THE EFFECT OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASE IN MUSAWA LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA AMONG THE CHILDREN AGE 0-5 YEARS

BY

AHMED ILIYA
REG. NO.:

CONSULTANCY SERVICE UNIT

KATSINA STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

IN COLLABORATION WITH

LIBERAL BILINGUAL UNIVERSITY OF TOGO, TOGO REPUBLIC

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF (B. SC) DEGREE

IN PUBLIC HEALTH

2020
 DECLARATION

I Ahmed Iliya declare that this work is as a result of my research effort and that

the best of my knowledge, it has not been presented by any other person for the

award of any degree except where due acknowledgements have been made.

__________________________ _______________
Ahmed Iliya Date:

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this research project was written by Ahmed Iliya of

Department of Public Health under my supervision.

_______________________ __________________ ______________

Project Supervisor Signature Date

_______________________ __________________ ______________

Project Coordinator Signature Date

_______________________ __________________ ______________

External Examiner Signature Date

iii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to my beloved Father Alh. GarbaIliyaKira, my Mother

MalamaHauwa’uIliya, Malam Musa Garba, my family and the rest of my

Brothers and Sisters.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All thanks be to Allah, the most gracious the most merciful. All praise is to

Allah Lord of the world Who’s in his infinite mercy grant me successful

completion of this work, peace and salutation be upon Prophet Muhammad

(SAW), his family, his companions and those who followed them with good

teaching till the Day of Judgment. My special appreciation goes to my

supervisor Dr. Bishir Ahmad for his tireless support toward the completion of

this project. I must also acknowledge the effort of Musawa LGA for granting

me study leave which made this experience possible and AlhDikkoNuhu for his

support and technical advice toward the successful completion of this project.

Also special thank goes to my entire family for their patience on the

inconveniences they have encountered during my study. Also this project is

acknowledged to my brothers and sisters Mairo, Rakiya, Idris, Musa, Jamilu,

Sa’idu, Anas, Saminu and all my friends especially Alh. Harunaand Abdullahi.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page i

Declaration ii

Approval Page iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Content vi

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0Background of the Study 1

1.1 Statement of the Problem 2

1.2Significance of the Study 3

1.3Aims and Objectives of the Study 3

1.4 Research Questions 4

1.5 Research Hypothesis 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATUREREVIEW

2.0 Introduction 5

2.1 Theoretical Review 5

2.1.1 Psychosexual Stages of Development

2.1.2 The Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development (Birth to 18months) 6

2.1.3 Anal Stage (18 Months to 3 Years) 6

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2.1.4 The Phallic Stage 7

2.1.5 The Latency Stage (Age of 6 to 12years) 7

2.1.6 Genital Stage (12 to 18years) 8

2.2 Empirical Review 9

2.2.1 Epidemiological Features 11

2.2.2 Causal Organism and Disease Entities 11

2.2.3 Mode of Transmission 12

2.2.4 Clinical Type of Diarrhea Disease 13

2.2.5 Clinical Manifestation 14

2.2.6 Treatment 14

2.2.7 Key Measures to Prevent Diarrhea 17

2.3 Summary of Literature Review 17

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Study Area 18

3.2 Research Design 19

3.3 Study Participants/Population 19

3.4 Sampling Techniques 20

3.5 Instrument 20

3.6 Reliability 21

3.7 Data Collection Sources 21

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3.8 Data Analysis Techniques 21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Analysis, Findings and Result Discussion 22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Discussion 29

5.2Conclusion 30

5.3 Recommendations 32

5.4 List of Abbreviation 32

References 34

Questionnaire 35

Appendix 40

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 ABSTRACT

The effect of diarrhoeal disease in Musawa Local Government Area among the
children Age 0-5years. The purpose for conducting the research is to provide
information that can be used and applied in an effort to help people understand
ways of improving their personal and environmental hygiene of diarrhoea
disease diseases in Musawa Local Government Area. The instrument used in
obtaining the various data of this research project is questionnaires (for
primary data collection), in which questions related to the topic under study
were asked, so that the respondents can choose from the alternative answers of
their choice, by ticking appropriately the answer of their choice. Some of the
findings this data indicated that 72% of the respondents answered yes, while
18% of them answered no. this shows the majority of the respondent knows
something about disease, this to tell us that must of the people in the area have
knowledge on the what causes diarrheaand how it occur in the community.This
data clearly shows that most diarrhea cases are due to poor sanitary habits
which constitute about 72% answers yes, while a8% answered no by some
mothers towards their children. That is to say when mothers are educated on
the importance of good sanitary habits these problems and death due to
diarrhea disease could be tacked. Therefore, it is recommended that
enforcement of law by the government on environmental sanitation the people
should improve in their feeding habits especially to the young children. The
NGOs should assist in provision of working materials and funds in improving
of environmental sanitation, thereby preventing the people from the health
problems associated with diarrhea disease. Conclusion, diarrhea disease is one
of the communicable disease is caused by a wide range of organism it’s one of
the important problem among young children at least 1.5million children under
age of 0-5 are dying due to acute diarrhoeal diseases.

Key Words:Diarrhea, Dehydration and Water Stool.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The reason why for conducting the research is to provide information that can be

used and applied in an effort to help people understand ways of improving their

personal and environmental hygiene as well as food hygiene, this will help in

minimizing the incidence of diarrhea diseases in Musawa Local Government

Area.

Diarrhea disease is one of the communicable diseases in which the prominent

symptom is passing of watery stool. Diarrhea disease is caused by a wide range

of organism it’s one of the important problem among young children at least 1.5

million children under age of 5 are dying due to acute diarrheal diseases. This is

mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route, may be water borne, food borne or

direct contact (WHO, 2010).

Diarrhea is an intestinal disorder characterized by abnormal fluidity and frequent

of fecal evaluation, generally the result of increased multiply in the colon may be

an important symptom of such underlying disorders as dysenteric disease lactose

intolerance, gastro intestinal tumor and inflammatory bowel disease. (Alexander,

K. A 2013)

Diarrhea is the passage of watery stools, usually at least three times (3) in a

24hrs period. However, it is the consistency of the stool, rather than the number

is most important frequent passing of formed stool is not diarrhea babies feed

1
only breast milk often passes loose “pasty” stools this is not diarrhea. (Amaechi,

E. C, 2013)

Chronic diarrhea is responsible for the serious problem of malnutrition; acute

diarrhea isresponsible for death due to dehydration especially in children of

young age (0-5years). (Paudyal, R. P. A, 2012)

According to certain small studies conducted in India, it is assumed that 100

million children (14.1 percentage of the total population) suffered from

300million episode of diarrhea per year. Ten percent or 30 million develop

dehydration and 1% or 3million may face death. A child on average suffers 2-3

attacks of diarrhea every year. (WHO, 2010)

1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The effect of diarrhoeal disease in Musawa Local Government Area among the

children age 0-5years; the reason for conducting this research is that, there is

about 50434 under five children in Musawa Local Government Area in which

out of the above number about 2640 cases of diarrhoeal diseases were reported in

a year, which is approximately 5% of the annul target of under five years in

Musawa Local Government Area. Causes of diarrhoeal diseases among children

of 0-5year month in Musawa Local Government Area, diarrhea remains a major

public health problem especially in developing countries where it is a leading

cause of childhood morbidity and mortality (Mengistie, Berhane&Worku, 2013).

An estimated one billion episodes and 2.5 million deaths occur each year among

2
children under 5 years of age. About 80% of deaths due to diarrhea occur in first

year of life (Kosek, Bern &Guerrant, 2013). Globally, the majority of diarrheal

associated deaths occur in Africa and SouthAsia (UNICEF/WHO, 2009).

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Any research work must be meaningful and significant before sit will be

considered in main sense. One of the significant aspects of this project research

is to find out ways by which diarrhea diseasescan be controlled and to identify of

various causes of diarrhoea disease among children of 0-5years year months in

Musawa Local Government Area.

Finally, this research will be of immense significant to any student carrying out a

research work in this field for simple guidance.

1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To identify the causes of diarrhea disease among children form 0-59months.

2. To identify the preventive control and measures of diarrhea disease among 0-

59months.

3. To suggest ways of improving personal hygiene of mothers and children

among 0-59months.

4. To identify the role of government and NGOs in controlling children death

due to diarrhea disease among 0-59months of age.

5. To health educate the mothers on the ways of addressing the situation.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

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1. Do you agree that good dietary management and personal hygiene will help

in controlling children diarrhea disease age of 0-59months?

2. Do you agree that all form of watery discharge stool is diarrhea?

3. Do you believe health education on simple ways of diarrhoea control of

children?

4. Do you think mother’s personal hygiene can help in reducing the situation?

5. Is it true that LT and ST can cause diarrhoea in children 0-59 months?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. Good dietary management and personal hygiene will help in controlling

children diarrhea disease age 0-59months.

2. All form of watery discharge stool is diarrhoea.

3. Health education on simple ways of diarrhea control of children 0-59months

to mothers will help in rescuing the situation.

4. LT and ST can cause diarrhea in children of 0-59months of age.

5. There is no significant relationship between mother’s personal hygiene and

health education.

CHAPTER TWO

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter mainly concerned with the writings and saying of some authors,

journals and magazines in line with the topic under discussion.

2.1 THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1.1 Psycho-sexual Stages of Development

Sigmund Freud postulated that a child passes through five major progressive

stages of psycho-sexual development namely: oral, anal, phallic, latency and

genital. Each stage is characterized by certain developmental and genital. Each

stage is characterized by certain developmental behavior changes. Further, each

stage possesses for children a unique conflict that they must resolve before they

pass on to the next stage. According to Robert, Poulos and Marnur(2008)

individuals may become so addicted to the pleasure of a given stage that they are

unwilling to move on to later stage. This also may be as the process of stagnation

which individuals experience including fixation as a result of frustration or

overindulgence. Fixation in the view of Zanden(2012) is the tendency to stay at a

particular stage to be troubled by the conflict of the stage and to reduce tension

by means of behavior characteristics of that stage, (Thomas R. M. 2012)

2.1.2 The Oral Stage of Psycho-sexual Development (Birth to 18months)

For Freud, the oral stage of infancy is a critical period in personality formation.

The centers of pleasurable body movements are the mouth, lips and tongue. The

child regards sucking his mother’s breast as the most pleasurable activity. But

5
conflict ensures when the source of love or pleasure is terminated i.e. the

breastfeeding. The child at this stage is self-centered and pre-occupied with his

own needs. He also experiences common problems associated with fixation as

department personally with unnecessary demand for mothering, oral aggressive,

and excessive oral behavior such as the compulsive eating, nail biting etc.

(Zanden, 2012)

2.1.3 Anal Stage (18 months to 3years)

This stage refers to the stage when the focus pleasurable body zone shifts from

mouth to anus, rectum and bladder. The child takes most pleasurable activities in

urinating and defecating. The source of conflict results in toilet training by the

mother. The child develops ambivalent attitudes as a result of parent’s

interferencewith his activities. The child also resolves conflict between his needs

for parental love and his need for instinctual gratification through the

development of lifelong attitudes toward cleanliness, submissiveness,

orderliness, punctuality etc. Theproblems alongside with fixation are hostile and

challenge personality accompanied with adherence to rules, regulations, neatness

and orderliness. (Marnur, 2008)

2.1.4 The Phillic Stage

This stage refers to approximately the age of three to six. The focus of

pleasurable body zone shifts from anus to the genitals (the sexual organs). The

child’s pleasurable body activity results to masturbation. Another important

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development at this stage are the Oedipus complex and Elektra complex. The

Oedipus complex implies that the male child feel sexual love for the mother and

perceives his father as hostile rivalry which leads him to fear punishment

through “castration by the father and eventually called castration anxiety”. This

conflict is resolved by identifying with his father and repressing his desire for his

mother. In female child, Elektra complex occurs where she feels sexual love for

the father and hates her mother. This leads her to conclude that she has been

castrated and otherwise feels inferior that finds expression in female, “penis

envy”. In this regard, the problems expressed in this stage for both male and

female children are sexual problems in adulthood (importance of frigidity)

homosexuality and failure to handle competitive relationship. (Poulos, 2008)

2.1.5 The Latency Stage (Age of 6 to 12years)

While anal and phallic stage correspond to pre-primary school years, the latency

stage corresponds to the primary school years in which children suppress most of

their infantilesexual feelings or sexuality and become interested in games and

sports. Further, the boys associated with their fellow boys and girls and engage

themselves in learning skills and values etc. (Zanden, 2012)

2.1.6 Genital Stage (12 to 18years)

Thisstage correspondsto part of senior primary school and junior secondary

schools. In this stage, the focus of pleasurable activity shifts to the members of

the opposite sex. Both boys and girls experience romantic and emotional

7
feelings. At this stage, Sigmund Freud postulated that human behavior is

determined by id, ego and superego personality functions. (Thomas R. M., 2012)

Basically diarrhea occur in almost all the above stages of psychosexual stages of

development, but the most dangerous stage is the oral stage of psychosexual

development (birth to 18months) in which children can develop severe

malnutrition due to weakening of the immune system to defeat the occurrence of

microbial agent that causes the diarrhea in the body.

2.2 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

According to Kan S. LankinenStaffenBerg from and P. Helena (2014), the book

titled “HEALTH AND DISEASES in developing countries, written by said

“100million children age under 5 years (14.1 percent per year, 10 percent of 30

million develop dehydration and 1 percent or 3million may die”. (P. Helena,

2014)

They further said diarrhea disease is major causes of death and disease among

children of 0-59months.a children average suffers 2-3 attack of diarrhea every

year.

According to Mrs. MK Vasundhrathe book titled “Community Health Nursing”

writing by said diarrhea is an acute or some chronic intestinal disturbance

characterized by increased frequency, humidity of volume of lower movement, it

has been known as the passing more than 3 loose motion in day or 24hrs, it has

been further classified as an acute diarrhea is lasting for less than 21 and the

8
chronic diarrhea, lasting beyond 21 days, while chronic diarrhea is responsible

for the serious problem of malnutrition and acute diarrhea is responsible for

death due to dehydration especially in children of young age (0-59months)

furthermore, a diarrhea is among the communicable diseases, which is caused by

a wide range of organisms it is one of the important problem affecting the young

children, especially under 5 years at least 1.5million children under 5 years die

due to acute diarrhea and this is mainly through fecal-oral routs, may be

waterborne, foodborne or direct contact.

Also diarrhea causes dehydration children are more likely more than adult to die

from diarrhea because they become dehydrated more quickly. Diarrhea is also a

major cause of child malnutrition

2.2.1 Epidemiological Features:

Diarrheadue infection may last few days or several weeks as in persistent

diarrhea severe diarrhea may life threatening due to fluid loss in watery diarrhea

particularly in infant and young children, the malnutrition and people with

impaired immunity. (Ukpai, O. M., 2013)

Diarrhea is a symptom of infection caused by host of bacteria, viral and parasitic

organism, most of which can be spread by contaminated water. It is

morecommon when there is shortage of clean for drinking. (Steele, D. 2002)

Under the epidemiological features, this research study consider agent of

transmission and host factors as follows:

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A. Agent: The major pathogens causing diarrhea include.

1. Bacteria, Escherichia Coli, shield, salmonella, vireo cholera and

staphylococcus.

2. Virus: rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and calla virus.

3. Parasites: endamedahysterical, guardian cambium strongly and tricupids

B. Host Factor: The host factor considered in this write up include the following:

1. Age: This is the is the most important in studying the diseases, especially

in children particularly under 5 years which is the area concern in this

research study.

2. Sex: diarrhea disease affects both sexes, male and female.

3. Socio-economic factor, poverty, malnutrition, immune deficiency, low

standard of personal hygiene, certain human hobos favoring water and soil

pollution, lack of education and poor quality of life are the importance of

socio-economicfactor.

4. Environmental factors, diarrhea disease may be easily transmitted in a

community with poor environmental sanitation, this include contaminated

water, contaminated food and soil pollution.

2.2.2 Causal Organism and Disease Entities

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The enteric pathogens causing acute diarrhea in developing countries are largely

the same, but their proportion are different. In general bacteria pathogens are

more important in countries with poor hygienic condition. Rotavirus is an

important pathogen in developing and developed countries.

Many entry-pathogens are frequently found in the stools of healthy children and

defection of a potential pathogen from a patient does not necessarily imply a

causal relationship with diarrhea. The table shows

PATHOGENS SIGNIFICANCE
ExterotoxaemiaE. Coli (ETECs) Over 500,00 deaths year most cause in
children under 2years of age
Vireo Cholera Over 100,000 death/year pandemic spread
from Asia to America to Latin America
significant pathogen infant under 6months
of age.
Enter-pathogenic E. Coli Significant pathogens in infant under
6months of age in transitional urban areas.

The main causative organism of acute diarrhea.

2.2.3 Mode of Transmission

Most of the entire pathogens are transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route,

which may include waterborne, foodborne or direct contact thus,

1. Contaminated water: it is transmitted through drinking of contaminated water

from the contaminated water sources, which have been in contact with human

excreta.

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2. Contaminated food ingestion of contaminated food and drinks has risk factor

for infants. Fruits that have washed with contaminated water can be a source

of infection food which has been contaminated by flies or dirty food handlers.

3. Direct contact: person to person transmission is readily take place through

contaminated fingers, while carelessly handling exercise and vomiting of

patient and contaminated lines and eating utensils or dirt which may be

ingested by young children.

2.2.4 Clinical Types of Diarrhea Disease

It is most piratical to base treatment of diarrhea on the clinical types of the

illness, which can easily be determined when a child is first examined.

Laboratory studies are not needed in the four clinical types of diarrhea which can

be recognized each reflecting the basic underlying pathology and altered

physiology.

- Acute water diarrhea (including cholera), which lasts several hours or days

the main danger is dehydration, weight loss also occurs if life feeding is not

continued.

- Acute bloody diarrhea (also called dysentery), the main dangers are intestinal

damage, sepsis and malnutrition, other complication including dehydration

may also occur.

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- Persistent Diarrhea (which lasts 14n years or longer), the main dangers is

malnutrition and serious non-intestinal infection, dehydration may also occur.

- Diarrhea with severe malnutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor), the main

dangers are severe systemic infection, dehydration, heart failure, vitamin and

mineral deficiency. Despite many advances, diarrhea disease and resulting

dehydration are responsible for about 2.2million child death every year.

2.2.5 Clinical Manifestation

Clinical favours of the diarrhea disease depend upon the severity of the disease,

when diarrhea is severe sign of dehydration occur quickly especially in children.

Dehydration:

i. Little to extreme loss of subcutaneous fat

ii. Up to 50 percent total body weight loss
iii. Urinary output decrease
iv. Poor skin turgor dry skin and dry mouth
v. Depress of fontanel pulse
vi. Sunken eyes
vii. Low BP and high pulse
viii. Collapse immune

Dehydration is classified into three forms:

i. Severe dehydration

ii. Some dehydration

iii. No dehydration

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Sign of Severe Dehydration

- Lethargic or unconscious
- Not able to drink or drink poorly
- Skin pinch goes back very slowly
- Sign of some dehydration
- Restless, irritable
- Sunken eyes
- Drink eagerly, thirsty
- Sign of no dehydration
- Not enough signs to classify as some or severe dehydration when dehydration
is present there is a severe persistent diarrhea.

No dehydration persistent diarrhea is present. Diarrhea lasting 14 days or more

in past three months or child has more than 3 episodes in the past month it means

that child has past persistent or recurrent diarrhea.

Blood in stool: dysentery

2.2.6 Treatment

After assessing the degree of dehydration, treatment can be started depending on

the severity. The intervention measure comprises the following:

Oral dehydration solution, it is a life-sexing measure to combat dehydration

should be started forthwith to present the further dangers and death. The oral

rehydration solution is in three stages:

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 i. The first stage is managing diarrhea situation with home made available
liquids.
ii. In the second stage, an oral rehydration salt packet is to be encouraged to
combat rehydration.
iii. In the last stage the primary health centers and hospitals will treat with IV
therapy in severe cases.

How to Prepare Salt Solution

i. Wash hand set with soap and water

ii. Obtain one litre of clean drinking water or boiled water
iii. Use three (3) ml of teaspoon to put 6 level of sugar in the water
iv. Add ½ level teaspoon of salt and stir it until it is dissolved completely
inside the bowl or the container.
v. Test the solution to make sure it is currently prepared the current taste is
like coconut or tiers.
vi. With clean cup and spoon give the child one spoon of the solution
vii. Give the child slowly in dividing dose over 24hours
Babies up to 6months ¼ - ½ litre per day giving with teaspoon
Babies 6months – 2years ½ litre per day with teaspoon
Children 2years – 5years ¾ litre – 1.5 litre per day
From 5years and above 1.5 litre or as necessary

In the table foam shows how to give ORS according to weight of children

Age <4month 9-11month 12-23month 2-4years Five years

Weight <5kg 5 - 7.9 kg 8 – 10.9kg 11 – 15.9 kg 16 – 20 kg
Quality 200 – 400ml 400–600ml 600 – 8000ml 800 – 1.2L 1.2 – 2L

2. Appropriate feeding during episode of diarrhea normal food intake like

coconut water, rice water, mashed ripe banana weak tea may also be given

15
including breast feeding, it will help to recover task and then prevent further

infection.

3. Appropriate drugs, administration of appropriate therapeutic agent should be

considered where the cause of the diarrhea has been clearly identified thus:

a. Bacterialinfection: Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin and tetracycline

are used.

b. Symptomatic treatment for fever, vomiting EPC.

c. Protozoa infection, metronidazole can be used. Approximately two third of

diarrhea death are attributed to dehydration and therefore preventable by

adequate fluid therapy, introduction and worldwide implementation of oral

rehydration solution (ORS) has had a significant impact in reducing diarrhea

mortality. The remaining one third of diarrhea death is due to a number of

causes and no single intervention is available to prevent them.

These deaths include those from shigellosis with septicemia and various gastro-

intestinal complication and death from measles associated diarrhea, also loss of

nutrients associated with persistent or repeated diarrhea result in malnutrition,

failure to thrive, increased susceptibility to secondary infection and ultimately

death.

2.27 Key Measures to prevent diarrhea include:

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Access to safe drinking-water;

Use of improved sanitation;

Good personal and food hygiene;

Health education about how infections spread;

Rotavirus vaccination.

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

The chapter deals with definition of the subject diarrhea, i.e. diarrhea, causes,

preventive measures and consequences of diarrhea among children under the

first 0-5years of age.

Sigmund Freud postulated that a child passes through five major progressive

stages of psychosexual development namely: oral, anal, phallic, latency and

genital. Each stage is characterized by certain developmental and behavior

changes. Further, each stage possesses for children a unique conflict that they

must resolve before they pass on to the next stage.

They further said diarrhea disease is major causes of and disease among children

of 0-59months. Children averagely suffers 2-3 attack of diarrhea every year.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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3.1 STUDY AREA

The area of the study is Musawa LGA which was created in May, 1989 from

former Kankia LGA of newly created Katsina in Nigeria, it was curved out from

the Northern part of former Kaduna state, by then Military Government of

Federal Republic of Nigeria during Babangidaregime. Currently there are two

district heads in the local government, which their palacein the two major

commercial towns. One at Musawa the headquarter of Musawa Local

Government Area, which is 96 kilometers away from Katsina metropolis, that is

from Katsina headquarter, the other district is Jikamshidistrict along

FuntuaYashe road, it is the second town after Musawa ward, Jikamshi ward,

Dangani ward, Tuge Ward, Karachi Danjanku Ward, Kurkujan A ward,

Kurkujan B ward, Gingin ward, Tabano ward, Kira Ward, and the Garu ward.

Musawaderived name from the names of two persons one living in Musawaand

the other person living in Danmusa they are brothers of each other’sthe senior is

living in Musawa while the junior one is living in Danmusa the Musa senior is

called Musawa (meaning) Musa senior. From there people continue calling him

Musawa, in which the town got it name.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

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The type of research design used for this study was descriptive approach. The

descriptive methods deals with what exist in a given situation, it is sometimes

referred to as survey method, it is commonly used in or.

Interview to satisfy, curiosity problem and establish a causeseffect relationship

in order to make discoveries and new findings.

3.3 STUDY PARTICIPANTS/POPULATION

The research subjects groups of people, which include Health Personnel of the

area of study i.e. Doctors, staffs, students from school of health technology and

patient’s mothers. The facilities are located within MusawaLGA, are 1 General

Hospital, 1 CHC, 7 PHC and 38 HF the staff involve in the MusawaLGA are as

follows, 5- Medical Doctor, 12 Nursing, no Midwifery, 10- CHO, 30-

Community Health Workers (CHEW and JCHEW), 12 Laboratory Technician,

8- Dental Technician, it has different Unit i.e. Health Education unit, DSNO

Unit, EDE Unit, Immunization Unit, MCH Unit, Nutrition Unit. Etc.

LOCATION

Musawa LGA is geographically located along longitude 70 4 0 11 post of the

Greenwich meridian and latitude 120 7 480North of the equator.

POSITION

Musawa LGA is a town in the southern part of Katsina state, the local

government area shared boundary with neighboring kano state from east. It is

surrounded by few local governments area within Katsina state, such as

19
Malumfashi from South, Kankia from North East, Danmusafrom West, Matazu

from North while Kankara from South West.

The health system of the study area is, the local government has fifty four (54)

health facilities, one General Hospital, one comprehensive health center, five

primary health centers and one (1) MDG’s, one MCH clinic with bed capacity of

patients (670) six hundred and seventy beds across the local government.

Furthermore, three hundred and forty settlements utilize the facilities. The

catchment population is 252168 based on 2006 Census and 50434 under five

years in Musawa LGA, for the fifty four (54) health facilities with seven referrals

centers out of which three has laboratory for diagnosis.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Entire target population was selected to constitute the sampling frame of the

study. However, simple random sampling techniques were choosing in drawing

the sample size of the study.

3.5 INSTRUMENT

The instrument used in obtaining the various data of this research project was

questionnaires (for primary data collection), in which questions related to the

topic under study were asked, so that the respondents can choose appropriately

from the alternative answers of their choice, by ticking appropriately the answer

of their choice. However, secondary data werecollected byreviewing textbooks,

journals were used so as to emphasized the project work.

20
3.6 RELIABILITY

Questionnaires were distributed to professional health workers, student of

community health workers and patient’s mothers. And same where retrieved

back for scoring and analysis base on the questionnaires, at the end in charge of

facilities were very happy with the research carry out in theirfacilities and make

some recommendations with the data generated from the facilities.

3.7 DATA COLLECTION SOURCES

Data collection plays a very crucial role in the statistical analysis, in research,

there are different methods used to gather information, all of which fall into two

categories i.e. primary and secondary data (Douglas, 2015). As the name

suggests, primary data is one which is collected for the first time by the

researcher while secondary data is the data already collected or produced by

others. In this research primary data collection method was usedto obtain

information.

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

Questionnaires were distributed in this regard and some were collected back with

no problem. The data obtained were presented in frequency distributions tables

and percentages respectively, while some part of the data was presented in bar

chart.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND RESULT DISCUSSION

21
This chapter concerned with finding of result and discussion at the same time,

the following are the detailsof the information collected through the use of

questionnaires, that were distributed to the respondents in the area of study and

correctly filled and returned, the interpretation of result is frequency table, each

table, is having three (3)column is questioned, response and percentage column.

Q1: Sex Distribution

Sex Responses Percentage

Female 68 68%

Male 22 22%

Total 90 90%

This table is mainly concern with the sex distribution of the respondents in

which a question was asked about the sex of the total respondents, here 68% of

the respondents are female which are the majority while 22% are male, therefore

the result is very clear and appreciable being female has the higher number than

the male.

Q2: Age Distribution

22
 Age Distribution
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
15-20 21-25 26-30 Category 4 Total

Age Distribution

This table is mainly concerned with age distribution of the respondents in which

a question was asked about the age of the total respondents, here 21% of the total

respondents are 15-20years, 11% of the total respondents are under 26-31years

of age and lastly the remaining 13% having 31 and above years.

Q3: Marital Status

Marital Status Responses Percentage

Married 69 69%
Single 21 21%
Total 90 90%

This table is mainly concern with the marital status of the entire respondents,

whereby 69% of them are married while remaining 21% are single.

Q4: Educational Background

Educational Background Responses Percentage

Formal 76 76%
23
Informal 14 14%
Total 90 90%

As can be seen the table is concern with educational background of the entire

respondents whereby 76% of them are having formal education, while 14% of

them possesses informal education.

Q5: Occupation

Occupation
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Civil Servant Farmer Traders Total

Occupation

The above table shows the occupation of the respondents in which 44% of them

are civil servants and 14% of them are farmers, while remaining 32% are traders.

Therefore, we can build up that almost all the respondents have different

occupation, but those who are civil servants are the majority.

Q6: Do you know anything about diarrhea disease?

Answer Responses Percentage

Yes 74 74%
No 16 16%
Total 90 90%

24
This data indicated that 74% of the respondents answered yes, while 16% of

them answered no. this shows the majority of the respondents knows something

about diarrhea disease.

Q7: Have you been educated about the problems associated with diarrhea

disease?

Answer Responses Percentage

Yes 74 74%
No 14 14%
Total 90 90%

This data indicated that 74% of the respondents answered yes, while 16% of

them answered no. this shows the majority of the respondents were educated

about diarrhea disease.

Q8: What do you think is the commonest causes of diarrhea disease among

the following?

25
 Commonest causes of diarrhea disease
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A B C Total

Commonest causes of diarrhea disease

Q9: If yes to Q8, what are the solutions to address the problematic situation

especially within the area of study?

Solutions to address diarrhea disease

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A and B B and C All of the above Total

Solutions to address diarrhea disease

Q7: Do you believe that poor sanitary habit of some mothers is one of the

factors responsible for diarrhea disease among children of 0-59months?

26
 Answer Responses Percentage
Yes 72 72%
No 18 18%
Total 90 90%

The above table clearly shows that most diarrhea case are due to poor sanitary

habits which construeabout 72% answers yes while 18% answer no by some

mothers towards their children. That is to say when mothers are educated on the

importance of good sanitary habits these problems and death due to diarrhea

disease could be tacked.

All the relevance data gathered was aimed at identifying the causes of diarrhea

among children of 0-59months, and from data collected we can be able to know

some of the possible ways of controlling and preventing diarrhea disease of

young children, the most important after knowing the causes is improving

personal and environmental hygiene, improving dietary management to children

and enlightenment of ORT (Oral Therapy) supplementation to affected children.

Q7: Do you believe that exclusive breastfeeding only can reduce the causes

of diarrhea disease?

Answer Responses Percentage

Yes 54 45%
No 36 36%
Total 90 90%

27
The above table clearly shows that most of the mothers believe that exclusive

breastfeeding only, can reduce diarrhea while 36% they do not believe.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION

Poor sanitary habit of some mothers is one of the factors responsible for diarrhea

disease among children of 0-59 months.

28
Most of the diarrhea cases are due to poor sanitary habits which constitute about

72% answer yes while 18% answer no by some mothers towards their children.

That is to say when mothers are educated on the importance of good sanitary

habits these problemand death due to diarrhea disease could be tacked.

All the relevance data gathered was aimed identifying the causes of diarrhea

among children of 0-59months, and from data collected we can be able to know

some of the possible ways of controlling and preventing diarrhea disease of

young children, the most important after knowing the causes it improving

personal and environmental hygiene, improving dietary management to children

and enlightenment of ORT (Oral Therapy) supplementation to affected children.

Most mothers believe that exclusive breastfeeding only can reduce diarrhea

while 36% they do not believe.

Exclusive breastfeeding only can reduce the causes of diarrhea disease. This data

indicated that 72% of the respondents answered yes, while 18% of them

answered no.

This shows the majority of the respondents knows something about diarrhea

disease, this to tell us that most of the people in the area have knowledge on

what causes diarrhea and how it occur in the community. This data clearly shows

that most diarrhea cases are due to poor sanitary habits which constitute about

72% answer yes while 18% answer no by some mothers towards their children.

29
That is to say when mothers are educated on the importance of good sanitary

habits these problems and death due to diarrhea disease could be tacked. This

data clearly shows that the most mothers believe that exclusive breastfeeding

only can reduce diarrhea 36% they do not believe.

5.1 SUMMARY

The purpose for conducting the research is to provide information that can be

used and applied in an effort to help people understand ways of improving their

personal and environmental hygiene as well as food hygiene; this will help in

minimizing the incidence of diarrhea in Musawa Local Government Area.

The instrument used in obtaining the various data of this research is

questionnaires (for primary data collection), in which questions related to the

topic under discussion were asked, so that the respondents can choose from the

alternative answers of their choices, by ticking appropriately the answer of their

choice. Some of the findings data indicated that 72% of the respondents

answered yes, while 18% of them answered no. This shows that the majority of

the respondents knows something about diarrhea disease, this is to tell us that

most of the people in the area have knowledge on what causes diarrhea and how

it occur in the community. This data clearly shows that most diarrhea cases

aredue to poor sanitary habits which constitute about 72% answers yes while

18% answer no by some mothers towards their children. That is to say when

30
mothers are educated on the importance of good sanitary habits these problems

and death due to diarrhea could be tacked.

a. Enforcement of law by the government on environmental sanitation.

b. The people should improve in their feeding habits especially to the young

children.

c. The NGOs should assist in provision of working materials and funds in

improving environmental sanitation, thereby preventing the people from their

health problems associated with diarrhea disease.

Conclusively, diarrhea disease is one of the communicable diseases in which the

prominent symptom is passing of watery stool. Diarrhea disease is caused by a

wide range of organisms it’s one of the important problem among young

children at least 1.5million children under age of 5 are dying due to acute

diarrhoeal disease.

5.2 CONCLUSION

This research project research project work on causes of diarrhea disease among

children 0-59months a case study of Musawa Local Government has come into

conclusion due to the assistance of some people living within the area of study.
31
This project may not be completed without assistance from the Almighty Allah

who assisted me throughout my project exercise and I hope this project will

serve as a guide to minimize death problem associated with diarrhea disease to

reduce death of young age due to diarrhea diseases.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

To the Government

a. Enforcement of law by the government on environmental sanitation.

b. Provision of necessary supplementation to check dehydration of the affected

children and isolation of the affected children.

c. Encouraging and supporting medical and Para-medical personal in furthering

their level of knowledge to be acquired with health challenge of the

millennium developmentsince health care delivery is dynamic.

d. Government should use the appropriate channels in health educating the

general public, especially mothers on the importance of personal hygiene and

intensive breastfeeding of young children.

e. Government should provide adequate and portable water to people.

To the public:

a. The people should improve in their feeding habits especially to the young

children.

32
b. Mothers should feed their young children with breast milk especially between

birth to first six months of age no exception or interruption.

c. People should also observe passing of stool (water) more than 3 times a day

for referring to hospital for treatment to avoid dehydration.

d. People should improve in personal and environmental hygiene.

e. Each household should have toilets, dustbins and effective drainage for good

sanitary living.

To Non-Governmental Organizations

a. The NGOs should assist in provision of working materials and funds in

improving of environmental sanitation, thereby, preventing the people from

the health problems associated with diarrhea disease.

b. NGOs should assist the government in health campaign so as to enlighten the

general public on the importance of control and preventing the diarrhea

disease to young children aged 0-5months.

List Abbreviation used

ODT Oral Dehydration Therapy

33
HOD Head of Department

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

WHO World Health Organization

PHC Primary Health Care

I.E. That is

LGA Local Government Area

SAW SallallahuAlaihiWasallam

PTO Please Turn Over

ETC. Excretal

ETEC EntroToxigemic E. Coli

ORS Oral Salt Solution

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CONSULTANCY SERVICE UNIT

KATSINA STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

39
 IN COLLABORATION WITH

LIBERAL BILINGUAL UNIVERSITY OF TOGO, TOGO REPUBLIC

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear respondent,

I Ahmed Iliya, I am a student of the above mentioned institution conducting a

study “Causes of Diarrhoeal Disease among Children Under 0-5years in Musawa
Local Government Area” In partial fulfillment for the requirement of the award
of degree in Public Health.

Note: All information obtain will be treated confidentiality.

Instruction:

1. Do not write your name

2. Tick or fill in where necessary

Section A

1. Name: ………………………………………….………
2. Sex: Male [ ] Female [ ]
3. Age: [ ]
4. Occupation:…………………………………..………..
5. Marital Status:……………………………….………..

Q1. Do you know anything about diarrhea disease?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

Q2. Have you been educated about the problems associated with diarrhea

disease?

40
Yes [ ] No [ ]

Q3. What do you think is the commonest causes of diarrhea disease among the
following?

a. Contaminated food [ ]
b. Unhygienic habits [ ]
c. Lack of dietary food [ ]

Q4. What is the solution to address the problematic situation especially within
the area of the study?

A and B [ ]

AB and C [ ]

B and B [ ]

All of the above [ ]

Q5. Do you believe that poor sanitary habits of mother are one of the factors

responsible for diarrhea among children of 0-59months?

Yes [ ] No [ ] Total [ ]

Q6. Do you believe that exclusive breast feeding only can reduce the causes of

diarrhea disease?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

41