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Discrete Math Module 3 Set Notation

Here are the step-by-step workings: B ∪ C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 6, 9, 12, 15} A ∪ D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 16} A' ∩ C = {5, 10, 15} (B ∩ C') ∪ A' = {1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15} (D + A) ∩ B = {8, 12} (A - C)' ∪ [(B' ∩ D)]' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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149 views20 pages

Discrete Math Module 3 Set Notation

Here are the step-by-step workings: B ∪ C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 6, 9, 12, 15} A ∪ D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 16} A' ∩ C = {5, 10, 15} (B ∩ C') ∪ A' = {1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15} (D + A) ∩ B = {8, 12} (A - C)' ∪ [(B' ∩ D)]' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Uploaded by

Jay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 3

Set Notation

1. Set Theory
2. Kinds of Sets
3. Operations on Sets
4. Precedence
SET THEORY
 Settheory deals with operations between,
relations among, and statements about
sets.
SET DEFINED
A set is a well-defined collection of
distinct objects. A well-defined set means
that it is possible to determine whether an
object belongs to a given set.
 A set is a structure, representing an
unordered collection (group,plurality) of
zero or more distinct (different) objects.
 Usually denoted by uppercase letter.
ELEMENTS OF SETS
 The objects are called members or
elements of a set.
 We use the symbol ∈ to denote the
element of a set.
 Also, the symbol a ∉ S is read as “a is not
an element of set S.” x ∈ Z
 Elements are usually denoted by
lowercase letters or numbers
Two ways of Describing a Set
 The tabular or roster form is a method of
describing a set where the elements are
separated by commas and enclosed by
braces,
 The rule form is a method of describing a set
which makes use of the description {x|…}. This
is read as “the set of all elements x such that
x.” For example, {x2 |x ∈ Z }represents the set
of all integers that are squares of integers in Z,
i.e. { x2 |x ∈ Z } = {0, 1, -1, 8, -8, 27, -27,…}.
Two ways of Describing a Set
Cont.
 Similarly,the set { (-1)n | n ∈ N } represents
the set of elements obtained by
evaluating (-1)n for all n ∈ N, so that this set
has only 2 elements, i.e. {(-1)n |x ∈ Z } = {-i ,
1}.
 Another example is the set {x3 | } consists
of all the integers that are the cubes of
integers in Z, i.e. {x3 |x ∈ Z } = {0, 1, -1, 8, -8,
27, -27,…}.
Example
 {x/x is a natural number less than 4}
 {x/5| x is a whole number less than 4}
 {x/x is an even integer between 0 and 8}
 {x|1 < x <3, x ∈ Z}
 {x2|x2 -1 |0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ Z}
 {1/ x | x ∈ N}
 { 2 + (-1)x |0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ Z}
 {n2 – n | 2 < n < 6, n ∈ Z}
 {x|x is the first ten primes}
Example
 {x/x is a natural number less than 4}
= {1, 2, 3}
 {x/5| x is a whole number less than 4}
= {0/5, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5}
 {x/x is an even integer between 0 and 8}
= {2, 4, 6}
 {x|1 < x <3, x ∈ Z}
= {2}
 {x2|x2 -1 |0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ Z}
= {-1, 0, 3, 8, 15}
 {1/ x | x ∈ N}
= {1, ½, 1/3, ¼, …}
 { 2 + (-1)x |0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ Z}
= {2, 1, 3}
 {n2 – n | 2 < n < 6, n ∈ Z}
= {3, 12, 20}
 {x|x is the first ten primes}
= {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29}
Example
 {x/x is a natural number less than 4}
= {1, 2, 3}
 {x/5| x is a whole number less than 4}
= {0/5, 1/5, 2/5, 3/5}
 {x/x is an even integer between 0 and 8}
= {2, 4, 6}
 {x|1 < x <3, x ∈ Z}
= {2}
 {x2|x2 -1 |0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ Z}
= {-1, 0, 3, 8, 15}
 {1/ x | x ∈ N}
= {1, ½, 1/3, ¼, …}
 { 2 + (-1)x |0 ≤ x ≤ 3, x ∈ Z}
= {2, 1, 3}
 {n2 – n | 2 < n < 6, n ∈ Z}
= {3, 12, 20}
 {x|x is the first ten primes}
= {2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29}
Kinds of Sets
 Empty set { } or Null set ∅ . A set which
contains no element
 Equal Sets. Sets A and B are equal,
denoted by A = B if they have the same
elements.
 The sets A = {1, 2, 3,} and B = {2, 1, 3} are
equal sets.
 EquivalentSets. Sets A and B are
equivalent, denoted by A ~ B, if they have
the same number of elements.
 The sets C = {a, b, c} and D = {4, 5, 6} are
equivalent sets. Also, {2} ~ {∅ } , since they
have the same number of elements.
Kinds of Sets
 FiniteSets. A is finite if it contains only a
countable number of elements. The sets
A, B, C, D given about are finite sets.

 InfiniteSets . A set is infinite if the counting


of elements has no end. The sets of
integers Z, positive integers N ( or natural
numbers), negative integers Z~, and
nonnegative integers (or whole numbers)
are infinite sets.
Kinds of Sets
 InfiniteSets .
 Z = {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …}
 N = {1, 2, 3, …}
 Z~ = {-1, -2, -3, …}
 W = {0, 1, 2, …}
 The sets of positive odd integers {1, 3, 5,
…} and positive even integers {2, 4, 6, …}
are also infinite sets.
Kinds of Sets
 Universal
set. Is the totality of elements
under consideration.
 If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5} then the
universal set U, considering no other set
present is U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

 Joint
sets . Sets that have common
elements are joint sets.
 The sets A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {6, 10, 11} are
joint sets, since 6 is common to both A and
B.
Kinds of Sets
 Disjoint
Sets. Two sets are disjoint if they
have no common element.
 The sets E = {a, b, c} and F = {e, f, g} are
disjoint sets, since no element is common.
The sets {0} and {∅} are also disjoint sets.

 Joint
sets . Sets that have common
elements are joint sets.
 The sets A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {6, 10, 11} are
joint sets, since 6 is common to both A and
B.
Kinds of Sets
 Subsets. A is a subset of B if every element
of A is also contained in B. This is written
A B.
The sets E = {a, b, c} and F = {e, f, g} are
disjoint sets, since no element is common.
The sets {0} and {∅} are also disjoint sets.
 For example, the set of integers
{ … –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
is a subset of the set of real numbers.
Kinds of Sets
Subsets
Proper Subsets
A is a proper subset of B if and only if
every element of A is also in B, and there
exists at least one element in B that
is not in A.

Improper Subsets
 Impropersubsets is the set itself, Universal
set and Null set
Operations on Sets
 Union (U) A U B. merging of
elements of the 2 sets.
 Intersection (∩) A ∩ B. elements that
are common to both sets.
 Difference A-B. Elements that is
present in the first set but not the
second. (not commutative.
Operations on Sets
 Complement (‘, Ā). All elements in
the Universal Set except set A.
 Symmetric Difference (A + B).
Elements that are present to both
sets but not their common.
 Cardinality of Set (|A|). Number of
elements in the given set.
 Power Set. (P A).Set of all Subsets.
Precedence
 Unary operation
 Precedence in operations of sets
follows the grouping symbols
 Performs operation from left to right
Exercises
 Let A = set of natural numbers less than 8,
B = {even natural numbers less than 12}
C = {Multiples of 3 between 5 and 15}
D = {Multiples of 4 greater than 6 and
less than 20};
Find: +
 B∪C
A∪D
 A’ ∩ C
 (B ∩ C’) ∪ A’
 (D + A) ∩ B
 (A - C)’ ∪ [(B’ ∩ D)]’
 AU{[(B - D)’ ∩ (C ∪ A)]’}

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