UTA013

Engineering Design Project-I

“Dynamics for the Mangonel-WITH DRAG”.

Dr. Ashish Purohit

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
TIET, Patiala

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Mangonel Dynamics Design Tool using Excel
Up until now (NO DRAG) we have assumed constant
acceleration in the x and y directions (ax=0, ay=-g)

However, large objects that are not very aero-dynamic

(not pointy!) experience a resistance to movement through
a fluid such as air. This resistance is called “drag”.
For example, force on arm felt when holding your arm
out of window of a moving car.

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
A parachute is an example of how
drag can be used to ones BENEFIT
to reduce the falling speed of a
person.
The force downwards on the person
can be expressed as F=-mg (mass
of the person multiplied by the
downwards acceleration). This
force, when a parachute is
employed, is counteracted
somewhat by the upward force of
drag which serves to reduce the
velocity of the falling person.

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
The “projectile” which our Mangonel will fire will be a squash-ball
which is spherical See fig 1.

a. b.
Fig 1. Prototype of our Mangonel!
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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

This squash ball will experience drag as it is projected through

the air. Drag reduces the distance travelled by the ball before
it hits the ground.

The questions you need to ask yourselves are;

• What are the factors that control drag? and
• How can you reduce it?

If you can reduce drag then your missile will travel further!

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Car shapes have evolved over time to reduce the drag effect.

“Flow visualisation” allows a Cars have become more aero-

streamline around a car body to dynamic and hence more fuel
be determined. efficient over time.

Fig 2. Car aero-dynamics

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
The equation that expresses
the drag force (Fd)
ρ =Density of air
experienced by an object
moving in air is: A =Projected area
of the body
Fd=1/2 ρ A V2 Cd V =Velocity of the
body
Cd =Drag Coefficient

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

Fd=1/2 ρ A V2 Cd

So, we see the drag force increases with size (A) and
velocity (V2).

It makes sense to reduce the size but what about the

velocity?

If we reduce the velocity the drag force reduces but the

missile wont go as far!
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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Cd: The Drag Coefficient
Typically, the approach in
such situations is, for a fixed
velocity, to reduce the drag
coefficient, where the drag
coefficient is the parameter
which characterises how
aero-dynamic the body is.
fig. 2b

In fig. 2b, we see that it is

Cd that is plotted on the y-
axis.

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
A moving object has a
high-pressure area on its
front side and lower
pressure behind it. Air
flows smoothly over the
contours of the front side
and eventually separates
from the object toward
the backside.

Behind a moving object a turbulent wake region is left where

the air flow is fluctuating or agitated. The size of the wake
affects the amount of drag on the object.

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
What causes drag? In figure 3, although much
The drag force is due to smaller, the cylinder experiences
pressure losses caused by the same drag force as the much
recirculation of flow. Simply larger but more aero-dynamic
put; eddies and vortices which airfoil. This is due to the
are caused by abrupt changes relatively greater amount of
in geometry. “turbulence” in the wake.

Fig 3.
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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Dimples on a golf ball create a thin turbulent boundary layer of air that clings
to the ball's surface. This allows the smoothly flowing air to follow the ball's
surface a little farther around the backside of the ball, thereby decreasing the
size of the wake. A dimpled ball thus has about half the drag of a smooth ball.

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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Acceleration due to drag
For our assignment, in order to calculate the new trajectory, we
need to calculate the acceleration due to drag.
By performing a mass balance (Newton’s 2nd Law), we can write

m= mass of the body

Fd=1/2 ρ A V2 Cd=mad
ad=acceleration due to drag

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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Acceleration due to drag:
From this we have

ad= 1/(2m) Cd ρ A V2

The magnitude of the acceleration is thus expressed

ad = 1/(2m) Cd ρ A (vx2+vy2)

Constant (k)

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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Acceleration due to drag:
Thus;

axd = k (vx2+vy2) Cos(ß) ayd = k (vx2+vy2) Sin(ß)

Therefore;

ax=0-k (vx2+vy2) Cos(ß) and ay=-9.81-k (vx2+vy2) Sin(ß)

where
ß=tan-1(vy/vx)

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Acceleration due to drag:

We see now that the acceleration depends on the changing

velocity and so is no longer a constant but depends on the
velocity at each step!!!!

Don’t confuse the angle ß which changes at each step depending

on the velocity vectors, with the initial launch angle θ which
remains fixed once chosen.

Try and implement the equations in yellow into the spreadsheet

to see the effect of drag!

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Input Data Position t x y vx vy beta [rads] cos(beta) sin(beta) ax ay
Change to see
Vel 15.00 impact!!!! 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.51 12.99 1.04667 0.50046 0.86576 -0.85919 -11.29633
delt t 0.01 2.00 0.01 0.08 0.13 7.50 12.87 1.04337 0.50331 0.86411 -0.85237 -11.27338
Change to see
theta (degrees) 60.00 impact!!!! 3.00 0.02 0.15 0.26 7.49 12.76 1.04003 0.50619 0.86242 -0.84559 -11.25067
theta (radians) 1.05 4.00 0.03 0.22 0.38 7.48 12.65 1.03666 0.50910 0.86071 -0.83886 -11.22820
5.00 0.04 0.30 0.51 7.47 12.54 1.03323 0.51204 0.85896 -0.83217 -11.20597
6.00 0.05 0.37 0.64 7.46 12.42 1.02977 0.51502 0.85718 -0.82552 -11.18397
7.00 0.06 0.45 0.76 7.46 12.31 1.02626 0.51802 0.85537 -0.81892 -11.16220
8.00 0.07 0.52 0.88 7.45 12.20 1.02270 0.52106 0.85352 -0.81236 -11.14067
9.00 0.08 0.60 1.00 7.44 12.09 1.01910 0.52413 0.85164 -0.80584 -11.11937
Drag Data 10.00 0.09 0.67 1.12 7.43 11.98 1.01545 0.52723 0.84972 -0.79936 -11.09829
The value at
atmospheric
rho 1.20 conditions 11.00 0.10 0.75 1.24 7.42 11.87 1.01176 0.53037 0.84777 -0.79292 -11.07744
This is a typical
value, however
try and change
Cd 0.40 it! 12.00 0.11 0.82 1.36 7.42 11.76 1.00802 0.53354 0.84577 -0.78653 -11.05682
Change to see
m 0.050 impact!!!! 13.00 0.12 0.89 1.48 7.41 11.65 1.00422 0.53674 0.84375 -0.78018 -11.03642
Change to see
D 0.045 impact!!!! 14.00 0.13 0.97 1.59 7.40 11.54 1.00038 0.53998 0.84168 -0.77387 -11.01624
Area 0.0016 15.00 0.14 1.04 1.71 7.39 11.42 0.99649 0.54325 0.83957 -0.76760 -10.99628
Constant, K 0.01 16.00 0.15 1.12 1.82 7.38 11.31 0.99254 0.54656 0.83742 -0.76137 -10.97654

Calculate ß, for each step,

depending on the velocity
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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
Input Data Position t x y vx vy beta [rads] cos(beta) sin(beta) ax ay
Change to see
Vel 15.00 impact!!!! 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.51 12.99 1.04667 0.50046 0.86576 -0.85919 -11.29633
delt t 0.01 2.00 0.01 0.08 0.13 7.50 12.87 1.04337 0.50331 0.86411 -0.85237 -11.27338
Change to see
theta (degrees) 60.00 impact!!!! 3.00 0.02 0.15 0.26 7.49 12.76 1.04003 0.50619 0.86242 -0.84559 -11.25067
theta (radians) 1.05 4.00 0.03 0.22 0.38 7.48 12.65 1.03666 0.50910 0.86071 -0.83886 -11.22820
5.00 0.04 0.30 0.51 7.47 12.54 1.03323 0.51204 0.85896 -0.83217 -11.20597
6.00 0.05 0.37 0.64 7.46 12.42 1.02977 0.51502 0.85718 -0.82552 -11.18397
7.00 0.06 0.45 0.76 7.46 12.31 1.02626 0.51802 0.85537 -0.81892 -11.16220
8.00 0.07 0.52 0.88 7.45 12.20 1.02270 0.52106 0.85352 -0.81236 -11.14067
9.00 0.08 0.60 1.00 7.44 12.09 1.01910 0.52413 0.85164 -0.80584 -11.11937
Drag Data 10.00 0.09 0.67 1.12 7.43 11.98 1.01545 0.52723 0.84972 -0.79936 -11.09829
The value at
atmospheric
rho 1.20 conditions 11.00 0.10 0.75 1.24 7.42 11.87 1.01176 0.53037 0.84777 -0.79292 -11.07744
This is a typical
value, however
try and change
Cd 0.40 it! 12.00 0.11 0.82 1.36 7.42 11.76 1.00802 0.53354 0.84577 -0.78653 -11.05682
Change to see
m 0.050 impact!!!! 13.00 0.12 0.89 1.48 7.41 11.65 1.00422 0.53674 0.84375 -0.78018 -11.03642
Change to see
D 0.045 impact!!!! 14.00 0.13 0.97 1.59 7.40 11.54 1.00038 0.53998 0.84168 -0.77387 -11.01624
Area 0.0016 15.00 0.14 1.04 1.71 7.39 11.42 0.99649 0.54325 0.83957 -0.76760 -10.99628
Constant, K 0.01 16.00 0.15 1.12 1.82 7.38 11.31 0.99254 0.54656 0.83742 -0.76137 -10.97654

Modify the accelerations for

each step depending on ß and
on the velocities
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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

Superimpose the
“no drag” and
“with drag” plots!

Two sheets!

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 Assignment 2 - Add Drag!

Adjust Cd, mass

and the diameter
the see effect as
well as the initial
velocity and launch
angle!

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Assignment 2 - Add Drag!
One more thing! When you square velocity, the
result will be always positive. However, if the drag
is always going to be acting against the direction of
velocity we need to be aware of the “sign” of the
velocity. How can we keep that information in the
Excel spread sheet equations?

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References

 Resources of Engineering Design-II (1E10), Trinity College Dublin.

by Dr. Gareth J. Bennett, Trinity College Dublin

 http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/aerodynamics/sports/sphere-
flow-comparison.jpg

 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-dimples-in-golf-
ba/

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