MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review Module – Elementary and Higher Surveying

EFFECT OF EARTH’S CURVATURE AND REFRACTION TRAVERSE SURVEYING: BALANCING A SURVEY

Curvature Effect (for correction, the effect must be subtracted): Compass Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or departure
HC = 0.0785 k2 of any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure as the
Refraction Correction (for correction, the effect must be added): length of the course to the length of traverse.
HR = 0.0112 k2
Transit Rule – the correction to be applied to the latitude or departure of
Combined Correction (for correction, the effect must be subtracted): any course is to the total correction in latitude or departure as the latitude
HCR = 0.067 k2 or departure of that course is to the arithmetical sum of all the latitudes
where: HC , HR , & HCR are in meters, or departures in the traverse without regards to sign.
k is in kilometers
1. Walking on the beach of Bohol, Liara barely saw the tip of the bridge SITUATION: Given the latitude and departure of the closed traverse:
tower (pylon) far away. Her eye level is 1.70 m from the sea level. If the LINE DISTANCE BEARING LATITUDE DEPARTURE
pylon is 50 km from Liara, find the elevation of the tip of the Pylon? 1-2 58.7 m N 09.27°’ E 57.93 9.46
Consider the effect of curvature and refraction. 2-3 27.3 m S 88.43° E -0.75 27.29
3-4 35.2 m N 86.78° E 1.98 35.14
2. Point A is between points B and C. The distances of B and C from 4-5 35.0 m S 05.30° E -34.85 3.23
point A are 1000 m and 2000 m respectively. Measured from point A, the 5-1 76.0 m S 70.0° W -25.99 -71.42
angle of the elevation of point B is 18°30’, while that of point C is θ. The
1. Determine the corrected latitude of line 1-2 using compass rule.
difference in the elevations of B and C is 44.4 m, with C being lower than
B. Considering the effects of curvature and refraction, find the nearest
2. Determine the corrected departure of line 2-3 using compass rule.
value of θ.
3. Determine the corrected latitude of line 4-5 using transit rule.
COMPASS SURVEYING
It is the branch of surveying in which the position of an object is located 4. Determine the corrected departure of line 5-1 using transit rule.
using angular measurements determined by a compass and linear
measurements using a chain or tape. AREA COMPUTATION
Angle Measurement: Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method:
▪ Bearing – an angle less than 90° within a quadrant defined by the Rule 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the
cardinal directions. course.
▪ Azimuth – an angle between 0° and 360° measured clockwise from Rule 2: The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of the preceding
South. course, plus the departure of the preceding course, plus the departure of
the course itself.
SITUATION. In 1890, using a magnetic compass, the bearing of a line, Rule 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure
N 32°12’ E, was obtained. The magnetic declination in the locality at that of that course, but with the opposite sign.
time is 1°20’ W. In 2021 the magnetic declination in the same locality
becomes 2°38’ E. DOUBLE AREA = DMD x Adjusted Latitude
1. Compute the true bearing of the line.
Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method:
2. Compute the magnetic azimuth of the line in 2021. Rule 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of the course.
Rule 2: The DPD of any course is equal to the DPD of the preceding
TRAVERSE SURVEYING: ERROR OF CLOSURE course, plus the latitude of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the
It is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. course itself.
Rule 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of
Latitude – projection of north and south line. that course, but with the opposite sign.
Departure – projection of the east and west line. DOUBLE AREA = DPD x Adjusted Departure
For a closed traverse, the sum of the latitudes and departures should be
equal to zero. 1. A lot has the following dimensions. Determine the missing line.
LINE Bearing Distance
Error of Closure = √∑ ErrorL 2 + ∑ ErrorD 2 A-B N 52°30’ W 140.10
B-C
Error of closure C-D S 43°45’ E 58.50
Relative Error=
Perimeter of all courses D-A N 29°10’ E 240.00

SITUATION. From the data below: 2. Given the traverse, determine the area of the lot.
LINE DISTANCE BEARING LINE LATITUDE DEPARTURE
1-2 58.7 m N 09.27°’ E 1-2 4.56 m 21.25 m
2-3 27.3 m S 88.43° E 2-3 12.08 m 6.30 m
3-4 35.2 m N 86.78° E 3-1 -16.64 m -27.55 m
4-5 35.0 m S 05.30° E
5-1 76.0 m S 70.00° W
1. Determine the linear error of closure
[-1.68, 3.7]
2. Determine the relative error.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

TACHEOMETRY
It is a system of rapid surveying, by which the horizontal and vertical
positions of points on the earth's surface relative to one another are
determined without using a chain or tape, or a separate levelling
instrument.

Horizontal Distance:
H = KS cos2θ + C cosθ

Vertical Distance:
V = 0.5 KS sin2θ + C sinθ

SITUATION. A stadia instrument (height of instrument is 1.60 m) is set

up at point A whose elevation is 40 m having a height of instrument equal
to 1.60 m. The stadia intercept with the rod at B was taken as 1.40 m
with the vertical angle 3°30’ at 2.0 m. Stadia interval factor is 100 and (f
+ c) is 0.30 m.
1. What is the horizontal distance from Point A to Point B?

2. What is the elevation of point B?

3. A subtense bar 2 meters long is set up near the middle of a traverse

line AB. At A, the angle subtended is 38’05” while 63’16” at B. Find the
length AB.