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Eso201A: Thermodynamics 2020-21 Ist Semester IIT Kanpur Instructor: P.A.Apte

This document contains lecture material on thermodynamics from a course at IIT Kanpur. It discusses the first law of thermodynamics as applied to control masses and control volumes. For control volumes, the first law equation accounts for changes in total energy of the fluid in the control volume, as well as heat and work interactions. This equation is applied to analyze steady flow processes in equipment like pumps, compressors, diffusers and nozzles. An example problem solves for mass flow rate and pressure changes for air flowing through a diffuser using the steady flow first law equation.

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Jitesh Hemji
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
81 views

Eso201A: Thermodynamics 2020-21 Ist Semester IIT Kanpur Instructor: P.A.Apte

This document contains lecture material on thermodynamics from a course at IIT Kanpur. It discusses the first law of thermodynamics as applied to control masses and control volumes. For control volumes, the first law equation accounts for changes in total energy of the fluid in the control volume, as well as heat and work interactions. This equation is applied to analyze steady flow processes in equipment like pumps, compressors, diffusers and nozzles. An example problem solves for mass flow rate and pressure changes for air flowing through a diffuser using the steady flow first law equation.

Uploaded by

Jitesh Hemji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ESO201A : THERMODYNAMICS

2020-21 Ist semester


IIT Kanpur

Instructor : P.A.Apte
Lecture 10
Copyright: The instructor of this course (ESO201A) owns the copyright of all the
course materials. The lecture material was distributed only to the students
attending the course ESO201A of IIT Kanpur, and should not be distributed in
print or through electronic media without the consent of the instructor. Students
can make their own copies of the course materials for their use.
Rate form of First law for a control mass :
Recall that the rate form of the first law as applied to a control
mass is
dECM
= Q in - W
 out, t
dt
Here : ECM is the total energy of a given control mass system
and it can be expressed as E =
CM ∫
e ρ dV
CM

Q in = Rate of energy transfer to


the control mass as heat
W out, t = Rate of energy transfer to
dV
(x,y,z)
the control mass as work
Control mass (CM)
First law as applied to a control volume :
Applying Reynolds transport theorem to the left hand side of
the rate form of first law (on previous slide) and splitting work
term in two parts, we get
dECV  
 
+ ∫ e ρ (V.n) dA = Q in - Wout
non − flow  flow
- Wout
dt CS
Here : ECV is the total energy of the fluid inside the control volume
at a given time t, expressed as
ECV = ∫ e ρ dV
CV

n  out ,t = W
W  out
non − flow  out
+W flow

θ V
Thus, the total work done is split into two
dA parts: flow work and non-flow work.
Non-flow work term includes shaft work,
moving boundary work as well as non-
Control Volume (CV) mechanical forms of work
IMPORTANT : Note that the heat and work terms in the equation on the
last slide can be interpreted as heat received and work done per
unit time by the body of the fluid (control mass) that occupies the
control volume at the given time t*. Thus,

Q in = Heat input per unit time to the body of the


fluid (control mass) that occupies
the control volume at given time t *

 out,t = W
W  out
non-flow  out
+W flow

= total work done per unit time by


the body of the fluid (control mass)
that occupies the control volume
at a given time t *
Flow work :
 

W flow
out = ∫ P (V.n) dA
CS

PdA = Force acting on the differential area element dA



in the direction of n
  
V.n = displacement per unit time in the direction of n

  out
W flow
= Work done by the control mass
n
θ
 (which is entirely occupying the control
V
dA
volume) in pushing the external mass of
fluid at the surface of the control mass
Control Volume (CV)
First law as applied to control volumes :

dECV    
+ ∫ e ρ (V.n) dA = Q in - W out
non-flow
- ∫ P (V.n) dA
dt CS CS

dECV  
+ ∫ (e ρ + P) (V.n) dA = Q in - W  out
non-flow

dt CS
dECV  
+ ∫ (e + Pv) ρ(V.n) dA = Q in - W  out
non-flow

dt CS
Choosing the control volume such that the
control surface is perpendicular to the direction
 
of flow, we have V.n=V (the magnitude of the velocity)
 
for outlets and V.n= - V for inlets.
First law as applied to control volumes :
dECV
+ ∫ (e + Pv) ρ V dA - ∫ (e + Pv) ρ V dA
dt CS(out) CS(in)

= Q in - W
 out
non-flow

Here CS(out) is that part of the control surface


where fluid is exiting the control volume.
Similarly, CS(in) is that part of the control surface
where fluid is entering the control volume.
Now, we assume that properties e, P, v, and ρ(= 1 / v)
are constant over CS(out) and CS(in). We can simplify
the terms involving the area integration in the above
expression.
First law as applied to control volumes :

Note that using the assumption made in the last


 
slide, ∫ (e+Pv) ρ V dA=∑ (e+Pv) ρ ∫ V dA 
CS(out) out  out 
=∑ (e+Pv) m
out

Similarly integration over CS(in) can be simplified.


Thus,the first law expression can be written as
dECV
+ ∑ m(e
 + Pv) - ∑ m(e
 + Pv)
dt out in

= Q in - W
 out
non-flow
First law as applied to control volumes :
 1 2 
Note that (e + Pv) =  u + V + gZ + Pv 
 2 
 1 2 
=  h + V + gZ 
 2 
Substituting this in the previous equation, we get
dECV  1 2   1 2 
= ∑ m  h + V + gZ  - ∑ m  h + V + gZ 
 
dt in  2  out  2 
+ Q in - W
 out
where the superscript "non - flow" on work term is dropped
for simplicity. Henceforth, it will be understood that the
work term in the above expression is the non - flow work.
First law as applied to control volumes :
We shall use the first law expression in the box in the last slide for
analysis of flow equipments.

Several equipments like pumps, compressors, diffusors, nozzles etc.


operate under “steady-flow” conditions.

In “steady-flow” conditions, properties of the fluid may vary in space


inside the control volume, however the properties at a given point
in space are constant, i.e., do not change with time. For example,
the velocity vector is a function of (x,y,z) but NOT time. Similarly,
specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific volume and
density of the fluid are also be functions of (x,y,z) (i.e., coordinates
within the control volume) but NOT time.

Thus in “steady flow”, properties such as total energy ECV, total


mass MCV are constant.
First law as applied to control volumes :
We shall use the first law expression in the box in the last slide for
analysis of flow equipments.

Several equipments like pumps, compressors, diffusors, nozzles etc.


operate under “steady-flow” conditions.

In “steady-flow” conditions, properties of the fluid may vary in space


inside the control volume, however the properties at a given point
in space are constant, i.e., do not change with time. For example,
the velocity vector is a function of (x,y,z) but NOT time. Similarly,
specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific volume and
density of the fluid are also be functions of (x,y,z) (i.e., coordinates
within the control volume) but NOT time.

Thus in “steady flow”, properties such as total energy ECV, total


mass MCV are constant.
“Steady-flow” conditions :
In “steady-flow” conditions, the first law expression simplifies to :

 1 2   1 2 
∑
in
m  h + V + gZ  - ∑ m  h + V + gZ 

 2

 out  2 
+ Q in - W
 out = 0

This is because under steady-flow :

dECV
=0
dt
Nozzles and diffusors:
Example: deceleration of air in a diffuser

Solution : (a) To find mass flow rate, we assume that air is an ideal
gas. The specific volume can then be obtained as:

The volumetric flow rate is the velocity of air at the inlet multiplied by
inlet area. Since both of these quantities are given, mass flow rate is
obtained by dividing volumetric flow tate by specific volume :
Example: deceleration of air in a diffuser
(b) we neglect changes in potential energy and heat transfer to the
diffuser. Also, in the diffuser no work is done. The diffuser operates
under steady state. The inlet is denoted as ‘1’ and outlet as ‘2’.
Hence the first Law expression for steady-flow devices simplifies to :
Example: deceleration of air in a diffuser
(b)

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