CH 8071 Environmental Engineering

Dr. Kilaru Harsha Vardhan

Associate Professor
SSN College of Engineering
 Objectives
• At the end of this class, The student will Learn

• Environment

• Environment Friendly Chemical Process

• Hazard and Risk Analysis

• Environmental Audit
 Syllabus
UNIT I ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS

• Environment – friendly chemical Process; Hazard and risk

analysis; Environmental Audit.

• UNIT II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROCESSES

• Unit Operations – application of - Abatement of water

pollution; Current strategies to control air pollution;
Disposal of solid wastes

• UNIT III RECYCLING METHODOLOGY

• Economic recovery and recycling of waste; Transport fuel-

Bio-diesel for a cleaner environment.
 Syllabus …
• UNIT IV CLEAN TECHNOLOGY

• Towards Eco- friendly products of chemical industry;

Pesticides –Their transfer and Transformation in the
environment, Biological and electrochemical technology for
effluent treatments

• UNIT V POLLUTION PREVENTION

• Mass exchange network synthesis for pollution control and

minimization Implications of environmental constraints for
process design, policies for regulation of environmental
impacts, Concept of common effluent treatment;
Environmental legislations, Role of Government and
Industries
 Text Books
• Rao, C.S Environmental Pollution control Engineering,
Wiley- Eastern Ltd. 1991.

• Peavy H.S. Rowe D.R., and George Technologious,

Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill Book Company,
Ny, 1985.

• Rao M.N and H.V.N. Rao. “Air pollution” ,Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd.1989.

• Theodore L and Buomlore A.J Air pollution control

equipments. Prentice Hall Inc, NY. 1982.
 Reference Books
• 1. Coulson, J.M. Richardson, J.F and R.K Sinnott, Chemical
Engineering Vol. 6, Pergomon Press, 1989.

• 2. Gilbert M.Mastrs, Introduction to Environmental

Engineering and Science, Prentice - Hall of India, New
Delhi, 1994.

• 3. Wahi S.K., Agnihotri A.K and Sharmma J.S (Editors)

Environmental Management in Petroleum Industry, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., New Delhi 1996.

• 4. Smith, R., “Chemical Process Design”, McGraw Hill, New

York, 1995.

• 5. Paul L Bishop (2000) “Pollution Prevention

Fundamentals and Practice”, Mc Graw Hill, International.
 Unit – 1
Environment Awareness

Environment

Environment Friendly Chemical Process

Hazard and Risk Analysis

Environmental Audit
 Environment
• Environment – Environner (French word) – Encircle or Surround.

• Definition: Sum total of water, air and land, inter-relationships

among themselves and also with the human beings, other living
organisms and property.

• Environmental Science: Study of the interaction of the living and

non-living components of the environment with special emphasis
on the impact of humans.

• Environmental Engineering: Integration of science and engineering

principles to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy
water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms,
and to clean up pollution sites.

• Branch of applied science and technology that address the issue of

energy preservation, production asset and control of waste from
human and animal activities.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Environment Friendly Chemical Process
 Environment Friendly Chemical Process

Advanced Oxidation Process.

UV Process.

Ultrasonic Treatment.

Microwave Treatment Process.

Herbal Medicines.

Creating new environmentally-friendly chemical processes with

supercritical water and carbon dioxide.

Manufacture of Natural Fertilizers.

Removal of Water Pollutants using Natural Adsorbent.

Nano Technology.

Fabrication of Desired Product (Atomic Technology).

 RISK AND HAZARD

• RISK: Probability of harm being

done.

• HAZARD: Potential source of harm.

• Example: Spill of Water – Slippery Hazard

– Source: Physical, Chemical, Biological and

Mechanical.
 CONTROL MEASURES
• Eliminate: Lead Poison

• Substitute: Toluene instead of Benzene

• Isolate: Industries, Noise

• Use Engineering Controls:

– Process Control and Instrumentation

• Use Administrative Controls: SOP, Training

• Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

– Gloves, Glasses, Earmuffs, Dust masks, Safety foot wear

Ref: http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Hazards/
 TYPES OF HAZARDS
• Chemical Hazards

• Physical Hazards

• Biological Hazards
 Hazard and Risk Analysis
• Tool of Environmental Engineer
• Risk Factors – Harmful Components
• Conditions of Risk Factors

– Exposure of RF leads to the Adverse Effect.

– RF and AE are Consistently Associated.
– The Relationship Need not be Linear or Monotonic.
– Magnitude of AE is Statistically, Significantly Greater in
Presence of RF than in its Absence.

• Identification of Risk Factor is more difficult than

identification of an AE.

• Ex: Cigarette Smoke.

 Risk Assessment

• Identify Risk Factor

• Exposure Scenarios

• Characterization of Health Effects

• Estimation of Risk Probability

• Mortality Risk – Risk of Death

• Morbidity Risk – Risk of illness

• Misleading Death Certificate

• Occupational Mortality Risk

• Cohort Study – Isolation of

Population
 Risk Analysis
• Probability
• Dose Response Evaluation
• Population Responses
• Exposure and Latency
• Expression of Risk
• Risk Perception
• Ecosystem Risk Assessment
 Dose Response Evaluation
• Threshold
– Threshold dose
– Linear
– Sub-linear
– Supra-linear
• Total Body Burden
• Physiological Half Life
• Bioaccumulation
• Exposure time and time vs dosage
• Synergism - Antagonism
• LC50 and LD50
• Hormesis
 Expression of Risk
• Risk – Product of Probability and Consequences.

• Frequency F = X/N

• Latent Cancer Fatalities (LCF)

• Relative Risk – Std. Mortality Ratio

– Deaths per 100K persons.

– Deaths per 1000 persons.

– Loss of years of life or for occupational risk, loss of work days

or work years.

– Unit risk.

– Unit life time risk.

• Risk Perception

• Ecosystem Risk Assessment

 Environmental Audit
• Definition
• Advantage of Audit
• Environmental Audit
• Audit Procedure
• Audit Personnel
• Environmental Audit Report
• Important Management System
(MIS)
• To Acquire Information and Provide
Additional Discipline on the Internal
Processes to Validate Proper
Functioning of Specific System.
• Environmental Surveillance
• Environmental Review
• Environmental Assurance
• Environmental Quality Control
• Environmental Assessment
 Definition
• Independent Evaluation of Policy and Principles,
Systems, Procedures, Practice and Performance
of elements of an Industry relating to
Environment. – EP Act 1986
• A Management tool comprising a systematic,
documented, periodic, and objective evaluation of
how well environmental organization,
management and equipment are performing with
the aim of helping to safeguard the environment
by
– Facilitating management control of environmental
practices
– Assessing compliance with company polices, which
would include meeting regulatory requirements.
 Advantages

• Ensure Control on Waste/Pollutant

Generation.
• Assuring conformance/compliance
with statutory retirement.
• Reducing environmental risk and
liability
• Cost reduction
• Increasing efficiency of operations
 Environmental Audit
• Design Specification and Layout
• Resource Management
• Pollution Control Systems and Procedures
– Emergency Plans and Response/Safety System
– Medical & Health Facilities/ Industrial Hygiene
and Occupational Health
• Information System/ Institutional Setup
• Inter-relationship of Various
Environmental Domains
• Conformation to Regulatory Requirement
• Social Benefits
 Audit Procedure
• Smaller and Medium Industry –
Informal
• Larger Industries – Well Planned
• Regular Interval Audit
• Internal Audit
• Auditing Training
• External Audit
• Domain of Environmental Audit Vary
Depending on the Nature of Industry
– Social Benefit Audit.
– Emergency Planning and
Response/Safety Audit – Chemical
Industries.
– Resource Audit – Industries with High
Resource Consumption.
– Pollution Control System and Procedure,
Conformation to Regulatory requirement
– Basic Requirement for all Industries.
• Report should be based on facts
supported by documentary evidence.
• Should include action plan for
corrective measures.
• Follow up action.
 Audit Personnel
• Qualified.
• Experienced – Well versed with
various processes industry.
• Genuine Evaluation.
 Environmental Audit Report
• Name and Address
• Date of the Last Environmental Audit
• Water and Raw Material Consumption
• Pollution Generated
• Hazardous Wastes
• Solid Wastes
• Characteristics of Pollutants
• Impact of the Pollution
• Proposal for Abatement of Pollution
• Material Balance
• Energy Balance
 Summary
• At the end of this class, The student Understand

• Environment

• Environment Friendly Chemical Process

• Hazard and Risk Analysis

• Environmental Audit