PRONOUNS

POSSESSIVE DETERMINER /
ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS RELATIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
I = YO ME = ME, A MI MY = MI, MIS MINE = MI@, MI@S MYSELF = MI MISM@
HE = EL HIM = LO, A EL HIS = SU, SUS HIS = SUY@, SUY@S HIMSELF = EL MISMO
SHE = ELLA HER = LA, A ELLA HER = SU, SUS HERS = SUY@, SUY@S HERSELF = ELLA MISMA

IT = EL / ELLA ( COSAS O ANIMALES) IT = LA, LO, LE, A EL, A ELLA ITS = SU, SUS ITS = SUY@, SUY@S ITSELF EL / ELLA MISM@

WE = NOSOTR@S US = NOS, A NOSOTR@S OUR = NUESTR@, NUESTR@S OURS = NUESTR@, NUESTR@S OURSELVES = NOSOTR@S MISM@S

YOU = TE, A TI, LE, A USTED, LES, YOURS = TUY@, TUY@S, SUY@, YOURSELF = TU MISM@ YOURSELVES =
YOU = TU, USTED, USTEDES. YOUR = TU, TUS, SU, SUS, SU, SUS.
A USTEDES SUY@S, SUY@, SUY@S USTEDES MISM@S

THEY = ELL@S THEM = LES, LOS, LAS, A ELL@S THEIR = SU, SUS THEIRS = SUY@, SUY@S THEMSELVES = ELL@S MISM@S

EXAMPLE ONE EXAMPLE TWO

SUBJECT PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUN + VERB SUBJECT PRONOUN + VERB

I = YO I play. Yo juego. I take a walk in the yard. Yo tomo una caminata en el patio.
HE = EL He reads. El lee. He puts the money in the safe. El pone el dinero en la caja fuerte.
SHE = ELLA She eats. Ella come. She eats hamburgers sometimes. Ella come hamburguesas a veces.

IT = EL / ELLA (COSAS O ANIMALES) It sleeps.

El / ella duerme. It sleeps since midnight. El / ella duerme desde la medianoche.
WE = NOSOTR@S We watch. Nosotr@s observamos. We are the people. Nosotr@s somos el pueblo.
YOU = TU, USTED, USTEDES. You drink. Tu bebes. You should have never gone there. Tu deberias nunca haber ido ahi.
THEY = ELL@S They write. Ell@s escriben. They need therapy for that. Ell@s necesitan terapia para eso.

EXAMPLE ONE EXAMPLE TWO

OBJECT PRONOUNS VERB + OBJECT PRONOUN VERB + OBJECT PRONOUN
ME = ME, A MI Give me. Dame. She loves me like no one ever did. Ella me ama como nadie nunca lo hizo.
HIM = LO, A EL Tell him. Dile. I want to tell him to stop doing that. Yo quiero decirle que deje de hacer eso
HER = LA, A ELLA Take her Llevala. You have to take her home. Tu tienes que llevarla a casa.
IT = LA, LO, LE, A EL, A ELLA Cut it. Cortalo. He can cut it in different ways. El puede cortarlo en diferentes formas.
US = NOS, A NOSOTR@S Teach us. Enenanos. They plan to teach us what they know. Ellos planean ensenarnos lo que saben.
YOU = TE, A TI, LE, A USTED, LES, A
USTEDES Train you. Entrenarte. Your boss needs to train you. Tu jefe necesita entrenarte.
THEM = LES, LOS, LAS, A ELL@S Hug them. Abrazalos. We would like to hug them. A nosotros nos gustaria abrasarlos.

EXAMPLE ONE EXAMPLE TWO

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE PRONOUN + NOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUN + NOUN
MY = MI, MIS My car. Mi carro. I almost never play my CD's. Yo casi nunca reproduzco mis CD's
HIS = SU, SUS His son. Su hijo. He needs to talk to his children. El necesita hablar con sus hijos.
HER = SU, SUS Her daugther. Su hija. Her daugther is a pretty and intelligent girl. Su hija es una bella e inteligente nina.
ITS = SU, SUS its legs. Sus piernas. The cat licks its legs every morning. El gato lame sus patas cada manana.
OUR = NUESTR@, NUESTR@S Our parents. Nuestr@S padres. Our parents gave everything for us Nuestros padres dieron todo por nosotros.

YOUR = TU, TUS, SU, SUS, SU, SUS.

Your chance. Tu oportunidad. You have to seize your chance. Tu tienes que aprovechar tu oportunidad.
THEIR = SU, SUS Their investment. Su inversion. Their investment is at risk and they know it. Su inversion esta en riesgo y ellos lo saben

EXAMPLE ONE EXAMPLE TWO

RELATIVE PRONOUNS PHRASE + RELATIVE PRONOUN PHRASE + RELATIVE PRONOUN
MINE = MI@, MI@S A friend of mine. Un(@) amig@ mi@ A friend of mine wants me to help him. Un@ amig@ mi@ quiere que l@ ayude.
HIS = SUY@, SUY@S That pen is his. Ese boligrafo es de el. That pen is his and the pencil, too. Ese boligrafo es de el y el lapiz, tambien.
HERS = SUY@, SUY@S The pink purse is hers. La cartera rosada es de ella. The pink purse in my room is hers. La cartera rosada en mi cuarto es de ella.
ITS = SUY@, SUY@S The big fake bone is its. El hueso falso es de el / ella. The big fake bone outside is its. El gran hueso falso de afuera es de el.
OURS = NUESTR@, NUESTR@S This house is ours. Esta casa es nuestra. This house is ours but that is not. Esta casa es nuestra pero esa no.
YOURS = TUY@, TUY@S, SUY@,
SUY@S, SUY@, SUY@S I am yours. .Yo soy tuy@ "I am yours" is what she said. "Yo soy tuya" es lo que ella dijo.
THEIRS = SUY@, SUY@S The new business is theirs. El nuevo negocio es de ell@s. Great! The new business is theirs! Grandioso! El nuevo negocio es de ell@s!

EXAMPLE ONE EXAMPLE TWO

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS VERB + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN OTHER WORDS + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

MYSELF = MI MISM@, YO MISM@ Yo deberia disciplinarme a mi mism@

I should discipline myself to improve. para mejorar. I did it myself. Hice eso yo mism@
HIMSELF = EL MISMO He hurt himself in the leg. El se hirio a el mismo en la pierna. He can't rely on himself. El no puede confiar en el mismo.

HERSELF = ELLA MISMA

She promised herself not to cry. Ella se prometio a ella misma no llorar. She washes her clothes herself. Ella lava sus ropas ella misma.

ITSELF EL / ELLA MISM@ Our cat washes itself after every Nuestr@ gat@ se lava a si mism@
meal. despues de cada comida. My dog bit the tail itself. Mi perro se mordio la cola el mismo.

OURSELVES = NOSOTR@S MISM@S No nos gusta hablar acerca de nosotr@s

We have to encourage ourselves. Debemos animarnos nosotros mismos. We don't like to talk about ourselves. mism@s

YOURSELF = TU MISM@
YOURSELVES = USTEDES MISM@S You spent hours looking at yourself in the Tu pasaste horas viendote a ti mism@ en el
You need to trust yourself. Necesitas confiar en ti mism@ mirror. espejo.

THEMSELVES = ELL@S MISM@S Los jugadores se mantienen a ellos

The players keep themselves fit. mismos en forma. They prepared it by themselves. Ell@s lo prepararon por ell@s mism@s.
 SIMPLE TENSE
STRUCTURE USING ANY VERB:
SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT
Verónica se esfuerza todos los dias.
Present Verónica strives everyday.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica strove everyday.
Future Verónica will strive everyday.

SUBJECT AUXILIARY + NOT VERB COMPLEMENT

Verónica no se esfuerza todos los dias.
Present Verónica does not strive everyday
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica did not strive everyday
Future Verónica will not strive everyday

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

_____ Verónica se esfuerza todos los dias?
Present Does Verónica strive everyday?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Did Verónica strive everyday?
Future Will Verónica strive everyday?

Subject: Person, animal, or thing.

Auxiliary: to do (Present: do, does; Past: did; Future: will)
Verb: Simple form (Present: work, works; study, studies; play, plays, etc;
Past: worked, studied, played, slept, ate, drank, understood, etc;
Future: will work, will study, will play, will sleep, will eat, etc.)
Complement: Any word(s) which makes sense with the verb.

Simple tense is used to express actions AUXILIARY TO-DO

that we do in a repetitive way day by
day; it is used to express rutines, habits SUBJECT PRESENT PAST FUTURE
and costumes. I DO DID WILL
HE DOES DID WILL
SHE DOES DID WILL
IT DOES DID WILL
WE DO DID WILL
YOU DO DID WILL
THEY DO DID WILL

STRUCTURE USING VERB TO-BE:

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT
Verónica es fuerte.
Present Verónica is strong.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica was strong.
Future Verónica will be strong.

SUBJECT VERB + NOT COMPLEMENT

Verónica no es fuerte.
Present Verónica is not strong.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica was not strong.
Future Verónica will not be strong.

VERB SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Es Verónica fuerte?
Present Is Verónica strong?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Was Verónica strong?
Future Will be Verónica strong?
 CONTINUOUS TENSE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE ONE:
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
Verónica se esta esforzando todos los dias.
Present Verónica is striving everyday.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica was striving everyday.
Future Verónica will be striving everyday.

SUBJECT AUXILIARY + NOT VERB COMPLEMENT

Verónica no se esta esforzando todos los dias.
Present Verónica isn't striving everyday.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica wasn't striving everyday.
Future Verónica won't be striving everyday.

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

Esta Verónica esforzandose todos los dias?
Present Is Verónica striving everyday?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Was Verónica striving everyday?
Future Will be Verónica striving everyday?

Subject: Person, animal, or thing.

Auxiliary: to be (Present: am, is, are; Past: was, were; Future: will be.)
Verb: Gerund "-ing form" (working, studying, playing, sleeping, etc.)
Complement: Any word(s) which makes sense with the verb.

Continuous tense is used to express AUXILIARY TO-BE

actions in progress; actions that started
but haven't finished yet. SUBJECT PRESENT PAST FUTURE
I AM WAS WILL BE
HE IS WAS WILL BE
SHE IS WAS WILL BE
IT IS WAS WILL BE
WE ARE WERE WILL BE
YOU ARE WERE WILL BE
THEY ARE WERE WILL BE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE TWO:

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
Angela & Elena estan trabajando incansablemente.
Present Angela & Elena are working untiringly
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Angela & Elena were working untiringly
Future Angela & Elena will be working untiringly

SUBJECT AUXILIARY + NOT VERB COMPLEMENT

Angela & Elena no estan trabajando incansablemente
Present Angela & Elena aren't working untiringly
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Angela & Elena weren't working untiringly
Future Angela & Elena won't be working untiringly

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

Estan Angela & Elena trabajando incansablemente?
Present Are Angela & Elena working untiringly?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Were Angela & Elena working untiringly?
Future Will be Angela & Elena working untiringly?
 PERFECT TENSE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE ONE:
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
Verónica se ha esforzado todos los dias.
Present Verónica has striven everyday.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica had striven everyday.
Future Verónica will have striven everyday.

SUBJECT AUXILIARY + NOT VERB COMPLEMENT

Verónica no se ha esforzado todos los dias.
Present Verónica has not striven everyday.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica had not striven everyday.
Future Verónica will not have striven everyday.

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

Se ha Verónica esforzado todos los dias?
Present Has Verónica striven everyday?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Had Verónica striven everyday?
Future Will have Verónica striven everyday?

Subject: Person, animal, or thing.

Auxiliary: to have (Present: have, has; Past: had; Future: will have)
Verb: Past participle form (eaten, written, read, worked, run, etc.)
Complement: Any word(s) which makes sense with the verb.

Perfect tense is used to express all the AUXILIARY TO-HAVE

experiences you have or haven't had at
the present time when using affirmative SUBJECT PRESENT PAST FUTURE
or negative statements. I HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
HE HAS HAD WILL HAVE
SHE HAS HAD WILL HAVE
IT HAS HAD WILL HAVE
WE HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
YOU HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
THEY HAVE HAD WILL HAVE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE ONE:

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
Angela & Elena han trabajado incansablemente.
Present Angela & Elena have worked untiringly
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Angela & Elena had worked untiringly
Future Angela & Elena will have worked untiringly

SUBJECT AUXILIARY + NOT VERB COMPLEMENT

Angela & Elena no han trabajado incansablemente.
Present Angela & Elena have not worked untiringly
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Angela & Elena had not worked untiringly
Future Angela & Elena will not have worked untiringly

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

Han Angela & Elena trabajado incansablemente?
Present Have Angela & Elena worked untiringly?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Had Angela & Elena worked untiringly?
Future Will have Angela & Elena worked untiringly?
 PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE ONE:
SUBJECT AUXILIARY 1 AUXILIARY 2 VERB COMPLEMENT
Verónica ha estado esforzandose todos los dias.
Present Verónica has been striving everyday.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica had been striving everyday.
Future Verónica will have been striving everyday.

SUBJECT AUXILIARY 1 + NOT AUXILIARY 2 VERB COMPLEMENT

Verónica no ha estado esforzandose todos los dias.
Present Verónica has not been striving everyday.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Verónica had not been striving everyday.
Future Verónica will not have been striving everyday.

AUXILIARY 1 SUBJECT AUXILIARY 2 VERB COMPLEMENT

Ha Verónica estado esforzandose todos los dias?
Present Has Verónica been striving everyday?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Had Verónica been striving everyday?
Future Will have Verónica been striving everyday?

Subject: Person, animal, or thing.

Auxiliary 1: to have (Present: have, has; Past: had; Future: will have)
Auxiliary 2: to be (Past participle: been.)
Verb: Gerund "-ing form" (working, studying, playing, sleeping, etc.)
Complement: Any word(s) which makes sense with the verb.

Perfect Continuous tense is used to AUXILIARY TO-HAVE

express the situations someone has
been experiencing since a determined SUBJECT PRESENT PAST FUTURE
time in the past and he/she is still I HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
experiencing it now. HE HAS HAD WILL HAVE
SHE HAS HAD WILL HAVE
IT HAS HAD WILL HAVE
WE HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
YOU HAVE HAD WILL HAVE
THEY HAVE HAD WILL HAVE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE TWO:

SUBJECT AUXILIARY 1 AUXILIARY 2 VERB COMPLEMENT
Angela & Elena han estado trabajando incansablemente.
Present Angela & Elena have been working untiringly.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Past Angela & Elena had been working untiringly.
Future Angela & Elena will have been working untiringly.

SUBJECT AUXILIARY 1 + NOT AUXILIARY 2 VERB COMPLEMENT

Angela & Elena no han estado trabajando incansablemente.
Present Angela & Elena have not been working untiringly.
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Angela & Elena had not been working untiringly.
Future Angela & Elena will not have been working untiringly.

AUXILIARY 1 SUBJECT AUXILIARY 2 VERB COMPLEMENT

Han Angela & Elena estado trabajando incansablemente?
Present Have Angela & Elena been working untiringly?
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS Past Had Angela & Elena been working untiringly?
Future Will have Angela & Elena been working untiringly?
 YES-NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS NEGATIVE ANSWERS

A S V C AP S A NP S A+N
Do you like hot dogs? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
------- Te gustan los hot dogs? Si, me gustan. No, me no gustan.

Does she play the piano? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
------- Ella toca el piano? Si, ella toca. No, ella no toca.

Did you like the pizza? Yes, I did. No, I didn't.

------- Te gusto la pizza? Si, me gusto. No, me no gusto.

Will you go with us? Yes, I will. No, I won't.

------- Tu iras con nosotr@s? Si, yo ire. No, yo no ire.

Should I accept the offer? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn't.
Deberia yo aceptar la oferta? Si, tu deberias. No, tu no deberias.

Can you swim here? Yes, I can. No, I can't.

Puedes tu nadar aqui? Si, yo puedo. No, yo no puedo.

Could you give me your phone number? Yes, I could. No, I couldn't.
Podrias tu dar me tu numero de telefono? Si, yo podria. No, yo no podria.

Will he be able to accomplish the task? Yes, he will. No, he won't.

------- El sera capaz de realizar la tarea? Si, el sera. No, el no sera.

Must he stay in that place for a whole year? Yes, he must. No, he mustn't.
Debe el permanecer en ese lugar por todo un ano? Si, el debe. No, el no debe.

May I go out with my friends? Yes, you may. No, you may not.
Puedo yo salir con mis amigos? Si, tu puedes. No, tu no puedes.

Might it be too late to correct the mistake? Yes, it might. No, it might not.
Podria ---- ser demasiado tarde para corregir el error? Si, ------- podria. No, ------- no podria.

Would they go in a trip with me? Yes, they would. No, they wouldn't.
------- ell@s irian en un viaje conmigo? Si, ell@s irian. No, ell@s no irian.
 INFORMATION QUESTIONS ANSWERS

Q A S V C S V C
Where do you live now? I live in Duran.

What does she like to have for breakfast? She likes to eat two eggs and a toast.

How much money do you have in your pocket right now? I have twenty dollars.

How often do you go to the gym? I go there three times a week.

What do you need to do? I need to clean my room.

S A V C
When will you go to the USA? I will go there next year.

PC S V C
Why did you say that? Because I had to get it out of my chest.

Q A S S A C
How are you? I am fine.

What is your name? My name is Juan.

How old are you? I am 38 years old.

What is your phone number? My phone number is 2458732

What is your father's name? My father's name is Nicolas.

Who is your English teacher? My English teacher is Mr. Mayorga.

What time is it? It is 8:00

What time is your English class? My English class is at 15:00

What day is today? Today is Monday, May 27, 2019.

What is your favorite drink? My favorite drink is Pepsi.

Whose car is this? This car is mine.

Whose glasses are they? They are Jessica's glasses.

Q A S C
Where are you from? I am from Guayaquil.

How many people are there in your family? There are ten people.

What month are we in? We are in May.

Who is hardworking in your family? My Father & my Mother are hardworking in my family.

Who is the tallest person in your family?

Q A S V
How many hours a week do you work? I work forty hours a week.

How many hours do you sleep a day? I sleep eight hours a day.

Which supermarket do you prefer? I prefer Coral Supermarkets.

Q V S C
Who likes Chinese food in your family? My sister likes Chinese food.