WEEK 4: RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PARTS AND COMPONENTS (IDENTIFICATION THROUGH

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS)
Topic 1. DISTINGUISHING BUILDING PARTS PER STANDARDS

To understand how the building standards are applied in the design of residences it is important to understand first the different
components of a house.

SECTION 3.01.08: Maximum Requirements for Group A Dwellings: One Two Stories

(a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy. The dwelling shall occupy not more than 90 per cent of a corner lot and 80
per cent of an inside lot, and subject to the provisions on easements of light and view of the Civil Code of the
Philippines, shall be at least 2.00 meters (6 feet, inches) from the property line.
(b) Light and Ventilation. Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide adequate light and
ventilation.

(1) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms and utility rooms shall have a height of not less than 2.40 meters (8
feet), measured from floor to ceiling.

(2) Rooms shall have a minimum size of 6.00 square meters (65 square feet) with a least horizontal dimension of
2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) for rooms of human habitations; 3.00 square meters (32 feet) with a least horizontal
dimension of 1.50 meters (5 feet) for kitchens; and 1.20 square meters (13 square feet) with a least horizontal
dimension of 90 centimeters (3 feet) for bathrooms.

(3) Windows shall be at least 1/10th of the floor area of the room.

(c) Sanitation. Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and adequate washing and drainage
facilities.

(d) Foundation. Footing shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load and dwelling and shall be at least
30 centimeters (1 foot) thick and 60 centimeters (2 feet) below the surface of the ground. Each post shall be
anchored to such footings by straps and bolts of adequate size.

(e) Post or Suportales. The dimensions of wooden post or suportales shall be those found in Table 3.01 - A
Dimension of Wooden Posts or Suportales (Annex B).

(f) Floor. The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square meter (40 pounds per square foot)
and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).

(g) Roof. The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square meter (30 pounds per square foot).

(h) Stairs. Stairs may be 75 centimeters (30 inches) wide, with a rise of 20 centimeters (8 inches) and a run of 23
centimeters (9 inches).

(i) Entrance and Exit. There shall be one entrance and one exit.

(j) Electrical Outlets. There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00 meters (20 feet) of wall measured along
the floor and one light outlet for every room.

(k) Mechanical Requirements. Family dwellings not more than two stories shall be exempt from the requirements of
the Mechanical Code.

TITLE 7 - ENGINEERING REGULATIONS

Chapter 7.01 - GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 7.01.01: Scope

(a) The design and construction of all buildings and structures shall be in compliance with the provisions of the
National Structural Code for Buildings, latest edition, adopted and promulgated by the Board of examiners of civil
engineers pursuant to Republic Act Numbered 544, as amended, otherwise known as the "Civil Engineering Law".

TITLE 8 - DETAILED REGULATIONS

Chapter 8.01 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 8.01.01: General

(a) Buildings proposed for construction shall comply with all the regulations and specifications herein set forth
governing quality, characteristics and properties of materials, methods of design and construction, type of occupancy,
and classification of construction.

SECTION 8.01.02: Excavations, Foundations, and Retaining Walls

(a) General. Subject to the provisions of Articles 684 to 686 of the Civil Code of the Philippines on lateral and
subjacent support, the quality of materials and design used structurally in excavations, footings and shall conform to
the internationally recognized and accepted principles of engineering.

(b) Excavation or fills.

(1) Excavation or fills for any building structure and excavations or fills accessory thereto shall be so constructed or
protected that they do not endanger life and property.

(2) Whenever or wherever the depth of any excavation for a new construction is such that the lateral and subjacent
support of the adjoining property or existing structure thereon would be affected in a manner that the stability of
safety of the same is in endanger, the person undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaking or causing the
excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible for the expense of underpinning or extending the foundation or
footings of the aforementioned property or structure only when such underpinning is necessary for the safety of the
same during excavation.

(3) Excavations and other similar disturbances made on public property caused by public utilities shall be repaired
immediately and returned to its former condition within 48 years from the start of such excavations and disturbances
by the public utility franchise owner and the duly constituted officials thereof. Adequate signs and safeguards shall be
installed around and near the excavation to protect the public from any danger of falling into the excavation.
Repeated and flagrant violations of this Section shall be the basis of revocation of any public utility franchise. This
provision shall not exempt the franchise owner and the duly constituted officials thereof from any criminal or civil
liabilities arising from such excavations and disturbances to third persons.

(c) Footings and Foundations, and Retining Walls

(1) Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate size, and capacity in order to safely
sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or any condition to external forces that may affect the safety or
stability of the structure. It shall be the responsibility of the architect and/or engineer to adopt the type and design of
the same in accordance with generally accepted principles and standards of engineering.

(2) Whenever or wherever there exists in the site of the construction on abrupt change in the ground levels or levels
of the foundation such that instability of the soil could result, retaining walls shall be provided and such shall be of
adequate design and type of construction in accordance with generally accepted standards and principles of
engineering.

SECTION 8.01.03: Veneer

(a) Definition. Veneer is a nonstructural facing of brick, concrete, stone, tile, metal, plastic, glass, or other similar
approved materials attached to a backing or structural components of the building for the purpose of ornamentation,
protection, or enclosure that may be adhered, integrated, or anchored either on the exterior or interior of the building
or structure.
(b) Design Requirements. The design of all veneer shall comply with the following:cralaw
(1) Veneer shall support no load other than its own weight and the vertical dead load of veneer above.

(2) Surfaces to which veneer is attached shall be designed to support the additional vertical and lateral loads
imposed by the veneer.

(3) Consideration shall be given for differential movement of supports including that caused by temperature changes,
shinkage, creep, and deflection.

(4) Adhered veneer and its backing shall be designed to have a bond to the supporting elements sufficient to
withstand shearing stresses due to their weights including seismic effects on the total assemblage.

(5) Anchored veneer and its attachments shall be designed to resist external forces equal to twice the weight of the
veneer.

(6) Anchors, supports, and veneers shall be incombustible corrosion-resistant.

(c) Construction. The person undertaking a causing a construction to be undertaken shall observe, to the satisfaction
of the Building Official, internationally recognized and accepted principles governing dimensions of units, weights of
materials, methods of construction, attachment or anchorage, bonding or anchorage, bonding or adhesion, structural
adequacy and type and rigidity of backing, and considerations for differential movements of supports including that
caused by temperature changes, shinkage, creep, and deflection.

SECTION 8.01.04: Enclosure of Vertical Openings

(a) General. Vertical openings be enclosed depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of a particular type of
construction as set forth in this Code.

(b) Elevator Enclosures. Walls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators shall be not less than the fire-
resistive construction required under the Types of Construction. Enclosing walls of elevators shafts may consist of
wire glass set in metal frames on the entrance side only. Elevator shafts extending through more than two stories
shall be equipped with an approved means of adequate ventilation to and through the main roof of the building:
Provided, That in buildings housing Groups G and F Occupancies equipped with automatic fire-extinguishing
systems throughout, enclosures shall not be required to escalators: Provided, further, That the top of the escalator
opening at each story shall be provided with a draft curtain. Such draft curtain shall enclose the perimeter of the
unenclosed opening and shall extend from the ceiling downward at least 30 centimeters (12 inches) on all sides.
Automatic sprinklers shall be provided around the perimeter of the opening and within 60 centimeters (2 feet) of the
draft curtain. The distance between the sprinklers shall not exceed 1.80 meters (6 feet) center-to-center.

(c) Other Vertical Openings. All shafts, ducts, chutes, and other vertical openings not covered in paragraph (b),
above shall have enclosing walls conforming to the requirements specified under the Type of Construction of the
building in which they are located. In other than Group A Occupancies rubbish and linen chutes shall terminate in
rooms separated from the remainder of the bidding by a One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation. Openings
into the chutes shall not be located in required exit corridors or stairways.

(d) Air Ducts. Air ducts passing through a floor shall be enclosed in a shaft. The shaft shall be as required in this
Code for vertical openings. Dampers shall be installed where ducts pierce the shaft enclosure walls. Air ducts in
Group A Occupancies need not be enclosed in a shaft if conforming to the mechanical provisions of this Code.

SECTION 8.01.05: Floor Construction

(a) Floor construction shall be of materials and construction as specified under Title 2 on Fired Zones and Fire-
Resistive Standards and under Title 4 on Types of Construction.

(b) All floors shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls as to form an integral part of the
whole building.

(c) The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beams and girders from spreading by
installing either ties or bridging, with no laterally unsupported length of joints being permitted to exceed 2.40 meters
(8 feet) except as otherwise specified in this Code.

SECTION 8.01.06: Roof Construction ad Covering

(a) Roof Coverings. Roof coverings for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or ordinary depending upon the fire-
resistive requirements of the particular Type of Construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be
permitted in all Types of Construction provided it is covered with approved roof covering applied directly thereto.

(b) Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls so as to form an
integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses shall have all joints well fitted and shall have all tension members
well tightened before any load is placed on the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to brace all roof
trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall conform to this Code. The minimum net section
of the members after framing shall be used in determining the strength on the truss at any point.

(c) Attics

(1) Access. An attic access opening shall be provided in the ceiling of the top floor of buildings with combustible
ceiling or roof construction. The opening shall be located in a corridor or hallway of buildings or three or more stories
in height, and readily accessible in buildings of any height. The opening be not less than 55 centimeters by 75
centimeters (22 inches by 30 inches). Seventy-five centimeters (30 inches) minimum clear headroom shall be
provided above the access opening. Attics with a maximum vertical clear height of less than 75 centimeters (30
inches) need not be provided with access openings.

(2) Area Separations. Enclosed attics spaces formed of combustible construction shall be divided into horizontal
areas not exceeding 230 square meters (2500 square feet) by partitions extending from the ceiling to the roof. Such
partitions shall be not less than 13 millimeters (1/2 inch) thick gypsum wallboard, or 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) nominal
thickness tight-fitting wood, 10 millimeters (3/28 inch) thick plywood or approved incombustible materials adequately
supported. Openings in the partitions shall be protected by self-closing doors constructed as required for the
partitions: Except, That where the entire attic is equipped with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system, the
attic space may be divided into areas not to exceed 700 square meters (7500 square feet).

(3) Draft Stops. Regardless of the Type of Construction, draft stops shall be installed in trussed roofs, between roof
and bottom chord of trusses, in all buildings exceeding 1900 square meters (20,000 square feet). Draft stops shall be
constructed as for attic area separations, and in accordance with Type of Construction.

(4) Ventilation. Enclosed attics and enclosed rafter spaces formed where ceilings are applied direct to the underside
of roof rafters, shall have cross ventilation for each separate space by ventilating and openings protected against the
entrance of rain. The net free ventilating area shall be not less than 1/150ths of the area of the space ventilated,
except that the area nay be 1/300ths this provided by ventilators located in the upper portion of the space to be
ventilated at least 90 centimeters (3 feet) above eave or cornice vents with the balance of the required ventilation
provide by eave or cornice vents.
(d) Roof Drainage. Roof systems not designed to support accumulated water shall be sloped for drainage.

(1) Roof Drains. Unless roofs are sloped to drain over roof edges or are designed to support accumulated water, roof
drains shall be installed at each low point of the roof. Roof drains shall be adequate in size to convey the water
tributary to the roof drains.

(2) Overflow Drains and Scuppers. Where roof drains are required, overflow drains having the same size as the roof
drains shall be installed with the inlet flow line located 5 centimeters (2 inches) above the low point of the roof, or
overflow scuppers having three times the size of the roof drains may be installed in adjacent parapet walls with the
inlet flow line 5 centimeters (2 inches) above the low the point of the adjacent roof and having minimum opening
height of 10 centimeters (4 inches). Overflow drains shall be connected to drain lines independent from the roof
drains.

(3) Concealed Piping. Roof drainage overflow drains, when concealed within the construction of the building, shall be
installed.

(4) Over Public Property. Roof drainage water from a building shall not be permitted to flow over public property,
except for Groups A and J Occupancies.

(e) Flashing. At the juncture of the roof and vertical surface, flashing and counterflashing shall be provided.

SECTION 8.01.07: Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads

(a) General. The construction of stairs exits, and occupant loads shall conform to requirements for occupants of
buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and grandstands.

(1) Determination of Occupant Loads. The occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall be
determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the square meters or square feet per occupant
according generally accepted principles of engineering. The capacity of a building containing mixed occupancies
shall be determined by adding the number of occupants of the various parts of the building classified as to
Occupancy and Type of Construction.

(2) Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes shall be
determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed the
required width of an exit except projections permitted by this code.

(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where fixed seats are not
installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose, shall have the capacity of the room posted
in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be maintained in a legible manner by
the owner or his authorized agent, and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use.

(4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in elevation of not less than 30 centimeters (12
inches) along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps.

(b) Exits Required

(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors
above the first story having an occupant load of more than 10 shall have not less than two exits. Each mezzanine
used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters (2000 square feet), or if more than
18.00 meters (60 feet) in any dimension shall have not less than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every story or
portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have not less than three exits. Every story or portions
thereof, having an occupant load of 1000 or more shall have not less than four exits. The number of exits required
from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level
under consideration as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant load in the first adjacent story above (and the first
adjacent story below, when a story below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of the
occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent story. The maximum number of exits required for
any story shall be maintained until egress is provided from the structure. For purposes of this Section, basements or
cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided with exits as required for stories. Floors above the second story,
basements, and cellars used for other than service of the building shall have not less than two exits.

(2) Width. The total width of exists in meters shall be not less than the total occupant load served divided by 165 (in
feet, by 50). Such width of exits shall be divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit width
required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the occupant load of that story, plus the
percentage of the occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under considerations as follows: 50 per cent of
the occupant load in the first adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below when a story below exits
through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first
adjacent story. The maximum exit width required from any story of a building shall be maintained.

(3) Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than
one-fifth of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are
required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked others will be available.

(4) Distance to Exits. No point in an unsprinkled building shall be more than 45.00 meters (150 feet) from an exterior
exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In building
equipped with a complete automatic fire-extinguishing system the distance from exits may be increased to 60.00
meters (200 feet).

(c) Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area having an occupant load more than
10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas.

(1) Swing. Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any hazardous areas or when serving an
occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting doors shall not be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with
panic hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less than 1300 square centimeters
(200 square inches).

(2) Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special
knowledge or effort: Except, That this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit doors in a Group E or F Occupancy
if there is a conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that the door is to remain
unlocked during business hours. The locking device must be of a type that will be readily distinguishable as locked.
Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited.

(3) Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the installation of a door not less
than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width and not less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) in height. When installed in exit
doorways, exits doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of
the exitway is not less than 70 centimeters (2 feet, 4 inches). In computing the required exit width, the net dimension
of the exitway shall be used.

(4) Door Leaf Width. No leaf an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) in width.

(5) Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required exits.
(6) Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an approved means of egress from the
building.

(7) Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a floor or landing on each side of
and exit door. The floor or landing shall be level with, or not more than 5 centimeters (2 inches) lower than the
threshold of the doorway: Except, That in Groups A and B Occupies, a door may open on the top step of a flight of
stairs or an exterior landing providing the door does not swing over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is
not more than 19 centimeters (7-1/2 inches) below the floor level.

(8) Door Identification. Glass doors shall conform to the requirements specified in Section 10.05.05. Other exit doors
shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable from the adjacent construction.

(9) Additional Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they shall conform to all provisions in
the following cases: Approved revolving door having leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be
used in exit situations: Provided, That such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches); or they are
not used in occupancies where exits are required to be equipped with panic hardware; or at least one conforming exit
door is located adjacent to each revolving door installed in a building, and the revolving door shall not be considered
to provide any exit width.

(d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit balcony
serving as required exit for an occupant load of more than 10.

(1) Width. Every corridor or exterior exit balcony shall be not less in which 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches).

(2) Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall be unobstructed: Except, That trim,
handrails, and doors when fully opened shall not reduce the required width by more than 18 centimeters (7 inches).
Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half.

(3) Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged to allow going to either direction
from any point in the corridor or exterior exit balcony to a separate exit, except for dead ends permitted.

(4) Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted when the dead ends does not
exceed 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.

(5) Construction. Walls and ceilings of corridors shall be not less than one hour fire-resistive construction: Except,
That this requirement shall not apply to exterior exit balcony railings, corridors of a one-story building housing a
Group E or F Occupancy occupied by one tenant only and which serves an occupant load of 30 less, nor to corridors,
formed by temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies cannot project into an area where protected openings are
required.

(6) Openings. Where corridor walls are required to be one-hour fire-resistive construction every interior door opening
shall be protected as set forth in generally recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose fire exit doors.
Other interior openings, except ventilation louvers equipped with approved automatic fire shutters shall be 6.3
millimeters (1/4 inch) fixed wire glass set in steel frames. The total area of all openings other than doors, in any
portion of an interior corridor wall shall not exceed 25 per cent of the area of the corridor wall of the room which it is
separating from the corridor.

(c) Stairways. Every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to the following requirements of
this Code except stairs or ladders used only to attend equipment.
(1) Width. Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall be not less in width than 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8
inches). Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 less may be 90 centimeters (3 feet) wide. Private stairways serving
an occupant load less than 10 may be 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) wide. Trim and handrails shall not reduce the
required width may more than 9 centimeters (3-1/2 inches).

(2) Rise and Run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 19 centimeters (7-1/2 inches) and the run
shall not be less than 25 centimeters (10 inches). Except as provided under paragraph (d) the maximum variations in
the height of risers and the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters (3-1/2 inch): Except, That in private
stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10, the rise may be 20 centimeters (8 inches) and run may be 23
centimeters (9 inches).

(3) Winding Stairway. In Group A Occupancies and in private stairways in Group B Occupancies, winders may be
used if the required width of run is provided at a point not more than 30 centimeters (12 inches) from the side of the
stairway where the treads are the narrower, but in no case shall any width of run be less than 15 centimeters (6
inches) at any point.

(4) Circular Stairways. Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the minimum width of run is not less than 25
centimeters (10 inches). All treads in any one flight between landing shall have identical dimensions within a 5-
millimeters (3/16-inch) tolerance.

(5) Landings. Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of travel equal to the width of the
stairway. Such dimension need not exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) when the stair has a straight run. Landings, when
provided shall not be reduced in width by more than 9.3 centimeters (3-1/2 inches) by a door when fully open.

(6) Basement Stairways. Where a basement stairway and stairway to an upper story terminate in the same exit
enclosure, an approved barrier shall be provided to prevent persons from continuing on into the basement.
Directional exit signs shall be provided as specified in this Code.

(7) Distance Between Landings. There shall be not more than 3.65 meters (12 feet) vertically between landings.

(8) Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side, and every stairway required to be more than 3.00 meters
(9 feet) in width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.00 meters (9 feet of required
width. Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately equal within the entire width of the stairway. Handrails
shall be placed not less than 75 centimeters (2 feet, 6 inches) nor more than 85 centimeters (2 feet, 10 inches) above
the nosing of threads, and ends of handrails shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts or safety terminals:
Except, in the following cases: Stairways 1.12 meters (3 feet, 8 inches or less in width and stairway serving one
individual dwelling unit in Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrails, except that such stairway open on one
or both sides shall have handrails provided on the open side or sides; or stairways having less four than four risers
need not have handrails.

(9) Exterior Stairway Protection. All openings in the exterior wall below or within 3.00 meters (10 feet), measured
horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a building over two stories in height shall be protected by a self-
closing fire assembly having a three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating: Except, That openings may be unprotected
when two separated exterior stairways serve an exterior exit balcony.

(10) Stairway Construction-Interior. Interior stairways shall be constructed as specified in this Code. Where there is
enclosed usable space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction.

(11) Stairway Construction-Exterior. Exterior stairways shall be of incombustible material: Except, That on Type III
buildings which do not exceed two stories in height, and are located in less fire-resistive Fire Zones, as well as on
Type I buildings, these may be of wood not less than 5 centimeters (2 inches) in nominal thickness. Exterior stairs
shall be protected as required for exterior walls due to location on property as specified in this Code. Exterior
stairways shall not project into an area where openings are required to be protected. Where there is enclosed usable
space under stairs the walls and soffits of the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required for
one-hour fire-resistive construction.

(12) Stairway to Roof. In every building more than two stories in height, one stairway shall extend to the roof surface,
unless the roof has a slope greater than 1 in 3.

(13) Headroom. Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less than2.00 meters (6 feet, 8
inches). Such clearance shall be established by measuring vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway
tread nosing to the soft above all points.

(f) Ramps. A ramp conforming to the requirements of this Code may be used as an exit. The width of ramps shall be
as required for corridors.

(g) Horizontal Exit. If conforming to the provisions of this Code, a horizontal exit may be required exit. All openings in
a separation wall shall be protected by a fire assembly having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one hour. A
horizontal exit shall lead into a floor area having capacity for an occupant load not less than the occupant load served
by such exit. The capacity shall be determined by allowing 0.28 square meter (3 square feet) of net clear floor area
per ambulatory occupant and 1.86 square meters (20 square feet) per non-ambulatory occupant. The dispersal area
into which the horizontal exit leads shall be provided with exits as required by this Code.

(h) Exit Enclosures. Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as specified in this Code: Except,
That in other than Group D Occupancies, an enclosure will not be required for a stairway, ramp, or escalator serving
only one adjacent floor and connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors. Stairs in Group A Occupancies
need not be enclosed.

(1) Enclosure walls shall be of not less than two-hour fire-resistive construction elsewhere. There shall be no
openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. All exit doors in an exit enclosure
shall appropriately be protected.

(2) Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors connecting stairway flights and shall also
include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway to the exterior of the building. Enclosed corridors or
passageways are not required from unenclosed stairways.

(3) A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is
provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally continuing into the basement.

(4) There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairways in an exit enclosure, nor shall the open space under
such stairways be used for any purpose.

(i) Smokeproof Enclosures. A smoke enclosure shall consist of a continuous stairway enclosed from the highest point
top the lowest point by walls of two-hour fire-resistive construction. In buildings five stories or more in height, one of
the required exits shall be smokeproof enclosure.

(1) Stairs in smokeproof enclosures shall be of incombustible construction.

(2) There shall be no openings in smokeproof enclosure, except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls. There
shall be no openings directly into the interior of the building. Access shall be through a vestibule with one wall at 50
per cent open to the exterior and having an exit door from the interior of the building and an exit door leading to the
smokeproof enclosure. In lieu of a vestibule, access may be by way of an open exterior balcony of incombustible
materials.

(3) The opening from the building to the vestibule or balcony shall be protected with a self-closing fire assembly
having one-hour fire-resistive rating. The opening from the vestibule or balcony to the stair tower shall be protected a
self-closing fire assembly having a one-hour fire-resistive rating.

(4) A smokeproof of enclosure shall exit into a public way or into an exit passageway leading to a public way. The exit
passageway shall be without other openings and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of two-hour exit resistance.

(5) A stairway in a smokeproof enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an approved barrier is
provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from accidentally continuing into the basement. chan robles
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(j) Exit Outlets, Courts, and Passageways. Every exit shall discharge into a public way, exit court, or exit
passageway. Every exit court shall discharge into a public way or exit passageway. Passageways shall be without
openings other than required exits and shall have walls, floors, and ceilings of the building but shall be not less than
one-hour fire-resistive construction.

(1) Width. Every exit court and exit passageway shall be at least as wide as the required total width of the tributary
exits, such as required width being based on the occupant load served. The required width of exit courts or exit
passageways shall be unobstructed except as permitted in corridors. At any point where the width of an exit court is
reduced from any cause, the reduction in width shall be affected gradually by a guardrail at least 90 centimeters (3
feet) in height. The guardrail shall make an angle of not more than 30 degrees with the exit court.

(2) Slope. The slope of exit courts shall not exceed 1 in 10. The slope of exit passageways shall not exceed 1 in 8.

(3) Number of Exits. Every exit court shall be provided with exits as required by this Code.

(4) Openings. All openings into an exit court less than 3.00 meters (10 feet) wide shall be protected by fire
assemblies having a three-fourths-hour fire resistive rating: Except, That openings more than 3.00 meters (10 feet)
above the floor of the exit court may be unprotected.

Topic 2. ANTHROPOMETRICS
The study of the human body and its movements.

The study of the human body and its movement, often involving research into measurements relating to people. It
also involves collecting statistics or measurements relevant to the human body, called Anthropometric Data. The data
is usually displayed as a table of results, diagram or graph. Anthropometric data is used by designers and architects.
Topic 3. ERGONOMICS
The study of people and their relationship with the environment around them.

Measurements, also known as ‘anthropometric data’, are collected and applied to designs / products, to make them
more comfortable to use. The application of measurements to products, in order to improve their human use, is called
Ergonomics.

The diagram below shows, a table of anthropometric data (measurements) and how these are applied to the hand.

Ergonomics involves the study of people and their relationship with the environment around them. It often involves
research into the way people interact with products and the environment. Anthropometrical data is used to determine
the size, shape and/or form of a product, making it more comfortable for humans to use and easier to use. The
ergonomics of a product is usually displayed as a drawing such as the one below.
Whatever you are designing, it must fit the person it is design for (usually called the customer / client). Adults and
children come in all shapes and sizes. We all like or dislike colors, texture, sounds, tastes, flavors, forms and shapes.
Consequently, when we design products, factors such as these should be kept in mind.

When designing a toy there are a number of points to consider. Children learn from sound, sight, colour, movement
and other aspects. These all contribute to the ergonomics or anthropometrics of a design.

ERGONOMICS is mainly concerned with working out measurements, in order to improve the design of products.

For example: When designing a chair, one of the most important factors is comfort. This is linked closely to the
seating height. Usually the seating height is calculated by measuring the most comfortable height for the person who
is going to use the chair. If the chair is to be used by numerous people (such as in a Doctors waiting room), it is
important to measure the comfortable seating height of a range of people and then work out the average height. The
average seating height is then applied to the chair.