ ℝ
R: $| 1 ≤ $ ≤ 3 , $ ∈ ℝ or 1,3 R: $ ∈ ℝ or ∞, ∞ R: $|$ " 1, $ ∈ ℝ
(d) D: # ∈ ℝ or ∞ ,∞ (e) D: #|# 4, # ∈ ℝ or 4,∞ (f) D: 4, 2, 0, 2, 6, 7
R: $|$ ≤ 17 , $ ∈ ℝ or ∞, 17 R: $|$ ≤ 5, $ ∈ ℝ or ∞, 5 R: 3, 1, 5, 6
(g) D: # ∈ ℝ or ∞ ,∞ (h) D: # ≤ 4, # ∈ ℝ or ∞,4
R: $ ∈ ℝ or ∞ ,∞ R: $|$ 2, $ ∈ ℝ or 2,∞

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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

3. For each pair of functions below, $ < # is obtained by horizontally and / or vertically translating the graph
of $ ( # . Provide the indicated equations / mapping rule below.

(a) (b) (c) %

%

'
% '
'

i i
i Equation of < # in Equation of < # in
terms of ( # terms of ( #
Equation of < # in
terms of ( # ii
ii
Equation of < # in
iii Equation of < # in
terms of #
terms of #
Mapping rule of
$ ( # →$ < # iii iii
Mapping rule of Mapping rule of
$ ( # →$ < # $ ( # →$ < #

4. The graphs of each function below can be obtained by horizontally and / or vertically translating one of the
basic graphs. Determine an equation for each function, in terms of #. Then, indicate the domain and
range for each, in either set or interval notation.
Vertical Asymptote '
(a) (b) (c) /

Horizontal
Asymptote

i i i
Equation of ( # Equation of < # Equation of 5 #

ii ii ii
Domain Range Domain Range Domain Range

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page

2
2. (a) D: # ∈ ℝ or ∞ ,∞ (b) D: #|# 11 , # ∈ ℝ or 11 , ∞ (c) D: #|# ≤ 2/3 , # ∈ ℝ or ∞,
?
R: $|$ 4 , $ ∈ ℝ or 4,∞ R: $|$ 9 , $ ∈ ℝ or 9, ∞ R: $|$ 3 , $ ∈ ℝ or 3 , ∞
(d) D: #|# " 3 ,# ∈ ℝ (e) D: # ∈ ℝ (f) D: #|# " 3, 2, # ∈ ℝ (g) D: # ∈ ℝ (h) D: # ∈ ℝ R: 6
(i) D: #|# 1/5, # ∈ ℝ (j) D: # ∈ ℝ R: $|$ 9, $ ∈ ℝ (k) D: # ∈ ℝ (l) D: #|# " 1, 4, # ∈ ℝ
(m) D: # ∈ ℝ (n) D: # ∈ ℝ

Page |12
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

5. The graphs of each function below can be obtained by horizontally and / or vertically translating one of the
basic function graphs. Sketch each indicated function by plotting a minimum of 4 points. Then, indicate
the domain and range of each sketched function, using either set or interval notation.

(a) (b)
( # # 4 3 1
< # 1
# 4

Domain
Domain

Range
Range

(c) (d)
2
ℎ # # 5 1 $ #? 2

Domain Domain

Range Range

6. For each pair of functions below,

i - Describe how the graph of function  can be obtained by transforming the graph of function .
ii – Provide a mapping rule.
iii – State the domain or range where prompted below
(a)  $ 1/# (b)  $ ( # (c)  ( # # 1 2 2
1
 $ 7  $ ( # 7 1  $ ( # 3 2
# 11

i Description of transformations i Description of transformations i Description of transformations

from  to  from  to  from  to 

ii Mapping rule ii Mapping rule ii Mapping rule

iii Domain of function  iii Range of function 

Answers from previous page

3. (a) i < # ( # 2 4 (b) i < # ( # 3 ii < # # 3 (c) i < # ( # 4 ii < # # 4
ii #, $ → # 2 ,$ 4 iii #, $ → # 3,$ iii #, $ → # , $ 4

4. (a) i ( # #2 1 1
(b) i < # (c) i 5 # # 1 5
# 4
ii D: # ∈ ℝ R: 1, ∞ ii D: #|# " 4, # ∈ ℝ R: $|$ " 0, $ ∈ ℝ ii D: #|# 1,# ∈ ℝ
R: $|$ 5,$ ∈ ℝ

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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

7. Given each graph of the function $ ( # , sketch the graph of the indicated function on the same grid.
(a) $ ( # 5 (b) $ ( # 2 4 (c) $ ( # 5 6

8. Given each mapping rule for $ ( # to a transformed function, state an equation for the transformed
function, in terms of ( # .
(a) #, $ → # 1, $ 2 (b) #, $ → # 5, $

9. The function $ ( # is transformed to $ 4 ( # 2 . The point B 11, 5 is on the graph of $ ( # .

(a) Describe the transformations from $ ( # (b) Determine the new coordinates of the
to $ 4 ( # 2 . point B after the transformation.

10. A function ( # # 2 is transformed to $ < # and $ ℎ # by applying vertical translations, with the
effect described below. Determine the value and direction of the translation, and state an equation for the
transformed function, in terms of ( # and in terms of #.
(a) Determine the vertical translation applied if (b) Determine the vertical translation applied
$ < # passes through 3, 13 . if $ ℎ # passes through 4, 1 .

i i
Translation Translation
ii ii
Equation of < # in terms of ( # Equation in terms of ( #
iii iii
Equation of < # in terms of # Equation in terms of #

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page

5. (a) (b) (c) (d)
Vertical
Asymptote

Horizontal
Asymptote

D: 4 , ∞ R: 3 , ∞ D: #|# " 4, # ∈ ℝ R: $|$ " 1, $ ∈ ℝ D: ∞, ∞ R: 1,∞ D: # ∈ ℝ R: $ ∈ ℝ

6. (a) i Horiz. translation 11 units right, (b) i Horiz. translation 7 units left, (c) i Horiz. translation 3 units left,
vert. translation 7 units down vert. translation 1 unit down vert. translation 2 units down
ii #, $ → # 11, $ 7 ii #, $ → # 7, $ 1 ii #, $ → # 3, $ 2
iii D: #|# " 11, # ∈ ℝ iii R: $|$ 0, $ ∈ℝ

Page |14
 Chapter 1 – Transformations
11. A function ( # # is transformed to $ < # and $ ℎ # by applying horizontal translations, with the
effect described below. Determine the value and direction of the translation, and state an equation for the
transformed function, in terms of ( # and in terms of #.
(a) Determine the horizontal translation applied (b) Determine the horizontal translation
if $ < # passes through 7, 2 . applied if $ ℎ # passes through 5, 5 .

i Translation: i Translation:

ii Equation in terms of ( # ii Equation in terms of ( #

iii Equation in terms of # iii Equation in terms of #

12. A function ( # # 2 ? 1 is transformed to $ < # by applying vertical translation, so that the graph
of < # passes through the point 0, 2 . Determine the value and direction of the translation, and state an
equation for the transformed function, in terms of ( # and in terms of #.
i Translation: ii Equation in terms of ( # : iii Equation in terms of #

13. A function ( # # 1 4 is transformed to $ < # by applying horizontal translation 5 units to the

left, and a vertical translation so that the graph of < # passes through the point 5, 15 . Determine the
value and direction of the vertical translation, and state an equation for the transformed function, in terms
of ( # and in terms of #.
i Translation: ii Equation in terms of ( # : iii Equation in terms of #

1
14. A function < # is transformed to $ 5 # by horizontally translating the graph 7 unit left and
#
vertically translating 1 unit up, so the transformed graph passes through a point B 9, D .
Determine the value of D.

Step-by-step solutions, along with videos and additional practice exams, can be found at math30-1edge.com
7. (a) % & (b) (c) 8. (a) $ ( # 1 2
(b) $ ( # 5

9. (a) Horiz translation 2

\ right, vertical
translation 4 down.
(b) P becomes 9, 1
% % & C
10. (a) i vertical translation 4 units up (b) i vertical translation 15 units down
2
ii < # ( # 4 iii < # # 4 ii ℎ # ( # 15 iii ℎ # #2 15

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1.1 Prerequisite Skills and Translations

15. The graph of a function $ ( # , shown on the right, is transformed to

create a function < # 9 ( # 5 .
The point on the graph of $ < # that corresponds to point P is in:
A. Quadrant I
 Exam
Style
B. Quadrant II
C. Quadrant III E 3, 12
D. Quadrant IV

Vertical
Asymptote $ < #
16. The function $ < # , shown on the right, is transformed &
to 5 # 5 < # 6 .
State the domain and range of $ 5 #

17. The graph of a function $ ( # , shown on the right, has a vertex at

$ ( #
4, 1 and an equation that can be written in the form $ # ℎ 2 5.
A new function $ < # is defined < # 5 ( # 9 .
Determine each of the following:
i
Domain of < # 4,1

ii
Range of < #

iii
Equation of < # in terms of #

18. The function $ ( # , shown on the right, is transformed to $ < #

by applying a horizontal translation.
If the graph of $ < # passes through the point 2, 5 , an equation
for $ < # , in terms of ( # , is:
%
Exam A. $ ( # 4
 Style
B. $ ( # 4
C. $ ( # 3
E
D. $ ( # 3

Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page and this page

11. (a) i horizontal translation 3 units right (b) i horizontal translation 30 units left
ii < # ( # 3 iii < # # 3 ii < # ( # 30 iii < # # 30
?
12. i vertical translation 5 units down ii < # ( # 5 iii < # # 2 6
13. i vertical translation 8 units up ii < # ( # 5 8 iii < # # 4 12 14. D 1/2
2 18. D
15. C 16. D: # 6 1, # ∈ ℝ R: $ ∈ ℝ 17. i #∈ℝ ii $ 4,$ ∈ ℝ iii $ # 5 4

Page |16
 1.2 Reflections
In the last section we looked at translations – in which the position of a graph is altered. Think – picking up a
graph and moving it left / right or up / down …. and then dropping it.
We’ll next consider reflections, which affects a graphs orientation. Think of – lifting the top or bottom (or left
side or right side) of a graph and flipping it over. (Vertically or horizontally)

Warm-up
Exploration #1 Vertical Reflections %

1 The graph on the function ( # # 3 2

is on the right. Sketch the mirror image of the
graph, reflected in the #-axis. Be sure to
indicate the placement of the 7 indicated points.
Label the new graph $ < # .
2 Describe how the coordinates change from the graph
of $ ( # to $ < # .

3 State the equation of < # , in terms of ( # .

4 Explain how to change the equation of a function,

such as $ # 3 2, so that the graph is reflected
about the #-axis. Determine an equation of the
reflected graph, in terms of #.

Exploration #2
1 The graph of $ ( # is on the right. Sketch the mirror
image graph, again reflected in the #-axis.
Label the new graph $ < # , and label the new
coordinates of the five indicated points.

2 State the mapping rule that describes the change in

all coordinates from $ ( # to $ < # .

3 State the coordinates of the two points that are on %

both the graph of $ ( # and $ < # . What do
they have in common?

Exploration #3
1 Sketch function $9 #2 4# 5 in your graphing calculator. State the coordinates of the vertex.

2 Sketch function $2 # 2 4# 5 in your graphing calculator and state the coordinates of the
vertex. How do the two graphs compare?

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1.2 Reflections

A function % , transformed to % , is vertically reflected in the -axis. We can

alternatively say “vertically reflected about the line $ 0”
All points are transformed #, $ → #, $ . Points on the #-axis are invariant. (they don’t change)
To obtain the new equation of a graph vertically reflected about the #-axis, replace with .

Let’s dive in on that last note, to obtain the equation - replace “$” with “ $”.
We saw this in action in Warm-Up #3 where we graphed $9 #2 4# 5
and $2 # 2 4# 5 . Vertex is at 2, 1

Start with: $ #2 4# 5
After vertical
Replace with : $ #2 4# 5 reflection it’s at
2, 1
Isolate : $ #2 4# 5
Now simplify: $ #2 4# 5

To obtain the equation of a graph that’s been vertically reflected about the line $ 0, either
replace in the original equation with … OR (equivalently) make the entire original equation negative.
Same result – both simplify
to $ # 2 4# 5
$ #2 4# 5 $ #2 4# 5

Exploration #4 Horizontal Reflections

1 The graph on the function ( # # 2 is on the right.
Sketch the mirror image of the graph, reflected in the $-axis.
Be sure to indicate the placement of the 4 indicated points.
Label the new graph $ < # .
2 Describe how the coordinates change from the graph
of $ ( # to $ < # .

3 State the equation, in terms of #, of $ < # .

Explore using your graphing calculator!
Explain how to change the equation of a function so that the graph is reflected about the $-axis.

Exploration #5
1 The graph of $ ( # is on the right. Sketch the mirror
image graph, this time reflected in the $-axis.
Label the new graph $ ℎ # , and label the new
coordinates of the five indicated points.
2 State the mapping rule that describes the change in
all coordinates from $ ( # to $ ℎ # .

3 State the coordinates of the point that is on both the

graph of $ ( # and $ ℎ # . %

Page |18
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Exploration #6

1 Sketch function $9 #2 4# 5 in your graphing calculator. State the coordinates of the vertex.

2 Sketch function $2 # 2 4 # 5 in your graphing calculator and state the coordinates of the
vertex. How do the two graphs compare?

A function % , transformed to % , is horizontally reflected in the -axis. We can

alternatively say “horizontally reflected about the line # 0”
All points are transformed #, $ → #, $ . Points on the $-axis are invariant.
To obtain the new equation of a graph horizontally reflected about the $-axis, replace with .

Let’s dive in on that last note, to obtain the equation - replace “#” with “ #”.
In Warm-Up #6 above we graphed $9 #2 4# 5 and
$2 # 2 4 # 5

Which simplifies to: $ #2 4# 5 After horizontal Vertex is at 2, 1

reflection it’s at
2, 1

Exploration #7 Summary of Reflection Types

1 For each reflected graph below, where indicated (), state the function equation in terms of ( # , then
indicate the mapping rule and invariant points.
2 For each reflected graph where indicated (), state the function equation in terms of #.

Vertical Reflection Horizontal Reflection

% %

Mapping Rule:
, All pts #, $ →
Mapping Rule:
All pts #, $ →
, ,
Any invariant point(s)
,
Any invariant point(s) are on the
are on the
 

 

$ ( #
Math foreshadowing time: There’s actually a third type of reflection we consider
in this course – a reflection about the line $ #. # ( $
Here, for all points on the graph and the equation, ,
we switch and .
We’ll revisit this type of reflection at the end of the unit! ,

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1.2 Reflections
Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions
Class Example 1.21 Sketching a Reflected Graph to all warm-ups and class examples

Given the graph of $ ( # below, i – describe the type of reflection, ii - sketch each indicated graph,
iii - provide a corresponding mapping rule, and iv - describe the location of any invariant point(s).
(a) Sketch the graph of $ ( # (b) Sketch the graph of $ ( #
i - Type of Reflection: i - Type of Reflection:
ii ii

% %

iii - Mapping Rule: iii - Mapping Rule:

iv – Invariant Point(s): iv – Invariant Point(s):

Worked The graph of % is transformed by a vertical and horizontal reflection, as

Example described below. For each scenario, sketch the resulting graph and:
(i) State an equation for the reflected function in terms of ( # and in terms of #
(ii) Determine the new coordinates for the point B 5, 2 after the transformation
(iii) State the location of an coordinates of any invariant point(s)
(iv) State the domain and range of each transformed function
(a) The graph of $ ( # is vertically (b) The graph of y ( # is horizontally
reflected about the line $ 0. reflected about the line # 0.
Sol: (a) Vertical reflection involves making “$”, (b) Horizontal reflection involves making only
that is the entire expression, negative. “#” negative.
i - Equation in terms of (: % i - Equation in terms of (: %
Equation in terms of #: $ # 4 1 Equation in terms of #: $ # 4 1
Simplifies to…. OPTION - Simplifies to….

ii – New coordinates of B 5, 2 : &, ii – New coordinates of B 5, 2 : &,

iii – Invariant pts are on the #-axis: ,! iii – Invariant pts are on the $-axis: !,
iv – Domain of ( # is No change in the domain iv – Domain of $ ( # is | ≤ , ∈ℝ
#|# 4, # ∈ ℝ after vertical reflection
No change to the Range of $ ( # , it is
Range of ( # is Range after vertical reflection still $|$ 1, $ ∈ ℝ
$|$ 1, $ ∈ ℝ is | ≤ , ∈ ℝ

$ ( # $ # 4 1 $ ( #
4, 1

, 4, 1 4, 1
$ # 4 1

Page |20
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Class Example 1.22 Applying Reflections to a Function and Graph

The graph of % G is transformed by a vertical and horizontal reflection, as described below.

Answer all questions as prompted.
(a) The graph of $ ( # is vertically (b) The graph of $ ( # is horizontally
reflected about the line $ 0. reflected about the line # 0.

i Equation of transformed function, i Equation of transformed function,

in terms of ( # : in terms of ( # :

Equation, in Equation, in
terms of #: terms of #:

ii Given the graph of $ ( # , sketch the ii Given the graph of $ ( # , sketch the
transformed function on the same grid: (Be sure transformed function on the same grid: (Be sure
to plot the new location of any indicated points) to plot the new location of any indicated points)

iii Coordinates of invariant point(s): iii Coordinates of invariant point(s):

iv Domain of iv Domain of
transformed function: transformed function:

Range of Range of
transformed function: transformed function:

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Page |21
and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.2 Reflections

When considering reflections of different types of functions,

we encounter some interesting cases!

 First, consider % . %
We can reflect this graph vertically, with the resulting equation .
What if we tried to reflect the graph of % horizontally?
Would this change the graph? How about the equation?
2
$ #
simplifies to… (same function!)
$ ( #

 Next, consider the graphs of ' and . .

1 For both of these graphs - notice either a vertical

< # 
# or horizontal reflection gives the same graph!
 ℎ # #?

1, 1 Vertical reflection: … & Horizontal:

1 1
$ $
1, 1 # same! #

$ #? $ # ?
same!

Can you see visualize how the graphs would also be the same?

$ # ?
Also note that applying both reflections
returns the original function: Vert. reflection Horizontal

Class Example 1.23 Applying two types of Reflections

The graph of % 1, as shown on the right, is transformed

to ' by applying both a vertical and horizontal reflection.

(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid.

Does the order in which the reflections are applied matter? %
(b) State an equation for $ < # , both in terms of
( # and in terms of #.

(c) State the domain and range for $ < # .

Page |22
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

1.2 Practice Questions

1. Each graph below, sketch the indicated function on the same grid, and provide the indicated characteristics.
(a) $ ( # (b) $ < # (c) $ ℎ #

% .

'

i Mapping Rule: i Mapping Rule: i Mapping Rule:

ii Invariant point(s): ii Invariant point(s):

2. For each function below, sketch the function as described, and provide the equations and invariant points.
(a) Sketch $ < # , obtained by reflecting the (b) Sketch $ 5 # , obtained by reflecting the
graph of $ ( # in the line $ 0 graph of $ ℎ # about the $-axis

i Equation of < # i Equation of 5 #

in terms of ( # : in terms of ℎ # :

ii Equation of < # ii Equation of 5 #

in terms of #: in terms of #:

iii Coordinates of iii Coordinates of

Invariant point(s): Invariant point(s):

3. Determine the equation of each transformed function, obtained by reflecting the graph of :

(a) About the line $ 0 (b) About the line # 0

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1.2 Reflections

4. For each of the following, the thicker graph of is obtained by transforming the thinner graph. For (a)
and (b) a reflection is applied, (c) enjoys both a reflection and a translation.
Determine an equation representing each thicker graph, as prompted.
(a) (b) (c)
$ ( #

$ ℎ #
$ H #
' /

5. Each graph of $ < # below is obtained by reflecting the corresponding graph of $ ( # . Determine an
equation representing $ < # , in terms of #, for each.
(c) ( # # 3 2 1
(a) ( # # ? 6# 2 12# 8 (b) ( # # 3 2

% ' ' ' %

Step-by-step solutions, along with videos and additional practice exams, can be found at math30-1edge.com
1. (a) %
(b) (c)

i #, $ → #, $ '
ii 0 , 3
.
on $-axis
i #, $ → #, $
2. (a) i #, $ → #, $
' ii 5, 0 and 2, 0 , on #-axis

(b) i 5 # ℎ #

,, ii 5 # # 9 1
,
i < # ( # optional - simplify:
ii < # # 1 2 1 / ,
iii 2, 0 and 0, 0 ' iii 0, 2
on #-axis on $-axis
2 2
3. (a) $ 2# # 1 (b) $ 2# # 1

Page |24
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

6. Each graph of $ 5 # below is obtained by reflecting the corresponding graph of $ ℎ # . Determine an

equation representing $ 5 # , in terms of #, for each case.
(a) ℎ # # 4 3 (b) ℎ # # 3 4

/
. /

(c) ℎ # #? 2# 2 11# 12 (d) ℎ # #? 2# 2 11# 12

. / .

7. Each of $ < # below is obtained by reflecting the corresponding graph of $ ( # and applying a
translation. Determine an equation representing $ < # , in terms of ( # , for each case.
(a) (b) (c)

% '

%
' % '

8. $ ( # has a domain #|# 7 , # ∈ ℝ , a range $|$ ≤ 1 , $ ∈ ℝ , and a graph that passes through B 6, 2 .
Determine the new domain and range, as well as the new coordinates of B when the graph of $ ( # is:
(a) Reflected about the (b) Reflected about (c) Reflected about the line $ 0 and
line $ 0 the $-axis vertically translated 5 units down.

i D: i D: i D:
ii R: ii R: ii R:

iii P iii P iii P

Answers from previous page
4. (a) < # ( # (b) 5 # ℎ # (c) 1 # H # 2
? 2
5. (a) < # # 6# 12# 8
Pretty neat how that
(b) < # # 3 2 Optional – simplify to…. worked out, no?
2 2 2 2
(c) < # # 3 1 < # 1 # 3 1 < # 1 # 3 1 '

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1.2 Reflections
2
9. A function ( # # 6 2 is reflected about the line # 0.
 Exam
Style
Use the codes below to complete the following statement.

0 Horizontally 2 18 6 left
1 Vertically 3 12 7 right NR This provides the same affect as ______ translating
4 6 8 up first digit of answer
the graph _____ units _____.
5 4 9 down
second digit third digit

10.
 Exam
Style
The point B 8, 2 lies on the graph of a function $ ( # . Listed below are all possible
coordinates of the new point corresponding to B after ( # undergoes a transformation.
Point 1 8, 2 Point 2 8, 2 Point 3 24, 6
Point 4 2 8 Point 5 8, 2 Point 6 8, 6

NR The corresponding point when the graph of $ ( # is

Reflected in the line # 0 is _____. First digit of your answer
Reflected in the line $ 0 is _____. First digit of your answer
Transformed to $ 4 ( # 16 is ____. Third digit of your answer

11. The graph of a function 1 # # 2 10# 33 is horizontally reflected in the line # 0.

 Exam
Style An equation for the resulting function is:
A. $ #2 10# 33
B. $ #2 10# 33
C. $ #2 10# 33
D. $ #2 10# 33

12. A function $ ( # has a range of ∞ , 11 . When the function is transformed

 Exam
Style to $ 3 ( # , the resulting function has a range of:
A. ∞, 14
B. 14, ∞
C. ∞, 8
D. 8, ∞

Answers from previous page as well as this page

6. (a) 5 # # 4 3 optionally simplify to / (b) 5 # # 3 4
(c) 5 # #? 2# 2 11# 12 (d) 5 # # ? 2# 2 11# 12
7. (a) < # ( # 3 (b) < # ( # 1 (c) < # ( # 3
Vertically reflect, Shift 3 up Horizontally reflect, Shift 1 unit left Horizontally reflect, Shift 3 units right
8. (a) i #|# 7,# ∈ ℝ ii $|$ 1 , $ ∈ ℝ iii 6, 2 (b) i #|# ≤ 7 , # ∈ ℝ ii $|$ ≤ 1 , $ ∈ ℝ iii 6, 2
(c) i #|# 7, # ∈ ℝ ii $|$ 6,$ ∈ ℝ iii 6, 3

9. 037 10. 521 11. A 12. B

Page |26
 1.3 Stretches
Once again – let’s first look back where we’ve been….
$ #2
First, we saw how translations occur when we add (or subtract) numbers.

For example, a function $ # 2 can be

transformed to $ # 3 2 2

Here we subtract 3 from And we subtract 2 from *

2 units Graph horizontally And vertically

translates 3 units right translates 2 units up
3 units (opposite direction of the sign) (same direction* of the sign)

Another way we can look at this is to apply replacements:

 To horizontally translate the graph 3  To vertically translate the graph 2

units right, replace “#” with “# 3” units up, replace “$” with “$ 2”
2
So, becomes $ 2 # 3 Simplifies to

When we think of vertical translations this way, we can treat it “the same” as horizontal!
*That is, the opposite direction of the sign in the equation: $ ( # → / % .

We can similarly think of reflections with replacements.

2 horiz. reflection $ # 4 2
For example, given the graph of $ # 4 …

 To horizontally reflect,  To vertically reflect,

replace “#” with “ #” replace“$” with “ $” vertical
reflection

We can optionally simplify to: Now divide both sides by 1

2 to isolate “$”!
$ 1 # 4
2 2 2
$ 1 # 4  $ # 4
2
 $ # 4

%
Replacing “$” with “ $” is identical to “making the entire right side negative”
$ ( # $ ( #

 Vertical reflection about the #-axis %

And replacing “$” with “$ 5” is identical to “adding 5 to the function” %

$ 5 ( # $ ( # 5

 Vertical translation 5 units 5 units

- up, if 5 6 0 - down, if 5 7 0
/ %

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1.3 Stretches

Exploration #1
The graph of ( # # 4 1 is on the right

1 On the same grid, construct a new graph of $ < #

by multiplying all of the $-coordinates by 2.
$ ( #
Be sure to transform all points indicated () 
2 Is the resulting stretch
horizontal or vertical?
3 How could this transformation be
described with a mapping rule?

4 Describe the location and coordinates of any

invariant point(s). (Points that don’t change)

5 Use your graphing calculator to confirm the equation of < # is: < # 2 # 4 1

Exploration #2
The graph of ( # # 4 1 is again on the right

1 On the same grid, construct a new graph of $ 5 #

$ ( #
by multiplying all #-coordinates by 2.
2 Is the resulting stretch
horizontal or vertical?
3 How could this transformation be
described with a mapping rule?
4 Describe the location and coordinates
of any invariant point(s).
5 Use your graphing calculator to confirm the equation of 5 # is: 5 # 1⁄2 # 4 1

Exploration #3 

The graph of  < # #2 4 is shown on the right.

1 Use your graphing calculator to help sketch the graphs

of  $ 2 # 2 4 and  $ 0.5 # 2 4 on the same grid.
Graph  and  together to compare, then graph  and .
Be sure to indicate the points corresponding to those indicated () 

2 Explain the effect of the “2” and “0.5”

in terms of stretching.

3 Describe the location and coordinates of

any invariant point(s).

Page |28
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Exploration #4 

The graph of  ( # #2 4 is shown on the right.

1 Use your graphing calculator to help sketch the graphs

of  $ 2# 2 4 and  $ 0.5# 2 4 on the same grid.
Be sure to indicate the points corresponding to those indicated () 

2 Explain the effect of the “2” and “0.5”

in terms of stretching.

The graph of a function % , transformed to -% , -%

is vertically stretched about the #-axis by a factor of -. %

All points are transformed #, $ → #, 0$ .

!, -

All points on the graph of $ 0( # !,

are “-” times further from the #-axis

#-intercepts
% are invariant
%
Invariant Point
is on #-axis  For example, the graph of a function ( # # 4 1
can be vertically stretched by a factor of 2,
4, 1
4, 2 Giving an equation $ # 4 1
All pts move 2 times
Which can be simplified to: $ 2 # 4 2
further from #-axis

% % J
The graph of a function % , transformed to % J ,
is horizontally stretched about the #-axis by a factor of /J.
1
All points are transformed #, $ → #, $
I Reciprocal

All points on the graph of $ ( I# ,! ,!

J
are “ /J” times further from the $-axis

$-intercept is
invariant

For example, the graph of a function ( # # 4 1

Invariant Point %
is on $-axis can be horizontally stretched by a factor of 2,

% Giving an equation ⁄

8, 1 4, 1 Which can be simplified to: $ 1/2 # 8 2

All pts move 2 times
further from $-axis

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1.3 Stretches

In the transformation $ ( # →$ 0( I#

The vertical stretch is “-” The horizontal stretch is “ /J”

(straightforward!) (reciprocal!)
Another way to look at this is to treat both the vertical and horizontal stretches the same.
So if, for example, a function $ ( # is horizontally stretched by a factor of 3 and vertically
stretched as a factor of 4, we “could” ....

1
 Replace # with #
3
$ ( # So here both the horizontal and vertical
1 stretches are reciprocals in the equation
and, similarly…  Replace $ with $
4
Note that this can be simplified to:
Which is how we would
$ ( #
“normally” view this!

Class Example 1.31 Stretching a Graph Visit math30-1edge.com for solutions

Given the graph of $ ( # on the right,

1
(a) Construct a mapping rule to sketch the graph of < # ( #
2
%

(b) State the location of any invariant points.

(c) Compare the domain and range of $ ( # and $ < # .

Describe which is affected, and how.

$ ( # D: $ < # D:

R: R:

Class Example 1.32 More Graph Stretching

Given the graph of $ ( # on the right,

(a) Construct a mapping rule to sketch the graph
of < # ( 3#

(b) State the location of any invariant points.

%
(c) Compare the domain and range of $ ( #
and $ < # . Describe which is affected, and
how.
$ ( # D: $ < # D:

R: R:

Page |30
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Worked The graph of % C & is shown on the right. %

Example  $ < # is obtained by vertically stretching the graph of ( # about the
line $ 0, by a factor of 3, and reflecting the graph about the #-axis.
 $ ℎ # is obtained by horizontally stretching the graph of
( # about the line # 0, by a factor of 2.

(a) State an equation for and sketch the graph of $ < # , on the same
grid. Be sure to indicate the new location of all indicated points. ()
(b) State an equation and sketch the graph of $ ℎ # , on the same grid.

Sol: (a) Equation in terms of ( # : ' %

,
%
Vertical reflection Vertical stretch

Equation in terms of #: $ 3 #2 6# 5
Simplifies to: G &
For the equation, multiply all $-coordinates by 3. Invariant points are on the
Mapping rule: All points , → , #-axis, at 1, 0 and 5, 0 . ,

3, 4 → 3, 12
%
2, 3 → 2, 9 and so on…

(b) Equation in terms of ( # : . %

Horizontal stretch (reciprocal) %
1 2
1
Equation in terms of #: $ # 6 # 5
2 2
%
Simplifies to: &
For the equation, multiply all #-coordinates by 2. Invariant point is on
Mapping rule: All points , → , the $-axis, at 0, 5 .
, C,
3, 4 → 6, 4
2, 3 → 4, 3 and so on…

Class Example 1.33 Applying a Stretch and Reflection to a Function Equation

A function ( # # 5 8 has a range of $ 8, $ ∈ ℝ . A function $ < # is obtained by reflecting the

graph of $ ( # about the line $ 0, and applying a vertical stretch by a factor of 1/4.
(a) Determine an equation for $ < # , both in terms of ( # and in terms of #.

(b) State the range of < # .

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1.3 Stretches

Class Example 1.34 Applying a Stretch to a Function Graph and Equation

The graph of % , is shown. The graph of $ < # is

obtained by vertically stretching the graph of ( # about the line $ 0 by a
factor of 3, and reflecting it about the line $ 0.

(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # . Be sure to indicate

the new location of the vertex, any # and
$-intercepts, and any other key points. Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # ,

In terms In terms
of % : of :

(c) State the location and coordinates

of any invariant point(s).

(d) State the range of both $ ( # and $ < # .

$ ( # R: $ < # R: %

The graph of % , is again shown below.

The graph of $ ℎ # is obtained by horizontally stretching
the graph of ( # about the line # 0 by a factor of 3.

(e) Sketch the graph of $ ℎ # . Be sure to indicate the

new location of the vertex, and any # and $-intercepts.
Mapping Rule:

(f) Determine an equation for $ ℎ # ,

In terms In terms
of % : of :

(g) State the location and coordinates

of any invariant point(s).
%

Class Example 1.35 Applying a Stretch to a Function Graph and Equation

The graph of % C is shown on the right.

A new function < # is defined < # ( 3# . %
(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # , on the same grid.
Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for

$ < # , in terms of # .

Page |32
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Worked For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # .
Example For each, determine an equation for $ < # .
'
'
(a) (b)
!, C
% G
!,

Sol: (a) (b)

“start” point for ( # Then on < # it’s at
is at # 8 !, C $ 36

…and for < # it’s # 2 !,

$-intercept for ( # is $ 12
The start point (as with all other points) is stretched
horizontally, as it moves closer to the $-axis.
Also note that the invariant point is on the $-axis The $-intercept (as with all other points) is stretched
vertically, as it moves further from the $-axis.
 8 K horiz. stretch 2  horiz. stretch 2L8 Also note that the invariant points are on the #-axis
 12 K vert. stretch 36
horizontal stretch factor
 vert. stretch 36 L 12
So, equation is: ' %
vertical stretch factor

Reciprocal of stretch factor goes in front of # So, equation is: ' %

Equation in terms of #: < # 4# 8 1 Stretch factor goes in front of all of ( #

Optionally simplify to: ' In terms of #: '

Class Example 1.36 Determining the Stretch from a Graph

For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # .
Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

(a) (b)

%
% '
'

Mapping Rule: Mapping Rule:

Equation: Equation:

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1.3 Stretches

Class Example 1.37 Determining the Stretch from a Graph

For each graph below, the graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # . Points indicated ()
have integer coordinates. Determine an equation for < # for each, and identify all indicated characteristics.

(a)

'

% G

Equation in terms of % :

Equation in terms of :

-intercept of ' :

(b)
% C

'

Equation in terms of % :

Equation in terms of :

-intercept of % :
(use an algebraic process)

Page |34
 1.3 Practice Questions

1. Given each graph of $ ( # below, sketch each transformed function, and provide all indicated characteristics.
1
(a) $ ( # (b) $ 4( #
3 i Transformation
% in Words:

ii Mapping Rule:

%
i Transformation iii Range of ( # :
in Words:

ii Mapping Rule:
… of transformed
function:
iii Domain of ( # :
… Domain of iv Coordinates of
transformed invariant point(s):
function:

iv Coordinates of
invariant point(s):

1
(c) $ ( 3#
2
i Mapping Rule:

ii Domain of ( # :

Range of ( # :

iii Domain of transformed function:

%
Range of transformed function:

2. Determine an equation, as specified, when the function ( # 2# 2 4# 12 is:

(a) Vertically stretched by a factor of 2 (b) Horizontally stretched by a factor of 2
i Equation in i Equation in
terms of ( # : terms of ( # :

ii Equation in ii Equation in
terms of #: terms of #:

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.3 Stretches

3. The graph of % G is shown below.

The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # about the line $ 0 by a factor of 2.

(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # . Be sure to indicate the new location of the
vertex, any # and $-intercepts, and any other key points.

Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # ,

i In terms of % : ii In terms of :

(c) State the location and coordinates

of any invariant point(s).
%

(d) State the range of: i $ ( # ii $ < #

(e) State the -intercept of: i $ ( # ii $ < #

4. A function $ ( # has a range of 8, ∞ , a domain of ∞, 4 , an #-intercept 3, 0 and a

$-intercept 0, 5 . Determine these characteristics for the following transformed functions.
1
(a) $ 5( # i Domain: (b) $ ( # i Domain:
4
ii Range: ii Range:

iii #-intercept: iii #-intercept:

iv $-intercept: iv $-intercept:

Answers from previous page

1. (a) i Horiz. str, factor of 3 (b) i Vertical stretch
%
ii #, $ → 3#, $ factor of 4

iii ( # : 3, 4 ii #, $ → #, 4$
transformed:
9, 4 % iii ( # : 3, 4
transformed:
iv 0, 2 on $-axis 12, 16
1 1
(c) i #, $ → #, $ iv 1, 0 and 5, 0
3 2 on #-axis
ii Domain: 9, 12
Range: 6, 6
2. (a) i % ii G
iii Domain: 3, 4 %
(b) i % ii
Range: 3, 3

Page |36
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

5. The graph of % G is shown below.

The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # about the line # 0 by a factor of 1/4.
(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # . Indicate the new location of key points.
Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # ;

%
i In terms of ( # : ii In terms of #:

(c) State the location and coordinates

of any invariant point(s).
(d) State the domain of: i $ ( # ii $ < #

(e) State the -intercept of: i $ ( # ii $ < #

(f) The point B 10, 4 is on the graph of $ ( # . Determine the coordinates

of the corresponding point to B on the graph of $ < # .

6. Below is the graph of * C . The #-intercepts have integer coordinates, and the
$-intercept is 0, 48 . The two points indicated on the graph have coordinates rounded to the nearest tenth.
The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of 1 # about the line # 0 by a factor of 1/2.
(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # . Mapping *
Rule:
(b) Determine an equation for $ < # ; . C, C&. +

i In terms of p # : ii In terms of #:

(c) State the location and coordinates of any invariant point(s).

. , .&

Answers from previous page

3. (a) #, $ → #, 2$ , C 4. (a) i ∞, 4 (b) i ∞, 16
(b) i < # 2( #
2
ii ∞, 40 ii 8, ∞
ii < # # 3 16 !, +
 Your graph should
(c) On the #-axis; 7, 0 include all iii 3, 0 iii 12, 0
and 1, 0 indicated ()
iv 0, 25 iv 0, 5
(d) i ∞, 8 ii ∞, 16 points!

(e) i 0, 3.5 ii 0, 7

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1.3 Stretches

7. The graph of % is shown on the right.

C
1
The graph of $ < # is defined as < # ( #
6
(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # . Be sure to indicate the new location
Mapping of the vertex and intercepts.
Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

(c) State the location and coordinates

of any invariant point(s).
(d) State the range of:
i $ ( # ii $ < #

8. The graph of % is shown on the right.

1
The graph of $ < # is defined as < # ( #
3
(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # .
Be sure to indicate the new location of the vertex and intercepts.

Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for < # , in terms of #.

(c) State the location and coordinates of any invariant point(s).

(d) The point B 4, 5 is on the graph of $ ( # .

Determine the coordinates of the corresponding
point to B on the graph of $ < # .

Answers from previous page

1 '
5. (a) #, $ → #, $ (c) On the $-axis; 0, 2 . &,
4
(b) i < # ( 4# (d) i 8, ∞ ii 2, ∞

ii < # 2 4# 8 2 (e) i 6, 0 ii 3/2, 0

Optionally simplify: ' G (f) E becomes: 2.5, 4 ,

1 !. G, C&. +
6. (a) #, $ → #, $ ' (b) i < # 1 2#
2
Mult all #-coords by 1/2 …. ii < # 2# 4 2# 2 2# 6
New #-intercepts are …. Optionally simplify: < # 2 # 2 2 # 1 2 # 3
2, 0 , 1, 0 , and 3, 0 ' G

(c) On the $-axis…. 0, 48

. , .&

Page |38
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

9. The graph of % G is shown on the right.

The graph of < # is obtained by reflecting the graph of ( #
about the #-axis, and vertically stretching by a factor of 2.
(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # .
Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

(c) State coordinates of any invariant point(s).

(d) State the range of:

i $ ( # ii $ < # Be sure to indicate the new location of all key points.

10. The graph of % is shown on the right.

The graph of $ < # is obtained by reflecting the
graph of ( # about the $-axis, and horizontally
stretching the graph by a factor of 1/2.

(a) Sketch the graph of $ < # .

Mapping Rule:

(b) Determine an equation for < # , in terms of #.

(c) State the location and coordinates of any invariant point(s).

(d) State the domain of:

i $ ( # ii $ < #

(e) The point B 14, 1 is on the graph of $ ( # . Determine the

coordinates of the corresponding point to B on the graph of $ < # .

Step-by-step solutions, along with videos and additional practice exams, can be found at math30-1edge.com
1
7. (a) #, $ → #, $ 8. (a) #, $ → 3#, $ '
6
1 ' 1 2
1
(b) < # # 6 2 (b) < # # 2 # 3
2 3 3
simplify to…
(c) on #-axis… 2, 0 and 6, 2 1 2 2
10, 0 < # # # 3
9 3
(d) i 12, ∞ ii 2, ∞ Vertex: 3, 4
(c) on $-axis… 0, 3 (d) 12, 5

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.3 Stretches

11. For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # . For
each, (i) determine a mapping rule, (ii) an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .
(a) (b)

%
'

'
i Mapping Rule:
i Mapping Rule:
ii Equation:
ii Equation:

(c)
i Mapping Rule:

% ii Equation:

iii ALSO: #-intercepts

of $ < # :
(exact rational values)

Note: Both a horizontal and

' vertical stretch have been applied:

12. The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # . The domain of ( # is ∞, 5 and the
range is 20, 15 . The domain of $ < # is ∞, 5 and the range is 16, 12 .
Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

Answers from previous page

9. (a) #, $ → #, 2$ 2, 16 1
10. (a) #, $ → #, $
2
2
(b) < # # 2 16 ' 0, 2 3
(b) < # 2# 2 3
(c) on #-axis… 6, 0 and simplify to…
2, 0 3.5, 0
< # 2 # 1 3
1, 3
(d) i 8, ∞ ii ∞, 16 (c) on $-axis… 0, 2
' 3
(d) i 2, ∞ ii ∞, 1 (e) 7, 1

Page |40
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

13. The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of ( # . The domain of ( # is 8, ∞ and the
range is 9, 6 . The domain of $ < # is 2, ∞ and the range is 6, 4 .
Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

14. The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph

1 % '
of ( # # 2 2 # 4
4
(a) State the mapping rule that describes the
transformation from $ ( # to $ < #

(b) Determine an equation for $ < #

i In terms ii In terms
of % : of

(c) The point B 6, 32 is on the graph of $ ( # . Determine the

coordinates of the corresponding point to B on the graph of $ < # .

Answers from previous page

2 3 3 4
11. (a) i #, $ → #, 2$ (b) i #, $ → #, $ (c) i #, $ → #, $ 12. < # ( #
3 4 2 5
ii $ 2( # 3 3 4
ii $ ( # ii $ ( # iii 5.25, 0 , 1.5, 0 and 6, 0
2 2 3
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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.3 Stretches

15. The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph

2
of ( # 2# 12# 10 The vertices and intercepts of both
graphs all have integer coordinates.
(a) State the mapping rule that describes the
transformation from $ ( # to $ < #

(b) Determine an equation for $ < #

i In terms ii In terms
of % : of
%

'

16. The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph

of ( # # 9 2
(a) State the mapping rule that describes the
transformation from $ ( # to $ < #
'
%
(b) Determine an equation for $ < #
i In terms ii In terms
of % : of

(c) Determine the #-intercept of $ < #

Answers from previous page

2 3 2
13. < # ( 4# 14. (a) #, $ → #, 3$ (b) i < # 3( # ii < # # 2 # 4 (c) 6, 96
3 4

Page |42
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

17. The graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching and reflecting the

%
graph of ( # # 2 8# 12
The vertices and intercepts of both graphs all have integer coordinates.
(a) State the mapping rule that describes the
transformation from $ ( # to $ < #

(b) Determine an equation for $ < #

i In terms ii In terms
of % : of
'

18. The graph of $ < # on the right is obtained by horizontally

and vertically stretching the graph of $ ( # .
(a) State the mapping rule that describes the
transformation from $ ( # to $ < #

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

%
'

(c) Determine the domain of $ ( # , if the domain of

$ < # is 3.12, 3.12 .

Answers from previous page

1 1 2
1
15. (a) #, $ → 2#, $ (b) i < # ( # ii < # 2 # 12 # 10 Simplify to: ' C !
2 2 2

2 3 3
16. (a) #, $ → #, $ (b) i < # ( # ii < # # 9 2 Simplify to: ' C
3 2 2
(c) 10/3,0

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.3 Stretches

19. For each of the following, the graph of $ < # is obtained by stretching and / or reflecting the
graph of $ ( # . Provide a mapping rule to describe the transformations for each.
(a) ( # 6 # 5 2 8 (b) ( # 16# 2 8# 4 (c) ( # 2 # 3 ? 4
< # 1.5 # 5 2 2 < # # 2 2# 4 < # 2 3# 3 ? 4

(d) ( # 3# 5 6 (e) ( # 6# 8 (f) ( # 2# 2 3# 5

< # 9 # 5 18 < # 2# 8 < # 8# 2 6# 5

20. Describe what happens to the graph of $ ( # when the following changes are made to its equation,
and provide a mapping rule.
1
(a) Replace # with 5# (b) Replace $ with $ (c) Replace $ with 3$
2

2
(d) Replace # with # and replace $ with $ (e) Replace # with # 1 and replace $ with $
3

1
(f) Replace # with # and replace $ with $ 4 (g) Replace $ with 5$ and replace # with # 2
5

Answers from previous page

3 3 3 2
17. (a) #, $ → #, $ (b) i < # ( # ii < # # 6# 9
4 4 4
3 3 3 5
18. (a) #, $ → #, $ (b) < # ( # (c) 5.2, 5.2
5 2 2 3

Page |44
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

21. Given the function ( # 3 # 4 # 2 ,

(a) State the zeros of $ ( # (b) State the zeros of $ 4( #

(c) State the zeros of $ ( 2# (d) State the zeros of $ ( #

1
(e) State the zeros of $ ( # (f) State the zeros of $ ( #
3

22. The graph of $ < # on the right is obtained by applying one

stretch and one reflection to the graph of ( # # 2 4# 5.
The vertices of both graphs have integer coordinates.
(a) Describe the transformation from $ ( # to $ < # ,
(i) in words and (ii) with a mapping rule.

'

%
(b) Determine an equation for $ < # , (i) in terms of ( #
and (ii) in terms of #.
(c) Determine the $-intercept
of $ < # .

Answers from previous page

1 1
19. (a) #, $ → #, $ (b) #, $ → 4#, $ (c) #, $ →
#, $
4 3
1
(d) #, $ → #, 3$ (e) #, $ → 3#, $ (f) #, $ → #, $
2
1
20. (a) Horizontal stretch about the $-axis (or line # 0 , factor of 1/5 #, $ → #, $
5
(b) Vertical stretch about the #-axis (or line $ 0), factor of 2 #, $ → #, 2$
1
(c) Vertical stretch about $ 0, factor of 1/3, and reflection about $ 0
#, $ → #, $
3
3
(d) Horiz. stretch about # 0, factor of 3/2, and reflection about #-axis #, $ → #, $
2
(e) Vert. reflection about $ 0, horizontal translation 1 unit right #, $ → # 1, $
(f) Horiz. stretch about # 0, factor of 5, vertical translation 4 units down #, $ → 5#, $ 4
1
(g) Vert. stretch about #-axis, factor of 1/5, refl. about #-axis, horiz. translation 2 units right #, $ → # 2, $
5
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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.3 Stretches

23. The graph of $ ( # is reflected in the line # 0, stretched about the line $ 0 by a factor
 Exam
Style of 1⁄4, and stretched about the $-axis by a factor of 3 to create the graph of $ < # .
Point B 3, 12 on the graph of $ ( # is transformed to which point on the graph of < # ?
A. 1, 3
B. 1, 3
C. 9, 3
D. 9, 3

24. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

 Exam
Style W
The graphs of $ ( # and $ 2( # Y
intersect at: %
V X Z [
A. Point R
B. Point S U

C. Points P and Q
D. Points R and T

25. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

 Exam
Style 1
The graph of $ < # is defined as $ ( # .
2
The graph of $ < # will contain the point:
A. 4, 2
B. 1, 2
C. 3, 4 %
D. 3, 4

Answers from previous page and this page

21. (a) 4 and 2 (b) 4 and 2 (c) 2 and 1 (d) 4 and 2 (e) 2 and 4 (f) 12 and 6
1
22. (a) i vertical stretch about the #-axis, factor of 1/3, plus a horiz. reflection about the $-axis. ii #, $ → #, $
9 2 N O 3
1 5
(b) i < # ( # ii < # ?
#
?
#
? (c) 0,
3 3

23. C 24. D 25. A

Page |46
 1.4 Combining Transformations
In the previous section we considered problems that involved both a stretch and reflection.
And we found that the order in which we applied the transformations didn’t matter.
For example, consider the graph of ( # # 4 1
Suppose we wish to apply a horizontal stretch about the $-axis by a factor of 1/2 and apply a horizontal
reflection about the $-axis.
 We can apply the stretch first, and then the reflection….

Horizontal stretch by a factor of 1/2 And then horizontal reflection

% % %

, , , ,

Optionally simplify
Equation in terms of #: $ 2# 4 1 $ 2# 4 1 $ 2 # 2 1

 Or we can apply the reflection first, and then the stretch ….

Horizontal reflection And then the horizontal stretch, factor 1/2

%
% %
%

, , , ,

Equation in terms of #: $ # 4 1 $ 2# 4 1 Same equation! (and same graph)

Warm-up Exploration #1 Combining a vertical stretch (or reflection) with a horizontal translation

The graph of ( # # 1 2 4 is shown below

1 On the same grid, construct a new graph of $ < # by first %

applying a vertical stretch about the #-axis by a factor of 2,
then applying a horizontal translation 4 units left.
2 Determine an equation of $ < # , in terms of #, by applying
the transformations in opposite order:
- First apply a horizontal translation 4 units left.

- Then apply a vertical stretch by a factor of 2.

3 Does the equation developed in #2 match the graph made in #1?

Is the order in which a vertical stretch and horizontal translation
are applied relevant?

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1.4 Combining Transformations

Exploration #2 Combining a vertical stretch (or reflection) with a vertical translation

The graph of ( # #2 4# 3 is on the right
1 On the same grid, construct a new graph of $ < # by:
- First applying a vertical stretch about the #-axis by a factor of 2
- Then applying a vertical translation 3 units down.
Mapping Rule:

2 Determine an equation for $ < # ,

In terms of ( # : In terms of #:

3 Next, on the same (new) grid construct a new graph of $ ℎ # by:

- First applying a vertical translation 3 units down
- Then applying a vertical stretch about the #-axis by a factor of 2
Mapping Rule:

4 Determine an equation for $ ℎ # ,

In terms of ( # : In terms of #:

5 Compare the graphs and equations above. Is the order in which

a vertical stretch and vertical translation are applied relevant?

Exploration #3 Combining a horizontal stretch (or reflection) with a horizontal translation

The graph of ( # # 4 1 is on the right.
1 On the same grid, construct a new graph of $ < # by:
- First applying a horizontal stretch about the $-axis by a factor of 1/2
- Then applying a horizontal translation 4 units right.

2 Determine an equation for $ < # ,

In terms of ( # : In terms of #:
Mapping
Rule:
3 Next, on the same grid construct a new graph of $ ℎ # by
again transforming the graph of $ ( # :
- First applying a horizontal translation 4 units right.
- Then applying a horizontal stretch about the $-axis by a factor of 1/2

4 Determine an equation for $ ℎ # ,

In terms of ( # : In terms of #:

Mapping
5 Compare the graphs and equations above. Is the order in which a Rule:
horizontal stretch and horizontal translation are applied relevant?

Page |48
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Exploration #4 Analyzing Horizontal Translations

1 Analyze the following pairs of functions graphed below. Does the horizontal translation match the constant
term? That is, for the group 1, is the horizontal translation from graph  to  “8 units left”?
Group 1:  $ # Group 2:  $ #2 Group 3:  $ #?
2
1 ?
 $ 2# 8  $ # 5  $ # 4
2
   



Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal

translation: translation: translation:

2 Analyze the corresponding graphs for each pair of functions. In the space provided above, indicate the
horizontal translation for each.

3 Multiple transformations can be seen using the model $ 0( I # ℎ 5.

Put each of the $2 equations above in this form by factoring out the I value. (The first is done for you!)
2
1 ?
$ 2# 8 $ # 5 $ # 4
2
y= 2(x+ 4)
Horizontal translation 4 units left

To identify the horizontal translation from a basic graph, first factor out any coefficient.
2
For example, given $ 3# 6 7, the horizontal translation is 2 units right. (and not 6)

$ 3 # 2 2 7

First consider… And then…

When describing multiple
Stretches
transformations, Translations
Reflections

So given the transformation from $ ( # to -% J . /

1  The vertical stretch about the #-axis factor is -
The mapping rule is: #, $ → # ℎ, 0$ 5
I  If 0 7 0, there is a vertical reflection in the #-axis
Note that the horizontal translation, “+ℎ”, is applied  The horizontal stretch about the $-axis factor is
J
after all #-coordinates are multiplied by the horizontal
stretch factor.  If I 7 0, there is a horizontal reflection in the $-axis

…and same goes for the vertical translation “5”!  The horizontal translation is . units, and the
vertical translation is / units.

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1.4 Combining Transformations

Worked Given the graph of $ ( # on the right, $ < # is

Example defined as < # ( 2# 6 1.
%
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .
(b) Sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid

Sol: (a) First things first – prep the function by factoring (b) Apply the mapping rule to the indicated ()
out the coefficient of #: points on the graph of $ ( # .
< # ( 2 # 3 1 1
0, 2 → ! 3, 1 → ,
2
Vertical reflection Horizontal translation 3 units 1
All coords. made negative left, vertical translation 1 up 1, 1 → 3, 1 → . &,
2
Horizontal stretch, factor of 1/2 1
4, 0 → 3, ! 1 → ,
Multiply all coords. by 2
1
1 9, 1 → , 3, 1 → . &, !
Mapping Rule: #, $ → # 3, $ 1 2
2
Plot each of the points to sketch ,
$ ( #
. &,
the graph of '  . &, !
,

'

Class Example 1.41 Applying Multiple Translations to a Graph

The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

1
A function $ < # is given by < # ( # 2 1
2 %

(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation

from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid.

(c) The point B 0,2 is on the graph of $ ( # . Determine the

coordinates of the corresponding point on the graph $ < #

(d) State the domain and range for $ < #

Page |50
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Worked A function $ ( # has a domain of 6, 12 and a range 0, 10 . For the transformed function
Example $ 3( 2# 8 5, (i) provide a mapping rule and determine the new (ii) domain and (iii) range.

Solution: First prep the transformed function, Next, visualize a “possible” graph of $ ( # .
factor out the “2” in the brackets: (That has the given domain / range):

$ 3( 2 # 4 5 Possible Graph
of $ ( # : 12, 10
Vertical reflection Horiz. translation 4 units
about the #-axis left, vertical 5 down

Vertical sretch about Horizontal stretch about

#-axis, factor of 3 $-axis, factor of 1/2 6, 0

Transformed Graph:
Mapping Rule: , → , &

1
6, 0 → C 4, 3 ! 5 → 7, 5 7, 5
2
New domain start point
Domain start point Range start New Range start point
2, 30
1
12, 10 → 4, 3 ! 5 → 2, 30
2
New Range Note that drawing “possible graphs” is
New domain end
Domain end point Range end point end point not essential, but can help visualize!

New Domain: +,

New Range: !, &

Class Example 1.42 Determining the Equation of a Function Given Transformations

A function $ ( # has a domain of 4, ∞ and a range ∞, 9 . For each of the transformations of ( #

described below, (i) provide a mapping rule and determine the new (ii) domain and (iii) range.
1
(a) $ ( 2# (b) $ 5 2( # 1
3

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.4 Combining Transformations

Class Example 1.43 Applying Multiple Translations to a Function – Graph and Equation

The graph of ( # # 6 4 is shown on the right.

A function $ < # is given by < # ( 3# 6 3 %
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Transform each indicated point (), to sketch the

graph of $ < # on the same grid.

Class Example 1.44 Determining the Equation of a Function Given Transformations

A function ( # 3 6# 1 is transformed to $ < # and $ ℎ # , as described below. Construct an

equation for each transformed function.
(a) $ < # is obtained by vertically stretching the graph of ( # about the #-axis by a factor of 4, and
vertically translating the graph 6 units up.

Equation in
terms of ( # :

Equation in
terms of #:

(b) $ ℎ # is obtained by reflecting the graph of ( # in the #-axis, stretching the graph about the
$-axis by a factor of 1/2, and horizontally translating the graph 3 units right.

Equation in
terms of ( # :

Equation in
terms of #:

Page |52
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

'
Worked The graph of $ < # represents a transformation of $ ( # .
Example Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

First identify
the stretches:
$ < #
%
…and < # is 6
units tall
 Vertical stretch After determining both the horizontal and
factor of 1.5 vertical stretches, then identify any translations:
$ ( #
Graph of ( # is
4 units “tall” 6L4
Note that after we
apply the two
Math30-1power.com
stretches to ( # …
…while < # is 12
units wide
6 …we must shift
 Horizontal stretch
factor of 2 up 6 units
Similarly, graph of Graph with only stretches applied
12 L 6
( # is 6 units wide
Equation: < # 1.5 ( 0.5# 4
Simplifies to: ' . &% !. & C

Class Example 1.45 Determining more than one Transformation from a Graph

For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # represents a transformation of of $ ( # through any
of: stretches, reflections, and translations. Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

(a)
'

%
Mapping Rule:

Equation of < # :

(b) %
'

Mapping Rule:

Equation of < # :

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
 1.4 Practice Questions

1. For each graph of $ ( # below, provide a mapping rule and sketch each indicated transformed function.
(a) < # ( 2# 2 (b) ℎ # 3( # 2
Mapping Rule: Mapping Rule:
%

1
(c) 5 # ( 3# 6 1 (d) 1 # ( 0.5# 1
2
Mapping Rule: Mapping Rule:
% %

2. Construct a mapping rule for each of the following transformations of a function $ ( # , listed below. Then,
determine the new coordinates of a point B 8, 6 on the graph of $ ( # , after the transformation.

(a) $ 5 3( # 2
i Mapping:

ii New Point:

(b) 2$ ( 4# 8
i Mapping:

ii New Point:

1 1
(c) $ ( # 5
4 3

i Mapping:

ii New Point:

Page |54
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

3. A function $ ( # has a domain of 12, 8 and a range 6, 10 . For each of the transformations of ( #
described below, (i) provide a mapping rule and determine the new (ii) domain and (iii) range.
3 1
(a) $ ( # 5 (b) $ 1 3( # 2 (c) 2$ ( 4# 8
2 2

4. A function $ ( # has a domain of # 12 , # ∈ ℝ and a range $ ≤ 9 , $ ∈ ℝ .

For each of the transformations of ( # described below, (i) provide a mapping rule and determine the new (ii)
domain and (iii) range.
2 4
(a) $ 2( # 3 (b) $ 4 ( # 5 (c) 4$ ( 3# 12
3 3

Answers from previous page

1. (a) , → , (b) , → , (c) , → , (d) , → ,

%
% %
*

%
. /
' RTD Learning
PowerMath
2. (a) i , → , & (b) i , → , (c) i , → &,

ii G, C → C, ii G, C → , ii G, C → ,,

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.4 Combining Transformations

5. The graph of ( # # 1 2 16 is shown on the right.

A function $ < # is defined in terms of ( # as:
1
< # ( # 3 5
4
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Transform all points with integer coordinates to

sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid.

(c) Write an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

6. A function ( # # 4 2 is transformed by:

- Reflecting the graph in the line # 0
- Stretching the graph vertically by a factor of 3
- Horizontally translating the graph 1 unit right and vertically translating the graph 2 units down
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the (b) Determine an equation for $ < #
transformation from ( # to < # . i in terms of ( # : ii in terms of #:

Step-by-step solutions, along with videos and additional practice exams, can be found at math30-1edge.com

3. (a) i , → , & (b) i , → , (c) i , → ,

ii D: , C ii D: C, ii D: ,
iii R: , ! iii R: ,, , iii R: &,
3 2 1 1
4. (a) i #, $ → # , 2$ 3 (b) i #, $ → # 5, $ 4 (c) i #, $ → # 4, $
4 3 3 4
D:
ii #|# ≤ 12 , # ∈ ℝ ii D: #|# 4, # ∈ ℝ ii D: #|# 8, # ∈ ℝ
R:
iii $|$ ≤ 21 , $ ∈ ℝ iii R: $|$ ≤ 10 , $ ∈ ℝ iii R: $|$ 2.25 , $ ∈ ℝ

Page |56
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

7. The graph of ( # 2 # 4 2 is shown on the right.

A function $ < # is given by < # 3( # 2
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Transform all points with integer coordinates to

sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid.

(c) Write an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

8. The graph of ( # # 9 2 is shown on the right.

A transformed function is given by $ 1 ( 0.5# 2
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation.

(b) Transform all points with integer coordinates

to sketch the graph of the transformed
function on the same grid.

(c) Write an equation for the transformed function,

in terms of #.

Answers from previous page

1 2, 9 6. (a) #, $ → # 1 , 3$ 2
5. (a) #, $ → # 3, $ 5
4
(b) Transform vertex: (b) i < # 3( # 1 2
1 2
1, 16 → 3, C 5 ii < # 3 # 1 4 2
4
2
Continue with other pts < # 3 # 5 2
2, 9
on graph of ( # …. Optionally simplify to:
1 2 < # 3 # 5 2
2
(c) < # # 2 9 '
4

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.4 Combining Transformations

9. The graph of ( # # 4 5 is shown on the right.

A function $ < # is given by < # 2( # 3 4
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Transform all indicated () points to sketch the

graph of $ < # on the same grid.

(c) Write an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

10. The graph of ( # 0.5 # 4 6 is shown on the right.

A function $ < # is given by < # ( 4# 2
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Transform all indicated () points to sketch the

graph of $ < # on the same grid.

(c) Write an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

Answers from previous page

7. (a) #, $ → # 2 , 3$ , 8. (a) #, $ → 2# 4, $ 1
(b) 4, 2 → 6, 6 ' (b) 9, 2 → 14, 3 and so on….
3, 0 → 5, 0 ,C
(c) $ 0.5# 2 9 2 1 Simplify
and so on…. to…
&, ! $ 0.5 # 14 3
(c) $ 3 2 # 2 4 2
,
Simplify to: C, C
C,
,
' C C C
,!
G,
Transformed function

Page |58
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

11. A function ( # # 2 is transformed by:

- Reflecting the graph in the line $ 0
- Stretching the graph horizontally about the line # 0 by a factor of 1/4
- Horizontally translating the graph 1 unit right and vertically translating the graph 2 units up
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the
transformation from ( # to < # .

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # i in terms of ( # : ii in terms of #:

(c) The range of $ ( # is ∞, 2 .

Determine the range of $ < # .

(d) The horizontal stretch applied to the graph of $ ( #

can instead be described by a vertical stretch.
Determine the magnitude of the vertical stretch.

Answers from previous page

9. (a) #, $ → # 3 , 2$ 4 , 1
!, 10. (a) #, $ → # ,$ 2 '
4
(b) 4, 5 → 1, 14 '
(b) 4, 6 → 1, 8
3, 4 → 0, 12
0, 4 → 0, 6
and so on….
and so on….
, G

(c) $ 4 5 Simplifies to… (c) $ 0.5 2 C Simplifies to…

' < # 2# 2 8 ' G

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.4 Combining Transformations

12. A function ( # # 16 ? is transformed by:

- Stretching the graph horizontally by a factor of 1/8
- Horizontally translating the graph 2 units right and vertically translating the graph 3 units down
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the
transformation from ( # to < # .

(b) Determine an equation for $ < # i in terms of ( # : ii in terms of #:

(c) The horizontal stretch applied to the graph of $ ( # can instead be described by a vertical stretch
and a horizontal translation. Determine the magnitude of the vertical stretch and the magnitude and
direction of the horizontal translation.

13. The graph of ( # # 7 2 is reflected in the $-axis. The resulting graph could also be achieved by
horizontally translating the graph of $ ( # . Describe the directing and magnitude of the translation,
and verify by applying the transformation to the equation of ( # .

Answers from previous page

1
11. (a) #, $ → # 1, $ 2 (b) i < # (4 # 1 2
4
(c) ∞, 0 (d) Vert. stretch about #-axis, factor of 2 ii < # 4 # 1 2 2
simplify…. '

Page |60
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

14. A function $ ( # has a domain of ∞, 12 and a range of 2, ∞ . The graph is transformed by:
- Reflecting the graph in the line # 0
- Stretching the graph horizontally about the line # 0 by a factor of 2
- Stretching the graph vertically about the line $ 0 by a factor of 5
- Horizontally translating the graph 3 units right and vertically translating the graph 4 units up
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the
transformation.

(b) The graph of $ ( # passes through a point

B 4, 1 . Determine the coordinates of the
corresponding point to B on the transformed graph.

(c) Determine an equation for the

transformed function, in terms of ( # .

(d) Determine the domain and range of the

transformed function.

15. For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # represents a transformation of of $ ( # through
any of stretches, reflections, and translations. Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .
(a) (b)

'
% %

'

Mapping Rule: Mapping Rule:

Equation of < # : Equation of < # :

#-intercepts of < # :

Answers from previous page

1
12. (a) #, $ → # 2 ,$ 3 (b) i < # (8 # 2 3 (c) Vertical stretch about #-axis, factor of 512,
8 plus a horizontal translation 16 units right
?
ii < # 8 # 2 16 3
simplify…. ' G further…. < # 512# ? 3
2
13. (a) Horizontal translation 7 units right. To verify, apply horizontal reflection: $ # 7 , and then simplify:
2 2 2
$ 1 # 7 $ 1 # 7 $ # 7 2  checks out!

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.4 Combining Transformations

16. For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # represents a transformation of of $ ( # through
any of stretches, reflections, and translations. Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .
(a) (b)

%
'

'

i Mapping Rule: i Mapping Rule:

ii Equation of < # : ii Equation of < # :

17. The graph of $ ( # is transformed into the graph of $ < # , as shown below:

 Exam
Style
An equation for < # in terms of ( # is:

A. < # ( 2# 1

B. < # ( 2# 6 %
'
1
C. < # ( # 3
2
1
D. < # ( # 1
2

18. The graph of $ ( # is transformed into the graph of $ < # , as shown below:

 Exam
Style
An equation for < # in terms of ( # is:
1
A. < # ( # 4
4
1 1 %
B. < # ( #
2 4
'
C. < # ( 4# 4
1
D. < # ( 4#
2

Answers from previous page

14. (a) #, $ → 2# 3 , 5$ 4 (b) 11, 9 1 1
15. (a) i #, $ → # 4 , 2$ (b) i #, $ → # ,$ 5
1 3 2
(c) < # 5( # 3 4
2 ii < # 2( 3 # 4 ii < # ( 2# 5
(d) D: 21, ∞ R: 6, ∞ iii 7⁄3 , 0 , (5,0)

Page |62
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

19. The point B 3, 8 is on the graph of $ ( # .

1
The point corresponding to B on the graph of $ 2 2( # 4 is:
3
A. 21, 14
 Exam
Style
B. 21, 12
C. 13, 14
D. 13, 12

20. The mapping rule that describes the transformation from the graph of Code Possible values
$ ( # is #, $ → 4# 8, 2$ . of -, J, and ].
An equation for the transformed function is $ 0( I # \ , where 1 1 ⁄4
possible values for 0, I, and \ are listed on the right. 2 2
Exam
 Style 3 1/2
4 4
NR The codes for the values of 0, I, and \ are,
respectively, ____ , ____, and ____. 5 8

Codes can be used more than once

6 16

21. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

Determine the domain and range of:
$ 11 ( 3# 3
%
i Domain:

ii Range:

22. A function $ ( # has a domain of ∞, 12 and a range 4, 8 . Code Possible values

A function < # 0( I# has a domain of ∞, 15 and a range 16,8 . of - and J.

1 1/2
 Exam
Style
NR The codes for the values of 0 and I in the equation
< # 0( I# are, respectively, ____ ,and ____. 2 2
Use the codes on the right. Codes 3 1/2
can be used more than once.
4 2
5 5/4
6 4/5

Answers from previous page

3 4
16. (a) i #, $ → # 7 , 3$ ii < # 3( # 7 (b) i #, $ → # , 3$ 4 ii < # 3( # 4
4 3
17. B 18. D

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1.4 Combining Transformations

23. A function of $ ( # has a range of ∞, 6 . The range of $ 2 2( # is:

14, ∞
 Exam
Style
A.

B. 10, ∞

C. ∞, 14

D. ∞, 10

24. The graph of the function $ ( # is shown below. The mapping rule that describes the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # is 2# 6, y 3

Determine the domain and range of $ ( # .

i Domain:

ii Range:

25. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the

right. The vertex is at point B.
1 %
For the graph of $ ( # 2 3,
2
determine the:

i Domain:

ii Range:

iii Coordinates of point

corresponding to B
on graph of < # :

26. A function of $ ( # is transformed to < # 5( I # 3 5. The point 6, 8 on the graph of

( # corresponds to the point 13, 33 on the graph of $ < # . Determine the values of I and 5.

i I

ii 5

Answers from previous page and this page

19. A 20. 215 21. i 2, ∞ ii 12, ∞ 22. 46

23. A 24. i ∞, 2 ii ∞, 3 25. i 14 , 10 ii 5, 4 iii 2,4 26. i 3/5 ii 7

Page |64
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

1.5 Inverse of a Relation

You can think of the inverse as “undoing”, or more specifically – doing the opposite operations in the opposite
order.
For example, the inverse of walking into a room and turning on the lights is to turn off the lights and then leave
the room.

Warm-up
Sketching the Graph of an Inverse
Exploration #1
1
Consider the function ( # # 2
3
1 Complete the first column of the table below by substituting the given values of # into the equation for ( # .

% '
6 _1 (–6)–2 = –4 (–6,–4)
3
3
0
3
6
9 (– 6, – 4)

2 Plot each of the points on the grid on the right

to sketch the graph of ( # . The first point is
plotted for you.

3 Complete the < # column by interchanging all of the ( # coordinates.

Note that the first point in the column will be (–4,–6).

4 Plot each of the points in the < # column to sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid.

5 Sketch the graph of $ #, also on the same grid.

6 Compare the distances from the line $ # of points on the graph of ( # and corresponding points on
the graph of < # .

7 Use terminology from this unit to describe the transformation of the graph of $ ( #
to the graph of $ < # . Where are the invariant points in this transformation?

8 Are the graphs of $ ( # and $ < # functions? Explain.

9 Determine an equation for $ < # . How does this equation relate to the equation
for $ ( # ?

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.5 Inverse of a Relation

The inverse of a relation, designated as # ( $ , or $ ( ^9 # if the inverse is also a function, is

found by interchanging the # and $ coordinates.
2, 6
The mapping rule for this transformation is: , → ,
0, 4
For example, given the graph of $ ( # on the right…
% 6, 2
The inverse is found by interchanging all coordinates so that all
points #, $ → $, # . Note that the inverse is not a function.
For example, the point 5, 1 on the graph of $ ( # 4, 0
5, 1
becomes 1, 5 on the graph of the inverse.
%
Note that the graph of $ ( # is reflected in the line $ #
to become the inverse, that is the graph # ( $ . 1, 5

So there is an invariant point on the line $ #, at 3, 3 .

% %
The domain and range also interchange. D: 5, 6 R: 1, 4 D: 1, 4 R: 5, 6

Note how this section is called “The Inverse of a Relation”.

For that you might ask, given your inquisitive nature - Why is that? What is the difference between a
Function and a Relation anyways?
Once again – great questions! Let’s do some review, because yes, you’ve encountered this before….
A relation is a very broad term that describes a set of inputs (think #-coordinates) and outputs ($-coordinates).
So any set of ordered pairs, which can be described as an equation, a graph, a domain-range map, is a relation.

A function meanwhile is a special type of relation where each input (#-coordinate) has exactly one
output ($-coordinate). That is, for each # in the domain, there corresponds one (and only one) $.

Relation A – Not a function

A: 2, 5 , 0, 4 , 1, 2 , 1, 3

2 5
4
0 3 Uh-oh! # 1 maps
1 2 to two different $s.
Domain Range

Note that when # 1 there are two

separate $’s. (That’s a no-go for functions!)

Relation B – Function!
B: 2, 5 , 0, 4 , 1, 2 , 2, 2

2 5
0 4 Each # maps to
1 exactly one $.
2
2
Domain Range
Note that it’s OK for two different # ’s to map to the same $!
(As is the case with # 1 and # 2, which both map to $ 2)

Page |66
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

The Vertical Line Test – Applying the Definition of Functions to Graphs

Given the graph of a relation, we know it’s a function if each # in the domain maps to one and only
one $. And an easy way to visualize this is the vertical line test.

Given the graph of $ ( # , ( # is a function if (and only if) any vertical line touches at most once.

Function  ( # NOT a Function  Inverse, # ( $

Any vertical line Vertical line
intersects the intersects graph in
graph once more than one place! Note that as the inverse is
not a function, we should
not use notation ( ^9 #

Note that the first graph on the left is the function ( # # 2 # 1 # 3 .

Whereas the graph on the right is the inverse, which has the equation # $ 2 $ 1 $ 3 .
We’d next express the inverse equation in terms of , which is
challenging in this case! We’ll come back to this concept. Switch and in the equation

The also illustrates, that, given a function $ ( # , its inverse, # ( # need not be a function.

So while the inverse can be expressed as either # ( $ or, *equivalently, $ ( ^9 # …

We should not use$ ( ^9 # when the inverse is not a function. *Avoid this notation when the
inverse is not a function
The “ ” here should not be confused with an
Also be careful to note: $ ( ^9 # exponent, which would represent the reciprocal
1
( ^9 # "
( #

The Horizontal Line Test

We saw that the vertical line test can be used to determine if the graph of a relation is a function.
Similarly, we can use the horizontal line test to determine if, given the graph of $ ( # , its INVERSE
# ( $ or $ ( ^9 # will be a function.

Given the graph of $ ( # , its inverse # ( $ will be a function if (and only if) any horizontal line
touches at most once.

Example 1 Example 2
Passes H.L.T. Fails H.L.T.
% %
Any horizontal line will Horizontal line intersects
only intersect curve once curve more than once
 Inverse will pass V.L.T.  Inverse will not be
and will be a function: a function:

Inverse
Inverse
%
%

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.5 Inverse of a Relation

The Inverse as a Reflection

Since the graph of $ ( ^9 # is a reflection (in the line $ #) of the graph of $ ( # , we can now complete
our list of the three types of reflections we consider in this course.

 Vertical Reflection in  Horizontal Reflection in  (Inverse) Reflection in

the line $ 0 the line # 0 the line $ # %

$ ( # % $ ( # $ ( #

Mapping Rule: , → , , → , , → ,

Worked Given the graph of $ < #

Example (a) Sketch the graph of # ( $ on the same grid
Is the inverse a function?
(b) State the location and coordinates of any invariant point %
(c) State the domain and range of # ( $

Solution: (a) To sketch the graph of the inverse, transform all points by: 2, 6
#, $ → $, #
2, 4
Procced left to right on all points on ( # …
6, 0
7, 0 → !, + Plot points and sketch
0, 6 → C, ! $ ( #
4, 2 → ,
0, 7
%
6, 2 → ,C
(b) The invariant point occurs where the graph of $ ( # intersects the line $ #. Invariant point is at ,
(That is, where the # and $ coordinates are the same, and interchanging has no effect) on the line
(c) D: #| 2 ≤ # ≤ 6, # ∈ ℝ R: $| 7 ≤ # ≤ 6, $ ∈ ℝ

Class Example 1.51 Sketching the Graph of an Inverse Function

The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

(a) Make a prediction on whether the graph of # ( $
will be a function.

(b) Sketch the graph of # ( $ on the same grid

(c) State the coordinates (and location) of any invariant point(s)

(d) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

Page |68
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Exploration #2 Sketching an Inverse Function using the online graphing calculator DESMOS

To do this exercise, you’ll need to go to desmos.com/calculator

You can optionally set up a free account, that way you can save your graphs. 

Objective: To analyze the graphs of ( # #2 4 and the inverse, $ ( ^9 #

Desmos offers some functionality lacking on your graphing calculator, such as graphing in “ ” form

1 Graph the function and its inverse, 2 Analyze the graphs, shown below.
obtained by switching # and $ in the equation.
 Do the domain and
range switch?
Note: For exponents, use
shift + 4 to access ^  Can we confirm the
graphs are reflections?

3 Describe the shape of the graphs  Is the inverse a

of % and its inverse. function?

We can determine “$ ” form equation of the inverse to the function $ #2 4 in one of two ways:
Method 1 Method 2
By isolating “$” in the inverse shown above. (Where we By examining the graph of the inverse, and
switched # and $ in the equation, to obtain # $ 2 4 expressing as two radical functions. (One
representing the “top” branch, one the bottom)

4 Determine “$ ” form equation of the inverse to the function $ #2 4.

5 Use Desmos to graph the function & and its

inverse, &.
Sketch here. Describe the shape of each graph.
Can you confirm they are reflections?
Is the inverse a function?

6 Determine the “$ ” form equation of the inverse of the function $ # 5.

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.5 Inverse of a Relation

Worked Given the function ( # # 2, graphed on the right,

Example (a) Sketch the graph of $ ( ^9
# on the same grid $ ( #
Transform all indicated points (). Is the inverse a function?
(b) State the domain and range of $ ( ^9 #
(c) Determine an equation, in terms of #, for $ ( ^9 #

Solution: (a) To sketch the graph of the inverse, transform all points by: %^
#, $ → $, #
3, 7
Procced left to right on all points on ( # …
2, 0 → !, Plot points and sketch
1, 1 → , 2, 2 invariant
2, 2 → , 1, 1
3, 7 → +, 0, 2

(b) For $ ( ^9 # , D: 2, ∞ R: 0, ∞

The range of ( # The domain of ( #  Domain and Range interchange!

(c) For the equation, start with $ # 2 (use “$ ” instead of “( # ”) and interchange # and $.
# $ 2 Square both sides to isolate $
# $ 2
 We must restrict the domain, which is the
$ 2 #2 %^ ;# 0 range of $ ( # .

Class Example 1.52 Determining the Graph and Equation of an Inverse

The graph of ( # #2 9 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of # ( $ on the same grid by
transforming each indicated () point.
(b) Describe the transformation from the graph of $ ( # to
that of # ( $ .

(c) Describe where any invariant points can be found, and how
many there are.

(d) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $ .

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(e) Determine an equation for # ( $ , in terms of #.

Page |70
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

Let’s revisit the worked example on the previous page. A common mistake is to forget to restrict the
domain, and stating the equation of the inverse as just ( ^9 # # 2 2. (graphed below)
$ #2 2 / %^ ?
 But it’s important to see how – this graph makes no sense!

 The graph of ( # is a half-parabola (sideways)

( # # 2
 So graph of inverse, which recall is a reflection about $ #,
must also be a half-parabola!
 Therefore we must restrict the domain of the inverse!
Domain of $ ( ^9 # is equal to the range of $ ( #

You can sketch the graph of %^ on your graphing calculator!

(But it’s a bit cumbersome. Ready? Let’s go!)
Suppose we wish to sketch the inverse of ( # #2 4.
 Input the equation for $ ( # into $9 and graph.

 Access the draw inverse function in your calculator

by keying in “2nd” + “Program”

 Select #8, “DrawInv” 

 We want to instruct the calculator to draw the inverse of what we inputted into $9 .
With your cursor set after “DrawInv”, key in “VARS”, then scroll to “Y-VARS”, then
“Function”, finally select “Y1”. Once you have this on your screen, hit ENTER!

Follow these steps to get “Y1” after “DrawInv” Here’s

And here’s the inverse

Class Example 1.53 Determining the Inverse of a Linear Function

The graph of ( # 4# 3 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the reflection of ( # in the line
$ # by transforming the four indicated () points.
(b) State the coordinates of any invariant points.

(c) Determine an equation for the reflected graph, in terms of #.

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.5 Inverse of a Relation

Equations of Inverses – Opposite Operations in the Opposite Order!

Consider the following pairs of function and inverse:
( # 2# 6  Multiply # by 2, then add 6
# 6
( ^9 #  Subtract 6 from #, then divide by 2
2
Can you see the pattern?
( # #2 4  Square #, then subtract 4
For each pair the equation of the
$ ± # 4 (inverse)  Add 4 to #, then square root inverse represents the opposite
operations in the opposite order!
( # # 4 1  Add 4 to #, then square root, then subtract 1

( ^9 # # 1 2 4  Add 1 to #, then square, then subtract 4

In previous examples we’ve practiced a method for obtaining the equation of an inverse to a function.
However it could be useful to remember this pattern as a double-check of our results.

Class Example 1.54 Determining the Inverse of a Radical Function

The graph of ( # # 4 1 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of $ ( ^9 # on the same grid by
transforming each of the four indicated () points.
(b) Describe where any invariant points can be found, and how
many there are.

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and $ ( ^9 # .

$ ( # D: $ ( ^9 # D:

R: R:

(d) Determine an equation for $ ( ^9 # , in terms of #.

Class Example 1.55 Restricting the Domain so that the Inverse is a Function

For each of the functions below, provide a restriction on the domain so that the inverse would be a function.
(a) % (b)
%

Page |72
 1.5 Practice Questions

1. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of # ( $ on the same grid

(b) State the coordinates of any invariant point(s)

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(d) State whether the inverse is a function

2. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of # ( $ on the same grid

(b) State the coordinates of any invariant point(s)

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(d) State whether the inverse is a function

3. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of $ ( ^9 # on the same grid

(b) State the coordinates of any invariant point(s)

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and $ ( ^9 #

$ ( # D: $ ( ^9 # D:

R: R:
(d) State whether the inverse is a function

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1.5 Inverse of a Relation
1
4. The graph of ( # # 2 is shown on the right.
3
(a) Sketch the graph of the reflection of ( # in the line
$ # by transforming the three indicated () points.
(b) State the coordinates of any invariant point(s).

(c) Determine an equation for the reflected graph, in terms of #.

5. The graph of ( # 2# 6 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the inverse of ( # by
transforming all points with integer coordinates.
(b) State the coordinates of any invariant point(s).

(c) Determine an equation for the reflected graph, in terms of #.

Answers from previous page

1. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # 0, 7
3, 7 → +, Plot all points to sketch # ( $ 
6, 4 → , C … and so on
(b) Invariant point is on the line $ #, so , 6, 1
(c) $ ( # , D: +, + R: ,C Domain and Range (d) NO
3, 7 6, 4
# ( $ , D: ,C R: +, + interchange %

2. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # 3. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, #
5, 1 → , & … and so on, 6, 1 → , C … and so on,
1, 7 → +, graph isn’t shown 2, 2 → , graph isn’t shown

Invariant points at , and &, & Invariant point at ,

(c) $ ( # , D: &, & R: +, & (d) NO (c) $ ( # , D: C, + R: ,C (d) YES!
# ( $ , D: +, & R: &, & # ( $ , D: ,C R: C, +

Page |74
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

6. The graph of ( # # 4 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the reflection of ( # in the line $ #
by transforming all points with integer coordinates.
(b) State location and number of any invariant point(s).

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and $ ( ^9 # .

$ ( # D: $ ( ^9 # D:

R: R:

(d) Determine an equation for the reflected graph, in terms of #.

7. The graph of ( # 2 # 8 2 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the inverse of ( # by
transforming the three indicated () points.
(b) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and $ ( ^9 # .
$ ( # D: $ ( ^9 # D:

R: R:

(c) State whether the inverse is a function.

(d) Determine an equation for the inverse, in terms of #.

Answers from previous page

4. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to sketch %^
3, 7 → +, … 6, 4 → , C … and so on $ ( ^9 # 
2, 0
(b) Invariant point is on the line $ #, so ,
1 1 3, 3
(c) # $ 2  # 2 $  3# 6 $  %^ C
3 3

5. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to

0, 6 → C, ! … 3, 0 → !, … and so on sketch inverse 
%^ 2, 2
(b) Invariant point is on the line $ #, so ,

(c) # 2$ 6  # 6 2$  # 6 L 2 $  %^

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1.5 Inverse of a Relation

8. The graph of ( # #2 1 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the inverse of ( # by
transforming all points with integer coordinates.
(b) State location and number of any invariant point(s).

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $ .

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:
(d) State whether the inverse is a function, and provide reasoning.

(e) Determine an equation for the inverse, in terms of #.

9. The graph of ( # # 1 2 9 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the inverse of ( # by
transforming all points with integer coordinates.
(b) State location and number of any invariant point(s).
(c) State whether the inverse is a function.
(d) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $ .
$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(e) Determine an equation for the inverse, in terms of #.

Answers from previous page

6. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to %^
4, 0 → !, … 0, 2 → ,! … and so on sketch inverse 
(b) Invariant point is on the line $ #, there is one.
(c) $ ( # , D: ,∞ R: !, ∞ $ ( ^9 # , D: !, ∞ R: ,∞

(d) # $ 4  #2 $ 4  %^ ;# 0
0, 4

7. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to sketch %^

8, 2 → , G 6, 0 → !, C … and so on $ ( ^9 # 

(b) $ ( # , D: ,∞ R: G, ∞ $ ( ^9 # , D: G, ∞ R: ,∞ (c) YES!

2
(d) # 2$ 16 2  # 2 2$ 16  %^ G; # 2
2, 8

Page |76
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

10. The graph of ( # 9

# 3 2 12 is shown on the right.
?
(a) Sketch the graph of the reflection of ( # in the line
$ # by transforming the five indicated () points.
(b) State location and number of any invariant point(s).
(c) State whether the inverse is a function.
(d) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $ .
$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(e) Determine an equation for the inverse, in terms of #.

11. The graph of ( # #2 4 is shown on the right.

Provide two possible restrictions on the domain of
$ ( # so that # ( $ is a function.

Step-by-step solutions, along with videos and additional practice exams, can be found at math30-1edge.com
8. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to
0, 1 → ,! … 1, 2 → , … 1, 2 → , and so on… sketch inverse 
(b) On the line $ # … no invariant points here (d) NO by Horiz. Line Test
(c) $ ( # , D: ∞, ∞ R: ,∞ # ( $ , D: , ∞ R: ∞, ∞ 1, 0
2 2
(e) # $ 1  # 1 $  # 1 $2  Inverse: ± %

9. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to sketch

1, 9 → ,, … 2, 0 → !, … and so on $ ( ^9 # 
9, 1
(b) On the $ #, two invariant points (c) NO
(d) $ ( # , D: ∈ℝ R: | ,, ∈ℝ # ( $ , D: | ,, ∈ ℝ R: ∈ℝ

(e) # $ 1 2
9  # 2 Inverse: ± , %
9 $ 1 

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1.5 Inverse of a Relation

2
12. The graph of ( # # 4 2 is shown on the left.
(a) Determine an equation for the inverse.

(b) Provide two possible restrictions on the

domain of $ ( # so that a ( $ is
a function.

13. Given each function below, provide a restriction on the domain so that the inverse is a function.
For (b) only, provide three different domain restrictions that would work.

(a) (b)

%
'

Answers from previous page

10. (a) To sketch, transform all points #, $ → $, # Plot all points to sketch
%
3 , 12 → , … 0, 9 → , , ! … and so on inverse 
(b) On the $ #, two invariant points ( ) (c) NO 12, 3

(d) $ ( # , D: ∈ℝ R: | ≤ , ∈ℝ # ( $ , D: | ≤ , ∈ ℝ R: ∈ℝ
1 2 2
(e) # $ 3 12  3 # 12 $ 3  Inverse: ±
3
11. There are two “largest domain” options, either !, ∈ ℝ or ≤!, ∈ℝ < need to create a “half-parabola”
However there are many other options, including # 1 , # ∈ ℝ or # ≤ 3 , # ∈ ℝ and so on! (infinite options)

Page |78
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

14. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

When the graph of $ ( # is reflected in the line $ #, the
number of invariant points is:
A. one
 Exam
Style
B. two
C. three
D. four

15. A function ( # 5# 6 is reflected in the line $ #.

^9
0 \
The resulting equation can be written in the form ( # #
I b
NR The values of 0, I, \, and b are, respectively, ____ ,
 Exam
Style
____, _____, and ____.
Codes can be used more than once

16. The graph of ( # 2 # 4 2 shown on the right.

Graphically determine the approximate coordinates (nearest
hundredth) of the invariant points.
Sketch $ ( ^9 # , and plot / label the coordinates of the
invariant point on same graph.

17. A function $ ( # has a domain ∞, 1 and a range 2, ∞ .

 Exam
Style A function $ < # is obtained by transforming the graph of ( # so that < # 4( # 1.
The domain of $ <^9 # is:
A. 9, ∞
B. 1 ,∞
C. ∞, 1
D. ∞, 9

Answers from previous page

12. (a) Inverse: $ ± # 2 4
(b) There are two “largest domain” options, either ≤RTD
, Learning
∈ ℝ or PowerMath
, ∈ ℝ < create that “half-parabola”!
13. (a) Largest domain is | ≤ , ∈ℝ
(b) Largest domain is | ≤ , ∈ℝ another option: c| , ∈ ℝ and another: ≤ ≤ , ∈ℝ

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1.5 Inverse of a Relation

2
18. A restriction on the domain of a function ( # 0 # ℎ 5, so that # ( $ is always a function is:

A. #|# ≤ 0 , # ∈ ℝ
 Exam
Style
B. #|# ≤ ℎ , # ∈ ℝ
C. #|# b ,# ∈ ℝ
D. #|# 0 ,# ∈ ℝ

An equation representing the inverse of the function ( # 2 5 is:

19. 0 # ℎ

A. $ ± 1/0 # 5 ℎ
 Exam
Style
B. $ ± 0# 5 ℎ
C. $ ± 1/0 # ℎ 5
D. $ ± 0# ℎ 5

20. The graphs of four relations are given below:

1 2 3 4

Assuming no additional restrictions are given, which of the two above graphs will have an inverse that
 Exam
Style is a function?

A. Graph 1 and Graph 4

B. Graph 2 and Graph 3
C. Graph 1 and Graph 2
D. Graph 3 and Graph 4

Answers from previous page and this page

14. C 15. 1565
1 2
16. Graph $9 2 # 4 2 and $2 # 2 4 . C, . C
4
(Restrict domain, # 2)
17. A

18. B 19. A 20. C

Page |80
 Chapter 1 Transformations REVIEW

1. The graph of $ ( # is shown below. State a mapping rule to sketch the graph of each transformed
function and state the domain and range.
(a) % (b) %

%
i i
Mapping Rule Mapping Rule

ii D: ii D:
%
iii R: iii R:

(c) % (d) %

i i
Mapping Rule % Mapping Rule

ii D: ii D:
%
iii R: iii R:

(e) % (f) % C

i i
Mapping Rule Mapping Rule

ii D: % ii D:

iii R: iii R:

2. Given the function ( # # 2 3# 1, determine a simplified equation, both in (i) terms of ( # and
(ii) in term of #, for each transformed function of ( # described below:
(a) The graph is horizontally translated 1 unit (b) The graph of ( # is reflected in the line $ 0,
right, and vertically translated 3 units down. and vertically translated 3 units down.

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1 – Transformations Review

3. Given the function ( # # 2 2# 3 shown below, (i) construct a mapping rule to sketch the graph of
each transformed function described below, and determine a simplified equation, both in (ii) terms of ( #
and (iii) in term of #. Be sure to transform all points with integer coordinates.
(a) The graph is vertically stretched about the #-axis
by a factor of 2 and reflected in the line $ 0. 

(b) The graph of ( # is horizontally stretched by a

factor of 2. 

(c) The graph is reflected in the line $ 0, horizontally translated 4

units right, and vertically translated 3 units down. 

Answers from previous page

1. (a) i , → , (b) i , → , (c) i , → , (d) i , → ,
ii C ,, iii ,, ii C ,, iii &, G ii , ,C iii , ii , ,C iii +, G

(e) i , → , (f) i , → , 2. (a) i %

ii , ,, iii C, G ii , iii ,, ii $ # 2
3 # 1
simplifies to…. &
(b) i %
ii $ #2 3# 1
G
, simplifies to….
&
,

Page |82
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

4. The graph of ( # 2 # 8 2 is shown below. The graph is stretched about the $-axis by a factor
of 2 and reflected in the $-axis. (i) Sketch the graph of the transformed function, and determine a
simplified equation, both in (i) terms of ( # and (ii) in term of #.
(a) Sketch the graph of the transformed function.
(b) Determine an equation in terms of ( #

(c) … and in terms of #. (Simplified)

5. The graph of ( # # 9 2 is stretched about the #-axis

by a factor of 3, reflected in the $-axis, horizontally translated 5
units left and vertically translated 6 units up.
(a) Construct a mapping rule to sketch the graph of the
transformed function

(a) Determine a simplified equation, both in (i) terms of ( #

and (ii) in term of #.

Answers from previous page

3. (a) i , → , % (b) i , → , ii % 2, 4
2 %
ii % 1 1
iii $ # 2 # 3 simplifies….
2 2
iii C
Invariant point
Invariant points on #-axis on $-axis
1, 8
(c) i , → , %

ii %
iii $ # 4 2 2 # 4 3 3
simplifies….
C 3, 7

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1 – Transformations Review

6. The function $ < # , shown on the right, is transformed Vertical

to 5 # 7 4< # 2 . Asymptote $ < #
(a) State the domain of 5 #
B 0, 2

(b) State the coordinates of the

point B once transformed to 5 # .

7. Below is the graph of * C . The #-intercepts have integer coordinates.

A new function $ < # is obtained by stretching the graph of 1 # about the line # 0 by a factor of 1/3
and vertically stretching the graph by a factor of 1/6.
*
(a) Determine an equation for $ < # ;
i In terms of % : ii In terms of :

0, 54
(b) Determine the coordinates of the (i) # and
(ii) $-intercepts on the graph of $ < # .

8. A function $ ( # has a range of ∞ , 5 . When the function is transformed to

 Exam
Style $ 4 2( # , the resulting function has a range of:
A. ∞, 14
B. 14, ∞
C. ∞, 6
D. 6, ∞

Step-by-step solutions, along with videos and additional practice exams, can be found at math30-1edge.com
4. (a) , → , 5. (a) , → &, C
%
12, 0 (b) % & C
(b) %
16, 2 $ 3 # 5 9 2 6
4, 0
1
(c) $ 2 # 8 2 C Simplifies to…
2

Page |84
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

9. A function $ ( # has a domain of 9, 15 and a range 8, 20 . For each of the transformations of ( #

described below, (i) provide a mapping rule and determine the new (ii) domain and (iii) range.
3 3 3
(a) $ 2( # 10 (b) $ ( # 5
4 2 2

10. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the

right. The vertex is at point B.
1 %
For the graph of $ 2 ( 3# 12 ,
2
determine the:

i Domain:

ii Range: E

iii Coordinates of point corresponding

to B on graph of < # :

11. The graph of $ ( # is transformed into the graph of $ < # , as shown below:
An equation for < # in terms of ( # is:
 Exam
Style
A. < # ( 4# 1
1
B. < # ( # 1 %
4 '
C. < # (4 # 1
1
D. < # ( # 1
4

12. A function $ ( # has a domain of ∞ , 6 . When the function is transformed

 Exam
Style to $ ( 2# 4 , the resulting function has a domain of:
A. ∞, 1
B. ∞ ,1
C. ∞, 10
D. ∞, 16

Answers from previous page

6. (a) ∞ ,C (b) , 7. (a) i ' * (b) i ,! , , ! , and ,! ii !, ,
C
1
8. B ii < # 3# 6 3# 3 3# 3
6
,
Simplifies to… '

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1 – Transformations Review

13. The graph of ( # 2 # 4 2 is shown on the right.

A transformed function is given by $ ( 0.5 # 1
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation.

(b) Transform all points with integer coordinates to

sketch the graph of the transformed function on
the same grid.

(c) State the #-intercepts and domain for the graph

of $ < # .
i #-intercepts: ii Domain:

(d) Write an equation for the transformed function,

in terms of #.

14. The graph of ( # # 2

16 is shown on the right.
1
1
A function $ < # is given by < # ( # 4
2
(a) Construct a mapping rule for the transformation
from $ ( # to $ < # .

(b) Transform all points with integer coordinates to

sketch the graph of $ < # on the same grid.

(c) State the # and $-intercepts, and range for the

graph of $ < # .

i #-intercepts: iii Range:

ii $-intercept:

(d) Write an equation for $ < # , in terms of #.

Answers from previous page

9. (a) i , → , ! (b) i , → , & 10. (a) i ,& ii .&,
ii &, , iii C, ! ii &, iii , ! iii , .&

11. B 12. B

Page |86
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

15. For each pair of graphs below, the graph of $ < # represents a transformation of of $ ( # through
any of stretches, reflections, and translations. Determine an equation for $ < # , in terms of ( # .

(a) (b)
'

%
%
'

i Mapping Rule: i Mapping Rule:

ii Equation of < # : ii Equation of < # :

(c) (d)

'

% %

'

i Mapping Rule: i Mapping Rule:

ii Equation of < # : ii Equation of < # :

(e) (f)
' '

% %

i Mapping Rule: i Mapping Rule:

ii Equation of < # : ii Equation of < # :

Answers from previous page

13. (a) , → , (c) i &, ! ii ∞, + (c) i , ! and ,, !
14. (a) , → ,
(b) (b) 5, 8 ii !, .&
' (d)
iii ∞, G
2.5, 1 $ 2 0.5 # 1 4 2
1
simplifies to… 0, 4.5 (d) $ # 4 1 2 16
2
7, 2 ' !. & + simplifies to…
' ' & G

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and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
1 – Transformations Review

16. The graph of $ ( # is transformed into the

graph of $ < # , as shown:
(a) Use proper terminology to explain how the graph of
$ < # can be obtained by applying the following %
transformations to the graph of $ ( # .
ii A stretch and a reflection
'

ii A stretch and a translation

(b) Provide a mapping rule for each sequence of

i ii
transformations described above.

(c) Based on the sequence of transformations

described above, provide two possible i ii
equations for < # , in terms of ( # .

17. The graph of $ # is transformed into the graph of $ 4# 8.

(a) Provide a mapping rule and explain how the
transformation above can be describes as a horizontal
stretch about the $-axis and horizontal translation.
Justify your answer by manipulating the equation.

(b) Provide a mapping rule and explain how the transformation above
can be describes as a vertical stretch about the #-axis and horizontal
translation. Justify your answer by manipulating the equation.

18. The graph of $ ( # is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of # ( $ on the same grid

(b) State the coordinates of any invariant point(s)

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(d) Provide two possible domains of ( # so that the

inverse is a function.

Answers from previous page

15. (a) i , → , (b) i , → , (c) i , → +,

ii ' % ii ' % ii ' % +

(d) i , → !. +& , . & (e) i , → , (f) i , → !. +& ,

ii ' % ii ' % ii ' %

Page |88
 Chapter 1 – Transformations

19. (a) A point B 3, 4 is on the graph of $ ( # . Determine the coordinates of the point
that corresponds to B on the graph of $ ( 3# 9 4.

(b) A point B 3, 4 is on the graph of $ ( # . Determine the coordinates of the point that
corresponds to B after the graph of ( # is horizontally stretched by a factor of 1/2, vertically
stretched by a factor of 4, reflected in the line $ 0, and horizontally translated 3 units left.

20. The graph of $ ( # , as shown, is transformed to become the

3
graph of < # 3 ( # 3 . The range of $ < # is:
 Exam
Style
2
( #
A. 7, 1/3
B. 12, 3
C. 3, 12
D. 9,6

21.
 Exam
Style
The point B 8, 2 lies on the graph of a function $ ( # . Listed below are all possible
coordinates of the new point corresponding to B after ( # undergoes a transformation.
Point 1 6, 2 Point 2 18, 2 Point 3 6, 2 Point 3 10, 2
Point 4 8, 1 Point 5 2, 8 Point 6 8, 2 Point 6 2, 2

NR The correspoing point when the graph of $ ( # is

Reflected in the line # 0 and horizontally translated 2 units left is _____. First digit of your answer
Vertically stretched about the line $ 0 by a factor of 2 and vertically translated
2 units down is _____. Second digit of your answer
Reflected in the line $ # is _____. Third digit of your answer
Horizontally stretched about the line # 0 by a factor of 1/2 and
horizontally translated 2 units left is _____. Second digit of your answer
Answers from previous page
16. (a) i A horizontal stretch about the $-axis by a factor of 1/2, and a horizontal reflection about the $-axis.
i A horizontal stretch about the $-axis by a factor of 1/2, and a horizontal translation 4 units right.
1 1
(b) i #, $ → #, $ ii #, $ → # 4, $ (c) i $ ( 2# ii $ ( 2 # 4
2 2
1
17. (a) First re-write as $ 4 # 2 #, $ → # 2, $
4
A horizontal stretch about the $-axis by a factor of 1/4, and a horizontal translation 2 units left.

(b) First re-write as $ 4 # 2  $ 2 # 2. #, $ → # 2, 2$

A vertical stretch about the #-axis by a factor of 2, and a horizontal translation 2 units left.
18. (a) , → , so, 6, 7 → 7, 6 … and so on
(b) &, & and , on the line $ #
(c) % D: C, R: +, & % D: +, & R: C,
(d) D: C, or , %

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1 – Transformations Review

22. The graph of ( # 0.5 # 4 2 2 is shown on the right.

(a) Sketch the graph of the inverse of ( # by
transforming all points with integer coordinates.
(b) State location and number of any invariant point(s).

(c) State the domain and range of both $ ( # and # ( $ .

$ ( # D: # ( $ D:

R: R:

(d) State two possible domain restrictions so that the inverse is a

function.

(e) Determine an equation for the inverse, in terms of #.

23. A function of $ # is transformed to $ 1 3# 9.

 Exam
Style
Below is a list of possible transformation descriptions.
0 Stretch about the line # 0 by a factor of 3 5 Reflection in the line $ 0
1 Stretch about the line # 0 by a factor of 1/3 6 Horizontal translation 9 units left
2 Stretch about the line $ 0 by a factor of 3 7 Horizontal translation 9 units right
3 Stretch about the line $ 0 by a factor of 1/3 8 Horizontal translation 3 units left
4 Reflection in the line # 0 9 Horizontal translation 3 units right

NR A sequence of transformations that describes the changes to the graph of $ # is

numbered , ____ , ____, _____, and ____.

24. The graph of $ ( # is shown below. The graph of $ < # is obtained by

reflecting the graph of ( # in the line $ #. 5
 Exam
Style The number of invariant points in this transformation is:
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
5
Answers from previous page and this page
19. (a) 4, 8 (b) 4.5, 16 20. D 21. C&

22. (a) , → , so, 4, 2 → 2, 4 … and so on

(b) Two invariant points on the line $ #
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(c) % D: ∈ℝ R: | , ∈ℝ , PowerMath
% D: | , ∈ℝ R: ∈ℝ
(d) D: | ≤ , ∈ ℝ or | , ∈ℝ (e) Inverse: ± %
23. , 24. C

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