PS5111 POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION

LABORATORY
(R 2019)

NAME OF THE STUDENT : ___________________________

REGISTER NUMBER : ___________________________

YEAR / SEMESTER : ___________________________

ACADEMIC YEAR : ___________________________

DIVISION OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI-6000025
 ANNA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
GUINDY

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Name :……………………………………………………………..
Course/branch : M.E / POWER SYSTEM ENGINERING

Register No.

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by the above student in
the POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION Laboratory during the year 2019 - 2020

Signature of the lab-in-charge signature of the Head of the Department

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on……………………………

 INDEX

PAGE STAFF
S.NO DATE EXPERIMENT NAME
NO SIGNATURE

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON

1 1
RAPHSON METHOD

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS BY FAST

2 9
DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD

SINGLE MACHINE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF

3 SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM 14
USING CLASSICAL MACHINE MODEL

4 AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY 18

5 STATE ESTIMATION (DC) 23

COMPUTATION OF HARMONIC INDICES

6 GENERATED BY A RECTIFIER FEEDING A 26
R-L LOAD
LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICING
7 COMPUTATION OF RESTRUCTURED POWER 28
SYSTEM
CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS BY GENERATOR
8 SHIFT FACTORS AND LINE OUTAGE 32
DISTRIBUTION FACTORS METHOD

9 LINE ENERGISATION USING EMTP 37

10 INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS 41

 Exp.No: 1
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
Date :

AIM:
To calculate various line flows of an interconnected power system using the
Newton Raphson method of power flow analysis and to determine the voltage and load
angle at all buses in the system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MAT LAB Software

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Assume a flat start profile 1+j0 for all buses except the slack bus in the specified
voltage and it is not modified in any iteration. Form YBUS matrix with angle and
magnitude.

Step 2: Assume a suitable value of ε called convergence criterion. Hence ε is specified

change in the residue that is used to compare the actual residue that is used to compare the
actual residue at the end of each iteration.

Step 3: Compute mismatch Vector using

i) ΔPi =Pi(specified) – Pi cal
ii) ΔQi = Qi(specified) – Qi cal
iii) Form Del P, Del Q matrix = [ΔPi; ΔQi]
iv) The Q - limit Checking is not incorporated in the program.
Step 4: Compute Jacobian matrix using

J = ƏPi/ Əδ ƏPi/ Ə|V| = J1 J2

ƏQi/ Əδ ƏQi/ Ə|V| J3 J4

The OFF Diagonal elements of J1, J2, J3, J4

i) ƏPi/ Əδj = -|Vi||Vj||Yij| Sin(θij-δi+δj) for i≠j
ii) ƏPi/ ƏVj= +|Vi||Vj||Yij| Cos(θij-δi+δj) / |Vj| for i≠j
iii) ƏQi/ Əδj= -|Vi||Vj||Yij| Cos(θij-δi+δj) for i≠j
iv) ƏQi/ ƏVj = -|Vi| |Vj| |Yij| Sin(θij-δi+δj) / |Vj| for i≠j

The Diagonal elements of J1, J2, J3, J4

i) ƏPi/ Əδi= - Qi - |Vi| |Vi||Yii| Sin(θii)
ii) ƏPi/ ƏVi= + Pi / |Vi| + |Vi||Yij| Cos(θii)

1
iii) ƏQi/ Əδi= + Pi - |Vi| |Vi| |Yii| Cos(θii)
iv) ƏQi/ ƏVi= +Qi / |Vi| - |Vi||Yii| Sin(θii)
Step 5:
i. Delete the row of [Del P, Del Q] matrix with respect to the slack bus, PV bus as
required by finding the type of bus.

ii. Delete the rows and columns of Jacobian matrix with respect to the slack bus and
pv bus as required by finding the type of bus.

iii. Match the size of both [Del P, Del Q] matrix and Jacobian matrix to proceed futher.

Step 6: Obtain state correction vector

    P 
V   J   1
Q
   
Step 7: Update state vector using
V new = V old + ΔV
Δnew = δ old + Δδ

Step8: This procedure is continued until

|ΔP|<ε and |ΔQ| <ε, otherwise go to step 6.

2
PROBLEM:

PROGRAM:
MATLAB CODE FOR NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD:
%NR Method
clc;
clear all;
%line data From Bus To Bus R X B
linedata= [1 2 0.05 0.15 0;
1 3 0.1 0.3 0;
2 3 0.15 0.45 0;
2 4 0.1 0.3 0;
3 4 0.05 0.15 0];
%bus data [Bus no. type Vsp Theta PGi QGi PLi QLi]
%type slack-0; PV-1; PQ-2
busdata= [1 0 1.04 0 0 0;
2 1 1.04 0 0.5 -0.2;
321 0 -1 0.5;
421 0 0.3 -0.1];
nlines=length(linedata(:,1));
frombus=linedata(:,1);
tobus=linedata(:,2);
resis=linedata(:,3);
reac=linedata(:,4);
b=linedata(:,5);

3
type=busdata(:,2);
V= busdata(:,3);
npv = sum(type==1);
npq=sum(type==2);
del= busdata(:,4);
Psp=busdata(:,5);
Qsp=busdata(:,6);
delsp=zeros((npv+npq),1);
Vsp=zeros(npq,1);
zimp=resis+j*reac;
Yadm=1./zimp;
badm=j*b;
nbus= length(busdata(:,1));
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nlines
Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))-Yadm(k);
Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))-Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))= Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))-Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k));
end;
disp('Bus admittance matrix bus');
Ybus
ybusmag= abs(Ybus);
ybusangle= angle(Ybus);
G= real(Ybus);
B= imag(Ybus);
pq =find(type==2);
pv=find(type==0|type==1);
tol=1;
poweracc= 10^-3;
iter=1;
while(tol>poweracc)

%Computation of actual delPQ for all the buses

Pcal=zeros(nbus,1);
Qcal=zeros(nbus,1);
for q=2:nbus
if(type(q)==1)
for r=1:nbus
Pcal(q)= Pcal(q)+(ybusmag(q,r)*
V(r)*V(q)*cos(ybusangle(q,r)+del(r)-del(q)));
end
elseif(type(q)==2)
for r=1:nbus

4
 Pcal(q)= Pcal(q)+(ybusmag(q,r)*
V(r)*V(q)*cos(ybusangle(q,r)+del(r)-del(q)));
end
for r=1:nbus
Qcal(q)= Qcal(q)-(ybusmag(q,r)*V(r)*V(q)*
sin(ybusangle(q,r)+del(r)-del(q)));
end
end
end
dPa= Psp-Pcal;
dQa= Qsp-Qcal;

%Computation of mismatch vector

dP= zeros((nbus-1),1);
dQ= zeros(npq,1);
k=1;
for i=1:nbus
if(type(i)==2)
dQ(k,1)=dQa(i,1);
k=k+1;
end
end
l=1;
for i=1:nbus
if(type(i)==1|type(i)==2)
dP(l,1)=dPa(i,1);
l=l+1;
end
end
M=[dP;dQ];

%Computation of Jacobian matrix

J11=zeros(npv+npq);
J12=zeros((npv+npq),npq);
J21=zeros(npq,(npv+npq));
J22=zeros(npq,npq);
Mismatch= zeros((npv+npq),1);
%Computation of J11
for x=1:(npq+npv)
m=x+1;
for y=1:(npq+npv)
n=y+ 1;
if n==m
for n=1:(npq+npv+1)

5
 J11(x,y)=J11(x,y) + V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))+B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
J11(x,y)= J11(x,y)-((V(m)^2)*B(m,m));
else
J11(x,y)= V(m)*V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))-B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

%Computation Of J12
for x=1:(npv+npq)
m=x+1;
for y=1:npq
n=pq(y);
if n==m
for n=1:(npq+npv+1)
J12(x,y)= J12(x,y)+ V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))+B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J12(x,y)= J12(x,y)+ V(m)*G(m,m);
else
J12(x,y)= V(m)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))+B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

%Computation of J21
for x=1:npq
m= pq(x);
for y=1:(npv+npq)
n= y+1;
if n==m
for n=1:(npq+npv+1)
J21(x,y)= J21(x,y)+V(m)*V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))+B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
J21(x,y)=J21(x,y)-((V(m)^2)*G(m,m));
else
J21(x,y)= V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))-B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

%Computation of J22

6
for x=1:npq
m=pq(x);
for y=1:npq
n=pq(y);
if n==m
for n=1:(npq+npv+1)
J22(x,y)= J22(x,y)+V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))-B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J22(x,y)=J22(x,y)-(V(m)*B(m,m));
else
J22(x,y)= V(m)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))-B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
J=[J11,J12;J21,J22];
X= J\M;
dth= X(1:nbus-1);
dV=X(nbus:end);

%State Variables Updation

del(2:nbus)= del(2:nbus)+dth;
i=1;
for k=2:nbus
if type(k)==2
V(k)=dV(i)+V(k);
i=i+1;
end
end
iter= iter+1;
tol= max(abs(M));
end
fprintf('Converged at the end of %dth iteration\n',iter);
fprintf('\nThe bus voltages are:\n');
V
fprintf('The bus voltage angles are:\n');
del

7
OUTPUT:

Ybus =

3.0000 - 9.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

-2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.0000 - 9.0000i

Converged at the end of 5th iteration

The bus voltages are:

V=

1.0400
1.0400
1.0520
1.0459

The bus voltage angles are:

del =

0
0.0146
-0.1028
-0.0335

RESULT:
Using Mat Lab program given network is analyzed by Newton-Rapshon method
and the calculated values of following parameters are verified with the output result.
a. Voltage at all PQ buses
b. Angle at all PV & PQ buses

8
 Exp.No: 2
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS BY FAST DECOUPLED LOAD
Date :
FLOW METHOD

AIM:
To calculate various line flows of an interconnected power system using Fast
Decoupled Method of power flow analysis and to determine the voltage and load angle
at all buses in the system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MAT LAB Software

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Formulate Y-bus matrix then compute bus susceptance matrix B’ &B’’.
Step 2 : Assume that flat start for starting voltage solution.
Del =0 for i=1, 2….N (for all buses except slack bus).
|V1| =1.0 for i=M+1….N (for all PQ bus).
|Vi| =|Vi| spec for all PV buses & slack bus.
Step 3: For load buses, calculate Pical & Qical
Pical =∑|Vi||Yij||Vj| Cos(θij+δj- δi)
Qical=∑|Vi||Yij||Vj| Sin(θij+δj- δi)
Step 4: For PV bus calculate Pical.
Step 5: Compute mismatch vector
ΔPi = Pi(spec)-Pical.
ΔQi = Qi(spec)-Qical.
Step 6: Compute
ΔPi(max) =Max | ΔPi| ; i=1,2….N
ΔQi(max) =Max | ΔQi| ; i=M+1,2….N
Step 7: Calculate
[Δδi] = -[B’]-1 { ΔPi/ |vi|}
[Δvi] = -[B’’]-1 { ΔQi/ |vi|}
Step 8: Update state correction
Step 9: This procedure is continued until
| ΔPi| < ε & | ΔQi|< ε
Step 10: Stop.

9
PROBLEM:

MATLAB CODE FOR FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW METHOD :

%FDLF METHOD
clc;
clear all;
% line data [From Bus To Bus R X B]
linedata= [1 2 0.05 0.15 0;
1 3 0.1 0.3 0;
2 3 0.15 0.45 0;
2 4 0.1 0.3 0;
3 4 0.05 0.15 0];
%bus data [Bus no. type Vsp Theta PGi QGi PLi QLi
%type slack-0; PV-1; PQ-2;
busdata= [1 0 1.04 0 0 0;
2 1 1.04 0 0.5 -0.2;
321 0 -1 0.5;
421 0 0.3 -0.1];
nlines=length(linedata(:,1));
frombus=linedata(:,1);
tobus=linedata(:,2);
resis=linedata(:,3);
reac=linedata(:,4);
b=linedata(:,5);
type=busdata(:,2);
V= busdata(:,3);
pvcount= sum(type==1);
pqcount=sum(type==2);
del= busdata(:,4);
Psp=busdata(:,5);

10
Qsp=busdata(:,6);

zimp=resis+j*reac;
Yadm=1./zimp;
badm=j*b;
nbus= length(busdata(:,1));
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
% Computation of Y bus
for k=1:nlines
Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))-Yadm(k);
Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))-Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))= Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))-Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k));
end;
fprintf('Bus admittance matrix:\n');
Ybus
ybusmag = abs(Ybus);
ybusangle = angle(Ybus);
%Computation of constant matrices
B=imag(Ybus);
Bds=B(2:nbus,2:nbus);
pqst= find(type==2);
pqs=pqst(1);
Bdsds= B(pqs:nbus,pqs:nbus);
iter=1;
poweracc= 0.0001;
tol=1;
while(tol>poweracc)

%Computation of actual delPQ for all the buses

Pcal=zeros(nbus,1);
Qcal=zeros(nbus,1);
for q=2:nbus
if(type(q)==1)
for r=1:nbus
Pcal(q)= Pcal(q)+(ybusmag(q,r)*V(r)*V(q)*cos(ybusangle(q,r)+del(r)-del(q)));
end
elseif(type(q)==2)
for r=1:nbus
Pcal(q)= Pcal(q)+(ybusmag(q,r)*V(r)*V(q)*cos(ybusangle(q,r)+del(r)-del(q)));
end
for r=1:nbus
Qcal(q)= Qcal(q)-(ybusmag(q,r)*V(r)*V(q)*sin(ybusangle(q,r)+del(r)-del(q)));
end
end
end
dPa= Psp-Pcal;
dQa= Qsp-Qcal;

%Computation of dP'=dP/V and dQ'=dQ/V

11
k=1;
dP2 =zeros((nbus-1),1);
dP1 =zeros((nbus-1),1);

for i=2:nbus
if(type(i)==1|type(i)==2)
dP1(k)= dPa(i)/V(i);
dP2(k)=dPa(i);
k=k+1;
end
end
k=1;
dQ1 =zeros(pqcount,1);
dQ2 =zeros(pqcount,1);
for i=2:nbus
if(type(i)==2)
dQ1(k)= dQa(i)/V(i);
dQ2(k)=dQa(i);
k=k+1;
end
end
M=[dP2;dQ2];
%Computation of delth, delV
X1= - inv(Bds)*dP1;
X2= -inv(Bdsds)*dQ1;
X=[X1;X2];
dth= X(1:nbus-1);
dV=X(nbus:end);

%State Vectors Updation

del(2:nbus)= del(2:nbus)+dth;
i=1;
for k=2:nbus
if type(k)==2
V(k)=dV(i)+V(k);
i=i+1;
end
end

iter=iter+1;
tol= max(abs(M));
end
fprintf('\nConverged at the end of %dth iteration\n',iter);
fprintf('\nThe bus voltages are:\n');
V
fprintf('The bus voltage angles are:\n');
del

12
OUTPUT:

Ybus =

3.0000 - 9.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i

-2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i
0.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.0000 - 9.0000i

Converged at the end of 11th iteration

The bus voltages are:

V=

1.0400
1.0400
1.0520
1.0459

The bus voltage angles are:

del =

0
0.0146
-0.1028
-0.0335

RESULTS:
Using Mat Lab program given network is analyzed by Fast - Decoupled method and
the calculated values of following parameters are verified with the output result.
a. Voltage at all PQ buses
b. Angle at all PV & PQ buses

13
Exp No:3 SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MACHINE
Date: INFINITE BUS SYSTEM USING CLASSICAL MACHINE
MODEL
AIM:
To analyse the small signal stability of a single machine connected to infinite bus using classical
machine model.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Calculate the current from the given complex power and the terminal voltage.
Step 2: Calculate the infinite bus voltage and the machine internal voltage
Step 3: Obtain the value for synchronising torque by using the relation
E  V
Ks  cos  0
Xt
Where  is the angular difference between the infinite bus voltage and the machine internal
voltage.
Step 4: Calculate the entries of A matrix.

- Kd/(2H) - Ks/(2H)
A 
 Ws 0 

Step 5: Find the eigen values and the eigen vectors for the A matrix.
Step 6: The left modal matrix is obtained by taking inverse of the right modal matrix
Step 7: Calculate the entries of the participation factor matrix.
Step 8: From the characteristic equation damping ratio and natural frequency are calculated.

PROGRAM:

MATLAB CODE FOR SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS

%Small Signal Stability of a SMIB system
clc;
clear all;
Ra=0.0023;
Xd=2.35;
Xq=2.15;
Xdd=0.253;
Td0d=6;
H=3.07;
Xt= 0.15;
Xpos = 1;
f=50;
ws=2*pi*f;
P=0.85;
Q= 0.52;

14
V=1;
Kd=10;
Zext= 0.65;
XT= Xdd+ Zext;
delw= -Kd/(2*H);
%Finding the value of I
I= (P-j*Q)/V;
Imag = abs(I);
Iang= angle(I);
%Finding Voltage at infinite bus
Vinf = V- j*Zext*I;
%Finding Voltage behind transient reactance
E= V+ j*I*Xdd;
%Finding Synchronising torque coeff
Ks= (E*Vinf/XT)*cos(angle(E)-angle(Vinf));
Kss=abs(Ks);
% Finding the A matrix assuming the classical model
del= zeros(2,1);
A=zeros(2,2);
B=zeros(2,1);
A=[ ((-Kd/(2*H))) ((-Kss/(2*H)))

ws 0];
disp('A matrix');
A
%finding eigen value, damping ratio and natural frequency
disp('Eigen Values:');
lambda= eig(A)
[r,v]=eig(A);
disp('Right Eigen vector:');
r
disp('Left eigen vector:');
l= inv(r)
disp('Natural frequency:');
wn= sqrt(det(A))
disp('Damping Ratio:');
e= Kd/(4*H*wn)
wd= wn*sqrt(1- (e*e));
%Participation factor matrix
n=2;
fori=1:n
for k=1:n
p(i,k)= r(i,k)*l(k,i);
end;
end;
disp('Particiption factor matrix:');
p
pmag=abs(p);
ptheta=angle(p)*(180/pi);

15
%Initialisation of State variables
x=zeros(2,100);
x0=[0 ;(5*pi/180)];
i=0;
%Plots
for t=0:0.001:40
i=i+1;
x = (r(:,1)*l(1,:)*x0)*exp(lambda(1,1)*t)+
((r(:,2)*l(2,:)*x0)*exp(lambda(2,1)*t));
T(i)=t;
deltt(i)=x(2,:);
delw(i)=x(1,:);
end
plot(T,deltt)
plot(T,delw)

OUTPUT:
A matrix

A =

-1.6287 -0.1137
314.1593 0

Eigen Values:

lambda =

-0.8143 + 5.9203i
-0.8143 - 5.9203i

Right Eigen vector:

r =

-0.0026 + 0.0188i -0.0026 - 0.0188i

0.9998 + 0.0000i 0.9998 + 0.0000i

Left eigen vector:

l =

0.0000 -26.5372i 0.5001 - 0.0688i

0.0000 +26.5372i 0.5001 + 0.0688i

16
Natural frequency:

wn =

5.9760

Damping Ratio:

e =

0.1363

Participation factor matrix:

p =0.5000 + 0.0688i 0.5000 - 0.0688i
0.5000 - 0.0688i 0.5000 + 0.0688i

PLOT BETWEEN DELTA,TIME :

RESULT:
The small signal stability of a single machine connected to infinite bus is analysed using classical
machine model and the participation matrix is obtained.

17
 Exp.No: 4
AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY
Date :

AIM:

To Calculate the available transfer capability for the given power system network
using DC load flow solution.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB Software.

THEORY:
Available Transfer Capability (ATC) is the measure of the transmission capability
remaining in the physical transmission network for further electricity transfers, over and above
already committed users. It is defined as Total Transfer Capability less Existing Transmission
Commitments, less a Capacity Benefit Margin, less a Transmission Reliability Margin.

Total move Capability (TTC) is the amount of electric power that can be moved
or transferred reliably from one area to another area of the interconnected transmission systems
by way of transmission lines (or paths) between those areas under specified system conditions.
This value may reflect contractual arrangements or be based on certain equipment limitations
or system conditions.

TTC represents the reliability limit of a transmission path at any specified point in time.
Existing Transmission Commitments (ETC) is the measure of any transmission capacity
committed for use. Existing Transmission Commitments (ETCs) are a Transmission Provider’s
existing transmission capacity obligations which may include transmission contracts, OATT
transmission reservations, Native Load usage, reasonably forecasted (over the Planning
Horizon) Native or Network Load growth, or other obligations that impact Firm ATC.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Calculate the power flow through each line using DC Load Flow.

Step 2: Calculate the total transfer capability of the line by using the reactance of each line

TTT=1/X

Step 3: Compute the available transfer capability for each line using the relation

ATC=TTC-ETC

Step 4: For an increase in generation calculate the new power flow through each line.

Step 5: Calculate the transmission and distribution factor for each line

18
 TDF=New power-Old power /Change in power flow.

Step 6: Calculate the incremental transfer capability (ITC)

ITC=TTC-ETC/TDF

Step 7: The line with minimum ITC is the limiting element and the ATC of the limiting
element is the Available Transfer capability of the line.

Step 8: In case of outage of a line, calculate the new power flow through each line.

Step 9: Calculate the transmission and distribution factor for each line

FCTDF=New power-Old power /old power flow through outage line.

Step 10: Calculate the incremental transfer capability (ITC)

ITC=TTC-ETC/FCTDF

Step 11: The line with minimum ITC is the limiting element and the ATC of the limiting
element is the ATC of the line.

PROBLEM:

19
PROGRAM:

% Y bus
clc;
clear all;
% line data From Bus To Bus R X B
linedata= [1 2 0 0.5 0;
1 3 0 0.3 0;
1 4 0 0.6 0;
2 3 0 0.2 0;
3 4 0 0.1 0;];
busdata=[1;1;-1;-1];
P=busdata(:,1);
nlines=length(linedata(:,1));
frombus=linedata(:,1);
tobus=linedata(:,2);
resis=linedata(:,3);
reac=linedata(:,4);
b=linedata(:,5);
zimp=resis+j*reac;
Yadm=1./zimp;
badm=j*b;
nbus= max(max(frombus),max(tobus));
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nlines
Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))-Yadm(k);
Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))-Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))= Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))-Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k));
end;
disp('Bus admittance matrix bus');
Ybus
ybusmag= abs(Ybus);
ybusangle= angle(Ybus);
Xred= zeros(nbus,nbus);
G= real(Ybus);
B= imag(Ybus);
BT= Ybus(2:nbus,2:nbus);
XT= inv(BT);
Xred(2:nbus,2:nbus)= XT;
Xred= imag(Xred)
%PTDF Calculation
y=2;
z=3;

20
for p=1:nlines
PTDF(p,1)=((Xred(frombus(p),y)-Xred(frombus(p),z))-(Xred(tobus(p),y)-
Xred(tobus(p),z)))/reac(p);
end
disp('PTDF:');
PTDF
%Calculation of base case flows
theta= zeros(nbus,1);
theta(2:nbus)= imag(XT) *P(2:nbus);
for p=1:nlines
PO(p)= (theta(frombus(p))-theta(tobus(p)) )/reac(p);
end
disp('Base case flows:');
PO=PO'
%Calculation of Plmax
Pmax=1.5;
for p=1:nlines
Plmax(p)= abs((Pmax- PO(p)))/abs(PTDF(p));
end
Plmax= Plmax';
Atc =min(Plmax);
fprintf('ATC is %f',Atc);

OUTPUT:
Bus admittance matrix bus

Ybus =

0.0000 - 7.0000i 0.0000 + 2.0000i 0.0000 + 3.3333i 0.0000 + 1.6667i

0.0000 + 2.0000i 0.0000 - 7.0000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i
0.0000 + 3.3333i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 -18.3333i 0.0000 +10.0000i
0.0000 + 1.6667i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 +10.0000i 0.0000 -11.6667i

Xred =

0 0 0 0
0 0.2253 0.1154 0.0989
0 0.1154 0.1615 0.1385
0 0.0989 0.1385 0.2044

21
PTDF:
PTDF =

-0.2198
0.1538
0.0659
0.7802
-0.0659
Base case flows:

PO =

-0.0220
0.6154
0.4066
0.9780
0.5934

ATC is 0.669014

RESULT:

Thus the available transfer capability for the given power system network using DC
load flow solution is calculated and verified by MATLAB coding.

22
Exp No:5 STATE ESTIMATION (DC)
Date:
AIM:
To write and run the program for DC circuit state estimation using MATLAB program.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the measurement data [Z] and weights of the measuring meters [W]and
system model matrix [H].
Step 3: Calculate [G] matrix.
 
Step 4: Calculate the state estimate matric [ X ] and [ Z ] matrix.
 
Step 5: Compute the error[ e ]=[ Z ] - [ Z ]
Step 6: Find [ R' ]  [ I  HG 1 H T R 1 ]R
Step 7: Compute the standardized error estimates Si for bad data detection
Step 8: The measurement corresponding to the max[|Si|] is the bad data
Step 9: Leave the erroneous data and repeat the steps to get the revised estimates Z4 bad
measurement data.

PROBLEM:

For a DC circuits shown in below the meter readings are Z1=9.01A, Z2=3.02A,
Z3=6.98V and Z4=4.4V. assuming that the ammeters are more accurate than volt meters. The
measurement weights are respectively 100,100,50, and 50. Estimate the values of voltage
sources V1, V2. Result obtained from the above problem is not acceptable because of bad data
measurements. Identify and remove the bad data and estimate V1 and V2.

23
MATLAB CODE FOR DC STATE ESTIMATION:
%State Estimation
clc;
clear all;
Z=[9.01;3.02;6.98;4.40];
w=[100 100 50 50];
W=diag(w);
R=inv(W);
H=[0.625 -0.125;
-0.125 0.625;
0.375 0.125;
0.125 0.375];
Nm=length(Z);
Ns=length(H(1,:));
%State variable estimates computation
if Nm>Ns
G= H'*W*H;
Xest= inv(G)*H'*W*Z;
elseif Nm==Ns
Xest= inv(H)*Z;
elseXest= H'*inv(H*H')*Z;
end
Xest;
fprintf('The state variable estimates are \nV1=%f V\nV2=%f
V',Xest(1),Xest(2));
Zest= H*Xest;
E=Z-Zest;
%Calculation of Rmodified and Standardised error estimates
Rmod= (eye(Nm)- H*inv(G)*H'*inv(R))*R;
fori=1:Nm
S(i)=E(i)/((Rmod(i,i))^0.5);
end
S=S';
%Finding the bad measurement data
q=max(abs(S));
QQ= find(abs(S)==q);
fprintf('\n\nErroneous measurement is the %d thmeasurement,i.e. Z%d',QQ, QQ);
%Revised estimates
Nm= Nm-1;
Z(QQ)=[];
H([QQ],:)=[];
W([QQ],:)=[];
W(:,[QQ])=[];
if Nm>Ns
G= H'*W*H;
Xest= inv(G)*H'*W*Z;
elseif Nm==Ns
Xest= inv(H)*Z;
elseXest= H'*inv(H*H')*Z;

24
end
fprintf('\n\nThe corrected state variable estimates are \nV1=%f V\nV2=%f
V',Xest(1),Xest(2));
Zest= H*Xest;
E=Z-Zest;

OUTPUT:
The state variable estimates are
V1=15.868070 V

V2=7.758596 V

Erroneous measurement is the 4 thmeasurement,i.e. Z4

The corrected state variable estimates are

V1=16.007391 V

V2=8.026522 V>>

RESULT:
Thus the State Estimation of the DC circuit Program has run and verified by using MATLAB
software.

25
 Exp.No.:6 COMPUTATION OF HARMONIC INDICES GENERATED BY A
RECTIFIER FEEDING A R-L LOAD
Date:
AIM:

To perform the harmonic analysis of single phase fully controlled rectifier feeding a
RL Load.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB Simulink

THEORY:

 Rectifier is a power electronic device that converts AC into DC. But the output is not
a perfect DC. The output contains harmonics. These harmonics get reflected back into
the AC source current. That is why we have input current harmonics in rectifiers.
 Harmonics is a voltage or current at multiples of fundamental frequency. Total
harmonic distortion (THD) of a signal is the measurement of harmonics present in the
fundamental.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open a new Simulink file (model) in MATLAB.

2. With the help of Simulink library, select different blocks required, place them and connect
them according to the circuit diagram.

3. In each Scope block used, tap on “Settings”. Select “Save Data to Workspace”.

4. Run the Simulink file.

5. Click on the “Powergui” block and select “Tools”.

6. Now Select “FFT Analysis”.

7. Select appropriate signal for FFT Analysis.

8. FFT analysis of the signal is displayed. Also, THD of the signal is displayed.

26
 SIMULATION DIAGRAM

FFT ANALYSIS

RESULT:

Thus the harmonic indices generated by a Single phase fully controlled rectifier feeding a RL
Load is evaluated by means of FFT analysis in MATLAB Simulink.

27
 Exp.No: 7
LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICING COMPUTATION OF
Date :
RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEM

AIM

To calculate the Locational Marginal Price (LMP) of restructured power system using
MATLAB software.

SOFTWARE USED

MATLAB software

THEORY

 Locational marginal pricing (LMP) is the sum of supplying the next energy marginal
cost, cost of losses due to increment and transmission congestion cost.
 LMP is the true indicator of marginal pricing of energy.
 LMP models can be broadly classified as ACOPF and DCOPF models.
 DCOPF model based upon DC power flow approximation and has the following
advantages:
o Simplicity
o Speed of convergence
o Availability of LMP components

ALGORITHM

STEP 1: Start the program.

STEP 2: Calculate the line flows with only one generator(with least operating cost)
operating.

STEP 3: Check for the line overload.

STEP4: Calculate the generations i.e., generation schedule after limiting the overloaded line
to its flow limits.

STEP 5: Assume a load rise of 1MW and find ΔPG1, ΔPG2,…, ΔPGm where no of
generator,m=1,2,..,n.

STEP 6: Finally find LMP at all the load buses.

STEP 7: Stop the program.

28
PROBLEM

300 MW

$10/MWh 125 MW

150 MW x

2x

50 MW 100 MW

175 MW

200 MW

$20/MWh

PROGRAM:
%LMP
clc;
clear all;
%line data
%From_bus To_bus reactance line_flow_limit
linedata= [1 2 1 150;
1 3 1 50;
2 3 2 120];
%Bus Data
%Pg Pload
busdata= [500 0 10;
0 125 0;
200 175 20];
Pg= busdata(:,1);
Pl=busdata(:,2);
Op_cost =busdata(:,3);
x= linedata(:,3);
linelimit= linedata(:,4);
%Calculation of line flows with only one generator with lower op. cost
Plnew= zeros(3,1);
y=find(Pl);

29
X=x(1)+x(2)+x(3);
Plnew(1,1)= ((x(2)+x(3))/X)*Pl(y(1))+(x(2)/X)*Pl(y(2));
Plnew(2,1)= (x(1)/X)*Pl(y(1))+((x(2)+x(3))/X)*Pl(y(2));
Plnew(3,1)= (-x(1)/X)*Pl(y(1))+(x(2)/X)*Pl(y(2));
fprintf('Line flows:\n');
fprintf('%f MW\n%f MW\n%f MW\n',Plnew(1),Plnew(2),Plnew(3));
%Determination of line exceeding its limit
for t=1:3
if( Plnew(t)>linelimit(t))
fprintf('\nLine %d exceeds the limit\n',t);
z=t;
end
end
%Setting the exceeded line's flow to its max. limit
Plnew(z)=linelimit(z);
Plnew(z);
%Finding the optimum generations
syms Pg2 Pg1
eqn=(((x(1)/X)*Pl(y(1)))+(((x(2)+x(3))/X)*(Pl(y(2))-Pg2)))==Plnew(z);
Pg2 = solve(eqn,Pg2);
eqn= Pg1+ Pg2 == sum(Pl);
Pg1= solve(eqn,Pg1);
Pgen =[Pg1;0;Pg2];
fprintf('\nThe optimum generations are');
fprintf('\nGenerator 1=%f MW;\nGenerator 2 =%f MW\n',Pg1,Pg2);
%Computation of LMP at Load bus
Lmp= zeros(3,1);
Lmp=Op_cost;
syms delPg1 delPg2
eqn1= delPg1+ delPg2==1;
eqn2= ((x(1)/X)*delPg1)+((-x(3)/X)*delPg2)==0;
[delPg1 delPg2]=solve(eqn1,eqn2,delPg1,delPg2);
Lmp(2)= delPg1*Lmp(1) + delPg2*Lmp(3);
fprintf('\nLMP s of all the buses:\n')
Lmp

OUTPUT:
Line flows:
137.500000 MW
162.500000 MW
12.500000 MW
Line 2 exceeds the limit

30
The optimum generations are
Generator 1=150.000000 MW;
Generator 2 =150.000000 MW

LMP s of all the buses:

Lmp =

10.0000
13.3333
20.0000

RESULT

Thus, the Locational Marginal Prices (LMP) at all the buses are computed using MATLAB.

31
Exp No:8 CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS BY GENERATOR SHIFT FACTOR
Date: AND LINE OUTAGES DISTRIBUTION FACTOR METHOD

AIM:
To develop matlab program for doing contingency analysis on the given sample
power system network using generator shift factor
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: formulate y bus matrix then compute bus susceptance matrix B’ and inverse of
B’
m  n
Step 2: find line flows using the following formule f base 
x mn
Step 3:

i. Generator shift factors method:

The power value is changed according to the removal of particular generator
The generator shift factor between each bus is found by following formula
X ii  X ij
a li 
x ji

Where, X ii X ij are the elements of B matrix inverse.

Thus the new base value is found by using the formula given,

f l  f l 0  ali Pi
Where, ali is the generator shift factor.

Step 4:
ii. Line outage distribution factor method
When the line is removed, the line outage distribution factor is given by
1
xl

xin  xim  x jn  x jm 
d l ,k 
1
1
x k x nn  2 x nm  x mm 

The line outage is given by f l  f l 0  d lk f k

32
 Step 5: Stop the process.

MATLAB CODE FOR CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS:

%Contingency analysis
clc;
clear all;
linedata=[1 2 0 .2 0;
1 4 0 0.25 0;
2 3 0 0.15 0;
2 4 0 0.30 0;
3 4 0 0.40 0];
busdata=[1 0 1.05 0 0 0;
2 1 1.05 0 0.5 0;
3 2 0 0 -0.6 -0.6;
4 2 0 0 -0.7 -0.7];

nlines=length(linedata(:,1));
frombus=linedata(:,1);
tobus=linedata(:,2);
resis=linedata(:,3);
reac=linedata(:,4);
b=linedata(:,5);
type=busdata(:,2);
V= busdata(:,3);
npv = sum(type==1);
npq=sum(type==2);
del= busdata(:,4);
Psp=busdata(:,5);
Qsp=busdata(:,6);

zimp=resis+j*reac;
Yadm=1./zimp;
badm=j*b;
nbus= length(busdata(:,1));
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus);

%Ybus computation
for k=1:nlines
Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k))-Yadm(k);
Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))=Ybus(frombus(k),frombus(k))+badm(k)-
Ybus(frombus(k),tobus(k));
Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))= Ybus(tobus(k),tobus(k))+badm(k)-
Ybus(tobus(k),frombus(k));
end;

33
disp('Bus admittance matrix bus');
Ybus
ybus= abs(Ybus);
for a=1:nbus
for b=1:nbus
if a~=b
ybus(a,b)=-ybus(a,b);
end
end
end
ybusred= ybus(2:nbus,2:nbus);
xred= inv(ybusred);
X(2:nbus,2:nbus)= xred;
disp('Sensitivity matrix');
X

%Base case flows computation

theta= zeros(nbus,1);
theta(2:nbus)= xred *Psp(2:nbus);
for p=1:nlines
PO(p)= (theta(frombus(p))-theta(tobus(p)) )/reac(p);
end
disp('Base case flows:');
PO=PO'
% Calculation of generation shift factors
aa=zeros(nlines,npv+1);
for u=1:nlines
for v=1:npv+1
aa(u,v)= (1/reac(u))*(X(frombus(u),v)-X(tobus(u),v));
end;
end;
fprintf('\nGeneration shift factor matrix\n');
disp(aa);
% Calculation of line outage sensitivity factors
bb=zeros(nlines);
for u=1:nlines
for v=1:nlines
if u==v
bb(u,v)=0;
else
bb(u,v)=-(reac(v)/reac(u))*((X(frombus(u),frombus(v))-
X(frombus(u),tobus(v))-X(tobus(u),frombus(v))+X(tobus(u),tobus(v)))/(-
(reac(v))+X(frombus(v),frombus(v))+X(tobus(v),tobus(v))-
2*X(frombus(v),tobus(v))));
end
end
end
fprintf('\nLine outage sensitivity matrix\n');
disp(bb);

34
% Calculation of line flows after a generator shift/line outage
u=input('Enter the line for which flow is to be computed :');
t=input('Enter the outaged generator :');
fprintf('\nLine flow of the line-%d:\n',u)
Pll =PO(u)+aa(u,t)*(-Psp(t)*100)
uu=input('Enter the line for which flow is to be computed :');
tt=input('Enter the outaged line :');
fprintf('\nLine flow of line-%d:\n',uu);
POu = PO(uu)+bb(uu,tt)*PO(tt)

OUTPUT:
Bus admittance matrix bus

Ybus =

0.0000 - 9.0000i 0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 4.0000i

0.0000 + 5.0000i 0.0000 -15.0000i 0.0000 + 6.6667i 0.0000 + 3.3333i
0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 6.6667i 0.0000 - 9.1667i 0.0000 + 2.5000i
0.0000 + 4.0000i 0.0000 + 3.3333i 0.0000 + 2.5000i 0.0000 - 9.8333i

Sensitivity matrix

X =

0 0 0 0
0 0.1379 0.1215 0.0776
0 0.1215 0.2242 0.0982
0 0.0776 0.0982 0.1530

Base case flows:

PO =

0.2913
0.5087
0.5616
0.2297
-0.0384

Generation shift factor matrix

0 -0.6895
0 -0.3105
0 0.1096
0 0.2009
0 0.1096

35
Line outage sensitivity matrix
0 1.0000 -0.4000 -0.5500 -0.4000
1.0000 0 0.4000 0.5500 0.4000
-0.3529 0.3529 0 0.4500 -1.0000
-0.6471 0.6471 0.6000 0 0.6000
-0.3529 0.3529 -1.0000 0.4500 0

Enter the line for which flow is to be computed :1

Enter the outaged generator :2

Line flow of the line-1:

Pll =

34.7662

Enter the line for which flow is to be computed :1

Enter the outaged line :3

Line flow of line-1:

POu =

0.0667

RESULT :
Thus the contingency analysis is performed on the given power system network by generator
shift factor method and line outage distribution factor method the output has been verified using
MATLAB.

36
 Exp.No.: 9
LINE ENERGISATION USING EMTP
Date :

AIM:

To analyze the switching surge created during energization of a long distributed

parameter line using EMTP software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

EMTP-RV

THEORY:

 For a transmission line, if the source is stiff, a high percentage of a source voltage is
impressed across the line at the time the breaker closes to energize the line, if the line
is open at far end or terminated in a load such as an unloaded transformer which has a
high surge impedance, the wave that propagates will essentially double at the far end.
 This overvoltage caused at the remote end can put severe stress on the components at
that location.
 Conditions can be more critical if the line has trapped charges in it. Reclosing a line
with trapped charges will further induce overvoltages at the other end.
 Use of closing resistors (pre insertion resistors) reduces the voltage impressed on the
line. Before closing the line, switch S1 connected to PIR is switched first, followed by
switch S2.
 By this way PIR modifies the TRV on the main breaker S2.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open EMTP-RV and create a new file, by selecting “create EMTP default design”.
2. Select the components from library and place and connect them according to the circuit
diagram.
3. Double tap each component and set properties for each block/component that you use.
4. Set proper switching logic/breaker logic for the switches you use. (according to the
analysis)
5. Navigate to “Simulation options” and set the time step, simulation time, frequency
details.
6. Run the simulation.
7. Select ‘view scopes with mplot’ or ‘view scopes with scopeview’ to view the plots.

37
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:

VOLTAGE AT THE OPEN CIRCUIT END OF A LINE WITHOUT PIR:

38
VOLTAGE AT THE OPEN CIRCUIT END OF A PRECHARGED LINE WITHOUT PIR:

VOLTAGE AT THE OPEN CIRCUIT END OF A PRECHARGED LINE WITH PIR:

39
RESULT:

Thus the analysis of switching surges while energizing a long distributed parameter line
was done using EMTP-RV successfully.

INFERENCE:

It was found that overvoltages occur at the remote end while energizing the line, and it
is reduced while using PIR.

40
Exp No:10
INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS
Date:

AIM:
To perform induction motor starting analysis.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Read the induction motor data –Full load Amperes (FLA), RPM, frequency, R1, R2,
X1, X2, J, NS and Nr.

Step 3: Read the MVAs on System base (Sbase).

Step 4: Calculate Zs = (S3ph/Sbase).

2N s
Step 5: Calculate the synchronous speed   ;
60

Step 6: Consider steady state model of induction machine, read V1, V2, V3.

Step 7: Select the percentage speed.

Step 8: Slip S=(100-percentage speed)/100;

Step 9: Change in Speed ∆ω= Percentage speed (previous) - Percentage speed (current)

Step 10: Calculate current as

Step 11: Calculate Motor Torque (Tm) =

J  s
Step 12: Calculate t  ;
T

Step 13: Increment told by ∆t.

Step 14: Repeat for all percentage speed sets.

41
 Step 15: Plot Torque Vs Slip & Torque Vs Speed & Torque Vs Time & Current Vs Time.

Step 16: Stop.

MATLAB CODE FOR INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS:

clc;
clear all;
J=63.87;Ns=1500;
KW=1678.5;
V=230;
R1=0.029;
X1=0.226;
R2=0.022;X2=0.226;
g=0;wt=0;
Nr=0.5;%rotor speed Speed in percentage
for k=1:100
N(k)=Nr*Ns/100;%actual speed of the rotor
s(k)=(Ns-N(k))/Ns;%slip
s1=(Ns-g)/Ns;%Actual speed variation wrt earlier speed
d=(R1+(R2/s(k)))^2+(X1+X2)^2;%Z-transferred to rotor side
I1(k)=V/sqrt(d);%stator current
w=(2*pi*Ns)/60;%omega
Tm(k)=(3/(w*d))*V*V*(R2/s(k));%Torquee Developed
delws=(s(k)-s1);%ws variation
delwt=abs((J*1000*delws)/Tm(k));%wt variation from Inertia
g=N(k);%actual speed updated
wt=wt+delwt;%wt updated
at(k)=wt/(314.15);%wt assigned for graph
Nr=Nr+1;%speed variation
end;
disp('rotor speed, Current, Torque');
for k=1:100
fprintf('%f %f %f\n',N(k),I1(k),Tm(k));
end
plot(s,Tm)
xlabel('Slip')
ylabel('Torque')
plot(at,Tm)
xlabel('Time in Seconds')
ylabel('Torque')
plot(at,I1)
xlabel('Time in Seconds')
ylabel('Current')
plot(N,Tm)
xlabel('Speed')
ylabel('Torque')

42
OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus, the analysis was done on induction motor starting and the above characteristics curves
were plotted.

43