UCP: CA 04_Job Order Costing AY 2019-2020

Universal College of Paranaque

College of Business & Accounting

CA 04 – JOB ORDER COSTING

LECTURE NOTES
Job order costing - is a method of accumulation of costs by specific jobs. This costing method is appropriate if a
product can be produced separately, distinct from the other jobs which require different amount of materials, labor
and overhead. Further, this method is used when the products manufactured within the department or cost center are
heterogeneous or dissimilar type of products.

Procedures performed in Job order costing method:

A. Costing each product

1. Direct materials and direct labor are traced to a particular job.
2. Costs not directly traceable are applied to individual jobs using a predetermined overhead rate, in
accordance with normal costing of products.
3. Difference between the applied factory overhead and actual factory overhead, which may either be over-
applied or under-applied, may be disposed to cost of goods sold or allocate between cost of goods sold and
appropriate inventory accounts (work in process and finished foods)

B. Service cost allocation

Service department cost are costs allocated to the service department which are part of overhead and should be
allocated to the production departments that use the service. This is necessary for product costing and financial
reporting: all manufacturing costs, whether originating in production departments or in service departments,
must be assigned to the goods produced for proper inventory valuation and cost of goods sold determination.

The most ideal way, costs incurred by service departments should be allocated on the basis of cause and effect
relationship. However, such possible direct relationships are often not available. In relation to this, the most
widely use methods of service department allocation are the following:
1. Direct method – allocates service department costs directly to the producing departments.
2. Step or step-down method – involves allocation of service department costs directly to both service and
producing departments
3. Reciprocal method – allows reflection of all reciprocal services among services departments.

C. Overhead Allocation
Factory or manufacturing overhead is usually assigned to products based on a predetermined rate. The rate is
determined by dividing budgeted overhead by budgeted volume (in hours or labor cost etc.).

D. Accounting for Scrap, Waste, Spoilage and Rework

1. Scrap materials – refer to filings or excessive trimmings of materials, defective materials that cannot be
returned to vendor or not suitable for manufacturing operations, or broken parts as a result of an employee
error or machine breakdowns that causes the product in poor quality condition. Scrap sales may be
accounted for as follows:

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a. Additional Revenue
b. Reduction to Cost of Goods Sold
c. Reduction to Factory Overhead Control
d. Reduction in the Cost of Materials traceable to the particular job

Generally, scrap is regarded as an offset to manufacturing overhead.

2. Waste – this is the amount of raw materials left over from a production process or production cycle for
which there is no further use. Waste is not usually salable at any price and must be discarded.
3. Spoilage or spoiled goods – are either partially or fully completed units, for reason of being spoiled, they
cannot be corrected because it is not technically or economically possible to correct them. Spoilage may
either be:
a. Charged to Particular Job – due to exacting specifications or customer imposed standards.
b. Charged to All Production / Factory Overhead – due to internal failure brought by an employee error
or worn-out machinery
4. Rework – this is a process of correcting defective units in order to bring them into a salable condition.
Rework cost may either be:
a. Charged to Particular Job – due to exacting specifications or customer imposed standards.
b. Charged to All Production / Factory Overhead – due to internal failure brought by an employee error
or worn-out machinery

Annex A – Job Order Costing Basic Problems:

1. James Company consumed P 450,000 worth of direct materials during May 2011. At the end of the month,
the direct materials inventory of Flor was P 25,000 lower than the May 1 inventory level. How much was
the direct materials procured during May 2011?
a. P 475,000
b. P 375,000
c. P 400,000
d. P 425,000

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2. Kobe Company incurred the following costs during the month: direct labor, P 120,000; factory overhead, P
108,000; and direct materials purchases, P 160,000. Inventories shows the following costs:

Beginning Ending

Finished goods……………………………………………………………………. P 27,000

P30,000

Work in process………………………………………………………………… 61,500

57,500

Direct materials…………………………………………………………………. 37,500

43,500

How much is the cost of goods manufactured?

a. P 443,500
b. P 382,000
c. P 386,000
d. P 388,000

3. Last month, Jordan Company placed P 60,000 of materials into production. The Printing Department used
8,000 labor hours at P 5.60 per hour and the Binding Department used 8,000 labor hours at P 6.00 per hour.
Factory overhead is applied at a rate of P 6.00 per labor hour in the Printing Department and P 8.00 per
labor hour in the Binding Department: Jordan’s inventory accounts show the following balances:

Beginning Ending

Finished goods……………………………………………………………………. P 22,000 P

17,000

Work in process…………………………………………………………………. 15,000

17,600

Materials……………………………………………………………………………. 20,000
18,000

What is the total cost of goods sold?

a. P 219,600
b. P 214,600
c. P 108,000
d. P 217,200

4. The factory ledger of Iverson Corporation contains the following cost data for the year ended December 31,
2011:

Inventories

Opening Closing

Raw materials……………………………………………………………………. P150,000

P170,000

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Work-in-process……………………………………………………………….. 160,000 60,000

Finished goods…………………………………………………………………… 180,000 220,000

Raw materials used……………………………………………………………

652,000

Total manufacturing costs charged to

Production during the year

(including raw materials, direct
labor and factory overhead applied
at the rate of 50% of direct labor cost)…………………. 1,372,000

Compute the: (1) cost of raw materials purchased and (2) direct labor charged to production during the year:

a. (1) P 632,000; (2) P 240,000

b. (1) P 672,000; (2) P 480,000
c. (1) P 672,000; (2) P 720,000
d. (1) P 360,000; (2) P 480,000

5. Bird Marketing Corp. uses a job-order costing system. It has production departments, X,Y and Z. The
manufacturing cost budget for 2011 is as follows;

Dept. X Dept. Y Dept. Z

Direct Materials ………………………………………………………… P 600,000 P 400,000 P

200,000

Direct Labor ……………………………………………………………… 200,000 500,000

400,000

Manufacturing overhead ………………………………………… 600,000 100,000

200,000

For Job No. 01-90 which was completed in 2011, direct materials cost was P 75,000 and direct labor cost
was as follows:

Dep.t X
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……… P 40,000

Dep.t Y
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……… 100,000

Dep.t Z
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……… 20,000

The corporation applies manufacturing overhead to each job order on the basis of direct labor cost, using
departmental rates predetermined at the beginning of the year based on the manufacturing cost budget.

The total manufacturing cost of Job No. 01-90 which was completed in 2011 is:

a. P 235,000
b. P 310,000
c. P 385,000

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d. P 150,000
e.
6. The following data were taken from the records of the Magic Company:

08/31/2011 09/30/2011

Inventories:

Raw materials……………………………………………………………………. P ?
P 50,000

Work in process……………………………………………………………….. 80,000

95,000

Finished goods…………………………………………………………………… 60,000 78,000

Raw materials purchases, P 46,000.

Factory overhead, 75% of direct labor cost, P 63,000.
Selling and administrative expenses, 12.5% of sales, P 25,000.
Net income for September 2011, P 25,000.

What is the cost of raw materials inventory on August 31, 2011?

a. P 30,000
b. P 40,000
c. P 46,000
d. P 50,000

7. Pippen Corporation manufacturers rattan furniture sets for export and uses the job order cost system in
accounting for its cost. You obtained from the corporation’s books and records the following information
for the year ended December 31, 2011:
- The work in process inventory on January 1 was 20% less than the work in process inventory on
December 31.
- The total manufacturing costs added during 2011, was P 900,000 based on actual direct materials and
direct labor but with manufacturing overhead applied on actual direct labor pesos.
- The manufacturing overhead applied to process was 72% of the total direct labor pesos, and it was
equal to 25% of the total manufacturing costs.
- The cost of goods manufactured, also was based on actual direct materials, actual direct labor and
applied manufacturing overhead, was P 850,000.

The cost of direct materials used and the work-in-process inventory on December 31, 2011:

Direct Materials Used Work-in-process Inventory

a. P 1,075,000 P 200,000
b. P 362,500 P 250,000
c. P 312,500 P 250,000
d. P 312,500 P 275,000

8. Rodman Company has the following data on April 30, 2011:

April manufacturing overhead………………………………………………………………………….. P

30,101.80
Decrease in ending inventories:

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Materials………………………………………………………………………………………………
2,430.00
Goods in Process…………………………………………………………………………………..
590.00
Increase in ending inventory:
Finished Goods…………………………………………………………………………………….
1,320.40

The manufacturing overhead amounts to 50% of the direct labor, and the direct labor and manufacturing
overhead combined equal 50% of the total cost of manufacturing. All materials are purchased F.O.B
shipping point.

What is the cost of goods manufactured?

a. P 180,610.80
b. P 181,200.80
c. P 182,300.80
d. P 183, 200.80

9. The Kerr Corporation manufactures one product and accounts for cost by a job-order cost system. You
have obtained the following information for the year ended December 31, 2011 form the corporation’s
books and records:

Total manufacturing cost added during 2011

based on actual direct materials, actual
direct labor and applied factory overhead
on actual direct labor cost…………………………………………………………P 1,000,000
Cost of goods manufactured based on actual
Direct materials and direct labor and
applied factory overhead…………………………………………………………… 970,000
Applied factory overhead to work in process
based on direct labor cost………………………………………………………….. 75%
Applied factory overhead for the year, based
on total manufacturing cost……………………………………………………… 2%

Beginning work in process inventory was 80% of ending work in process inventory.
Compute the cost of direct materials used for year ended December 31, 2011.

a. P 370,000
b. P 970,000
c. P 990,000
d. P 970,500

10. Shaq Corp., employs a job order cost system. Its manufacturing activities in July 2011, its first month of
operation, are summarized are as follows; JOB NUMBERS
1201 1202 1203 1204
Direct materials………………………………………… P 7,000 P 5,800 P 11,600 P
5,000
Direct labor cost……………………………………….. 6,600 6,000 8,400
2,400
Direct labor hours……………………………………… 1,100 1,000 1,400
400

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Units produced…………………………………………. 200 100 1,000

300

Manufacturing overhead is applied at a rate of P 2 per direct labor hour for variable overhead, P 3 per hour
fixed overhead.
Jobs 1201, 1202 and 1203 were completed in July.

What is the cost of the completed jobs?

a. P 62,900
b. P 62,500
c. P 72,900
d. P 65,900

11. Job No. 010 has, at the end of the second week in April, an accumulated total cost of P 4,200. In the third
week, P 1,010 of direct materials were used on the Job.

Twenty (20) hours of direct labor services were applied to the job at a cost of P 5 per hour.

Manufacturing overhead was applied at the basis of P 2.50 per direct labor hour fixed overhead and P 2 per
hour for variable overhead.

Job No. 010 was the only job completed during the third week.

The total cost of Job Order No. 010 is:

a. P 5,390
b. P 5,360
c. P 5,350
d. P 5,400

12. The Work-in-Process account of the Wade Company which uses a job order cost system follows:

Work-in-Process________________________________
.

April 1 Balance……………………. P 25,000 Finished Goods……………………….. P 125,450

Direct Materials…………………. 50,000

Direct Labor……………………….. 40,000

Overhead Applied……………… 30,000

Overhead is applied to production at a predetermined rate, based on direct labor cost. The work in process on
April 30 represents the cost of Job Bo. 456, which has been charged with direct labor cost of P 3,000 and Job
No. 789, which has been charged with applied overhead of P 2,400.

The cost of direct materials charged to Job No. 456 and Job No. 789 amounted to:

a. P 8,700
b. P 7,600
c. P 4,500
d. P 4,200

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13. The following information were taken from the accounting records of Carmelo Company for 2011:

Increase in raw materials inventory………………………………………………………. P 45,000

Decrease in finished goods inventory……………………………………………………. 150,000

Raw materials purchases……………………………………………………………………….

1,290,000

Direct labor payroll……………………………………………………………………………….

600,000

Factory overhead………………………………………………………………………………….
900,000

Freight out…………………………………………………………………………………………….
135,000

The cost of raw materials used during the period amounted to:

a. P 1,245,000
b. P 1,290,000
c. P 1,335,000
d. P 1,380,000

14. Bosh, Inc. manufacturers specialized precision electronics kits. In late March, Job orders #0311 and #0322
were started. Estimated materials cost were P 90,000 for both orders (60% for #0311) while direct labor
hours were estimated at P 700 for #0311 and P 400 for #0322. Labor rate is P 18 per hour while variable
overhead rate is P 10 per hour.

By the end of April, 755 of the required materials have been issued to production in the amount of P 90,000
and both job orders have been 50% converted with 360 hours charged to #0311 and 180 hours charged to
#0322 at the hourly rates given.

The total cost charged to Job Order #0311 was:

a. P 45,800
b. P 52,350
c. P 64,080
d. P 67,600

15. Allen Handy Crafts manufacturers to customers’ specifications. The company uses a job order cost system
and for the month of May 2011, summarized the following information:

Beginning work in process inventory

(five partially completed jobs)…………………………………………………………… P
300,000
Orders completed (eighteen)………………………………………………………………………….
2,400,000
Orders shipped out (fourteen)………………………………………………………………………..
2,000,000

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Materials requisitioned…………………………………………………………………………………..
1,700,000
Direct labor
cost……………………………………………………………………………………………..
800,000
Overhead = 150% of direct labor cost.

The month-end work in process inventory was:

a. P 700,000
b. P 800,000
c. P 1,400,000
d. P 1,600,000

16. Vince, Inc. manufactured 50,000 kilos of compound Am in 2011 at the following costs:

Opening work-in-process of P 88,125.

Materials of P 182,500 of which 90% is direct materials.
Labor of P 242,500 of which 93% is direct labor.
Closing work-in-process of P 67,500.

Factory overhead is 125% of direct labor cost and includes indirect materials and indirect labor. The cost of
gods manufactured is:

a. P 651,056
b. P 692,306
c. P 706,906
d. P 727,531

17. Jason Burger Co.’s materials purchase during 2011 are P 25,590 and materials put into production are
direct and indirect materials, respectively, worth P 18,500 and P 7,090. The total factory payroll is P 74,000
of which P 50,000 represents direct labor. Other factory overhead costs amount to P 32,000. The company
applies the actual factory overhead cost to process. Sales, cost of goods sold, and the cost of goods
manufactured, respectively, are P 130,000, P 120,000 and P 128,000.

By what amount did the company’s closing goods in process inventory exceed its opening goods in process
inventory?

a. P 1,590
b. P 3,590
c. P 5,390
d. P 10,590

18. Dirk Co. is a manufacturing concern using the perpetual inventory system. The following materials
inventory account data is provided:

Beginning balance………………………………………………………………………… P 275,000

Other debits to the account…………………………………………………………. 825,000
Excess of ending inventory over

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Beginning inventory…………………………………………………….. 55,000

How much is the cost of materials issued to production?

a. P 770,000
b. P 1,045,000
c. P 1,100,000
d. P 1,155,000

19. The following selected information pertains to Arenas Co.: direct materials, P 62,500; indirect materials, P
12,500; factory payroll, P 75,000 of direct labor and P 11,250 of indirect labor; and other factory overhead
incurred, P 37,500.

The total conversion cost was:

a. P 136,250
b. P 137,500
c. P 250,000
d. P 273,750

20. Steve Corporation is a manufacturing company engaged in the production of a single special product
known as “Nash”. Production costs are accumulated with the use of a job-order-cost system.

The following information is available as of June 1, 2011.

Work-in-process………………………………………………………………………….. P 10,710
Direct materials inventory…………………………………………………………… 48,600

In analyzing the job-order cost sheets, the record disclosed that the composition of the work-in-process
inventory on June 1, 2011 were as follows:

Direct materials used………………………………………………………………….. P 3,960

Direct labor (900 hours)…………………………………………………………….… 4,500
Factory overhead applied……………………………………………………………. 2,250
P 10,710

The following manufacturing activity occurred during the month of June 2011.
Purchased direct materials costing P 60,000
Direct labor worked 9,900 hours at P 5 per hour
Factory overhead of P 2.50 per direct labor hour was applied to production
At the end of June 2011, the following information was gathered in connection with the
inventories:
Inventory of work-in-process:
Direct materials used……………………………………………. P 12,960
Direct labor (1,500 hours)…………………………………….. 7,500
Factory overhead applied……………………………………. 3,750
P 24, 210

Inventory of direct materials…………………………………………... P 51,000

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Compute the cost of goods manufactured:

a. P 142,560
b. P 118,350
c. P 131,850
d. P 108,600

21. Yao Ming uses a job order cost system and applies factory overhead to production orders on the basis of
direct labor cost. The overhead rates for 2011 are 200% for Department A and 50% for Department B. Job
123, started and completed during 2011, was charged with the following costs:
Department
A B

Direct materials………………………………………………………. P 25,000 P 5,000

Direct labor…………………………………………………………….. ? 30,000
Factory overhead…………………………………………………… 40,000 ?

The total manufacturing cost associated with Job 123 should be;

a. P 135,000
b. P 180,000
c. P 195,000
d. P 240,000

22. The following date are obtained from Tracy Manufacturing Company:

- Cost of goods manufactured is P 187,500

- Inventory variations are as follows: raw materials ending inventory is one-third on raw materials
beginning; no initial inventory of work-in-process, but at the end of period P 12,500 was on hand;
finished good inventory was four times as large at the end of period as at the start.
- Net income after taxes amounted to P 26,000, income tax rate is 35%.
- Purchase of raw materials amounted to net income before taxes.
- Breakdown of costs incurred in manufacturing cost was as follows;

Raw materials consumed………………………………………………………………………… 50%

Direct labor……………………………………………………………………………………………..
30%

Overhead………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20%

Compute the amount raw materials beginning inventory;

a. P 38, 571
b. P 60,000
c. P 90,000
d. P 40,000

23. The following costs data were taken from the records of manufacturing company:

Depreciation on factory equipment…………………………………………………. P 1,000

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Depreciation on sales office…………………………………………………………….. 500

Advertising……………………………………………………………………………………….
7,000
Freight-out (shipping)………………………………………………………………………
3,000
Wages of production workers……………………………………………………….... 28,000
Raw materials used………………………………………………………………………….
47,000
Sales salaries and commissions……………………………………………………….. 10,000
Factory rent…………………………………………………………………………………….
2,000
Factory insurance……………………………………………………………………………
500
Materials handling………………………………………………………………………….
1,500
Administrative salaries……………………………………………………………………
2,000

Based upon the above information, the manufacturing costs incurred during the year was;

a. P 78,500
b. P 80,000
c. P 80,500
d. P 83,000

24. Data pertaining to Curry Co.’s manufacturing operations:

Inventories 4/1 4/30

Direct materials…………………………………………………………………… P 18,000
P 15,000
Work-in-process…………………………………………………………………. 9,000
6,000
Finished goods……………………………………………………………………. 27,000
36,000

Additional information for the month of April:

Direct materials purchased……………………………………………………………… P

42,000
Direct labor payroll………………………………………………………………………….
30,000
Direct labor rate per hour……………………………………………………………….
7.50
Factory overhead rate per direct labor hour…………………………………... 10,000

For the month of April, cost of goods manufactured was:

a. P 118,000
b. P 115,000

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c. P 112,000
d. P 109,000

25. Thompson Products has no work-in-process or finished goods inventories at the close business on
December 31, 2011. The balances of Thompson’s accounts as of December 31, 2011 are as follows;

Cost of goods sold………………………………………………………………………….. P

2,040,000
General selling and administrative expenses………………………………….. 900,000
Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………….
3,600,000
Factory overhead control……………………………………………………………….
700,000
Factory overhead applied……………………………………………………………….
648,000

Thompson’s Products’ income before income taxes 2011 is:

a. P 660,000
b. P 608,000
c. P 712,000
d. P 1,508,000

26. A company had the following total usage of direct labor and direct materials.

Hours Pounds
Direct Labor (P 8 per hour)………………………………………………… 400
Direct Materials…………………………………………………………………. 300

Incomplete job #101 has used 20 hours of direct labor and 8 pounds of direct materials. Factory
Overhead is applied at the rate of 200% per direct labor peso. What is the balance in work-in-
Process relating to a job #101?

a. P 560 debit
b. P 560 credit
c. P 12,600 debit
d. P 12,600 credit

27. The Damian Company manufactures widgets. During the fiscal year just ended, the company incurred
prime costs of P 1,500,000 and conversion costs of P 1,800,000. Overhead is applied at the rate of 200% of
direct labor cost. How much of the above costs represent material cost?

a. P 1,500,000
b. P 300,000
c. P 900,000
d. P 600,000

28. Kyrie Corporation transferred P 72,000 of raw materials to its production department in February and
incurred P 37,000 of conversion costs (P 22,000 of direct labor and P 15,000 of overhead). At the

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beginning of the period, P 14,000 of inventory (material and conversion costs) was in process. At the end of
the period, P 18,000 of inventory was in process. What was the cost of goods manufactured?

a. P 105,000
b. P 109,000
c. P 123,000
d. P 141,000

29. Durant Co.’s year-end manufacturing costs were as follows;

Direct materials and direct labor…………………………………………………………… P

500,000
Depreciation of manufacturing equipment…………………………………………… 70,000
Depreciation of factory building……………………………………………………………
40,000
Janitor’s wages for cleaning factory premises………………………………………. 15,000

How much of these costs should be inventoried for external reporting purposes?

a. P 625,000
b. P 610,000
c. P 585,000
d. P 500,000

30. Westborrk Corp. which manufactures plastic coated metal clips. The information was among Blum’s year-
end manufacturing costs.

Wages
Machine operators…………………………………………………………………………….. P
200,000
Maintenance workers………………………………………………………………………..
30,000
Factory foreman…………………………………………………………………………………
90,000

Materials Used
Metal wire …………………………………………………………………………………………..
P 500,000
Lubricant for oiling machinery…………………………………………………………….
10,000
Plastic coating……………………………………………………………………………………..
380,000

Blum’s year-end
Direct Labor Direct Materials

a. P 230,000 P 890,000
b. P 200,000 P 880,000
c. P 290,000 P 510,000
d. P 320,000 P 500,000

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Annex B – Job Order Costing Theories:

1. An actual cost system may be used in

a. Neither process costing nor job order costing

b. Process costing but not job order costing
c. Job order costing but not process costing
d. Both job order costing and process costing

2. A nonmanufacturing organization may use

a. Job order costing but not process costing

b. Process costing but not job order costing
c. Either job order costing or process costing
d. Neither job order costing nor process costing

3. What is the best cost accumulation procedure to use when many batches, each differing as to product
specification, are produced?

a. Job order
b. Process
c. Actual
d. Standard

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4. Which is the best cost accumulation procedure to use when there is a continuous mass production of
like units?

a. Actual
b. Standard
c. Job order
d. Process

5. In job order costing, the basic document to accumulate the cost of each order is

a. Invoice
b. Purchase order
c. Requisition sheet
d. Job cost sheet

6. In a job cost system, manufacturing overhead is

a. An indirect cost of jobs

b. A necessary element of production
c. Both an indirect cost of jobs and a necessary element of production
d. Neither an indirect cost of jobs nor a necessary element of production

7. A direct labor overtime premium should be charged to a specific job when the overtime is caused by

a. Increased overall level of activity

b. Customer’s requirement for early completion of job
c. Management’s failure to include that the job in the production schedule
d. Management’s requirement that the job be completed before the annual factory vacation
closure

8. In a job order cost system, the use of direct materials previously purchased usually is recorded as an
increase in

a. Work in process control

b. Factory overhead control
c. Factory overhead applied
d. Stores control

9. In a job order cost system using predetermined overhead rates, indirect materials usually are
recorded initially as an increase in

a. Work in process control

b. Factory overhead applied
c. Factory overhead control
d. Stores control

10. In a job order cost system, the use of indirect materials would usually be reflected in the general
ledger as an increase in

a. Stores control

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b. Work in process control

c. Factory overhead control
d. Factory overhead applied

11. In a job order costs system, direct labor costs usually are recorded initially as an increase in

a. Factory overhead overhead applied

b. Factory overhead control
c. Finished goods control
d. Work in process control

12. In a job order cost system, the incurrence of indirect labor costs would usually be a charge to

a. Factory overhead control

b. Factory overhead applied
c. Work in process
d. Accrued payroll

13. In a job order costs system the application of factory overhead would usually be reflected as an
increase in

a. Factory overhead control

b. Finished goods control
c. Work in process control
d. Cost of goods sold

14. In job order costing, what journal entry should be made for the return to the storekeeper of direct
materials previously issued to the factory for use on a particular job?

a. Debit materials and credit factory overhead

b. Debit materials and credit work in process
c. Debit purchase returns and credit work in process
d. Debit work in process and credit materials

15. The source documents for assigning costs to work in process in a job order cost system are

a. Invoices, time tickets and the overhead rate.

b. Materials requisition slips, time ticket and the predetermined overhead rate.
c. Materials requisition slips, payroll register and the predetermined overhead rate.
d. Materials requisition slips, time tickets and the actual overhead costs.

Cost Accounting by Joshua S. Umali, CPA

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