3/17/2016 Top 

100 Networking Interview Questions & Answers

Top 100 Networking Interview

Questions & Answers
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1)

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What is a Link?

A link refers to the connectivity between two

devices. It includes the type of cables and protocols
used in order for one device to be able to
communicate with the other.

2) What are the layers of the OSI reference

model?

There are 7 OSI layers: Physical Layer, Data Link

Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session
Layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.

3) What is backbone network?

A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure

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A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure
that is designed to distribute di⺶❹erent routes and
data to various networks. It also handles
management of bandwidth and various channels.

4) What is a LAN?

LAN is short for Local Area Network. It refers to the

connection between computers and other network
devices that are located within a small physical
location.

5) What is a node?

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content/uploads/2012/04/networking_interview_questions.jpg]

A node refers to a point or joint where a connection

takes place. It can be computer or device that is part
of a network. Two or more nodes are needed in
order to form a network connection.

6) What are routers?

Routers can connect two or more network

segments. These are intelligent network devices that
store information in its routing table such as paths,
hops and bottlenecks. With this info, they are able to
determine the best path for data transfer. Routers
operate at the OSI Network Layer.

7) What is point to point link?

It refers to a direct connection between two

computers on a network. A point to point
connection does not need any other network
devices other than connecting a cable
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devices other than connecting a cable to the NIC

cards of both computers.

8) What is anonymous FTP?

Anonymous FTP is a way of granting user access to

눍〽les in public servers. Users that are allowed access
to data in these servers do not need to identify
themselves, but instead log in as an anonymous
guest.

9) What is subnet mask?

A subnet mask is combined with an IP address in

order to identify two parts: the extended network
address and the host address. Like an IP address, a
subnet mask is made up of 32 bits.

10) What is the maximum length allowed for a

UTP cable?

A single segment of UTP cable has an allowable

length of 90 to 100 meters. This limitation can be
overcome by using repeaters and switches.

11) What is data encapsulation?

Data encapsulation is the process of breaking down

information into smaller manageable chunks before
it is transmitted across the network. It is also in this
process that the source and destination addresses
are attached into the headers, along with parity
checks.

12) Describe Network Topology

Network Topology refers to the layout of a computer

network. It shows how devices and cables are
physically laid out, as well as how they connect to
one another.

13) What is VPN?

VPN means Virtual Private Network, a technology

that allows a secure tunnel to be created across a
network such as the Internet. For example, VPNs
allow you to establish a secure dial-up connection to
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allow you to establish a secure dial-up connection to
a remote server
[http://career.guru99.com/category/server/] .

14) Brie퍑괰y describe NAT.

NAT is Network Address Translation. This is a

protocol that provides a way for multiple computers
on a common network to share single connection to
the Internet.

15) What is the job of the Network Layer under

the OSI reference model?

The Network layer is responsible for data routing,

packet switching and control of network congestion.
Routers operate under this layer.

16) How does a network topology a⺶❹ect your

decision in setting up a network?

Network topology dictates what media you must use

to interconnect devices. It also serves as basis on
what materials, connector and terminations that is
applicable for the setup.

17) What is RIP?

RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol is used

by routers to send data from one network to
another. It e皶ᅹciently manages routing data by
broadcasting its routing table to all other routers
within the network. It determines the network
distance in units of hops.

18) What are di⺶❹erent ways of securing a

computer network?

There are several ways to do this. Install reliable and

updated anti-virus program on all computers. Make
sure 눍〽rewalls are setup and con눍〽gured properly.
User authentication will also help a lot. All of these
combined would make a highly secured network.

19) What is NIC?

NIC is short for Network Interface Card. This is a

peripheral card that is attached to a PC
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peripheral card that is attached to a PC in order to

connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC
address that identi눍〽es the PC on the network.

20) What is WAN?

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an

interconnection of computers and devices that are
geographically dispersed. It connects networks that
are located in di⺶❹erent regions and countries.

21) What is the importance of the OSI Physical

Layer?

The physical layer does the conversion from data

bits to electrical signal, and vice versa. This is where
network devices and cable types are considered and
setup.

22) How many layers are there under TCP/IP?

There are four layers: the Network Layer, Internet

Layer, Transport Layer and Application Layer.

23) What are proxy servers and how do they

protect computer networks?

Proxy servers primarily prevent external users who

identifying the IP addresses of an internal network.
Without knowledge of the correct IP address, even
the physical location of the network cannot be
identi눍〽ed. Proxy servers can make a network
virtually invisible to external users.

24) What is the function of the OSI Session Layer?

This layer provides the protocols and means for two

devices on the network to communicate with each
other by holding a session.  This includes setting up
the session, managing information exchange during
the session, and tear-down process upon
termination of the session.

25) What is the importance of implementing a

Fault Tolerance System? Are there limitations?

A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data

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A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data
availability. This is done by eliminating a single point
of failure. However, this type of system would not be
able to protect data in some cases, such as in
accidental deletions.

26) What does 10Base-T mean?

The 10 refers to the data transfer rate, in this case is

10Mbps. The word Base refers to base band, as
oppose to broad band. T means twisted pair, which
is the cable used for that network.

27) What is a private IP address?

Private IP addresses are assigned for use on

intranets. These addresses are used for internal
networks and are not routable on external public
networks. These ensures that no con퍑괰icts are
present among internal networks while at the same
time the same range of private IP addresses are
reusable for multiple intranets since they do not
“see” each other.

28) What is NOS?

NOS, or Network Operating System

[http://career.guru99.com/category/operating-
system-2/] , is specialized software whose main task
is to provide network connectivity to a computer in
order for it to be able to communicate with other
computers and connected devices.

29) What is DoS?

DoS, or Denial-of-Service attack, is an attempt to

prevent users from being able to access the internet
or any other network services. Such attacks may
come in di⺶❹erent forms and are done by a group of
perpetuators. One common method of doing this is
to overload the system server so it cannot anymore
process legitimate tra皶ᅹc and will be forced to reset.

30) What is OSI and what role does it play in

computer networks?

OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves

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OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves as a

reference model for data communication. It is made
up of 7 layers, with each layer de눍〽ning a particular
aspect on how network devices connect and
communicate with one another. One layer may deal
with the physical media used, while another layer
dictates how data is actually transmitted across the
network.

31) What is the purpose of cables being shielded

and having twisted pairs?

The main purpose of this is to prevent crosstalk.

Crosstalks are electromagnetic interferences or
noise that can a⺶❹ect data being transmitted across
cables.

32) What is the advantage of address sharing?

By using address translation instead of routing,

address sharing provides an inherent security
bene눍〽t. That’s because host PCs on the Internet can
only see the public IP address of the external
interface on the computer that provides address
translation and not the private IP addresses on the
internal network.

33) What are MAC addresses?

MAC, or Media Access Control, uniquely identi눍〽es a

device on the network. It is also known as physical
address or Ethernet address. A MAC address is
made up of 6-byte parts.

34) What is the equivalent layer or layers of the

TCP/IP Application layer in terms of OSI
reference model?

The TCP/IP Application layer actually has three

counterparts on the OSI model: the Session layer,
Presentation Layer and Application Layer.

35) How can you identify the IP class of a given IP

address?

By looking at the 눍〽rst octet of any given IP address,

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By looking at the 눍〽rst octet of any given IP address,
you can identify whether it’s Class A, B or C. If the
눍〽rst octet begins with a 0 bit, that address is Class A.
If it begins with bits 10 then that address is a Class B
address. If it begins with 110, then it’s a Class C
network.

36) What is the main purpose of OSPF?

OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state

routing protocol that uses routing tables to
determine the best possible path for data exchange.

37) What are 눍〽rewalls?

Firewalls serve to protect an internal network from

external attacks. These external threats can be
hackers who want to steal data or computer viruses
that can wipe out data in an instant. It also prevents
other users from external networks from gaining
access to the private network.

38) Describe star topology

Star topology consists of a central hub that connects

to nodes. This is one of the easiest to setup and
maintain.

39) What are gateways?

Gateways provide connectivity between two or more

network segments. It is usually a computer that runs
the gateway software and provides translation
services. This translation is a key in allowing
di⺶❹erent systems to communicate on the network.

40) What is the disadvantage of a star topology?

One major disadvantage of star topology is that

once the central hub or switch get damaged, the
entire network becomes unusable.

41) What is SLIP?

SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is actually an

old protocol developed during the early UNIX days.
This is one of the protocols that are used for remote
access.
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access.

42) Give some examples of private network

addresses.

10.0.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0

172.16.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.240.0.0
192.168.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.0.0

43) What is tracert?

Tracert is a Windows utility program that can used

to trace the route taken by data from the router to
the destination network. It also shows the number
of hops taken during the entire transmission route.

44) What are the functions of a network

administrator?

A network administrator has many responsibilities

that can be summarize into 3 key functions:
installation of a network, con눍〽guration of network
settings, and maintenance/troubleshooting of
networks.

45) Describe at one disadvantage of a peer to

peer network.

When you are accessing the resources that are

shared by one of the workstations on the network,
that workstation takes a performance hit.

46) What is Hybrid Network?

A hybrid network is a network setup that makes use

of both client-server and peer-to-peer architecture.

47) What is DHCP?

DHCP is short for Dynamic Host Con눍〽guration

Protocol. Its main task is to automatically assign an
IP address to devices across the network. It 눍〽rst
checks for the next available address not yet taken
by any device, then assigns this to a network device.

48) What is the main job of the ARP?

The main task of ARP or Address Resolution Protocol

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The main task of ARP or Address Resolution Protocol
is to map a known IP address to a MAC layer
address.

49) What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol. This is a set of protocol layers that
is designed to make data exchange possible on
di⺶❹erent types of computer networks, also known as
heterogeneous network.

50) How can you manage a network using a

router?

Routers have built in console that lets you con눍〽gure

di⺶❹erent settings, like security and data logging. You
can assign restrictions to computers, such as what
resources it is allowed access, or what particular
time of the day they can browse the internet. You
can even put restrictions on what websites are not
viewable across the entire network.

51) What protocol can be applied when you want

to transfer 눍〽les between di⺶❹erent platforms,
such between UNIX systems and Windows
servers?

Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for 눍〽le transfers

between such di⺶❹erent servers. This is possible
because FTP is platform independent.

52) What is the use of a default gateway?

Default gateways provide means for the local

networks to connect to the external network. The
default gateway for connecting to the external
network is usually the address of the external router
port.

53) One way of securing a network is through the

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use of passwords. What can be considered as

good passwords?

Good passwords are made up of not just letters, but

by combining letters and numbers. A password that
combines uppercase and lowercase letters is
favorable than one that uses all upper case or all
lower case letters. Passwords must be not words
that can easily be guessed by hackers, such as dates,
names, favorites, etc. Longer passwords are also
better than short ones.

54) What is the proper termination rate for UTP

cables?

The proper termination for unshielded twisted pair

network cable is 100 ohms.

55) What is netstat?

Netstat is a command line utility program. It

provides useful information about the current
TCP/IP settings of a connection.

56) What is the number of network IDs in a Class

C network?

For a Class C network, the number of usable

Network ID bits is 21. The number of possible
network IDs is 2 raised to 21 or 2,097,152. The
number of host IDs per network ID is 2 raised to 8
minus 2, or 254.

57) What happens when you use cables longer

than the prescribed length?

Cables that are too long would result in signal loss.

This means that data transmission and reception
would be a⺶❹ected, because the signal degrades over
length.

58) What common software problems can lead to

network defects?

Software related problems can be any or a

combination of the following:
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– client server problems

– application con퍑괰icts
– error in con눍〽guration
– protocol mismatch
– security issues
– user policy and rights issues

59) What is ICMP?

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol. It

provides messaging and communication for
protocols within the TCP/IP stack. This is also the
protocol that manages error messages that are used
by network tools such as PING.

60) What is Ping?

Ping is a utility program that allows you to check

connectivity between network devices on the
network. You can ping a device by using its IP
address or device name, such as a computer name.

61) What is peer to peer?

Peer to peer are networks that does not reply on a

server. All PCs on this network act as individual
workstations.

62) What is DNS?

DNS is Domain Name System. The main function of

this network service is to provide host names to
TCP/IP address resolution.

63) What advantages does 눍〽ber optics have over

other media?

One major advantage of 눍〽ber optics is that is it less

susceptible to electrical interference. It also
supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can
be transmitted and received. Signal degrading is also
very minimal over long distances.

64) What is the di⺶❹erence between a hub and a

switch?

A hub acts as a multiport repeater. However, as

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A hub acts as a multiport repeater. However, as
more and more devices connect to it, it would not be
able to e皶ᅹciently manage the volume of tra皶ᅹc that
passes through it. A switch provides a better
alternative that can improve the performance
especially when high tra皶ᅹc volume is expected
across all ports.

65) What are the di⺶❹erent network protocols

that are supported by Windows RRAS services?

There are three main network protocols supported:

NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX.

66) What are the maximum networks and hosts

in a class A, B and C network?

For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and

16,777,214 hosts
For Class B, there are 16,384 possible networks and
65,534 hosts
For Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible networks
and 254 hosts

67) What is the standard color sequence of a

straight-through cable?

orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white,

green, brown/white, brown.

68) What protocols fall under the Application

layer of the TCP/IP stack?

The following are the protocols under TCP/IP

Application layer: FTP, TFTP, Telnet and SMTP.

69) You need to connect two computers for 눍〽le

sharing. Is it possible to do this without using a
hub or router?

Yes, you can connect two computers together using

only one cable. A crossover type cable can be use in
this scenario. In this setup, the data transmit pin of
one cable is connected to the data receive pin of the
other cable, and vice versa.

70) What is ipcon눍〽g?

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70) What is ipcon눍〽g?

Ipcon눍〽g is a utility program that is commonly used

to identify the addresses information of a computer
on a network. It can show the physical address as
well as the IP address.

71) What is the di⺶❹erence between a straight-

through and crossover cable?

A straight-through cable is used to connect

computers to a switch, hub or router. A crossover
cable is used to connect two similar devices
together, such as a PC to PC or Hub to hub.

72) What is client/server?

Client/server is a type of network wherein one or

more computers act as servers. Servers provide a
centralized repository of resources such as printers
and 눍〽les. Clients refers to workstation that access
the server.

73) Describe networking

[http://career.guru99.com/category/networking-
2/] .

Networking refers to the inter connection between

computers and peripherals for data communication.
Networking can be done using wired cabling or
through wireless link.

74) When you move the NIC cards from one PC to

another PC, does the MAC address gets
transferred as well?

Yes, that’s because MAC addresses are hard-wired

into the NIC circuitry, not the PC. This also means
that a PC can have a di⺶❹erent MAC address when
the NIC card was replace by another one.

75) Explain clustering support

Clustering support refers to the ability of a network

operating system to connect multiple servers in a
fault-tolerant group. The main purpose of this is the
in the event that one server fails, all processing will
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in the event that one server fails, all processing will
continue on with the next server in the cluster.

76) In a network that contains two servers and

twenty workstations, where is the best place to
install an Anti-virus program?

An anti-virus program must be installed on all

servers and workstations to ensure protection.
That’s because individual users can access any
workstation and introduce a computer virus when
plugging in their removable hard drives or 퍑괰ash
drives.

77) Describe Ethernet.

Ethernet is one of the popular networking

technologies used these days. It was developed
during the early 1970s and is based on
speci눍〽cations as stated in the IEEE. Ethernet is used
in local area networks.

78) What are some drawbacks of implementing a

ring topology?

In case one workstation on the network su⺶❹ers a

malfunction, it can bring down the entire network.
Another drawback is that when there are
adjustments and recon눍〽gurations needed to be
performed on a particular part of the network, the
entire network has to be temporarily brought down
as well.

79) What is the di⺶❹erence between CSMA/CD and

CSMA/CA?

CSMA/CD, or Collision Detect, retransmits data

frames whenever a collision occurred. CSMA/CA, or
Collision Avoidance, will 눍〽rst broadcast intent to
send prior to data transmission.

80) What is SMTP?

SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This

protocol deals with all Internal mail, and provides
the necessary mail delivery services on the TCP/IP
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protocol stack.

81) What is multicast routing?

Multicast routing is a targeted form of broadcasting

that sends message to a selected group of user,
instead of sending it to all users on a subnet.

82) What is the importance of Encryption on a

network?

Encryption is the process of translating information

into a code that is unreadable by the user. It is then
translated back or decrypted back to its normal
readable format using a secret key or password.
Encryption help ensure that information that is
intercepted halfway would remain unreadable
because the user has to have the correct password
or key for it.

83) How are IP addresses arranged and

displayed?

IP addresses are displayed as a series of four

decimal numbers that are separated by period or
dots. Another term for this arrangement is the
dotted decimal format. An example is 192.168.101.2

84) Explain the importance of authentication.

Authentication is the process of verifying a user’s

credentials before he can log into the network. It is
normally performed using a username and
password. This provides a secure means of limiting
the access from unwanted intruders on the network.

85) What do mean by tunnel mode?

This is a mode of data exchange wherein two

communicating computers do not use IPSec
themselves. Instead, the gateway that is connecting
their LANs to the transit network creates a virtual
tunnel that uses the IPSec protocol to secure all
communication that passes through it.

86) What are the di⺶❹erent technologies involved

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in establishing WAN links?

Analog connections – using conventional telephone

lines; Digital connections – using digital-grade
telephone lines; switched connections – using
multiple sets of links between sender and receiver
to move data.

87) What is one advantage of mesh topology?

In the event that one link fails, there will always be

another available. Mesh topology is actually one of
the most fault-tolerant network topology.

88) When troubleshooting computer network

problems, what common hardware-related
problems can occur?

A large percentage of a network is made up of

hardware. Problems in these areas can range from
malfunctioning hard drives, broken NICs and even
hardware startups. Incorrectly hardware
con눍〽guration is also one of those culprits to look
into.

89) What can be done to 눍〽x signal attenuation

problems?

A common way of dealing with such a problem is to

use repeaters and hub, because it will help
regenerate the signal and therefore prevent signal
loss. Checking if cables are properly terminated is
also a must.

90) How does dynamic host con눍〽guration

protocol aid in network administration?

Instead of having to visit each client computer to

con눍〽gure a static IP address, the network
administrator can apply dynamic host con눍〽guration
protocol to create a pool of IP addresses known as
scopes that can be dynamically assigned to clients.

91) Explain pro눍〽le in terms of networking

concept?

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Pro눍〽les are the con눍〽guration settings made for each

user. A pro눍〽le may be created that puts a user in a
group, for example.

92) What is sneakernet?

Sneakernet is believed to be the earliest form of

networking wherein data is physically transported
using removable media, such as disk, tapes.

93) What is the role of IEEE in computer

networking?

IEEE, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, is an organization composed of engineers
that issues and manages standards for electrical and
electronic devices. This includes networking devices,
network interfaces, cablings and connectors.

94) What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet

Layer?

There are 4 protocols that are being managed by

this layer. These are ICMP, IGMP, IP and ARP.

95) When it comes to networking, what are

rights?

Rights refer to the authorized permission to perform

speci눍〽c actions on the network. Each user on the
network can be assigned individual rights,
depending on what must be allowed for that user.

96) What is one basic requirement for

establishing VLANs?

A VLAN requires dedicated equipment on each end

of the connection that allows messages entering the
Internet to be encrypted, as well as for
authenticating users.

97) What is IPv6?

IPv6 , or Internet Protocol version 6, was developed

to replace IPv4. At present, IPv4 is being used to
control internet tra皶ᅹc, butis expected to get
saturated in the near future. IPv6 was designed to
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3/17/2016 Top 100 Networking Interview Questions & Answers
saturated in the near future. IPv6 was designed to
overcome this limitation.

98) What is RSA algorithm?

RSA is short for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It

is the most commonly used public key encryption
algorithm in use today.

99) What is mesh topology?

Mesh topology is a setup wherein each device is

connected directly to every other device on the
network. Consequently, it requires that each device
have at least two network connections.

100) what is the maximum segment length of a

100Base-FX network?

The maximum allowable length for a network

segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters. The
maximum length for the entire network is 5
kilometers.

Networking Quiz

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Join the discussion…

Dilip  •  2 years ago
GReat
1 △   ▽ • Reply • Share › 

APURVA KAMBLR  •  6 days ago
HELPFUL INFORMATION
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Ata Venkataram  •  5 months ago
Diffrence b/w udp and tcp? 
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Arther Samuel > Ata Venkataram
•   5 months ago

UDP:

Header is 8 bytes

conectionless protocol

when data send in an orderly fashion it mostly
is not received in that format

tries to send data evenif the n/w is busy and so
results in loss of data

no retransmission of lost data

Message oriented 
eg: mails , texts

TCP:

Header is 20 bytes

connection oriented
http://career.guru99.com/top­100­networking­interview­questions­answers/ 21/23
3/17/2016 Top 100 Networking Interview Questions & Answers

they reach exactly as they are send

it delays the transmission but guarenties no
loss of data

Retransmission of lost data occurs

Stream oriented
eg :phone conversation
1 △   ▽ • Reply • Share › 

John Cunningham  •  6 months ago
96) What is one basic requirement for establishing
VLANs?

A VLAN requires dedicated equipment on each end of
the connection that allows messages entering the
Internet to be encrypted, as well as for authenticating
users.

Whoever wrote the above question is confusing VLAN
with VPN. Wouldn't go over well in an interview, that. ;)
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Anonymous  •  8 months ago
Good job, thank you.

Q56, doesn't make any sense to me.
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

ajay shinde  •  8 months ago
question no 22 ans is wrong.. plz correct it tcp/ip have
5 layer data link internet session transport and
application
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Shubham Rajput > ajay shinde
•   7 months ago

no friend .... both are right
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Rabin Neupane > ajay shinde
•   8 months ago

TCP/IP has 4 layers. Network Interface,
Internet, Transport, and Application. Layer 1
and 2 of OSI is combined to form one layer,
Session­presentation­application of OSI is
conbined to form Application of TCP/IP layer.
http://career.guru99.com/top­100­networking­interview­questions­answers/ 22/23
3/17/2016 Top 100 Networking Interview Questions & Answers

△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Rajkumar  •  8 months ago
In QUiz Part the Question No 16: the answer is 24,
because the total no. Usable n/w id is 21. But in this
Question you asked only what is the n/w ids in Class
c? Not mentioned no. of usable Id's
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

AB009  •  a year ago
This helps a lot in brushing up my old skills, thank you
so much.
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Jignesh Jani  •  a year ago
I want to know how to calculate 21 in class c .
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

Shubham Rajput > Jignesh Jani
•   7 months ago

16+4+1 that means 0+0+0+1+0+1+0+1 if you
are confused 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 than
compare this
△  ▽ • Reply • Share › 

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