ECE 202 – ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Name: Victorio, Eloisa Mae B. Course: BSECE Date: March 15, 2021
Yr. & Sec.: 2-A Lab. No.: 3 Instructor: Engr. Ma. Kristina Borbon

EXPERIMENT NO. 3: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

ABSTRACT
Operational Amplifiers, also known as Op-amps, are basically a voltage amplifying device
designed to be used with components like capacitors and resistors, between its in/out terminals.
They are essentially a core part of analog devices. Feedback components like there are used to
determine the operation of the amplifier. The amplifier can perform many different operations
(resistive, capacitive, or both), giving it the name Operational Amplifier.

I. OBJECTIVE

1. To demonstrate the operation of an inverting amplifier.

2. To demonstrate the operation of a noninverting amplifier.
3. To demonstrate the operation of a buffer amplifier.

II. EQUIPMENT

 1 Audio Generator
 2 Power Supply  15V
 1 741 operational amplifier
 6 ½ W Resistors: (2) 10 KΩ, (1) 27 KΩ, (1) 39 KΩ, (1) 47 KΩ, (1) 82 KΩ
 1 VOM or DMM
 Oscilloscope
 1 Breadboard
 10 Breadboard Connector
 Alligator Clips

III. PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1. Apply power and observe and record the input
and output traces on the oscilloscope.
2. Adjust the amplitude of the signal generator to 1.00 Vp-p at 1.00 kHz. Notice the
difference between the input and output wave shapes of the amplifier.
3. Verify that the gain of the amplifier is equal to 1.
4. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.
5. Apply power and adjust the amplitude of the signal generator to 1.00 Vp-p at 1.00
kHz. Compare the input to the output traces on graticule paper.
6. Determine the voltage gain of the amplifier such that:
R
AV  1  F
R1
Record this information
7. Maintain the input amplitude from the signal generator at 1.00 Vp-p and change the
value of R1 to 27 kΏ, 39 kΏ, 47 kΏ, and 82 kΏ. Determine the results of the output
signal level and the voltage gain for each change of R F in Fig. 2 and record the results
in Table 1.
8. Calculate the values of Vout and Av in Table 1 using figure 1. Compare the results.
9. Simulate figure 1 using CircuitMaker and Measure Vout. Calculate the simulated gain
using the equation, Vout = Av Vi, with Vi = 1V.
10. Compare this result to the measured and the calculated values.

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 1 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
 11. Connect the circuit shown in figure 3. Apply power to the circuit and adjust the
amplitude of the signal generator to 1.00 Vp-p at a frequency of 1.00 kHz.
12. Compare the input to output signal of the amplifier. Record the input and output
traces upon graticule paper.
13. Determine the voltage gain of the amplifier.
14. Repeat step 7 for Figure 3, and record this information in table 2.
15. Calculate the values of Vout and Av in Table 2 using figure 2. Compare the results.
16. Simulate figure 2 using CircuitMaker and Measure Vout. Calculate the simulated gain
using the equation, Vout = Av Vi, with Vi = 1V.
17. Compare this result to the measured and the calculated values.

741
3
Vo
1kHz 6
2
Rf
10k

2
Vo
3 6 R1
1kHz 10k
741

Figure1 Figure 2

Rf
10k

R1
10k 2
Vo
1kHz 3 6
741

Figure 3

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 2 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
DATA TABLES

Table 1 (Vin = 1 Vp-p )

Vout AV
R1, kΏ Measured Calculated Simulated Measured Calculated Simulated
27 999.549mV 370mV 999.549mV 1.372 0.370 1.372
39 999.575mV 256.41mV 999.575mV 1.258 0.256 1.258
47 999.094mV 212.77mV 999.094mV 1.214 0.213 1.214
82 999.510mV 121.95mV 999.510mV 1.123 0.122 1.123

Table 2 (Vin = 1 Vp-p )

Vout AV
R1, kΏ Measured Calculated Simulated Measured Calculated Simulated
27 999.615mV 370mV 999.615mV 0.367 0.370 0.367
39 -999.444mV 256mV -999.444mV 0.258 0.256 0.258
47 -999.855mV 213mV -999.855mV 0.214 0.213 0.214
82 999.366mV 122mV 999.366mV 0.119 0.122 0.119

QUESTIONS

1. For a voltage follower circuit, what is the difference between the input and output
signals for phase and gain?

-Phase=0 degrees, gain less than or equal to 1

2. For the non-inverting amplifier, how does the measured voltage gain compare with
the formula for determining gain? What is the percentage of error between these two
values?

-Percent of error ranged between 0.5% and 3%. And the results shows that the values
are very close.

3. For the inverting amplifier, do the experimental results agree with the gain equation?

- Results agreed within a range from 1% to 6.5%

4. What would the purpose be for a buffer amplifier?

-To isolate the input from the output, a buffer amplifier would also be used for
impedance matching.

5. What voltage gain can be expected from a noninverting amplifier?

-A gain less than or equal to unity.

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 3 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
IV. CONCLUSION

An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify weak electric signals. An
operational amplifier has two input pins and one output pin. Its basic role is to amplify and
output the voltage difference between the two input pins. Operational Amplifiers, also known as
Op-amps, are basically a voltage amplifying device designed to be used with components like
capacitors and resistors, between its in/out terminals. They are essentially a core part of analog
devices. Feedback components like these are used to determine the operation of the amplifier.
The amplifier can perform many different operations (resistive, capacitive, or both), giving it the
name Operational Amplifier.

The operational amplifier is arguably the most useful single device in analog electronic circuitry.
With only a handful of external components, it can be made to perform a wide variety of analog
signal processing tasks. It is also quite affordable, most general-purpose amplifiers selling for
under a dollar apiece. Modern designs have been engineered with durability in mind as well:
several “op-amps” are manufactured that can sustain direct short-circuits on their outputs without
damage.

One key to the usefulness of these little circuits is in the engineering principle of feedback,
particularly negative feedback, which constitutes the foundation of almost all automatic control
processes. The principles presented in this section, extend well beyond the immediate scope of
electronics. It is well worth the electronics student’s time to learn these principles and learn them
well.

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 4 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
 MEASURED DATA:
OUTPUT FIGURE 1

INPUT FIGURE 1

VOLTAGE GAIN IS EQUAL TO 1

FIGURE 2

Input 1V and the output is 4V

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 5 of 9
Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
29kΏ

39kΏ

47kΏ

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 6 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
82kΏ

FIGURE 3

27kΏ

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 7 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
39kΏ

47kΏ

82kΏ

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 8 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB
CALCULATIONS:

Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design Page 9 of 9

Prepared by: Vicenter Y. Buenconsejo Jr., Ph.D.
Atty. Elmer G. Castillon, ECE, LLB