101 –Chem.

General Chemistry
Contents of course
1. Atomic Structure:
- Atoms and its components
- Periodic Table
- Chemical Bonding
2. Stoichiometry :
-International unit system (IUS)
- The Mole Concept.
- Molecular weight
- Chemical Formulas and Molecular formulas
- Percentage Composition.
- Balancing chemical equations
Contents of course
3. State of matter:
- Gaseous state
- Liquid state

4. Solutions:
-Type of solutions
- Concentration units
- Solution Process
- Solubility and temperature
- Colligative properties of solutions
Contents of course
5. Chemical Equilibrium
- Reverse and irreversible reactions
- The law of mass action
- The Equilibrium constant
- Ways of expressing equilibrium constants.
- Factors affecting on Chemical equilibrium

6. Acid-Base Equilibrium
- Theories of Acids and Bases
- Dissociation of Water
- Hydrogen Ion Exponent
- pH of acids and Bases
 Course Evaluation
First Midterm 15 %

Second Midterm 15 %

Quiz 5%

Homework 5%

Laboratory 20 % (Semester works + 10% final exam)

Final Exam 30%

5
 Reference

Main Textbook:
Chemistry, 10th Edition, Raymond Chang, McGraw-Hill,
2010.

6
 Chapter- 1
Atomic Structure, Periodic Table
and Chemical Bonding

7
Atomic Structure
Lecture-1
The Structure of the Atom
 Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass (g) Location

Electron
(e-) -1 9.11 x 10-28 Electron
cloud
Proton
(p+) +1 1.67 x 10-24 Nucleus
Neutron
(no) 0 1.67 x 10-24 Nucleus
 Atomic Number
• Atoms are composed of identical protons,
neutrons, and electrons
• Elements are different because they
contain different numbers of PROTONS
• The “atomic number” of an element is the
number of protons in the nucleus
• # protons in an atom = # electrons
 Mass Number
Mass number is the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope:

Mass # = p+ + n0
 Complete Symbols
Contain the symbol of the element, the
mass number and the atomic number.

Mass
Superscript →
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
 Your Turn!
Ex: Answer the following questions

a) number of protons
b) number of neutrons
c) number of electrons 80
d) Atomic number 35 Br
e) Mass Number

14
 Isotopes
are atoms of the same element having different
masses, due to varying numbers of neutrons.
Isotope Proton Electrons Neutrons Nucleus
s
Hydrogen–1
(protium) 1 1 0
Hydrogen-2
(deuterium) 1 1 1

Hydrogen-3 1 1 2
(tritium)
 Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that
differ in the number of neutrons.

Elements occur in nature as mixtures of

isotopes.
QUANTUM NUMBERS
There are four quantum numbers. We can use these
quantum number to designate the electronic arrangements in
all atoms, their so-called electron configuration .

These quantum numbers play important roles in describing

the energy levels of electrons and the shapes of the orbitals
that describe distribution of electrons in space.

An atomic orbital is a region of space in which the

probability of finding an electron is high.

We define each quantum number and describe the range of values it

may take.
1. Principal Quantum Number
• The principal quantum number has the symbol – n
(never 0 or negative values).
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...... “shells”
n = K, L, M, N, ......
The electron’s energy depends principally on n

1 2 3
2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number

• The angular momentum quantum number has

the symbol  (never negative values).
 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .......(n-1)
 = s, p, d, f, g, h, .......(n-1)

•  tells us the shape of the orbitals.

3. Magnetic Quantum Number
 The symbol for the magnetic quantum number is m,
m = -  , (-  + 1), (-  +2), .....0, ......., ( -2), ( -1), 

 If  = 0 (or an s orbital), then m = 0.

 If  = 1 (or a p orbital), then m = -1,0,+1.

 If  = 2 (or a d orbital), then m = -2,-1,0,+1,+2.

 If  = 3 (or an f orbital), then m = -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2, +3.

 Theoretically, this series continues on to g,h,i, etc

4. Spin Quantum Number
• The last quantum number is the spin quantum
number which has the symbol ms.
• The spin quantum number only has two
possible values.
– ms = +1/2 or -1/2
– ms = ± 1/2
• This quantum number tells us the spin and
orientation of the magnetic field of the
electrons.
• Wolfgang Pauli in 1925 discovered the Exclusion
Principle.
– No two electrons in an atom can have
the same set of 4 quantum numbers.
21
Summary of Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms

Name Symbol Permitted Values Property

principal n positive integers(1,2,3,…) orbital energy (size)

angular l integers from 0 to n-1 orbital shape (The l values 0,

momentum 1, 2, and 3 correspond to s, p,
d, and f orbitals, respectively.)

magnetic ml integers from -l to 0 to +l orbital orientation

spin ms +1/2 or -1/2 direction of e- spin

 s, p
and d

s and p

only s
Electron Configurations

 What do I mean by “electron configuration?”

 Theelectron configuration is the specific way

in which the atomic orbitals are filled.

 Think of it as being similar to your address.

The electron configuration tells me where all
the electrons “live.”
Rules for Electron Configurations
 In order to write an electron configuration, we need to know the
RULES.

3 rules govern electron configurations.

Aufbau Principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Hund’s Rule
 Using the orbital filling diagram at the right will help you figure
out HOW to write them
 Start with the 1s orbital. Fill each orbital completely and then go to
the next one, until all of the elements have been a counted for.
 Electron Configurations-Aufbau Principle
 The Aufbau Principle states that electrons enter
the lowest energy orbitals first.

 The lower the principal quantum number (n) the lower the
energy.
 Within an energy level, s orbitals are the lowest energy,
followed by p, d and then f. F orbitals are the highest
energy for that level.
Electron Filling Order

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s
 Pauli Exclusion Principle
 The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that an atomic
orbital may have up to 2 electrons and then it is full.
 The spins have to be paired.
 We usually represent this with an up arrow and a down
arrow.
 Since there is only 1 s orbital per energy level, only 2
electrons fill that orbital.
Quantum numbers describe an electrons position, and no 2
electrons can have the exact same quantum numbers. Because of
that, electrons must have opposite spins from each other in order
to “share” the same orbital.
Hund’s Rule
 Hunds Rule states that when you
get to degenerate orbitals, you fill
them all half way first, and then
you start pairing up the electrons.
 What are degenerate orbitals?
 Degenerate means they have the
same energy.
 So, the 3 p orbitals on each level are
degenerate, because they all have
the same energy.
 Similarly, the d and f orbitals are
Don’t pair up the 2p electrons degenerate too.
until all 3 orbitals are half full.
 Conclusions
Rules of electron configurations.
 2 ways to write electron configurations

spdf NOTATION
spdf Notation for H, atomic number = 1
1 no. of
1s electrons

sublevel
value of energy level

ORBITAL BOX NOTATION

Orbital Box Notation for He, atomic number = 2
Arrows show
2
1s  electron spin
(+½ or -½)
1s
 Anomalous Electron Configurations
• A few exceptions to the Aufbau principles exist.
Stable configuration:
– half-filled d shell:
• 24Crhas [Ar]4s13d5;
• 1
42Mo has [Kr] 5s 4d
5

– filled d subshell:
• 29Cu has [Ar]4s13d10
• 1 10
47Ag has [Kr]5s 4d .
• 1 14 10
79Au has [Xe]6s 4f 5d

• Exceptions occur with larger elements where

orbital energies are similar.
Examples about the electronic configuration:
1- 1H : 1S1 or orbital diagram

2- He : 1S 2 or orbital diagram
2

3- Li : 1S 2 2S1 or orbital diagram

3

4- 4Be : 1S2 2S2 or orbital diagram

5- 5B : 1S2 2S2 2P1 or orbital diagram

6- 6C : 1S2 2S2 2P2 or orbital diagram

`
Write the electronic configuration for :

7N , 8O , 9F , 10 Ne , 11Na, 14 Si , 17Cl