Advanced Android Development V2

Storing data

Storing data with Room

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Room, LiveData, and
ViewModel

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Contents

● Architecture Components ● ViewModel

● Entity ● Repository
● DAO ● LiveData
● Room database ● Lifecycle

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Architecture
Components

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Architecture Components
A set of Android libraries for
structuring your app in a way
that is robust, testable, and
maintainable.

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Architecture Components
● Consist of best architecture practices + libraries
● Encourage recommended app architecture
● A LOT LESS boilerplate code
● Testable because of clear separation
● Fewer dependencies
● Easier to maintain

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Guide to app architecture

developer.android.com/arc
h

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Overview UI Controller
(activity/fragment)
Displays data and
forwards on UI
events
UI is notified of
changes using
observation LiveData Holds all the data
LiveData
LiveData ViewModel
needed for the UI

Single source of
truth for all app data;
Repository clean API for UI to
communicate with

LiveData RoomDatabase Manages local data

LiveData
Entity SQLite data source,
using objects
SQLite DAO

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 MainActivity NewWordActivity
Observer

WordListAdapter

LiveData<List<Word>>
The RoomWordsSample
WordViewModel
app that you build in the
WordRepository practical implements this
Room

Word architecture
WordRoomDatabase

SQLite WordDao

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Room overview

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Room overview

Room is a robust SQL object

mapping library

● Generates SQLite Android code

● Provides a simple API for your
database
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Components of Room
● Entity: Defines schema of database table.
● DAO: Database Access Object
Defines read/write operations for database.
● Database: LiveData
LiveData RoomDatabase
Entity
A database holder.
Used to create or SQLite DAO
connect to database
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Entity

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 Entity
● Entity instance = public class Person {
private int uid;
row in a database table private String firstName;
private String lastName;
● Define entities as POJO classes }

● 1 instance = 1 row
RoomDatabase
● Member variable = column LiveData
LiveData
Entity

name DAO
SQLite

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Entity instance = row in a database table
public class Person {
private int uid;
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
}
uid firstName lastName

12345 Aleks Becker

12346 Jhansi Kumar

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Annotate entities
@Entity
public class Person {
@PrimaryKey (autoGenerate=true)
private int uid;

@ColumnInfo(name = "first_name")
private String firstName;

@ColumnInfo(name = "last_name")
private String lastName;

// + getters and setters if variables are private.

}
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@Entity annotation

@Entity(tableName = "word_table")

● Each @Entity instance represents an entity/row in a table

● Specify the name of the table if different from class name

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@PrimaryKey annotation
@PrimaryKey (autoGenerate=true)

● Entity class must have a field annotated as

primary key

● You can auto-generate unique key for each entity

● See Defining data using Room entities

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@NonNull annotation

@NonNull

● Denotes that a parameter, field, or

method return value can never be null
● Use for mandatory fields
● Primary key must use @NonNull

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@ColumnInfo annotation

first_name last_name
@ColumnInfo(name = "first_name")
private String firstName;
@ColumnInfo(name = "last_name")
private String lastName;

● Specify column name if different from

member variable name

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Getters, setters
Every field that's stored in the database must

● be public

OR

● have a "getter" method

… so that Room can access it

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Relationships
users table
Use @Relation annotation to id

define related entities name

pet

Queries fetch all the returned

object's relations pets table
id

name

owner

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Many more annotations
For more annotations, see
Room package summary
reference

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Data access
object (DAO)

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Data access object

Use data access objects, or DAOs,

LiveData RoomDatabase
to access app data using the LiveData
Entity

Room persistence library SQLite DAO

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Data access object

● DAO methods provide abstract access to the app's

database
● The data source for these methods are entity objects
● DAO must be interface or abstract class
● Room uses DAO to create a clean API for your code

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Example DAO
@Dao
public interface WordDao {
@Insert
void insert(Word word);
@Update
public void updateWords(Word... words);
}
//... More queries on next slide...
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Example queries

@Query("DELETE FROM word_table")

void deleteAll();

@Query("SELECT * from word_table ORDER BY word ASC")

List<Word> getAllWords();

@Query("SELECT * FROM word_table WHERE word LIKE :word ")

public List<Word> findWord(String word);

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Room database

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Room

● Room is a robust SQL object

mapping library

● Generates SQLite Android code

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Room

● Room works with DAO and

Entities
LiveData RoomDatabase
LiveData
● Entities define the database Entity

schema SQLite DAO

● DAO provides methods to

access database

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Creating Room database
● Create public abstract class extending RoomDatabase
● Annotate as @Database
● Declare entities for database schema
and set version number

@Database(entities = {Word.class}, version = 1)

public abstract class WordRoomDatabase extends RoomDatabase

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Room class example
Entity
@Database(entities = {Word.class}, version = 1)
defines
public abstract class WordRoomDatabase DB schema
extends RoomDatabase { DAO for
database
public abstract WordDao wordDao();
Create
private static WordRoomDatabase INSTANCE; database as
singleton
// ... create instance here instance
}
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Use Database builder
● Use Room's database builder to create the database
● Create DB as singleton instance

private static WordRoomDatabase INSTANCE;

INSTANCE = Room.databaseBuilder(...)
.build();
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Specify database class and name
● Specify Room database class and database name
INSTANCE = Room.databaseBuilder(
context,
WordRoomDatabase.class, "word_database")
//...
.build();

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Specify onOpen callback
● Specify onOpen callback
INSTANCE = Room.databaseBuilder(
context,
WordRoomDatabase.class, "word_database")
.addCallback(sOnOpenCallback)
//...
.build();

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Specify migration strategy
● Specify migration strategy callback
INSTANCE = Room.databaseBuilder(
context.getApplicationContext(),
WordRoomDatabase.class, "word_database")
.addCallback(sOnOpenCallback)
.fallbackToDestructiveMigration()
.build();

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Room database creation example
static WordRoomDatabase getDatabase(final Context context) {
if (INSTANCE == null) { Check if database
synchronized (WordRoomDatabase.class) {
exists before
if (INSTANCE == null) {
creating it
INSTANCE = Room.databaseBuilder(
context.getApplicationContext(),
WordRoomDatabase.class, "word_database")
.addCallback(sOnOpenCallback)
.fallbackToDestructiveMigration()
.build();
}}}
return INSTANCE;
} Room, LiveData,
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Initialize DB in onOpen callback
private static RoomDatabase.Callback sOnOpenCallback =
new RoomDatabase.Callback(){
@Override
public void onOpen (@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db){
super.onOpen(db);
initializeData();
}};

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Room caveats

● Compile-time checks of SQLite statements

● Do not run database operations on the main thread
● LiveData automatically runs query asynchronously on a
background thread when needed
● Usually, make your RoomDatabase a singleton

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ViewModel

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ViewModel

● View models are objects that

provide data for UI
components and survive
LiveData
LiveData
configuration changes. LiveData ViewModel

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ViewModel

● Provides data to the UI

● Survives configuration changes
● You can also use a ViewModel to share data between
fragments
● Part of the lifecycle library

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Survives configuration changes

Activity Instance
ViewModel

Activity UI
Rotation Event
Data

Re-created Activity
Instance

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ViewModel serves data
● ViewModel serves data to the UI
● Data can come from Room
database or other sources
● ViewModel's role is to return the
data, it can get help to find or
generate the data

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Best practice to use repository

Recommended best practice:

● Use a repository to do the work to
get the data
● Keeps ViewModel as clean
interface between app and data

Repository is discussed in next section

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Restaurant analogy

● Customer requests meal ● UI requests data from

from server ViewModel
● Server takes order to ● ViewModel asks
chefs Repository for data
● Chefs prepare meal ● Repository gets data
● Server delivers meal to ● ViewModel returns data
customer to UI
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ViewModel example using repository
public class WordViewModel extends AndroidViewModel {
private WordRepository mRepository;
private LiveData<List<Word>> mAllWords;
// Initialize the repository and the list of words
public WordViewModel (Application application) {
super(application);
mRepository = new WordRepository(application);
mAllWords = mRepository.getAllWords();
}
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ViewModel example continued
LiveData<List<Word>> getAllWords() {
return mAllWords;
}
public void insert(Word word) {
mRepository.insert(word);
}
public void deleteWord(Word word) {
mRepository.deleteWord(word);
}
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Do not pass context into ViewModel
● Never pass context into ViewModel instances
● Do not store Activity, Fragment, or View instances or
their Context in the ViewModel
● An Activity can be destroyed and created many times
during the lifecycle of a ViewModel
● If you need application context, inherit from
AndroidViewModel
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 ViewModel does not survive app closure
● ViewModel survives configuration changes,
not app shutdown
● ViewModel is not a replacement for
onSaveInstanceState()
(if you are not saving the data with Room)
● See Saving UI States

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Repository

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Repository

● Best practice, not part of

Architecture Components Repository
libraries
● Implement repository to
provide single, clean API
to app data

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Repository fetches or generates data

● Use repository to fetch data in

the background
● Analogy: chefs prepare meals
behind the scenes

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Multiple backends Repository

Dao Network

● Potentially, repository could manage query threads and

allow you to use multiple backends
● Example: in Repository, implement logic for deciding
whether to fetch data from a network or use results
cached in the database

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 Repository example
public class WordRepository {
private WordDao mWordDao;
private LiveData<List<Word>> mAllWords;
WordRepository(Application application) {
WordRoomDatabase db = WordRoomDatabase.getDatabase(application);
mWordDao = db.wordDao();
mAllWords = mWordDao.getAllWords();
}
[... more code…]
}
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Get and insert data
LiveData<List<Word>> getAllWords() {
return mAllWords;
}

// Must insert data off the main thread

public void insert (Word word) {
new insertAsyncTask(mWordDao).execute(word);
}

[... more code…]

}

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Insert off main thread
private static class insertAsyncTask extends AsyncTask
<Word, Void, Void> {
private WordDao mAsyncTaskDao;
insertAsyncTask(WordDao dao) {
mAsyncTaskDao = dao;
}
@Override
protected Void doInBackground(final Word... params) {
mAsyncTaskDao.insert(params[0]);
return null;
}
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LiveData

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LiveData
LiveData is a data holder class
that is aware of lifecycle events.
It keeps a value and allows this
LiveData ViewModel
value to be observed. LiveData
LiveData

Use LiveData to keep your UI

up to date with the latest and
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LiveData

● LiveData is observable data

● Notifies observer when data
changes
● Is lifecycle aware:
knows when device rotates
or app stops

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Use LiveData to keep UI up to date
● Create an observer that
observes the LiveData
● LiveData notifies Observer
objects when the observed
data changes
● Your observer can update the
UI every time the data changes

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Creating LiveData

To make data observable, return it as LiveData:

@Query("SELECT * from word_table)

LiveData<List<Word>> getAllWords();

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Using LiveData with Room

Room generates all

the code to update the
LiveData when the
database is updated

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Passing LiveData through layers

When you pass live data through the layers of your app
architecture, from a Room database to your UI, that data
must be LiveData in all layers:
● DAO
● ViewModel
● Repository

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Passing LiveData through layers
● DAO:
@Query("SELECT * from word_table")
LiveData<List<Word>> getAllWords();
● Repository:
LiveData<List<Word>> mAllWords =
mWordDao.getAllWords();
● ViewModel:
LiveData<List<Word>> mAllWords =
mRepository.getAllWords();
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Observing LiveData

● Create the observer in onCreate() in the Activity

● Override onChanged() in the observer to update the UI
when the data changes

When the LiveData changes, the observer is notified and

its onChanged() is executed

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Observing LiveData: example
final Observer<String> nameObserver =
new Observer<String>() {
@Override
public void onChanged(@Nullable final String newName) {
// Update the UI, in this case, a TextView.
mNameTextView.setText(newName);
}
};

mModel.getCurrentName().observe(this, nameObserver);
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No memory leaks

● Observers are bound to Lifecycle objects

which are objects that have an Android Lifecycle
● Observers clean up after themselves when their
associated lifecycle is destroyed

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LiveData is always up to date

● If a lifecycle object becomes inactive,

it gets the latest data when it becomes
active again
● Example: an activity in the background
gets the latest data right after it
returns to the foreground

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LiveData handles configuration changes
If an activity or fragment
is re-created due to a
configuration change
such as device rotation,
the activity or fragment
immediately receives the
latest available data

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Share resources

● You can extend a LiveData object using the singleton

pattern, for example for services or a database
● The LiveData object connects to the system service
once, and then any observer that needs the resource can
just watch the LiveData object
● See Extend LiveData

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Lifecycle

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Lifecycle-aware components

Instead of managing lifecycle-dependent

components in the activity's lifecycle methods,
onStart(), onStop(), and so on, you can make
any class react to lifecycle events

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Lifecycle-aware components

● Lifecycle-aware components perform actions in

response to a change in the lifecycle status of
another component
● For example, a listener could start and stop itself in
response to an activity starting and stopping

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Use cases

● Switch between coarse and fine-grained location updates

depending on app visibility
● Stop and start video buffering
● Stop network connectivity when app is in background
● Pause and resume animated drawables

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Lifecycle library

● Import the android.arch.lifecycle package

● Provides classes and interfaces that let you build lifecycle-
aware components that automatically adjust their behavior
based on lifecycle state of activity or fragment
● See Handling Lifecycles with Lifecycle-Aware Components

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LifecycleObserver interface
● LifecycleObserver has an Android lifecycle.
● It does not have any methods, instead, uses
OnLifecycleEvent annotated methods.

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@OnLifecycleEvent
@OnLifecycleEvent indicates life cycle methods

@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
public void start() {...}

@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
public void start() {...}

See Lifecycle.event reference for more lifecycle events

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 POJOs can be life cycle aware
You can make any class In these pictures,
react to lifecycle events
the Toast is
created by a plain
old Java class
when app starts
or device rotates
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Adding lifecycle awareness to a POJO
public class Aquarium {

// Constructor takes Application and lifecycle

public Aquarium(final Application app,
Lifecycle lifecycle) {
...
}

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 Constructor for lifecycle aware POJO
public Aquarium(final Application app, Lifecycle lifecycle) {
// Add a new observer to the lifecycle.
lifecycle.addObserver(new LifecycleObserver() {
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
public void start() {
Toast.makeText(app, "LIGHTS ON", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}

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Creating an instance
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private Aquarium myAquarium;
protected void onCreate(...) {
...
// Create aquarium.
// Pass context and this activity's lifecycle
myAquarium = new Aquarium(this.getApplication(),
getLifecycle());
}
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What's next?

● Concept chapter: 10.1 Room, LiveData, and ViewModel

● Practical: 10.1A : Room, LiveData, and ViewModel
● Practical: 10.1B : Room, LiveData, and ViewModel

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END

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