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Module 3 Angles, Directions and Magnetic Declination

1. The document discusses angles, directions, and magnetic declination in surveying. It defines different types of angles like horizontal and vertical angles. 2. It explains the concepts of azimuth, bearing, and how to determine true bearings using magnetic declination corrections. Magnetic declination occurs because the earth's geographic and magnetic poles are not in the same location. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate true bearings from magnetic bearings by considering magnetic declination values at different times and locations.

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556 views7 pages

Module 3 Angles, Directions and Magnetic Declination

1. The document discusses angles, directions, and magnetic declination in surveying. It defines different types of angles like horizontal and vertical angles. 2. It explains the concepts of azimuth, bearing, and how to determine true bearings using magnetic declination corrections. Magnetic declination occurs because the earth's geographic and magnetic poles are not in the same location. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate true bearings from magnetic bearings by considering magnetic declination values at different times and locations.

Uploaded by

Gabo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit Measurement of Distance

Module 3 – Angles, Directions, and Magnetic


Declination
Learning After finishing this module, you are expected to:
Objectives
1. Understand the principles of angles and directions
used in surveying.
2. Plot Bearings and Azimuths in a plan.
3. Determine the true bearings of a line using magnetic
declination corrections.

Topics 3.1 Angles


3.2 Horizontal Angles
3.3 Magnetic Declination
Surveying, Besavilla
Surveying Practice 4th Edition, Jerry A. Nathanson, Philip Kissam

3.1 Angles

An angle is defined as the difference in direction between two convergent


lines.

TYPES OF ANGLES IN SURVEYING


 ANGLES MEASURED ALONG THE VERTICAL (VERTICAL ANGLES)
 HORIZONTAL ANGLES

TYPES OF ANGLES MEASURED ALONG THE VERTICAL


 A vertical angle is formed by two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one
of these lines horizontal.
 A zenith angle is the complimentary angle to the vertical angle and is
directly above the observer.
 A Nadir angle is below the observer.

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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Unit Measurement of Distance
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MERIDIANS
 A line on the mean surface of the earth joining north and south poles is
called meridian.
 Note: Geographic meridians are fixed magnetic meridians vary with time
and location.

GEOGRAPHIC AND GRID MERIDIANS

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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Unit Measurement of Distance
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3.2 HORIZONTAL ANGLES

A horizontal angle is formed by the directions to two objects in a horizontal plane.


 Interior angles
 Exterior angles
 Deflection angles
AZIMUTH
 An azimuth is the direction of a line as given by an angle measured
clockwise usually from the north/south.
 Azimuth range in magnitude from 0 to 360.
BEARING
 Bearing is the direction of a line as given by the acute angle between the
line and the meridian.
 The bearing angle is always accompanied by letters that locate the
quadrant in which line falls(NE NW, SE, or SW).

Sample:

Line Azimuth
0–1 52˚
0–2 121˚
0–3 202˚
0–4 325˚

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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Line Bearing
0–5 N 58˚20’ E
0–6 S 24˚50’ E
0–7 S 27˚30’ W
0–8 N 10˚45’ W

REVERSE DIRECTION
To reverse bearing: reverse the direction

Line Bearing
AB N 62˚30’ E
BA S 62˚30’ W

To reverse azimuth: add 180 degrees

Line Azimuths
CD 128˚20’
DC 308˚20’

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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Unit Measurement of Distance
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Sample:
Determine the Bearing and Azimuth of each line in a closed traverse.

LINE BEARING AZIMUTH


A-B N30°0°W 150°
B-C N89°32’W 90°28’
C-D S29°5’W 29°5’
D-E S45°33’E 314°27’
E-A N62°55’E 242°55’
(see Lecture video for the solution)

3.3 Magnetic Declination


 The earth’s magnetic poles are not the same location
as the true geographic poles; they are separated by a
significant distance.
 The field slowly changes in general direction over time
and it is slightly affected by the position of the sun and
changes in radiation from the sun.
 The magnetic meridian is not necessarily parallel to
the true meridian.
 At any given time at any point on the earth’s surface
the true geographic bearing of a freely suspended
magnetic needle is called the magnetic declination or
simply declination.

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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MAGNETIC DECLINATION CORRECTION


 Make a clear sketch of the given data.
 A heavy solid line drawn parallel to the side of the paper is used to indicate
true north.
 A dashed or lighter line with a half-headed arrow may be used to indicate
the direction of magnetic north

EXAMPLE:
The magnetic bearing of a boundary line of a tract of land was recorded as
S 55˚30’ W in a deed dated 1905. It is determined that the magnetic declination at
that time and location was 3˚45’ W. Determine the true bearing of that line.

Solution:
TRUE BEARING = 55˚30’ –
3˚45’
TRUE BEARING = S 51˚45’ W

EXAMPLE:
The magnetic bearing of line CD was recorded as N 11˚45’ E in 1897, at
which time the declination was 1˚45’ E. In 1985, the declination was 5˚15’ W. What
reading of a compass in 1985 would be used to retrace the line?

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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https://youtu.be/FXPkpAgrEMc

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz | Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges


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