Scribd
Upload
69 views

Lecture - 3 Normality

A molar solution contains 1 mole of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Equivalent weight is the weight in grams that will furnish or react with one gram-atomic weight of hydrogen ion. Normality is defined as equivalents of solute per liter of solution. To prepare a solution, the required amount of solid solute is dissolved in water and diluted to the desired volume.

Uploaded by

George
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views

Lecture - 3 Normality

A molar solution contains 1 mole of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Equivalent weight is the weight in grams that will furnish or react with one gram-atomic weight of hydrogen ion. Normality is defined as equivalents of solute per liter of solution. To prepare a solution, the required amount of solid solute is dissolved in water and diluted to the desired volume.

Uploaded by

George
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Molar Methods : A solution containing 1 mole of solute per liter of

solution is defined as a (Molar solution).


Molarity of solution : The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity[M] =

Molarity[M] = x
Moles of solute = molarity x liters of solution
Grams of solute = molarity x literes of solution x molecular weight.

Ex / Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution


that contains 2.30 gm of C2H5OH(46.07 gm /mole) in 3.50 L of solution.
Solution /
[C2H5OH] =

No.mol C2H5OH =2.30 gm C2H5OH x


= 0.0499 mol C2H5OH
[ C2H5OH] = = 0.0143 mol / L = 0.0143 M
EX/Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar concentration of the
solute species in an aqeous solution that contains 285.0 mg of
trichloroacetic acid , Cl3CCOOH(163.4gm / mol) , in 10.0ml.
Solution/ Cl3CCOOH ≡ HA
No. mol HA = 285.0 mg HA x X
= 1.744 X 10-3 mol HA
[HA] = x
= 0.174 mol HA / L = 0.174 M
EX/ How many grams of AgNO3(169.9 gm/mol) must be used to
prepared 500.0 ml of 0.125 M?
Solution/
M= x

Wt =

= =
10.62mg

Equivalent Methods:
The equivalent weight (eq) is defind , for neutralization reactions , as the
weight in grams that will furnish or react with one gram-atomic weight
of hydrogen ion.
Equivalent weight = =
n = no.H+ for acid
= no.OH- for base
= no. electrons in the reaction.
Example /
Equivalent weight of HCl = = =36.5

For eq.wt NaOH = = = 40


( )
For eq.wt Ba (OH)2 = = = 85.5
For eq.wt H3PO4
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- = =97

H3PO4 ↔ 2H+ + HPO4-2 = =48

H3PO4 ↔3 H+ + PO4-3 = = 31.7

Equivalent weight = =

Normality(N) =

Normality(N) = x

liters of solution x normality = Equivalents of solute


liters of solution x normality x equivalent weight = grams solute
Preparation of solution
Most solution are prepared by dissolving a weighed amount of solid and
adding sufficient water to make the desired volume.

Calculation of the Normality and Molarity of standard solution


Ex/How many grams of pure sodium hydroxide (M.wt 40.0g/mol) are
needed for preparation of 500.0 ml 0.100N solution?
Solution/ NaOH Na+ + OH_
N=
Equivalents of solute = normality x volume in liters
= 0.100 eq / liter x 0.500 liter
= 0.0500 eq
Equivalents of solute =

0.0500 eq =

Wt = 2.00 gm
‫طريقة اخرى للحل‬
N= x
0.100eq/L = x

0.100eq/L = x
Wt = 2.00 gm
Ex/What is the normality of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.20
gm oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O)(126.1gm/mol) in sufficient water
to give 1.200 liters of solution ?What is the molarity of this
solution?
Solution/ H2C2O4.2H2O 2H+ + C2O4-
2

N=

Number of equivalents =

= = 0.3996 eq
The Normality is :
N = = 0.3330 eq/liter
The Molarity is:
M= = = 0.1665 mol/liter
Ex/How many grams of pure sodium sulfate Na2SO4 (M.wt 142.0g/mol)
are needed for preparation of 200.0 ml 0.500N solution?
Solution/ Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO4-2
N= x
0.500eq/L = x

Wt = 7.1 gm
Ex/Describe the preparation of 5.000 L of 0.1000M Na2CO3
(105.99g/mol) from the primary standard solid?
Solution/
Molarity =
Moles of solute = M X V
= 0.1000mol/L X 5.000L = 0.5000mol
Grams of solute = 0.500mol x
= 53.00 gm Na2CO3
Therefore the solution is prepared by dissolving 53.00 gm of Na2CO3 in
water and diluting to exactly 5.00 L.
Ex/
Astandard 0.0100 M solution of Na+ is required for calibrating a flame
photometric method for determining the element. Describe how 500.0
ml of this solution can be prepared from primary standard Na2CO3?
Solution/ Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO3-2
No.mol Na+ = 500.0ml x = 5mmol

Moles of Na2CO3 = 5 mmol Na+ x = 2.5 mmol


Grams of Na2CO3 = 2.5 mmol x 0.10599 gm/mmol = 0.265 gm
The solution is therefore prepared by dissolving 0.265 gm of Na2CO3 in
water and diluting to 500.0ml.
Density and specific gravityof solution
Density and specific gravity are terms of encountered in the analytical
literature . The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume , where
as its specific gravityis the ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal
volume of water. Density has units of kilograms per liter or grams per
milliliter in the metric system.
Ex/ Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3 (63.0gm/mol) in a
solution that has a specific gravity of 1.42 and is 70% HNO3(W/W).

Solution/
M=
M=
= 15.8mol/L = 15.8 M
Ex/ Calculate the Normality of H2SO4 (98.08gm/mol) in a solution
has a specific gravity of 1.84 and is 98% H2SO4(W/W).
Solution/
N=

N=
N = 36.8eq/L =36.8 N
Ex/Sulfuric acid of density 1.3028gm per milliliter,40.0 percent H2SO4 By
weight. Compute the normality and molarity of the solution?
Solution/
N=
N=

N = 10.63eq/L = 10.63 N
M= = = 5.31 mol/L = 5.31 M
Ex/A sample of impure oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O)(126.1gm/mol) which
weighs 0.4750 gm requires 35.60 ml 0.2000N solution hydroxide for
its titration. Calculate the percentage of oxalic acid in the sample.
Solution/ H2C2O4.2H2O + 2NaOH Na2C2O4 +4H2O
N=
Equivalent Base = Equivalent Acid
Equivalent NaOH = Equivalent H2C2O4
Milliequivalent NaOH = N x liter of solution
= 0.200 meq/ml x 35.60 ml
= 7.12meq x eq/1000meq
= 7.12 x 10-3 eq
Weight(H2C2O4) = equivalent of acid x equivalent weight
= 7.12 x 10-3 eq x
= 0.4489 gm
Percentage = x 100

= x 100 = 94.51 %

You might also like