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Key Notes: Chapter-3 Matrices

The document defines and explains key concepts about matrices: 1) A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions that can be row matrices, column matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, scalar matrices, identity matrices, or zero matrices. 2) Operations can be performed on matrices such as addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. 3) The transpose of a matrix switches the rows and columns, and properties of the transpose include (A')'=A and (AB)'=B'A'.

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27 views

Key Notes: Chapter-3 Matrices

The document defines and explains key concepts about matrices: 1) A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions that can be row matrices, column matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, scalar matrices, identity matrices, or zero matrices. 2) Operations can be performed on matrices such as addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. 3) The transpose of a matrix switches the rows and columns, and properties of the transpose include (A')'=A and (AB)'=B'A'.

Uploaded by

Abra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Key Notes

Chapter-3

Matrices

• A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.

• A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.

• [a ij ]m×1 is a column matrix.

• [a ij ]1×n is a row matrix.

• An m × n matrix is a square matrix if m = n.

• A = A = [aij ]m×n is a diagonal matrix if a ij =0, when i ≠ j

• A =  a ji  is a scalar matrix if a ij = 0 when i ≠ j, a ij = k (k is some constant), when I=j.


n ×n

A =  aij  · aij = 1, when i = j, aij = 0, when i ≠ j.


• n×n is an identity matrix, if

• A zero matrix has all its elements as zero.

A =  aij  = bij  = B
• if (i) A and B are of same order, (ii) for all possible values of i and j.

•
kA = k  aij 
m×n  ( )
=  k aij 
 m×n

• – A = (–1)A

• A – B = A + (–1) B

• A+B=B+A

• (A + B) + C = A + (B + C), where A, B and C are of same order.

• k(A + B) = kA + kB, where A and B are of same order, k is constant.

• (k + l ) A = kA + lA, where k and l are constant.

n
• If A = [aij ]m×n and B = [bjk ]n×p , then AB = C = [cik ]m×p , where C tl = ∑ a ijb jk
j=i

(i) A(BC) = (AB)C,


Key Notes
(ii) A(B + C) = AB + AC,

(iii) (A + B)C = AC + BC

If A =  aij  , then A′ or AT =  a ji 
• m×n n×m

• (i) (A′)′ = A,

• (ii) (kA)′ = kA′,

• (iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′,

• (iv) (AB)′ = B′A′

• A is a symmetric matrix if A′ = A.

• A is a skew symmetric matrix if A′ = –A.

• Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix.

• Elementary operations of a matrix are as follows:

(i) R1 ↔ R j or Cl ↔ C j
•

(i) R1 → kR i or Cl ↔ kCl

(i) R1 ↔ R j + kR j or Cl + kC j

• If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = BA = I, then B is the inverse matrix of A and
−1
is denoted by A and A is the inverse of B.

• Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

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