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Chapter 2. Atomic Structure

The document summarizes key concepts about the structure of atoms. It defines the three fundamental particles of an atom as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus at the center, while electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbitals or energy levels. The atomic number refers to the number of protons, while the atomic mass number refers to the total number of protons and neutrons. Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. The periodic table arranges elements based on atomic number and can indicate properties like valence electrons and orbital structure.

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179 views4 pages

Chapter 2. Atomic Structure

The document summarizes key concepts about the structure of atoms. It defines the three fundamental particles of an atom as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus at the center, while electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbitals or energy levels. The atomic number refers to the number of protons, while the atomic mass number refers to the total number of protons and neutrons. Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. The periodic table arranges elements based on atomic number and can indicate properties like valence electrons and orbital structure.

Uploaded by

Umer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Structure of the Atom


Atom is the smallest particle that is base of matter.

There are three fundamental particles of atom.

Name Charge Mass

1 Proton +ve 1

2 Electron -ve 1/1840

3 Neutron No charge 1

Protons and neutrons are present in the nucleus and nucleus is in the center of the atom.
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in the fix orbitals. Orbitals are the energy levels. Lower the
number lower will be energy for e.g orbital 1 has the lowest energy.

Atomic Number:-
It is the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom, for e.g Hydrogen; it has one proton
in the nucleus so its atomic number is 1. It is donated by Z. Number of protons is always equal to
number of electrons in a neutral atom.

Atomic Mass Number or Nucleon Number:-


It is the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is donated by A. If
an atom contain 12 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic mass will be 24.

Electronic Configuration:-
It is a system that is used to distribute the electrons in the orbitals. According to this system,

 1st shall can accommodate 2 electrons.


 2nd shall can accommodate 8 electrons.
 3rd shall can accommodate 8 electrons.
 4th shall can accommodate 8 electrons.

e.g. Calcium’s atomic number is 20 and atomic mass is 40. It has


 20 Protons
 20 Neutrons
 20 Electrons

Protons and neutrons will be in the nucleus and electrons in the orbitals. Its electronic
configuration is 2,8,8,2 and structure is

Ions:-
Ions are the charged atoms. Basically atom is a neutral particle because the number of electrons
is equal to the number of protons. So opposite charges cancel the effect of each other. Charge is
produced when an atom loss or gain the electrons.

There are two types of ions.

1. Cat ion
2. Anion

Cations:-
Positively charge atoms are known as cations. Cations are produced when an atom loses the
electron. E.g. Na gets the +1 charge when it will lose one electron.

Anions:-
Negatively charged atoms are known as anions. Anions are produced when an atom gains the
electron. E.g. when an atom gets the 1 electron, it will get -1 charge.

Isotopes:-
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having same number of electrons and protons but
different number of neutrons.

OR

Atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different atomic mass number
suppose hydrogen has three isotopes.

H11 H12 H13.

 Some isotopes are radioactive, they emit radiation. E.g. isotope of Na emits the radiation
that is used to treat the cancer.

Periodic Table:-
A table in which elements are arranged on the basis of ascending proton number or atomic
number.

 Groups:-
Vertical columns are known as groups and eight groups are present in the periodic table.
Group number indicates the number of valence electrons.
 Periods:-
Horizontal lines are known as periods and seven periods in the periodic table. It indicates
the number of orbitals in the atom.
 Group 1 is known as Alakli metals.
 Group 2 is known as Alakline Earth Metals.
 Group 7 is known as Halogens.
 Group 8 or 0 is known as noble gases.

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