PPSC Lecturer Mathematics

Solved Paper 2020

Prepared By
Prof. Sardar Aqib Mahmood

Govt. Degree College (Boys) Ghakhar City, Gujranwala

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Q.22: Which one is more reliable, Simpson’s rule or trapezoidal rule?
(PPSC 2020)

(A)Trapezoidal rule (B) Simpson’s rule

(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

1. Trapezoid rule replaces function with straight line segments.

2. Simpson’s rule uses parabolas, so exact for quadratics.
3. Approximations improve as ∆𝑥 shrinks.
4. Generally Simpson’s rule superior to trapezoidal.

Correct Option: (B) Simpson’s rule

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Q.23: Ring of integers has characteristic: (PPSC 2020)

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) ∞ (D) None of these

Characteristic of a Ring:
If there are positive integers 𝑛 such that 𝑛𝑥 = 0 for all 𝑥 in the ring
𝑅, then the smallest positive integer 𝑚 such that 𝑚𝑥 = 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is
called the characteristic of 𝑅. If no such positive integer exists, then 𝑅 is said
to be of characteristic zero.
Example:
The ring ℤ of integers has characteristic zero since 𝑛𝑥 = 0 for all
𝑥 ∈ ℤ requires that 𝑛 = 0. For the same reason, the field ℝ of real numbers
and the field ℂ of complex numbers both have characteristic zero.
Correct Option: (B) 0

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Q.24: Kepler stated the first law of planetary motion in: (PPSC 2020)
(A) 1709 (B) 1609 (C) 1509 (D) 1809

Kepler Laws: Johannes Kepler published his first two laws of planetary
motion in 1609 which are:
(1) Each planet describes an ellipse with the sun at one focus.
(2) The radius vector drawn from the sun to the planet sweeps out the
equal areas in equal times.
Kepler published his third law of planetary motion in 1619 which is:
(3) The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes
of the semi-major axes of their orbits.
Correct Option: (B) 1609
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Q.25: The time of flight of the projectile is: (PPSC 2020)

2𝑣0 sin 𝛼 2𝑣0 cos 𝛼 𝑣0 sin 2𝛼 sec 𝛼 𝑣0 2 sin 2𝛼

(A) (B) (C) (D)
−𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔

Range of the Projectile:

𝑣0 2 sin 2𝛼
𝑥=
𝑔
𝜋
The range is maximum when 𝛼 = .
4
Time of Flight of the Projectile:
2𝑣0 sin 𝛼
𝑔
1
𝑣0 sin 2𝛼 sec 𝛼 𝑣0 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 2𝑣0 sin 𝛼
cos 𝛼
Correct Option: (C) = = .
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔

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Q.26: Let A and B be two n-squared matrices such that AB = A and BA = B,
then A and B are: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Idempotent (B) Involuntary (C) Nilpotent (D) None of these

Consider A2 = AA = (AB)A = A(BA) = AB = A.

Similarly, B2 = BB = (BA)B = B(AB) = BA = B.
Thus, A and B are idempotent.

Correct Option: (A) Idempotent

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Q.27: The function f(z) is analytical in a domain D and f(z) = c + iv(x,y)
where is a real constant. Then f in D is a: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Constant (B) Non-constant (C) Continuous (D) None of these

Theorem:
1. An analytic function whose real part is constant is itself a constant.
2. An analytic function whose imaginary part is constant is itself a
constant.

Correct Option: (A) Constant

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Q.28: 𝑑|𝑛 1/𝑑 = 𝜎 𝑛 /𝑛 for each integer: (PPSC 2020)

(A) 𝑛 ≥ 1 (B) 𝑛 ≥ 3 (C) 𝑛 ≥ 7 (D) None of these

Definition: Given a positive integer 𝑛, 𝜎 𝑛 denote the sum of the divisors
and defined as
𝜎 𝑛 = 𝑑
𝑑|𝑛
where d is a divisor of n.
For example, 𝜎 10 = 𝑑|10 𝑑 = 1 + 2 + 5 + 10 = 18
𝑛
Note that we can write the above as 𝜎 𝑛 = 𝑑|𝑛 𝑑 .
10
For example, 𝜎 10 = 𝑑|𝑛 𝑑 = 10 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 18.
𝑛
Therefore, 𝜎 𝑛 = 𝑑|𝑛 𝑑 = 𝑑|𝑛 𝑑, which gives 𝜎 𝑛 /𝑛 = 𝑑|𝑛 1/𝑑 .

Correct Option: (A) 𝑛 ≥ 1

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Q.29: tanh−𝟏 𝑧 is not defined for 𝑧 equal to: (PPSC 2020)

(A) 1 (B) −1 (C) ±1 (D) None of these

−1 1 1+𝑧
Since tanh 𝑧= ln , which is undefined at 𝑧 = ±1.
2 1−𝑧
−1 1 𝑧+1
Same is true for coth 𝑧= ln .
2 𝑧−1

Other formulas are given below:

sinh−1 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + 1 , cosh−1 𝑧 = ln 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 1
−1 𝑧+ 𝑧 2 +1 −1 𝑧+ 𝑧 2 −1
csch 𝑧 = ln , sech 𝑧 = ln
𝑧 𝑧
Correct Option: (C) ±1

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Q.30: If S1 and S2 are subsets of V(F) and L(S1) is the linear span of S1, then:
(PPSC 2020)

(A) 𝐿 𝐿 𝑆1 = 𝐿(𝑆1 ) (B) 𝐿 𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 = 𝐿 𝑆1 + 𝐿(𝑆2 )

(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) 𝐿 𝑆1 = 𝑆1

Theorem: If S1 and S2 are subsets of V(F) and L(S1) is the linear span of S1,
then
(1) 𝐿(𝐿(𝑆1 )) = 𝐿(𝑆1 )
(2) 𝐿 𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 = 𝐿 𝑆1 + 𝐿(𝑆2 )

Correct Option: (C) Both (A) and (B)

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Q.31: A normed space X is finite dimensional iff X is: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Compact (B) Connected

(C) Locally compact (D) None of these

Theorem 1: A normed space X is finite dimensional if and only if the closed

unit ball in X is compact.

Theorem 2: A normed space is finite dimensional if and only if its dual

space is finite dimensional.

Theorem 3: A normed space is locally compact if and only if it is finite

dimensional.

Correct Option: (C) Locally compact

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Q.32: Method of factorization is also called: (PPSC 2020)
(A) Method of factorization (B) Method of triangulation
(C) Indirect Method (D) Both (A) and (B)

Correct Option: (D) Both (A) and (B)

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 𝑝
Q.33: Let 𝑥, 𝑝 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + 1 > 0, 𝑝 ≠ 0,1 be such that 1 + 𝑥 < 1 + 𝑝𝑥,
then: (PPSC 2020)
(A) 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 1 (B) 0 ≤ 𝑝 < 1 (C) 0 < 𝑝 ≤ 1 (D) 0 < 𝑝 < 1
Bernoulli’s Inequality: If 𝑥 > −1 and if 𝑛 is a positive integer, then
1 + 𝑥 𝑛 ≥ 1 + 𝑛𝑥.
This inequality is called Bernoulli’s inequality.

Generalized Bernoulli’s Inequality: : If 0 ≠ 𝑥 > −1, then the following

generalizations of Bernoulli’s inequalities are valid:
1 + 𝑥 𝑎 > 1 + 𝑎𝑥, if 𝑎 > 1 or 𝑎 < 0
and
1 + 𝑥 𝑎 < 1 + 𝑎𝑥, if 0 < 𝑎 < 1.

Correct Option: (D) 0 < 𝑝 < 1

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Q.34: Let A be a real matrix with the rows form an orthonormal set, then A
is: (PPSC 2020)
(A) Normal (B) Orthogonal
(C) Columns of A form an orthogonal set (D) Both (A) and (C)

Theorem: Let 𝐴 be a real matrix. Then the following are equivalent:

(a) A is orthogonal.
(b) The rows of A form an orthonormal set.
(c) The columns of A form an orthonormal set.

Correct Option: (D) Both (A) and (C)

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Q.35: The locus of the centre of curvature of a curve is called evolute and a
curve is said to be an: (PPSC 2020)
(A) Evolute of its involute (B) Involute of its evolute
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Definition: Evolutes and Involutes

The Locus of centre of curvature of a curve is called the evolute of the curve
and the curve itself is called involute of the evolute.

Correct Option: (B) Involute of its evolute

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Q.36: Changes in sign but not in magnitude when the cyclic order is changed
is possible in: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Vector triple product (B) Scalar triple product

(C) Mixed product (D) Both (A) and (B)

Property: Scalar triple product changes in sign but not in magnitude when
the cyclic order of the vectors is changed.

Correct Option: (B) Scalar triple product

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Q.37: If A and B are two ideals of a ring R, then A + B is an ideal of R
containing: (PPSC 2020)

(A) A (B) B (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Theorem: If A and B are two ideals of a ring R, then A + B is an ideal of R

containing both A and B.

Correct Option: (C) Both (A) and (B)

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Q.38: Every metric space is a: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Hausdorff space (B) T2 -space

(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) T3

Theorem: Every metric space is a Hausdorff space or T2 space.

Correct Option: (C) Both (A) and (B)

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Q.39: The Cauchy-Riemann equations can be satisfied at a point z, but the
function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 can be at z: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Differentiable (B) Non-differentiable

(C) Continuous (D) None of these

Theorem : Suppose 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at a point 𝑧, then Cauchy-Riemann

equations are satisfied at 𝑧.

Note: The converse of this theorem is not true in general. For example, the
complex function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑖𝑦 3 satisfies CR- equations at origin but it is
not differentiable at origin.

Correct Option: (B) Non-differentiable

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 2𝑛𝑖 9−12𝑖 𝑛+2
Q.40: The sequence − converges to: (PPSC 2020)
𝑛+𝑖 3𝑛+1+7𝑖

(A) 3 + 6𝑖 (B) −3 − 6𝑖 (C) −3 + 6𝑖 (D) 3 − 6𝑖

2𝑛𝑖 9−12𝑖 𝑛+2 9−12𝑖

Since lim − = lim 2𝑖 − = −3 + 6𝑖
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+𝑖 3𝑛+1+7𝑖 𝑛→∞ 3

Correct Option: (C) −3 + 6𝑖

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Q.41: If 𝐹 is a continuously differentiable vector point function and V is the
volume bounded by a closed surface S, then 𝑆 𝐹 × 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝑣 is
called: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Gauss’ divergence theorem (B) Surface integral

(C) Volume integral (D) None of these

Theorem: Gauss’ Divergence Theorem

If 𝐹 is a continuously differentiable vector point function and V is the volume
bounded by a closed surface S, then 𝑆 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝑣.

Correct Option: (D) None of these

Note: There might be a typo, the paper setter may want to write

𝑆 𝐹 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝑣 instead of 𝑆 𝐹 × 𝑛 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 𝑑𝑣.

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Q.42: Let H, K be subgroups of a group G, then HK is a subgroup of G iff:
(PPSC 2020)

(A) 𝐻𝐾 = 𝐾𝐻 (B) 𝐻𝐾 ≠ 𝐾𝐻
(C) 𝐻−1 = 𝐾 −1 (D) 𝐻𝐾 −1
= 𝐻𝐾

Theorem: Let H, K be subgroups of a group G, then HK is a subgroup of G

if and only if 𝐻𝐾 = 𝐾𝐻.

Correct Option: (A) 𝐻𝐾 = 𝐾𝐻

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Q.43: The solutions sin 2𝑥 and cos 2𝑥 of the differential equation
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0 are: (PPSC 2020)
(A) Independent (B) Dependent
(C) Wronskian of both is zero (D) Both (A) and (C)
Theorem: If the Wronskian of a set of n functions defined on the interval
𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 is nonzero for at least one point in this interval, then the set of
functions is linearly independent there.
If the Wronskian is identically zero on this interval and if each of the
functions is a solution to the same linear differential equation, then the set of
functions is linearly dependent.
sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
Since 𝑊 sin 2𝑥 , cos 2𝑥 = 𝑑 sin 2𝑥 𝑑 cos 2𝑥 = −2 ≠ 0, so the solutions
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
are independent.
Correct Option: (A) Independent
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Q.44: Normal component of an acceleration is: (PPSC 2020)

(A) 𝑣/𝜌 (B) 𝑣 2 /𝜌 (C) 𝑝2 /𝑣 (D) 𝜌/𝑣

Acceleration of the particle is given by

𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
𝒂= 𝒕+ 𝒏
𝑑𝑡 𝜌
1
where 𝜌 = is the radius of curvature.
𝑘

𝑑𝑣
Tangential Component =
𝑑𝑡
𝑣2
Normal Component =
𝜌

Correct Option: (B) 𝑣 2 /𝜌

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Q.45: Let a and m > 0 be integers with 𝑎𝜑 𝑚
≡ 1 mod 𝑚 provided that:
(PPSC 2020)

(A) 𝑎 > 𝑚 (B) 𝑚 < 𝑎 (C) (𝑎, 𝑚) = 1 (D) (𝑎, 𝑚) ≠ 1

Theorem: Euler’s Theorem

Let a and m > 0 be integers such that gcd 𝑎, 𝑚 = 1. Then
𝑎𝜑 𝑚 ≡ 1 mod 𝑚 .

Correct Option: (C) (𝑎, 𝑚) = 1

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Q.46: For a function f, if 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0, the point 𝑥, 𝑦 will be
multiple of order: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Lower than two (B) Two (C) Higher (D) Higher than two

Definition:
For a function f(x,y), if 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0, the point 𝑥, 𝑦 will be multiple
of order higher than two.

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Q.47: The symbol 𝐴𝑖𝑗𝑘 , 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 = 1,2,3 denotes numbers: (PPSC 2020)

(A) 27 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 4

Multi-Index Symbols:
1. A symbol 𝐴𝑖 or 𝐴𝑗 is called one-index symbol where 𝑖 = 1,2,3. Thus 𝐴𝑖
denotes 3 numbers, namely, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 and 𝐴3 .
2. A symbol 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is called two-index symbol where 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2,3. Thus 𝐴𝑖𝑗
denotes 32 = 9 numbers.
3. A symbol 𝐴𝑖𝑗𝑘 is called three-index symbol where 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘 = 1,2,3. Thus
𝐴𝑖𝑗𝑘 denotes 33 = 27 numbers.
Correct Option: (A) 27
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Q.48: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , greatest ingeter ≤ 𝑥; be integrable function on 0,4 ,
4
then 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to: (PPSC 2020)

(A) 3 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 4

0, 0≤𝑥 <1
1, 1≤𝑥 <2
Since 𝑥 = , therefore
2, 2≤𝑥 <3
3, 3≤𝑥 <4
4 1 2 3 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0𝑑𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
0 0 1 2 3

Correct Option: (C) 6

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Q.49: The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 at the origin is only: (PPSC 2020)

(A) Differentiable (B) Continuous

(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Derivative of a Function: Let 𝑓 be a real-valued function defined on an

interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 𝑐, denoted by 𝑓′ 𝑐 , is
′
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑐
𝑓 𝑐 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−𝑐
provided that limit exists.
′ 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 0 𝑥 𝑥 −0
Since 𝑓 0 = lim = lim = lim 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥→0

Every differentiable function is continuous. The more strong option is:

Correct Option: (A) Differentiable

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Q.50: For any real matrix A such that 𝐴𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝐴, we have A: (PPSC 2020)
(A) Orthogonal (B) Normal
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Orthogonal Matrix: A real matrix A is orthogonal if 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴−1 —that is, if

𝐴𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐼.
Thus, A must necessarily be square and invertible.
Normal Matrix: A real matrix A is normal if it commutes with its transpose
𝐴𝑡 —that is, if 𝐴𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝐴.
Thus, if A is symmetric, orthogonal, or skew-symmetric, then A is normal.
There are also other normal matrices.
Correct Option: (C) Both (A) and (B)

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Q.51: If 𝐿, 𝑀, 𝑁 are three subspaces of a vector space V such that 𝑀 ⊂ 𝐿 ,
then (PPSC 2020)
(A) 𝐿 ∩ 𝑀 + 𝑁 = 𝐿 ∩ 𝑀 + 𝐿 ∩ 𝑁
(B) 𝐿 ∩ 𝑀 + 𝑁 = 𝑀 + 𝐿 ∩ 𝑁
(C) 𝐿 ∪ 𝑀 + 𝑁 = 𝐿 ∪ 𝑀 + 𝐿 ∪ 𝑁
(D) Both (A) and (B)

Theorem: If 𝐿, 𝑀, 𝑁 are three subspaces of a vector space V such that 𝑀 ⊂ 𝐿

, then
𝐿∩ 𝑀+𝑁 = 𝐿∩𝑀 + 𝐿∩𝑁 =𝑀+ 𝐿∩𝑁 .

Correct Option: (D) Both (A) and (B)

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