English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes
QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1
(Week 1)

Latifah L. Emam
S.Y. 2020-2021

OVERVIEW

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 This course introduces the different literary forms of genres, exemplified this time by selected literary text
from various countries, written at different periods of history. It also includes discussions and practice of the
different interpretative strategies and new literary theories.

INTRODUCTION

This Module in English for Academic and Professional Purposes aims to enhance your communication
skills particularly in writing academic and professional compositions. It is also designed to develop your
abilities to utilize appropriate language in academic writing from various disciplines using correct text
structures.

At the end of the module, the learners shall be able to:

1. define academic text, summarizing and summary from various writers, thesis statement, and
outlining;
2. determine text structure of an academic text;
3. explain the components of the three-part essay structure;
4. determine language style in academic writing;
5. differentiate language style used in academic texts from various disciplines;
6. construct paragraphs using academic language;
7. identify the different reading strategies as tool in academic writing;
8. evaluate one’s purpose for reading;
9. use knowledge of text structure to glean information he/she needs;
10. identify the various techniques in summarizing, in locating thesis statement, and outlining;
11. summarize various academic texts;
12. formulate thesis statement of the texts; and
13. make an outline of the various academic texts.

INSTRUCTION TO THE LEARNER

At the start of the module, you are to take the pre-assessment test to see how much background
information and knowledge you have.
This module is self-instructional. You can read analyze concepts and ideas presented, and reflect on
them. The activities and self-check question will help you assess how you progress as you go through the
module. If you need help and further clarification, you can ask the assistance of a mentor or facilitator in your
school. It has been recommended that as much as possible, the mentor is a one of family members.
Your answers to self –check questions (SCQ’s) and Activities may be self-evaluated by your mentor or
facilitator if you desire. This will be part of your formative evaluation.
Remember, you are to work on this module independently. I shall not be around to supervise you as you
go through each lesson. It is expected that you will make the most of this module.

Latifah L. Emam
Subject Teacher

Pre-Test Evaluation
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer on the space provided.
________1. Formality in academic writing requires precision to make a legitimate piece of writing.

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________2. Writing is a form of communication that is shaped by the following factors: topic, role, and
audience.
________3. The use of personal pronouns such as I, you, and we is acceptable in academic writing.
________4. “How can these problems be solved?” is an example of a critical question.
________5. Because is an example of transitional device that expresses cause and effect.
________6. An abstract is a summary of a novel.
________7. The conclusion is the section that summarizes the main points of the essay.
________8. A summary is a condensed form of a text which is usually half of the original material.
________9. To introduce a topic in an essay, the writer must be able to explain its details.
________10. A research paper contains background of the study, body and recommendations.

My Learning Episodes

Module 1:Reading and Writing Academic Texts

Lesson 1:Academic Text Structures

Content Standards The learner acquires knowledge of appropriate reading strategies for a better
understanding of academic texts.
Performance Standards The learner produces a detailed abstract of information gathered from the various
academic texts read.
Most Essential Differentiates language used in academic texts from various disciplines.
Learning Competency
(MELC)
Time Frame 2 HRS (Monday and Tuesday)

My Motivation
Directions: Below are jumbled parts of a common research paper. Put them into the correct order
by using numbers to represent the sequence.

My Learning Essentials (Essential Topics)

What is an Academic Text?

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Academic text is defined as critical, objective, specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given
field using formal language. This means that academic texts are based on facts with solid basis. Academic
writing, therefore, is generally quite formal, objective (impersonal) and technical. It is formal by avoiding
casual or conversational language, such as contractions or informal vocabulary. It is impersonal and objective
by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts and ideas. It is
technical by using vocabulary specific to the discipline. To be a good academic writer, you will need to learn
the specific styles and structures for your discipline, as well as for each individual writing task. Some examples
of academic writing are as follow:

Literary Analysis: A literary analysis essay examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a literary work.
As its name suggests, a literary analysis essay goes beyond mere summarization. It requires careful close
reading of one or multiple texts and often focuses on a specific characteristic, theme, or motif.
Research Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research
papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research
sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer-reviewed
scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own
ideas.
Dissertation: A dissertation (or thesis) is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. program. The
dissertation is a book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate’s research. Academic papers may be done
as a part of a class, in a program of study, or for publication in an academic journal or scholarly book of articles
around a theme, by different authors.

Structure is an important feature of academic writing. A well-structured text enables the reader to follow the
argument and navigate the text. In academic writing a clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a
cohesive text. These are the two common structures of academic texts that you need to learn which depends on
the type of assignment you are required: the three-part essay structure and the IMRaD structure.

The Three-Part Essay Structure

The three-part essay structure is a basic structure that consists of introduction, body and conclusion. The
introduction and the conclusion should be shorter than the body of the text. For shorter essays, one or two
paragraphs for each of these sections can be appropriate. For longer texts or theses, they may be several pages
long.
Introduction. Its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose and structure of the paper. As a rough
guide, an introduction might be between 10 and 20 percent of the length of the whole paper and has three main
parts:
A. The most general information, such as background and/or definitions.
B. The core of the introduction, where you show the overall topic, purpose, your point of view, hypotheses
and/or research questions (depending on what kind of paper it is).
C.The most specific information, describing the scope and structure of your paper.

You should write your introduction after you know both your overall point of view (if it is a persuasive paper)
and the whole structure of your paper. You should then revise the introduction when you have completed the
main body.

The Body. It develops the question, “What is the topic about?”. It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence
by giving definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts, examples and evidence. This is considered as the
heart of the essay because it expounds the specific ideas for the readers to have a better understanding of the
topic. It usually is the largest part of the essay.
Conclusion. The conclusion is closely related to the introduction and is often described as its ‘mirror image’.
This means that if the introduction begins with general information and ends with specific information, the
conclusion moves in the opposite direction. The conclusion usually begins by briefly summarizing the main
scope or structure of the paper, confirms the topic that was given in the introduction, ends with a more general

statement about how this topic relates to its context. This may take the form of an evaluation of the importance
of the topic, implications for future research or a recommendation about theory or practice.

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.
My Learning Activities (Application)

Directions: Read the Article written by Sharon Housley in 2012. Then, extract the essential statements of the
Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Write them in the format below.

Impact of Technology on Politics

The continued growth of technology has had a significant impact on the political ratings that candidates
achieve. The article Impact of Technology on Politics attempts to analyze how these two spheres of modern life,
technology and politics, interrelate and what the outcomes are of this interrelationship. Political candidates use
technology in many ways. Different communication channels provided by the Internet have the power to
influence the growth of different individuals in their respective spheres. The likes of Twitter, Facebook, and
YouTube are powerful communication media platforms that can easily raise the ratings of political candidates.
Housley claims that whether we acknowledge it or not, technology is a deciding factor in most political races.
Through technology, politicians are able to access funds, gain political pundits, and spend less on campaigning
and pushing their candidacy.

One of the ways in which technology influences politics is the financial side. Raising funds to use for
campaigning is an important factor for political candidates. It comes with the need to create a vertical response
to the whole country or target region. This is a major hurdle experienced by political candidates. The
Internet aided Howard Dean to get donations that he required to gain access to a large part of the campaign
region. By broadcasting through technological marketing, candidates get suitable donors to support different
parts of their campaigns. Publicity on the Internet is a cheap method, as they do not have to re-publish, unlike
what is provided by the print media. This is placed in various commonly-accessed links (Housley, Par. 1).
The Internet enables politicians to use podcasting. The act of podcasting can make anyone a journalist. Through
podcasting, politicians are able to portray a journalistic stature, thereby ensuring that the information is
considered credible. Self-proclamation of politicians through pundits is easily spread through messages. It is,
however, difficult for politicians to guarantee the integrity of the information posted.

The Internet can be accessed by anyone and podcasts can be posted by anyone. The integrity of
information is therefore difficult to preserve, hence, many potential candidates may have to establish a
verifiable connection with various achievements. All in all, gaining political publicity through podcasts is a
common but expensive method to use, Housley admits. However, it is logical to assume that when correctly
utilized, this is an extremely powerful political tool that pays off completely.

According to Housley, the impact of technology is great on a given generation. The young, educated,
and affluent will relate to technological innovations. A proper presentation will gain ratings for candidates.
Using the most recent technology will surely attract the youth. The older generation may not impact the raising
of presidential bids, especially if they are done through social media. The older generation uses the Internet
much less. The younger generation relates easily to these media platforms. This differentiation is used by
politicians to gain advantage in their political bids. Politicians use technology to raise their bids among the
youth, while traditional methods are used for the older generation.

Another way to look at the matter is in relation to thinking about the Internet as a tool for free
advertising. It is no secret that presidential bids are the most expensive, as they are run to cover the whole
region. On the other hand, political videos easily generate online rating gains, and such political Internet
advertisement will reach the target audience if launched properly. Individuals perform the needed publicity as
each person shares the video, and so on. The extra generated videos are not paid for, while on social networks
even the original posting is free.

It is clear that gaining political publicity through the use of technology has become easier, especially
since technological devices are so accessible and widespread. The article analyzed is prudent in arranging

technological tools into separate groups that work as a effective means of communicating between apolitical
figure and the target audience. However, with the use of the Internet, any political figure can become

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recognizable within just a few minutes. In only a few hours, public opinion on a particular political figure is
already formed within one of the social groups of voters. Not just the good, but also a bad reputation can be
formed in a blink of an eye using modern technology. It often happens that the bad “gossip” spreads much
faster. With the huge impact that technology has on societies and public opinion in particular, it is crucial to be
cautious in the use of information about any political figure, or you risk making a positive advertisement into a
negative advertisement with just one click.

STRUCTURE Impact of Technology on Politics

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

My Reflections (Generalization)
Directions: Complete the paragraph with the necessary words or sentences that best describe what you have
learned from the discussion. Write your paragraph in your notebook. Follow the format below.

I have learned that academic writing ___________________________________________________

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My Evaluation

Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the letter that best answers the given question. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.
1. Who are the target readers of an academic essay?
A. Parents, workers, teachers
B. Teachers, students, academic community
C. Students, out-of-school youth, government officials
D. None of the above

2. What are the purposes of doing an academic writing?

A. To settle, to negotiate and to inform
B. To defend, to challenge and to question
C. To inform, to persuade and to argue a specific point
D. To guess, to hypothesize and to make conclusions

3. Writing academic papers requires deliberate, thorough and careful thought. Therefore, what should one do to
achieve a well-crafted academic essay?
A. One must depend on his/her own opinions alone.

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 B. One must conduct a research on the topic at hand.
C. One must not consult the Internet for unsure sources.
D. One must depend highly on the Internet for easy information access.
4. An academic essay must use appropriate vocabulary words but not too pretentious, highfalutin words. Which
among these words is the simplified version of the term, "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious"?
A. beautiful; pretty
B. exquisite; one-of-a-kind
C. extraordinarily good; wonderful
D. hardworking; industrious

5. What are the three main parts of an essay?

A. The hook, the main idea and the conclusion.
B. The introduction, the body and the conclusion.
C. The topic sentence, the body and the conclusion.
D. None of the above

6. What is the purpose of the topic sentence?

A. To give coherence to the paragraph.
B. To help with the flow of sentences.
C. To help the reader understand what the paragraph will be about.
D. None of the above

7. What is 'academic writing'?

A. A technique to write balanced, accurate and professional assignments
B. An old-fashioned way of writing.
C. How university professors write.
D. The writing you find in textbooks

8. Choose three words to describe academic writing:

A. Talented, stylish, inspiring
B. Precise, clear, objective
C. Decisive, divisive, derisive
D. Subjective, obscure, vague

9. What is true of the introductory paragraph?

A. ends with the thesis.
B. introduces the big idea of the essay
C. starts with a hook
D. all of these

10. What is the sequence of an essay?

A. Introduction, Body Paragraph, Body Paragraph, Conclusion
B. Body Paragraph, Introduction, Conclusion, Body Paragraph
C. Introduction, Body Paragraph, Conclusion, Body Paragraph
D. Conclusion, Introduction, Body Paragraph, Body Paragraph

FEEDBACK
(Teacher’s Feedback based from the result of the evaluation/assessment and if there’s a need for reinforcement;
schedule of reinforcement/face-to-face interaction)
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My Learning Episodes

Module 1:Reading and Writing Academic Texts

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Language Use in Academic Writing
 Content Standards The learner acquires knowledge of appropriate reading strategies for a better
understanding of academic texts.
Performance Standards The learner produces a detailed abstract of information gathered from the various
academic texts read.
Most Essential Differentiates language used in academic texts from various disciplines.
Learning Competency
(MELC)
Time Frame 2 HRS (Wednesday and Thursday)

My Motivation

Spot the Difference!

Directions: What is the difference in the following pairs of sentences? Explain your answer. Write your answer
on the space provided.

Pair 1
S1: It was raining cats and dogs.
S2: It was raining very heavily.
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Pair 2
S3: We believe the practice is unsustainable.
S4: It is believed the practice is unsustainable.
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My Learning Essentials (Essential Topics)

What is an Academic Language?

Academic language represents the language demands of school (academics). Academic language
includes language used in textbooks, in classrooms, on tests, and in each discipline. It is different in vocabulary
and structure from the everyday spoken English of social interactions. Each type of communication (both
academic and social) has its purpose, and neither is superior to the other.

Academic writing is generally quite formal, objective (impersonal) and technical as illustrated in the
diagram below:

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 It is formal by avoiding casual or conversational language, such as contractions or informal vocabulary.
It is impersonal and objective by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing
objects, facts and ideas. It is technical by using vocabulary specific to the discipline.

Furthermore, you can make your writing more formal, objective and technical by following examples
below.

Formal Objective Technical

Choose formal instead of Move information around in the You need to develop a large
informal vocabulary. For sentence to emphasize things vocabulary for the concepts
example, ‘somewhat’ is more and ideas, instead of people specific to the discipline or
formal than ‘a bit’, ‘insufficient’ and feelings. For example, specialization you’re writing
is more formal than ‘not instead of writing ‘I believe the for. To do this, take note of
enough’. model is valid, based on these terminology used by your
findings’, write ‘These findings lecturer and tutor, as well as in
indicate that the model is valid’. your readings.
Avoid contractions. For Avoid evaluative words that are Be careful about the meaning
example, use ‘did not’ rather based on non-technical of technical terms. Often the
than ‘didn’t’. judgments and feelings. For same word has a different
example, use ‘valid’ or ‘did not meaning in another discipline.
demonstrate’ instead of For example, ‘discourse’ is a
‘amazing’ or ‘disappointment’. technical term used in multiple
disciplines with different
meanings.
Avoid emotional language. For Avoid intense or emotional Use the key categories and
example, instead of strong evaluative language. For relationships in your discipline,
words such as ‘wonderful’ or example, instead of writing that is, the way information and
‘terrible’, use more moderate ‘Parents who smoke are ideas are organized into
words such as ‘helpful’ or obviously abusing their groups.
‘problematic’. children’, For example, in the discipline
write ‘Secondhand smoke has of Law, law is separated into
some harmful effects on two types: common law and
children’s health’. statute law.
Instead of using absolute Show caution about your views, Knowing these distinctions will
positives and negatives, such or to allow room for others to help you structure your writing
as ‘proof’ or ‘wrong’, use more disagree. and make it more technical
cautious evaluations, such as For example, instead of writing and analytical.
‘strong evidence’ or ‘less ‘I think secondhand smoke
convincing’. causes cancer’, write ‘There is
evidence to support the
possibility that secondhand
smoke increases the risk of
cancer’.
Find authoritative sources,
such as authors, researchers
and theorists in books or
articles, who support your
point of view, and refer to
them in your writing. For
example, instead of writing
‘Language is, in my view,
clearly something social’, write
‘As Halliday (1973) argues,
language is intrinsically social’.

My Learning Activities (Application)

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Sentence Construction
Directions: Transform the simple sentence into compound or complex sentences. Write your answer on the
space provided. The first one is done for you.

1.The exam is difficult. It is also exasperating.

Answer: The exam is difficult and exasperating.

2.Captain Lewis allowed his men to make important decisions in a democratic manner. This democratic attitude
fostered spirit of togetherness and commitment on the part Louis’ fellow explorers.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

3. He studied the biological and natural sciences. He learned how to categorize and draw animals accurately.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

4.Mark Twain is the author of Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn is a classic American novel.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

5.My friend likes coffee. She likes tea. She doesn’t like milk.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

6. John F. Kennedy was inaugurated into office in January of 1961. He was assassinated in November of 1963.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

7. Some students become nervous around computers. Other students seem to enjoy new challenges.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

8. Jae Hee comes from Korea. Kyung Eun comes from Korea. Jae Hyun comes from Korea.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

9. I am going to buy the skateboard. It is blue. It has red wheels. It has a picture of a dragon on top.
Answer: __________________________________________________________________________________

10. My father is 45 years old. He plays football. He goes jogging. He does not play tennis anymore. His wrist
was broken. This happened two years ago.
Answer:
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My Reflections (Generalization)
Directions: Complete the paragraph with the necessary words or sentences that best describe what you have
learned from the discussion. Write your paragraph in your notebook. Follow the format below.

I have learned that ____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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My Evaluation
Multiple Choice
Directions: Choose the word that best answers the given questions. Write the letter of your answers in your
notebook.
1. As long as you know your tutor, you don't need to use a formal style of writing. It's good to be friendly.
A. Some tutors like you to be formal but some don't mind as long as you do the work.
B. You only need to be formal in exams, not regular coursework.
C. It's good to be friendly but always use formal English when you write assignments.
D. Formal English is too old-fashioned these days

2. Contractions are:

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 A. what happens when you have a baby
B. when someone says the opposite to you
C. when something is too narrow
D. a shortened form of a word
3. Which example is correct?
A. However, the main reasons are time, money and cost.
B. However the main reasons, are time, money, and, cost.
C. However, the main reasons are time money and cost.
D. However, the main reasons, are time money, and cost.

4. Which is correct?
A. They were effected badly by the incident
B. The incident effected them badly.
C. They were affected badly by the incident.
D. The affects of the incident were bad.

5. Choose the right one:

A. It's bowl's empty.
B. Its bowl's empty.
C. Its' bowls' empty.
D. It's bowls empty.
6. 'Information on the internet is 'free'. Anyone can use it without having to reference it.'
A. True
B. False
C. It depends on how important the assignment is.
D. You only need to reference authors' work on the internet
7. What is an academic language...
A. is a set of vocabulary terms used in schools
B. comes as second nature to native speakers, but is difficult for ELLs to acquire
C. is the linguistic register that students are expected to use in school subjects
D. All of the above
8. When do you use formal language?
A. In an academic essay.
B. When you talk to a friend.
C. When you write a text message.
D. In sending emails.
9. What does it mean to write academically?
A. To write in order to pass final exams
B. To write paper for scholars
C. To write using proper English language
D. To avoid copy pasting from the Internet
10. The term, "VERY OFTEN" may be improved using a more appropriate academic word which is:
A. Frequently
B. Rarely
C. Seriously
D. Stubbornly

FEEDBACK
(Teacher’s Feedback based from the result of the evaluation/assessment and if there’s a need for reinforcement;
schedule of reinforcement/face-to-face interaction)
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