PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

JOHANN DOBEREINER
ANTOINE LAVOISIER [1780 – 1849]
[1743 – 1794]
 Classified element
 Classifies elements according their
into group of similar chemical
metals & non properties into
metal group @ triad
 Debereiner triads

LOTHAR MEYER
[1830 – 1895]
JOHN NEWLANDS
[1837 – 1898]
 Classified the
elements
 Element arranged
according to their
in order increasing
atomic volume
atomic mass.
 Law of Octaves

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

Dmitri Mendeleev Henry J.G. Moseley

[1834 – 1907] [1887 – 1915]

 Arranged the  Study the spectrum

elements in order of X-ray of elements.
of increasing mass  He rearranged the
and grouped them elements in order
according to increasing proton
similar chemical number
properties

atomic

 classifies
substances.

 Concluded that the

proton number should
be the basis for the
periodic change of
chemical properties
instead of the atomic
mass
 Leading to the
modern Periodic Table

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS IN THE

PERIODIC TABLE
Elements in the periodic table are arrange in

❶ Increasing order of proton number from 1-113

❷ Elements with similar chemical properties are placed in the
same vertical column (group)

PERIODIC TABLE

❶ 18 vertical columns of elements

❷ Each vertical column of elements is called a
Group – Group 1 to Group 18
❸ 7 horizontal rows of elements
❹ Each horizontal rows of elements is called a
Period – Period 1 to Period 7

GROUP
❶ The number of valence electrons in an atom decides the
position of the group of an element in the periodic table.
❷ Elements with 1 to 2 valence electrons = Group 1 to Group 2
❸ Elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons = Group 13 to Group 18

PERIOD
❹ The period number of an element = The number of shells
occupied with electrons in its atom
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRONS

ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOM OF AN ELEMENT
AND ITS GROUP AND PERIOD

Element Li Ca Al C P O Cl Ne

Electron
arrangement of 2.1 2.8.8.2 2.8.3 2.4 2.8.5 2.6 2.8.7 2.8
atom
No. of valence
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
electron

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
No. of shells
occupied with 2 4 3 2 3 2 3 2
electrons

Period 2 4 3 2 3 2 3 2

4
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS OF

ATOM OF AN ELEMENT AND ITS GROUP AND PERIOD
Vertical Columns

THE FIRST 20
GROUP

ELEMENTS
1 - 20
Horizontal Rows

PERIOD

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS OF

ATOM OF AN ELEMENT AND ITS GROUP AND PERIOD

GROUP GROUP
1 18

1 5
H GROUP
2
GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP He
Hydrogen 13 14 15 16 17 Helium

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Boron Silicon Phosphoru Sulphur Chlorine Argon
s
19 20 TRANSITION 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca ELEMENTS Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Gallium Germaniu Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
m

GROUP 1 ALKALI METAL

GROUP 2 ALKALI EARTH METAL

GROUP 17 HALOGEN

GROUP 18 NOBLE GASES

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS OF

ATOM OF AN ELEMENT AND ITS GROUP AND PERIOD

VALENCE ELECTRON

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS OF

ATOM OF AN ELEMENT AND ITS GROUP AND PERIOD

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS

NOBLE MONOATOMIC COLOURLESS CHEMICALLY

GASES GASES GASES UNREACTIVE
INERT

He 2 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2 [Duplet]

Ne 10 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.8 [Octet]

Ar 18 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.8.8

[Octet],

Kr 36 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.8.18.8

[Octet]

Xe 54 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.8.18.18.8

[Octet]

Rd 86 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.32.18.8 [Octet]
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
E LECTRON A RRANGEMENT OF N OBLE G ASES

Type of electron
Element Proton Electron arrangement
arrangement

Helium 2 2 Duplet

Neon 10 2.8 Octet

Argon 18 2.8.8 Octet

Krypton 36 2.8.18.8 Octet

Xenon 54 2.8.18.18.8 Octet

Radon 86 2.8.18.32.18.8 Octet

10
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES N OBLE G ASES

INSOLUBLE IN
LOW MELTING
WATER@
AND BOILING UNDISSOLVED IN
POINT WATER

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
NOBLE GASES

CANNOT
CONDUCT
LOW DENSITY@
ELECTRICITY IN LESS DENSE
ANY STATE THAN WATER

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NOBLE GASES
CHANGE GRADUALLY DOWN THE GROUP

He

Ne
I 1

Ar N
C
2
Kr R
E
A
Xe S
3

E
Rd
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NOBLE GASES
CHANGE GRADUALLY DOWN THE GROUP

ATOMIC SIZE INCREASE 1

Down the group 18
 Proton number increase
 Number of shell also increase
 Atomic size of noble gases increase and getting bigger

MELTING AND BOILING POINT INCREASE 2

Down the group 18
 Atomic size increase and getting bigger
 Attraction forces between molecules / intermolecular forces / Van
Der Waals forces becomes stronger
 More heat energy is needed / required to overcome the attraction
forces during melting and boiling process

THE DENSITY INCREASE

3
Down the group 18
 Atomic size increase and getting bigger
 Atomic mass of noble gases become increase
 The density directly proportional with atomic size

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
U SES OF G ROUP 18 E LEMENTS

 Treatment
of cancer

 Weather RADON  Light bulb

balloon  Carrier Gas-
 Hot balloon liquid
 Bicycle tires chromatography
 Diver’s oxygen
tank ARGON
HELIUM
USES OF
GROUP 18
ELEMENTS
 Electron  Repair the
tubes retina
 Stroboscopic  Photographic
lamps flash lamps
XENON  Advertising
KRYPTON
lights
 Television
tubes
NEON

14
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
U SES OF G ROUP 18 E LEMENTS

USES OF
GROUP 18
ELEMENTS

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

MORE SILVERY & GOOD

REACTIVE SHINY CONDUCTOR
ALKALI
METAL SURFACE OF HEAT &
METAL
ELECTRICITY

Li 3 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.1

Na 11 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.8.1

K 19 Protons, Electron Arrangement 2.8.8.1

Rb 37 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.8.1

Cs 55 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.18.8.1

Fr 87 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.32.18.8.1
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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
E LECTRON A RRANGEMENT OF A LKALI M ETAL

Element Proton Number Electron Arrangement

Lithium 3 2.1

Sodium 11 2.8.1

Potassium 19 2.8.8.1

Rubidium 37 2.8.18.8.1

Caesium 55 2.8.18.18.8.1

Francium 87 2.8.18.32.18.8.1

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
E LECTRON A RRANGEMENT OF A LKALI M ETAL

Electron Electron
Alkali Metal Alkali Metal
Arrangement Arrangement
Atom Ion
of Atom of Ion

Lithium, Li 2.1 Lithium ion, Li+ 2

Sodium, Na 2.8.1 Sodium ion, Na+ 2.8

Potassium, K 2.8.8.1 Potassium ion, K+ 2.8.8

Rubidium, Rb 2.8.18.8.1 Rubidium ion, Rb+ 2.8.18.8

Caesium, Cs 2.8.18.18.8.1 Caesium ion, Cs+ 2.8.18.18.8

Francium, Fr 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 Francium ion, Fr+ 2.8.18.32.18.8

18
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES A LKALI M ETAL

SOLUBLE IN
LOW MELTING WATER &
AND BOILING INSOLUBLE IN
POINT
ORGANIC
SOLVENT
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
ALKALI METAL

CONDUCT
LOW DENSITY@
ELECTRICITY &
HEAT IN SOLID & LESS DENSE
LIQUID STATE THAN WATER

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METAL CHANGE
GRADUALLY DOWN THE GROUP

Li

4
Na
D I 1
E K N
C C
2
R Rb R
E E
A Cs A 3
S S
E Fr E

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
ATOMIC SIZE INCREASE 1
Down the group 1 elements
❶ Proton number increase
❷ Number of shell also increase
❸ Atomic size of alkali metal increase and getting bigger

MELTING AND BOILING POINT DECREASE

Down the group 1 elements

❶ Atomic size increase and getting bigger 4

❷ The distance between nucleus and valence electrons further
away / far apart
❸ Attraction forces between nucleus and valence electrons
[Electrostatic forces] @ [Nuclei forces] becomes weaker
❹ Less heat energy is needed / required to overcome the
attraction forces during melting and boiling process

THE DENSITY INCREASE

Down the group 1 elements
3
❶ Atomic size increase and getting bigger
❷ Atomic mass of alkali metal become increase
G ROUP
❸ 1 E LEMENT
The density directly proportional with atomic size

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
REACTIVITY OF ALKALI METAL@
ELECTROPOSITIVITY

❶ Tendency @ ability for the atom to donate / release

electron
❷ To achieve stable octet electrons arrangement
❸ To form Positively Charge @ Cation
Na Na+ + e

THE REACTIVITY OF GROUP 1 ELEMENTS INCREASES

2
When going down group 1,

❶ The single valence electron in the outermost shell becomes

further away from the nucleus.
❷ The attractions between the nucleus and the valence electron
becomes weaker
❸ Easy for the atom to donate the single valence electron to
achieve the stable octet electron arrangement of noble gas

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
REACTIVITY OF ALKALI METAL@
ELECTROPOSITIVITY

1+
Donate 1 Electron

Sodium Sodium
Atom Ion

Na Na+ + e

Number of Proton = 11 Number of Proton = 11

Number of Electron = 11 Number of Electron = 10
Charge = 0 Charge = +1

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH REACTION WITH

WATER OXYGEN

REACTION 1 REACTION 2

CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
ALKALI METAL

REACTION WITH METAL OXIDE

HALOGEN REACT WITH
CHLORINE GAS WATER
REACTION 3 REACTION 4

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

ALKALI METAL
REACTION
WITH
WATER WATER

Group 1 Metals + Water Alkali + Hydrogen gas

Lithium
+ Water 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

OBSERVATION

❶ Lithium metal moves slowly on the surface of

water with soft 'hiss' sound.

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH WATER

SODIUM
+ Water 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

OBSERVATION

❶ The lump of sodium moves rapidly & randomly on

the surface of water with 'hiss' sound

Potassium
+ Water 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

OBSERVATION

❶ Potassium reacts vigorously with water & moves

very rapidly & randomly on the surface of water
and burn with lilac flame.
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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH WATER

COMMON OBSERVATION

❶ Lithium, sodium or potassium floats and move

around on the surface of the water and then
dissolve in the water.
Inference: Lithium, sodium and potassium are less
dense than water.

❷ Colourless gas is released around the metal. The

gas produces a “pop” sound when test with
lighted wooden splinter.
Inference: The colourless gas is hydrogen.

❸ The solution turns red litmus paper to blue

Inference: The alkali solution is produced.

 Shows that the reactivity of alkali metal towards

water increase from lithium sodium potassium

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION OXYGEN GAS

WITH
OXYGEN ALKALI METAL

Alkali Metals + Oxygen Metal Oxide

Lithium
+ ❶ 4Li + O2 2Li2O
Oxygen ❷ Li2O + H2O 2LiOH

OBSERVATION

❶ Lithium burns with red flame and produces white

powder immediately after reaction.
❷ The white powder is formed dissolved in water

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH oxygen gas

Sodium
+ ❶ 4Na + O2 2Na2O
Oxygen ❷ Na2O + H2O 2NaOH

OBSERVATION

❶ Sodium burned with bright yellow flame, forming

white powder immediately after reaction
❷ The white powder is formed dissolved in water

Potassium
+ ❶ 4K + O2 2K2O
Oxygen ❷ K2O + H2O 2KOH

OBSERVATION

❶ Potassium burned with very bright purplish flame,

forming white powder immediately after reaction.
❷ The white powder is formed dissolved in water 29
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH oxygen

COMMON OBSERVATION

❶ Lithium, sodium and potassium form white oxide

powders after reacting with oxygen.
❷ The white powder is the oxide of lithium, sodium
and potassium.

❸ When the white powder is dissolved in water, it

produces a solution which turned red litmus
paper blue.
 This means, these oxides dissolve in water to
form strong alkali.

❹ The reactivity increases down the group from

lithium, sodium to potassium.
 Shows that the reactivity of alkali metal
towards oxygen increase from
Lithium Sodium Potassium

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION CHLORINE GAS

WITH
CHLORINE ALKALI METAL

Alkali Metals + Chlorine Gas Metal Chloride

Lithium +
2Li + Cl2 2LiCl
chlorine

OBSERVATION

❶ Lithium burns slowly with a reddish flame.

❷ A white fumes // white solid is produced

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH CHLORINE

sodium +
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
chlorine

OBSERVATION

❶ Potassium burns rapidly & brightly with a yellowish

flame.
❷ A white fumes // white solid is produced

Potassium
+ chlorine 2K + Cl2 2KCl

OBSERVATION

❶ Potassium burns very rapidly & brightly with a lilac

flame.
❷ A white fumes // white solid is produced

32
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

MORE DIATOMIC
HALOGEN POISONOUS
REACTIVE MOLECULES
NON-METAL

9 Protons, Electron Arrangement

F
2.7

17 Protons, Electron Arrangement

Cl
2.8.7

Br 35 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.7

I 53 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.18.7

At 85 Protons, Electron Arrangement

2.8.18.32.18.7

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
E LECTRON A RRANGEMENT OF H ALOGEN

Element Proton Number Electron Arrangement

Fluorine , F 9 2.7

Chlorine , Cl 17 2.8.7

Bromine , Br 35 2.8.8.7

Iodine , I 53 2.8.18.8.7

Astatine , At 85 2.8.18.18.8.7

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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT OF HALOGEN

Electron Electron
Halogen Halogen
Arrangement Arrangement
Atom Ion [Halide]
of Atom of Ion

Fluorine , F 2.7 Fluoride , F- 2.8

Chlorine , Cl 2.8.7 Chloride , Cl- 2.8.8

Bromine , Br 2.8.8.7 Bromide , Br- 2.8.8.8

Iodine , I 2.8.18.8.7 Iodide , I- 2.8.18.8.8

Astatine , At 2.8.18.18.8.7 Astatide , At- 2.8.18.18.8.8

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
P HYSICAL P ROPERTIES H ALOGEN

SOLUBLE IN
LOW MELTING WATER &
AND BOILING ORGANIC
POINT SOLVENT

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
HALOGEN

CAN’T CONDUCT
LOW DENSITY@
ELECTRICITY &
HEAT IN ANY LESS DENSE
STATE THAN WATER

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HALOGEN CHANGE GRADUALLY
DOWN THE GROUP

4 F

Cl 1
D I
E N
C Br C
R 2
R
E
E
I A
A S 3
S E
E
At

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
ATOMIC SIZE INCREASE
Down the group 17 elements

 Proton number increase 1

 Number of shell also increase
 Atomic size of Halogen increase and getting bigger

MELTING AND BOILING POINT INCREASE

Down the group 17 elements

2
 Molecules / Atomic size increase and getting bigger
 Attraction forces between halogen molecules [Van Der Waals
forces] becomes stronger
 More heat energy is needed / required to overcome the
attraction forces during melting and boiling process

THE DENSITY INCREASE

Down the group 17 elements 3

 Molecules size increase and getting bigger
 Molecules mass [RMM] of halogen become increase
 The density directly proportional with molecules size

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
R EACTIVITY OF H ALOGEN

❶ Tendency @ ability for the atom to gain / accept electron

❷ To achieve stable octet electrons arrangement
❸ To form negatively charge @ anion
 Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-

THE REACTIVITY OF GROUP 17 ELEMENTS DECREASES

4
When going down group 17,

❶ Atomic size increase and getting bigger

❷ The distance between valence electron in the outermost shell
and nucleus becomes further away.
❸ The attractions between the nucleus and the valence electron
becomes weaker / decrease
❹ Hard / difficult for the atom to accept / gain valence electron to
achieve the stable octet electron arrangement of noble gas
❹ The tendency for the atom to accept electrons decrease
❹ More difficult for the atom to pull / attract an electrons towards
nucleus

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
R EACTIVITY OF H ALOGEN

Gain 1 Electron

F F

Fluorine Fluorine
Atom Ion

F + e F-

Number of Proton = 9 Number of Proton = 9

Number of Electron = 9 Number of Electron = 10
Charge = 0 Charge = -1

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION WITH REACTION WITH

WATER ALKALI

REACTION 1 REACTION 2

CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
HALOGEN

REACTION WITH REACTION WITH

IRON HYDROGEN

REACTION 3 REACTION 4

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION
WITH
WATER

Hydrochloric Acid
Water
+ KMnO4 Solid

Chlorine + Water Hydrochloric + Hyphochlorus

Acid

CHLORINE
+ Water Cl2 + 2H2O HCl + HOCl

OBSERVATION

❶ Greenish yellow gas dissolves in water to form a

pale yellow solution.
P ERIODIC
❷ T ABLE
The OF E
solution LEMENTS
turns blue litmus paper red then it is
bleached. 42
❶
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION
WITH BROMINE WATER
WATER

WATER

Bromine + Water Hydrobromic + Hyphobromus

Acid

bromine
+ Water Br2 + 2H2O HBr + HOBr

OBSERVATION

❶ Brown liquid dissolves in water to form a pale

yellowish brown solution.
❷ The solution turns blue litmus paper red then it is
bleached.
43
❶
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION
WATER
WITH
WATER
IODINE CRYSTAL

Iodine + Water Hydroiodic + Hyphoiodus Acid

iodine +
Water I2 + 2H2O HI + HOI

OBSERVATION

❶ Little purplish black dissolves in water to form a

yellowish brown solution.
❷ The solution turns blue litmus paper red but does
not bleach it.
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION WITH WATER

COMMON DISCUSSION:

Notes:

❶ Chlorine, bromine and iodine are soluble in water

to form an acidic solution.
❷ The solubility decreases down the group.
❸ Aqueous chlorine and bromine are bleaching
agent.
❹ Aqueous iodine does not act as bleaching agent.

❺ Shows that the reactivity of halogen towards water

decrease from chlorine bromine iodine

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION Iron Wool

WITH
Iron
Soda Lime
Potassium Hydrochloric
Manganate (VII) Acid

Chlorine gas + Iron Metal Chloride

Chlorine + iron 3Cl2 + 2Fe 2FeCl3

OBSERVATION

❶ The iron wool burns vigorously with bright flame, forming a

brown solid after reaction.
DISCUSSION:
❶ Chlorine react with iron to form brown iron(III) chloride.
P❷
ERIODIC T ABLE
The reaction of OF E LEMENTS
potassium with concentrated hydrochloric
acid produces chlorine gas. 46
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION Iron Wool

WITH
Iron
Soda Lime
Heat
Bromine
Water
Warm

Bromine + Iron Metal Chloride

bromine + iron 3Br2 + 2Fe 2FeBr3

OBSERVATION

❶ The iron wool glows brightly but less vigorously.

❶ A brown solid is formed.

47
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION Iron Wool

WITH
Iron
Soda Lime
Heat
Iodine
Solid
Warm

iodine + Iron Metal Chloride

iodine + iron 3I2 + 2Fe 2FeI3

OBSERVATION

❶ The iron wool glows slowly with dim light.

❷ A brown solid is formed after reaction.

48
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF A LKALI M ETAL

REACTION WITH iron metal

COMMON DISCUSSION

❶ Halogen is a reactive non-metal. It form salt when

react with metal.
❷ Chlorine gas is a poisonous. Excess chlorine gas is
absorbed by the soda lime (sodium hydroxide) so
that it does not escape to the surrounding.
❸ Iron wool rather than iron piece is used to increase
the rate of reaction.
❹ The reactivity decreases down the group from
chlorine, bromine to iodine
❺ Shows that the reactivity of halogen towards iron
decrease from
Chlorine bromine iodine

49
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION
WITH nAoh

Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium
+ KMnO4 Solid
Hydroxide

CHLORINE + NaOH

WORD EQUATION

Chlorine + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chloride

+ Sodium Chlorate + Water

CHEMICAL EQUATION

Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

50
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION
WITH BROMINE WATER
WATER

WATER

BROMINE + NaOH

WORD EQUATION

Bromine + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Bromide

+ Sodium Bromate + Water

CHEMICAL EQUATION

Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O

51
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION
WATER
WITH
WATER
IODINE CRYSTAL

iodine + NaOH

WORD EQUATION

Iodine + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Iodide

+ Sodium iodate + Water

CHEMICAL EQUATION

I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H2O

52
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
C HEMICAL P ROPERTIES OF H ALOGEN

REACTION WITH WATER

COMMON DISCUSSION:

Notes:

❶ Chlorine, bromine and iodine are soluble in water

to form an acidic solution.
❷ The solubility decreases down the group.
❸ Aqueous chlorine and bromine are bleaching
agent.
❹ Aqueous iodine does not act as bleaching agent.

❺ Shows that the reactivity of halogen towards water

decrease from chlorine bromine iodine

53
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS

ALUMINIUM,
Al
SODIUM,
Na MAGNESIUM, METAL
Mg [SOLID] SILICON,
METAL
Si
[SOLID] METAL AMPHOTERIC
[SOLID] SEMI METAL
BASIC
[SOLID]
BASIC
ACIDIC

CHLORINE,
Cl
PHOSPHORUS,
P NON-METAL
[GAS] ARGON,
NON-METAL SULPHUR, S Ar
[SOLID] ACIDIC
NON-METAL NON-METAL
ACIDIC [SOLID] [GAS]

ACIDIC
-

54
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
Element of
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period 3

Proton no. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Electron
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
arrangement

Atomic radius 186 160 143 118 110 104 100 94

Physical state at
room solid solid solid solid solid solid gas gas
temperature

Electronegativity 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -

55
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
PROPERTIES OF PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
CHANGES GRADUALLY ACROSS A PERIOD

3 INCREASE 4

D
E
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
C Ar

R
E
A
1 DECREASE
S 2

E
I 56

N
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
PROPERTIES OF PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
CHANGES GRADUALLY ACROSS A PERIOD

ATOMIC SIZE DECREASE

ACROSS PERIOD 3
❶ Proton number increase 1
❷ Number of valence electrons in outermost shell also increases
❸ Attraction forces between nucleus and valence electrons
[electrostatic forces] become stronger
❹ The atoms strongly attracted / pull the valence electrons towards
nucleus

ELECTROPOSITIVITY DECREASE
ACROSS PERIOD 3
❶ Proton number increase
❷ Number of valence electrons in outermost shell also increases
2
❸ Attraction forces between nucleus and valence electrons
[electrostatic forces] become stronger
❹ Tendency for the atom to donate / release valence electrons
decrease

57
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
PROPERTIES OF PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
CHANGES GRADUALLY ACROSS A PERIOD

ELECTRONEGATIVITY INCREASE
ACROSS PERIOD 3
Proton number increase
❶
3
❷ Number of valence electrons in outermost shell also increases
❸ Attraction forces between nucleus and valence electrons
[electrostatic forces] become stronger
❹ Tendency for the atom to accept / gain valence electrons
increase
❺ Easy for the atom to accept / gain valence electrons to achieve
stable electrons arrangement @ octet

ELEMENTS OXIDE
ACROSS PERIOD 3
❶ Metal oxides exhibit basic properties 4
❷ Non-metal oxides usually exhibit acidic properties
❸ Some oxides show both acidic and basic properties –
Amphoteric oxides

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
OXIDES OF THE ELEMENTS

MgO + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2O

Basic Na2O,
Oxide MgO
MgO + NaOH [No Reaction]

Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O

Amphoteric Al2O3
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O

SiO2, P4O10, SO2 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

Acidic
SO3, SO2 and
Oxides
Cl2O7 SO2 + HCl [No Reaction]

59
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
USES OF SEMI-METAL@METALLOID@
SEMICONDUCTOR

USED THE MAKING OF

MICROCHIPS FOR THE
MANUFACTURE OF
TELEVISION
MICROELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENTS
CALCULATOR

RADIO
IDENTIFICATION
CARD
PHONE

COMPUTER

60
 PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Elements in block located between group 2 and
group 13 in the periodic table
GROUP GROUP
1 18

1 5
H GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP He
Hydrogen 2 13 14 15 16 17 Helium

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Boron Silicon Phosphoru Sulphur Chlorine Argon
s
19 20 31 32 33 34 35 36
TRANSITION
K Ca ELEMENTS
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Gallium Germaniu Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
m

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganes Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc
e
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybden Technetiu Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium
um m

61
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS MRHAYYAN

P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Elements in block located between group 2 and
group 13 in the periodic table

DUCTILE MALLEABLE
CHARACTERISTIC
TRANSITION
ELEMENT
SILVERY
HARD
SURFACES

HIGH
TENSILE
STRENGTH

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION
ELEMENTS

HIGH MELTING
AND BOILING
HIGH DENSITY
POINT

CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
AND HEAT IN SOLID,
MOLTEN AND AQUEOUS
STATE
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS

FORM
COMPLEX VARIABLE
IONS OXIDATION
NUMBER
4
1

FORM
COLOURED ACT AS A
COMPOUNDS CATALYST

3
2

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
1

Hexacyano Tetraammine
ferrate(II) Ion Copper(II)
[Fe(CN)6]4- Ion
[Cu(NH3)4]2+

FORM
COMPLEX
Physical State

IONS
HALOGENS

Hexaammine Tetraammine
Chromium(III) Zinc Ion
Ion
[Zn(NH3)4]2+
[Cr(NH3)6]3+

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
FORM COLOURED
ION
2
Ion Colour

Copper(II) ion Cu2+ Blue

Iron(III) ion Fe3+ Brown

Iron(II) ion Fe2+ Green

Chromium(III) ion Cr3+ Green

Manganese(II) ion Mn2+ Pink

Cobalt(II) ion Co2+ Pink

Nickel(II) ion Ni2+ Green

66
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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
FORM COLOURED COMPOUNDS 2

COMPOUNDS COLOUR COMPOUNDS COLOUR

Amethyst is Hydrated iron(II) sulphate Green

Purple
Manganese FeSO4. 7H2O

Yellow / Iron(III)chloride
Sapphire is Iron Brown
Green FeCl3

Hydrated copper(II)
Sapphire is Titanium
Blue sulphate Blue
Iron
CuSO4. 5H2O

Blood Potassium dichromate(VI) Orange /

Ruby is Chromium
Red K2Cr2O7 Brown

Rust is iron Potassium manganate(VII)

Brown Purple
KMnO4

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
3
ACT AS A CATALYST

Process Reaction Catalyst

Haber Process
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Iron
[Making of Ammonia]

Contact Process
Vanadium(V)
[Making of Sulphuric 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
oxide
Acid]

Ostwald Process
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O Platinum
[Making of Nitric Acid]

Hydrogenation
C2H4 + H2 C 2 H6 Nickel / Platinum
[Making of margarine]

Decomposition Manganese(IV)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Hydrogen Peroxide oxide

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P ERIODIC T ABLE OF E LEMENTS

TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SPECIAL
ACT AS A CATALYST CHARACTERISTIC OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
VARIABLE OXIDATION 4
NUMBER

Chemical Formula Oxidation

Compounds
Formula Ion Number

Copper(II) oxide CuO Cu2+ +2

Copper(I) oxide Cu2O Cu+ +1

Iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 Fe2+ +2

Iron(III) sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 Fe3+ +3

Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2 Mn4+ +4

Manganese(II) sulphate MnSO4 Mn2+ +2

69