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Transformer Protection Rev

The document discusses various types of transformer protection including: 1. Differential protection which protects against internal faults using biased differential relays and deals with issues like magnetizing inrush and tap changer operations. 2. Backup protection like REF, overcurrent and earth fault relays which provide time-graded protection against external faults. 3. Abnormal condition protection for overload, overfluxing, Buchholz relay, temperature indicators etc. to protect against operational issues. Detailed circuit configurations and operating principles are explained for different protection schemes.

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50 views

Transformer Protection Rev

The document discusses various types of transformer protection including: 1. Differential protection which protects against internal faults using biased differential relays and deals with issues like magnetizing inrush and tap changer operations. 2. Backup protection like REF, overcurrent and earth fault relays which provide time-graded protection against external faults. 3. Abnormal condition protection for overload, overfluxing, Buchholz relay, temperature indicators etc. to protect against operational issues. Detailed circuit configurations and operating principles are explained for different protection schemes.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

By
Y. k. Pandharipande.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

CLASSIFICATION

1. Protection against El ectrical Faults


Unit Protection (against I nternal Faults)
uDifferential Protection.

uREF Protection.

Non-Unit Protection (agai nst unclear ed external faults)


lIDMT O/C, E/F Rel ays.

lDefinite Time O/C, E/F Rel ays.

2.Protection against Abnormal Conditions


l Over Load protection

lOver Fluxing Protection

3. Protective Devices (Non-electrical)


lBuchholz (Main Tank / OLTC)

lOil / Winding Temperature Indicators / Relays

lPressure Release Valve

lOil Level Gauges / Indicators


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY – OPERATING PRINCIPLE


Current Distribution (External Fault)

Battery Analogy (External Fault)


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTIAL REL AY – OPERATING PRINCIPLE.

Current Distribution ( Internal Fault)

Battery Analogy (Internal Fault)


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY – NEED FOR


BIAS

l Transformer ratio = 1 00/50KV


l F.L. Current = 1 00A (on 100 KV side)
= 200A (on 50 KV side)
l Tap Range = (+/ -) 10%
l % Impedance (Zt) = 10%
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY – NEED FOR


BIAS.

Current Distribution on Load on Normal Tap


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – NEED FOR


BIAS

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON LOAD ON + 10% TAP


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – NEED FOR BI AS.

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON T HROUGH F AULT ON + 10%T AP.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL RELAY – NEED FOR


BIAS.

l Diff. Pick-up = 15% (0.15A), Bias = 30% (Assumed)


l Modified Diff. Pick-up due to Restraining Effect of Bias
Id mod = 0.30 x (10+9)/2 + 0.15 = 2.85 + 0.15 = 3.0A.
l Actual Diff. Current = 1.0A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – BIAS CHARACTERISTIC.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – MAGNETISING


INRUSH.

STEADY STATE
l At zero volts, flux is “(-) ɸm” since flux in quadratu re with voltage.
l Total flux change in half the v oltage cycle is “2ɸm” (-ɸm to +ɸm).
SWITCHING AT VOLTAGE ZERO.
l Initial flux zero as against (-) ɸm corresponding to stead y state.
l Total flux changes from z ero to 2ɸm.
l Flux doubling caus es extreme saturation of core.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION - MAGNETISING


INRUSH.

l Magnetising Impedance drastically reduces due to core


saturation causing heavy inrush current.
l Inrush appears on excited winding (primary) without any
balancing current on secondary and unstabilises differential
protection.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – INRUSH


STABILITY

l Inrush current has predominant 2 nd harmonic content


(typical value, upto 60% max. of Fundamental depending
upon instant of switching).
l Dominant 2 nd harmonic component is used to restrain the
protection on inrush condition.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION- INTERNAL CIRCUIT.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION - CT CONNECTIONS.


STAR / STAR TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – CT CONNECTIONS.


DELTA / STAR TRANSFORMER (Dy11)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION – STAR / STAR


TRANSFORMER

Instability With ST AR CONNECTED CTs On Up -stream Earth Fault.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION – STAR / STAR


TRANSFORMER.

Delta / Delta CTs filter Zero Seq. Current & ensure Stability.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

REF
PROTECTION

Current Distribution on External Earth Fault.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

REF
PROTECTION

Current Distribution on Single Phase load.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

REF
PROTECTION

Current distribution on Internal Fault.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

REF
PROTECTION

Current distribution on Internal Fault.


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

STABILISING RESISTOR
SETTING CRIET ERIA

l If B-ɸ CT fully active while


NCT fully saturates, m aximum
Voltage across Relay Branch
(Vs) = If/n (Rct + 2Rl) .
l If Relay current setting is “Is”
and Ohmic burden is “Zr”,
Stab. Resistor Setting (Rs)
= Vs/Is – Zr Ohms.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

BACKUP PROTECTION

INFLUENCING F ACTORS

l Vector Group

l Infeed conditions (Single or both end infeeds)

l Type of Neutral Earthing


TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

BACKUP
PROTECTION

LEGEND
l 50 – High Set Inst. O/C Re lay ( Delta side S.C. protection)
l 64 – REF Protection (Delt a side REF protection)
l 51 – IDMT O/C Rela y (time graded b ackup for down -stream S.C.)
l 51N – IDMT E/F Relay (time graded b ackup for do wn-stream E/F)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

BACKUP PROTECTION
E/F PROTECTION ON DELTA
SIDE.

l Delta side E/F relay inherently immune to Star side earth


faults but can respond to Delta winding earth faults. Hence
sensitive, high speed E/F relay (64) in High Impedance mode
can be used on Delta side.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BACKUP
PROTECTION

LEGEND
l 50 – High Set Inst. O/C Re lay (Primary Star side S.C.)
l 51- IDMT O/C Relay (time graded ba ckup for dow n-stream S.C.)
l 67N – Directional IDM T E/F Relay (backup toT FR/down-stream E/F.)
l 51N–IDMT E/F relay (time graded ba ckup against down-stream E/F)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

BACKUP E/F PROTECTION- STAR / STAR


TRANSFORMER

l Directional IDMT E/F rela y (67N) looking tow ards


transformer do not respond to up -stream E/F due to
current out-flow from TFR terminal into Grid, thus
requiring co -ordination w ith down-stream E/F
protections onl y.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

OVER LOAD
PROTECTION
1. Definite Time Over Load Relay

l Definite Time O/C rela y used for Alarm.

l Set above permissible over load w ith small time


delay(say 5 seconds)

l Relay should have adjustable current setting, time dela y


(built-in or external) and high reset ratio.

l Some times, extended tripping is provided w ith


additional time dela y.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

OVER LOAD
PROTECTION
2. Thermal Over Load Relay
l Set to match over load w ithstand of transformer.
l Pre-trip Alarm with lower pick-up threshold.
l Operating time for trip (t)
t = T. ln {(I/K.In)² – (I pre/K.In)² / (I/K.In)²- 1}
Where
I = Over Load current.
K.In = Max. Permissible Load Current.
I pre = Load current prior to Over Load.
T = Thermal Time Constant (minutes)
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVER FLUX ING


PROTECTION
INDEX OF OVER FLUXING
V α Φ.f, Hence Φα V/f
l Tandem variations in voltage & frequency most
likely to occur in case of Generator Transformer
during startup or coasting down (due to AVR
malfunction or manual control) requiring Over
Fluxing Protection.

l It is necessary for Grid TFRs as well, under certain


conditions (e.g. TFR fed by long transmission line
subjected to high voltage due to Ferranti Effect
when off-loaded).
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

OVER FLUXING
PROTECTION
1. Definite Time Over fluxing rela y.
l Adjustable V/f setting (t ypically 1 – 1.5 of 110V / 50Hz).
l Adustable trip time dela y (typically 10 – 120S)
l Pre-trip Alarm (fixed or variable dela y)
2. IDMT Over Fluxing Rela y
l Adustable V/f setting.
l Inverse time characteristic to match w ith TFR with-stand
characteristic.
l Pre-trip Alarm and accelerated trip for severe over
fluxing condition.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

BACKUP EARTH
FAULT
PROTECTION
- NCT operated
Standby E/F
Relay responds to
internal earth
faults as w ell,
besides providing
backup against
external faults.
- Stand by E/F relay
offers better
sensitivity since
NCT ratio not tied
up with load and
lower ratio, based
on E/F infeeds, is
possible.

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