1

NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. By what name is the civil code of 1804 known?

(a) French code (b) National code (c) Diplomatic code (d) Napoleonic code
2. When was Customs union or 'Zollverein' founded?
(a) 1833 (b) 1834 (c) 1837 (d) 1840
3. Which one of the following assertion is NOT true about the liberal nationalists of
Europe?
(a) They stood for freedom for the individuals and equality of all before the law.
(b) They emphasised the concept of government by the consent of the people
(c) They supported the universal suffrage and denied the right to private
property.
(d) They stood for the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restriction
on the movement of goods and capital.
4. Which one of the following is NOT true regarding Romanticism and National
feeling in Europe?
(a) It was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of
nationalist sentiment.
(b) The romantic artists and poets generally did not criticize the glorification of
science and reasons.
(c) It focused on emotions and mystical feelings.
(d) Its effort was to create a sense of collective heritage.
5. Why and when Mazzini was sent into exile ?
(a) In 1831, for attempting a revolution in Liguria
(b) In 1830, for starting a revolution in Genoa
(c) In 1840, for founding a secret society
(d) For attempting to over throw the Italian govt, in 1830
6. Zolleverin started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a :
(a) Trade Union (b) Customs Union (c) Labour Union (d) Farmer‟s Union
7. The Habsburg Empire ruled over the area of ___________
(a) Austria – Hungary (b) Dutch Republic (c) Germany (d) Sweden
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8. Name the battle which Napoleon lost in 1813 :

(a) Milan (b) Victoria (c) Warsaw (d) Leipzig.
9. Which one of the following was the effect of the Act of the Union 1707 between
England and Scotland ?
(a) England was able to impose the influence on Scotland.
(b) Scotland was able to impose its influence on England
(c) The Scotish Highlanders were allowed to speak their language.
(d) They were also allowed to wear their National dress.
10. In France, whose images were marked on coins and stamps during 1850s?
(a) Germania (b) Marianne (c) Garibaldi (d) King Victor
11. Which one of the following statements is true about the Napoleonic code ?
(a) Privileges were given on the basis of birth (b) Right to property was abolished
(c) Privileges based on birth were abolished (d) Right to equality was abolished
12. Who amongst the following said “If France sneezes, rest of the Europe catches
cold.”?
(a) Napoleon (b) Cavour (c) Mazzini (d) Metternich
13. Which amongst the following were the inhabitants of Balkan region?
(a) Tyrols (b) Slavs (c) Dutch (d) Slovaks
14. Which amongst the following is the national anthem of New Britain
(a) The star spangled banner (b) God save our noble king
(c) Star of the sea, (d) Hymn to the flag
15. In which of the following events, we see the first clear expression of Nationalism ?
(a) Glorious Revolution of England (b) The French Revolution of 1789
(c) The October 1917 Revolution of Russia
16. Which of the following societies was founded by Guiseppe Mazzini in Marseilles
(a) Young Europe (b) Jacobin Club (c) Young Italy (d) Carbonari
17. Which treaty recognized „Greece‟ as an independent nation ?
(a) Treaty of Versailles (b) Treaty of Vienna
(c) Treaty of Constantinople (d) Treat of Laussanne
18. The Independence of which of the following countries was recognised by the
Treaty of Constantinople in 1832 ?
(a) Italy (b) Greece (c) Netherlands (d) Turkey
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19. How was Ireland incorporated in the United Kingdom of Great Britain?
(a) Act of Settlement (b) Act of Union
(c) The Treaty of Venice (d) The Treaty of Versailles
20. Under which Act or Treaty were England and Scotland united under the name of
United Kingdom of Great Britain ?
(a) Act of Settlement (b) Act of Union
(c) The Treaty of Venice (d) The Treaty of Versailles
21. Which one of the following countries is known as the cradle of civilization?
(a) Italy (b) England (c) France (d) Greek
22. Who among the following was proclaimed as the first king of United Italy?
(a) King George II (b) Kaiser William IV (c) Nicholas II (d) Victor Emmanuel II
23. To which ideology was the idea of national unity in early 19th century Europe
related?
(a) Industrialisation (b) Repression (c) Conservatism (d) Liberalism
24. Which class amongst the following Germans tried to bring about nation states
governed by an elected Parliament?
(a) Large landowners (b) Aristocracy (c) Middle class (d) Commoners
25. What was the concept of a Modern State?
(a) Struggles through the actions of leaders & commoners. (b) Fraternity amongst
inhabitants. (c) Centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined
territory. (d) Majority of citizens developed common identity.
26. Who sought to put together a programme for a Unitary Italian Republic?
(a) Mazzini (b) Cavour (c) Garibaldi (d) Victor Emmanuel.
27. How did Holland, Switzerland and Brussels welcome French armies?
(a) As the Models of Humanity (b) As the Harbingers of Liberty
(c) As the models of equality (d) As the propagators of freedom and equality
28. Who was described as „the most dangerous enemy of social order‟ by
Matternich?
(a) Count Cavour (b) Mazzini (c) Garibaldi (d) Victor Emmanuel
29. Which among the following was not introduced by Zollverin in Germany?
(a) Abolition of tariff barriers (b) Network of railways to stimulate mobility
(c) Creation of unified economic territory (d) Closed economic system to weaken
the nationalist feeling.
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30. Choose the name of the region whose habitants were broadly known as Slavs :

(a) The Balkan region (b) The Austrian region

(c) The Turkish Empire (d) The German Empire

31. The Irish Catholic who revolted against the British domination was :

(a) Metternich (b) Mazzini (c) Garibaldi (d) Wolf Tone

33. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

(a) Napoleon abolished the feudal system. (b) Napoleon freed the peasants from
serfdom. (c) In towns guild restrictions were not removed. (d) Transport and
communication systems were improved.

34. Which of the category of members were not a large number of members of
political associations in Germany?

(a) Professionals (b) Businessmen (c) Poor farmers (d) Prosperous artisans

35. To which of the following were the conservative regimes set up in 1815 related ?
(a) Memory of French revolution inspired them. (b) Questioned the legitimacy of
autocratic govt. (c) Autocratic (d) Adopted censorship laws.

36. Which of the following countries did not attend the congress of Vienna?

(a) Britain (b) Russia (c) Prussia (d) Switzerland.

37. Romanticism in Europe was a

(a) Cultural movement (b) Political movement
(c) Religious movement (d) Freedom movement
38. A political philosophy that cherished the importance of tradition :
(a) Conservation (b) Liberalise (c) Radialism (d) Socialism
39. The Treaty of Constantinople which recognized Greece as an independent nation,
was signed in:
(a) 1842 (b) 1832 (c) 1852 (d) 1862
40. Which one of the following statements is FALSE regarding the doctrine of Liberal
Nationalism?
(a) It stood for freedom of individual (b) It stood for equality of all before law
(c) It stood for autocratic rights for aristocracy (d) It emphasized government by
consent
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41. Which of the following year was Napoleon defeated?

(a) 1810 (b) 1815 (c) 1820 (d) 1825
42. Which of the following was not a feature of the Conservatism in Europe after 1815
(a) Established traditional systems of state and society (b) Efficient Bureaucracy
(c) Modern army (d) Democracy
43. Which of the following is False about the Habsberg Empire?
(a) It ruled over Austria – Hungary (b) It comprised of Italian and German speaking
people (c) It shared a strong common identity (d) All the groups had no common
allegiance to the emperor.
44.Why was the Treaty of Vienna drawn up in 1815 ?
(a) To abolish tariff barriers (b) To restore monarchy (c) To divide the states of
Germany (d) To unite the states of Germany
45. Who was proclaimed German Emperor after its unification ?

(a) The Prussian King – William - I (b) The Russian King – William – I

(c) Otto Bismark (d) Lenin

46. Who was the chief architect of the unification of Germany ?

(a) Chief Minister William I (b) Chief Minister Otto Van Bismarck

(c) Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck (d) King William I

47. Which of the following Secret Societies was founded by Giuseppe Mazzini ?

(a) Young Italy (b) Young Europe in Berne

(c) Young Europe in England (d) Young Italy in Rome

48. Which of the following statements is true regarding „zollverein‟ ?

(a) It was created to restore democracy (b) It was created to unify Germany

(c) It was created to abolish tarrif barriers (d) It was created to abolish autocracy

49. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the Act of Union ?

(a) It was signed in 1707. (b) It was signed between England and Scotland

(c) It resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain

(d) It resulted in the establishment of democracy in Scotland.

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50. Who led a protest movement against the protestants in Ireland ?

(a) Garibaldi (b) Wolfe Tone (c) Mazzini (d) Cavour

51. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the :

(a) area called the Astro - Hungary (b) area under the Prussians

(c) area called the Balkans (d) area under the Russians

52. Which of the given points did not define the term “Liberal Nationalism‟ for the
people of Europe in the nineteenth century?

(a) Freedom for the individual and equality before law. (b) Government by consent.

(c) End of autocracy and clerical privileges. (d) None of these.

53. Who played the key role in unifying Germany ?

(a) Friedrich Wilhelm – IV (b) Otto Von Bismarck (c) Matternich (d) Kaisar
William – I

54. Where did the industrialization first begin in Europe ?

(a) USA (b) England (c) France (d) Russia

55. What is the main contribution of the French Revolution to the world?

(a) Right to property was recognized. (b) Guild restrictions were removed.

(c) Led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of citizens.

(d) Weights and measures were standardized.

54. Which of these was an allegory attribute of “liberty‟ ?

(a) Crown of oak (b) Red cap (c) Olive branch (d) Sword

56. Why was the kingdom of Netherlands that included Belgium set up in the North ?

(a) To control censorship (b) To prevent French expansion

(c) To curb government activities (d) None of these

57. When was the congress of Vienna hosted ?

(a) 1817 (b) 1816 (c) 1815 (d) 1818

58. Which one of the following is NOT true regarding Romanticism and National
feeling in Europe?
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(a) It was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of

nationalist sentiment.

(b) The romantic artists and poets generally did not criticized the glorification of
science and reasons.

(c) It focused on emotions and mystical feelings.

(d) Its effort was to create a sense of collective heritage.

60. Which one of the following is not true regarding the conservative regimes set up in
1815?

(a) They did not tolerate criticism regarding the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

(b) Most of them imposed censorship on press.

(c) They believed in the established traditional institutions like monarchy, Church etc.

(d) They favoured the idea of liberty and freedom.

61. After the armed rebellion of 1831 in Poland, many priests were imprisoned or
exiled to Siberia by the Russian government for which of the given reasons ?

(a) They demanded a Democratic government (b) They refused to preach in

Russian.

(c) They refused to accept the supremacy of the Russian Church.

(d) For their indulgence in anti-church activities.

64. Liberalism in the economic sphere did not contain ___________ .

(a) freedom of markets (b) abolition of state imposed restriction on good

(c) abolition of restrictions on movement of capital (d) feudal privileges

65. In France, whose images were marked on coins and stamps during 1850s?
(a) Germania (b) Marianne (c) Garibaldi (d) King Victor
66. Who among the following was made the constitutional monarch by Liberal
revolutionaries in 1830 in France ?
(a) Louis Phillipe (b) Mazzini (b) Metternich (d) Charles Albert
67. Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(a) Britain defeated Napoleon in 1815 (b) Russia defeated Napoleon in 1815
(c) Prussia defeated Napoleon in 1815
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(d) All the above mentioned countries collectively defeated Napoleon in 1815
68. Who among the following leaders of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a
democratic ? (a) Cavour (b) Garibaldi (c) Mazzini (d) None of these
69. Which one of the following statements is not true about new conservation restored
by Vienna congress of 1815?
(a) It believed that traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved.
(b) It proposed a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
(c) It supported efficient bureaucracy and dynamic economy.
(d) It believed in strengthening the autocratic monarchy of Europe.
70. The Italian revolutionary nationalist Mazzini was described as “the most
dangerous enemy of our social order” by –
(a) William I (b) Napoleon I (b) Duke Metternich (d) Friedrich Wilhem IV

PART – 1 FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NATIONALISM

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people?

(i) They introduced the ideas of la patrie ( the father land) and citoyen ( citizen). All
the citizens were guaranteed equal rights.
(ii) A new tri colour national flag was adopted.
(iii) Hymns in praise of the Nation were popularized. People took oath to stay united.
They paid tribute to martyrs.
(iv) A centralized administrative system with uniform laws was established.
(v) Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(vi) Internal customs duties were abolished to promote trade within the country.
(vii) French was promoted as the common language of the nation..
2. Explain any four provisions of the Napoleonic civil code, 1804.
OR
Explain four reforms introduced in France through the Napoleonic Code.
(i) Napoleonic code abolished privileges based on birth.

(ii) It established equality before law.

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(iii) It guaranteed right to property.

(iv) It simplified administrative system.

(v) It abolished feudal system.

3. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French
rule?
OR
What were the effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830?
OR
“In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to
French rule were mixed.” Support the statement with three appropriate arguments.
(i) Initially, the people of other European countries welcomed French army. They
considered it as a liberating army.

(ii) The introduction of uniform laws, common weights and measures and national
currency attracted people. These steps helped in the development of trade and
business.

(iii) Later, they turned against the French rule. Increased taxes, loss of political
freedom, censorship and forced recruitment in to the army created discontent among
the people.

4. Explain by giving four reasons as to why the people, who earlier had welcomed
Napoleon, opposed him later?
OR
Why was Napoleonic rule over other regions became unpopular among some
sections of the society?
Initially, the people of other European countries welcomed French army. They
considered it as a liberating army.

Later they turned against the French rule due to following reasons:

(i) The European Nations lost their political freedom. They went under French rule.

(ii) Taxes were increased.

(iii) Censorship was introduced.

(iv) People were forced to join French army.

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5. What were the reforms introduced by Napoleon in the areas that came under
French rule?
OR
What changes were introduced by Napoleon during his regime ?
OR
Describe any four reforms introduced by Napoleon to make the administrative
system more efficient in the territories ruled by him ?
OR
“Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he
had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify this statement.
OR
“In the administrative field, Napoleon had incorporated revolutionary principles in
order to make the whole system more rational and efficient‟. What changes did he
bring about? Explain any four.
(i) Napoleon abolished feudal system.

(ii) He simplified administrative system.

(iii) He abolished serfdom and gave freedom to serfs.

(iv) He introduced uniform laws, uniform currency and uniforem system of weights
and measures.

(v) Manorial dues were abolished.

(vi) Transport and communication facilities were developed.

(vii) Guild restrictions were removed.

(viii) Civil Code of 1804 abolished all the privileges based on birth.

6. Describe the events of the French Revolution which had influenced people
belonging to other parts of Europe.

(i) In 1789, the people of Europe started a revolution to put an end to absolute
monarchy and the domination of nobles and church.

(ii) The rule of the king came to an end and power came in to the hands of National
Assembly.

(iii) Privileges based on birth came to an end. The power of Nobles and the Church
came to an end.

(iv) Basic human rights were guaranteed to the people.

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(v) Revolutionaries wanted to end monarchy and aristocracy in other European

countries also.

(vi) People of other European countries were attracted by these developments. They
formed Jacobin’s Club. They welcomed the French liberating army.

7. What was the status of France as a state before 1789? Which two political and
constitutional changes came in the wake of the French Revolution?

France was an absolute monarchy before 1789. Nobles and clergy

enjoyed many privileges and dominated social and political life.

(i) Monarchy was abolished and National Assembly that represented the people came
to power.

(ii) The domination of nobles and clergy came to an end. Feudalism was abolished.

(iii) The revolution identified Nation with the people.

8. Examine the impact of the French Revolution of 1789 on the other European
countries.

(i) French Revolution spread ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality among the
Europeans.

(ii) Jacobins Clubs were formed in different European countries.

(iii) Liberalism spread. People opposed absolute monarchy and the power of nobles.

(iv) People welcomed French army. They considered it as a liberating force.

(v) Absolute monarchy was overthrown in some countries.

(vi) Later, people turned against the French army. They began to consider it as an
aggressor.

PART 2 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

1. Examine the political conditions in Europe during the mid 18th century.

(i) Nation States did not exist in Europe during the mid 18th century.

(ii) Modern nations like Germany and Italy were divided in to kingdoms, duchies and
cantons.
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(iii) In Eastern and Central Europe, autocratic kings established empires in which
diverse people lived. They spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic
groups.

2. Describe the social conditions of Europe in mid-eighteenth century Europe.

(i) Nobles who were landlords dominated the social life. They enjoyed many
privileges. They spoke French language,

(ii) Peasants constituted majority in the society. They were tenants and small
cultivators.

(iii) In Eastern and Central Europe serfdom existed.

(iv) Industrial development resulted in the emergence of two social groups – workers
and middle class.

(v) Middle class people were educated and were influenced by liberal ideas.

(vi) Church had a lot of influence over social life. Clergy enjoyed many privileges.

3. Explain the main features of the class of landed aristocracy in Europe during the
18th century.

(i) Aristocracy in Europe was socially and politically powerful during the 18th century.

(ii) They owned large Estates in villages and big houses in towns.

(iii) They collected heavy rent and manorial dues from the peasants.

(iv) They spoke French language and were united by a common way of life.

(v) Their families were connected by marriage relations.

4. How did the growth of Industrialisation change the social and political equation
in Europe?

(i) Growth of industries resulted in the emergence of towns and cities. New liberal
ideas spread among the people of towns and cities.

(ii) A new social class called middle class emerged. They were educated. They
opposed privileges based on birth and supported liberal ideas.

(iii) It also resulted in the emergence of a new group called workers. They were united
in their struggle for rights.
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5. Which social group spearheaded nationalist movement in Europe? What were its
main demands?

OR

“A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing in

Europe.” Which class brought about this change? How did they bring about this change?
Explain with two reasons.
The middle class consisting of professionals, businessmen, government officers and
teachers spearheaded nationalist movements in Europe.

(i) They were educated. They supported new liberal ideas.

(ii) They wanted to put an end to privileges based on birth.

(iii) They wanted to build Nation States.

(iv) They were against absolute monarchy. They supported a government based on
people’s consent.

6. Explain the ideas of liberal nationalists in political field.

OR

'Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the
ideology of liberalism.' Highlight any three points of this ideology.
The word liberalism originated from the Latin word liber which means freedom.

(i) It opposed absolute monarchy and supported a government based on people’s

consent.

(ii) They demanded a constitution and elected parliament.

(iii) They did not support universal adult franchise. They wanted right to vote only for
men with property.

(iv) They wanted to end the privileges enjoyed by the nobles and the clergy.

(v) They supported individual freedom and equality before law.

7. Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere.

(i) Liberals wanted freedom of markets. They wanted the Government to remove all
restrictions.
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(ii) They wanted all the restrictions on the movement of goods, people and capital to
be withdrawn.

(iii) They demanded the abolition of internal customs duty.

(iv) They supported a common system of weights and measures and a national
currency.

(v) In 1934, a customs union called Zollverein was formed in Prussia. It abolished
internal customs duties and reduced the number of currencies.

8. Explain the main ideas of conservatism that emerged in Europe in 1815.

Conservatism emerged in Europe in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon.

(i) Conservatists supported traditional institutions such as monarchy, church, social

order , property and family.

(ii) They did not want to return to the pre- revolutionary days.

(iii) They believed that the modern ideas would strengthen monarchy and make it
more powerful and effective.

(iv) Modern army, efficient officers and abolition of feudalism and serfdom would
make monarchy strong.

9. What was the impact of Treaty of Vienna (1815) on European people? Write any
three points.
OR

Explain any three provisions of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.

OR

After the defeat of Napoleon, the leaders of Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria met at Vienna and signed treaty.

(i) Bourbon dynasty was re-established in France.

(ii) France lost territories captured by Napoleon.

(iii) New kingdoms were set up along the boundaries of France.

(iv) Netherland was set up in the north.

(v) Prussia got territories along the west.

(vi) Austria was given northern parts of Italy.

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(vii) Russia got a part of Poland. Saxony was given to Prussia.

10. What were the characteristics of the conservative regimes set up in 1815?

(i) They were autocratic governments.

(ii) They did not tolerate criticism and opposition.

(iii) Censorship laws were strictly implemented to prevent campaigns against the
Government. People were not given freedom and rights.

11. How did the Liberal nationalists work during the years following 1815? Explain.
(i) After 1815, the liberals worked underground.
(ii) They set up secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(iii) They opposed the absolute monarchies and demanded liberty and freedom.
(iv) They also supported the formation of nation states.
12. Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian revolutionary.
(i) Mazzini became member of a secret society. He was sent on exile for trying a
revolution in Liguria.
(ii) He founded two secret societies – Young Italy and Young Europe.
(iii) He supported the formation of Nation States. He opposed absolute monarchy.
14. Write a short note on Duke Metternich.
(i) Duke Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria.
(ii) He was a conservative. He wanted to strengthen autocratic monarchy.
(iii) He hosted the Vienna Conference that prepared the Treaty of Vienna.
(iv) He played a major role in establishing conservative Governments in several
European countries.
PART – 3 THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
1. What were the effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830?
(i) The Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.

(ii) A constitutional monarchy was installed with Louis Philippe as its head.

(iii) Revolutions started in other European countries. Belgium won freedom from
Netherlands. Greece won freedom from Ottoman Empire.

2. “If France sneezes, rest of Europe catches cold”. Who said these words and what
does it mean?
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Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor said these words.

It means that the events that occur in France will have direct effect on
the other European countries.
(i) After the French Revolution of 1789, revolutionary spirit spread all over Europe.
(ii) The French Revolution spread liberal ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality
among the European countries. Jacobins clubs were formed in many countries.
(iii) After a revolution in France in 1830, similar revolutions occurred in Belgium,
Greece and other countries.
3. Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek War of Independence.
(i) Greek nationalists got support from Greeks living in exile and also from other
Europeans. They all had sympathy towards ancient Greek culture.
(ii) Poets and artists called Greece, the cradle of European civilization and mobilized
public opinion in support of the struggle against a Muslim Empire.
(iii) Lord Byron collected funds and participated in the fight for freedom.
(iv) The Treaty of Constantinople signed in 1832, gave freedom to Greece.
4. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment during
the 18th century in Europe?

OR
How did Romanticism pave the way of Nationalism in Europe? Explain.
Romanticism was a cultural movement that promoted national feelings.
(i) It opposed the glorification of Science and reason. It gave importance to emotions,
intuitions and mystical feelings.
(ii) It supported common culture as the basis of a Nation.
(iii) It made use of folk tales, folk songs and folk dances to promote Nationalism.
(iv) Vernacular languages were also used to create national identity.
5. Give three examples to show the influence of culture on the growth of
nationalism in Europe.
OR
Choose examples to show the influence of culture in the growth of Nationalism in
Europe.
Culture played an important role in creating national feelings among the people.
(i) Romanticism, a cultural movement considered common culture as the basis of a
Nation.
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(ii) Folk culture such as folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances showed the true spirit
of nationalism. They were promoted.
(iii) The idea of a Nation was expressed through songs, stories, poems and paintings.
(iv) Vernacular languages were also used to create national identity.
6. Explain the economic hardship that Europe face during 1830s.
(i) Rapid growth of population resulted in large scale poverty and unemployment in
European countries.
(ii) Rural people migrated in large numbers to urban areas. This resulted in the growth
of slums.
(iii) Small producers faced competition from the machine made goods that came from
England. Many small production units were closed.
(iv) In some places, aristocracy continued to be powerful. Peasants had to pay feudal
dues.
(v) During the periods of bad harvest food prices increased.
PART – 4 UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AND ITALY
1. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
OR
“The nation building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of the Prussian
state power.” Analyse the characteristic features of Prussia‟s leadership role in movement
for German unification
OR

Examine the efforts made by various personalities in the process of German

unification.
i) In 1848, the middle class tried to build a united Germany. They met at Frankfurt
and formed a national assembly. However, their attempt ended in failure.
ii) Prussia took over the leadership of German unification movement.
iii) The chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck started efforts to build a
German nation.
iv) Prussia t defeated Austria, Denmark and France in wars.
v) In January 1871, a united German Nation was established with the Prussian king,
Kaiser William I as the Emperor.
2. Who was Bismarck? How did he unify Germany as a Nation state?
OR
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Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of ‘German unification”. Explain.

OR
Examine the main features of the process of German Unification under the
leadership of Otto Von Bismarck.

Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of German unification.

i) In The efforts by the middle class to build a united Germany ended in failure.. ii)
Prussia took over the leadership of German unification movement.
iii) The chief minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck started efforts to build a
German nation.
iv) He succeeded in defeating Austria, Denmark and France in wars.
v) In January 1871, a united German Nation was established with the Prussian king,
Kaiser William I as the Emperor.
3. Explain the efforts made by the liberal middle class for the unification of
Germany.
(i) The liberal middle class met at Frankfurt formed an all-German National
Assembly.
(ii) On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives attended Frankfurt parliament
meeting in the Church of St Paul.
(iii) They drafted a constitution for a German Nation with a constitutional monarchy.
(iv) They offered the position of King to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia.
(v) The King rejected the offer and along with other kings opposed the elected
assembly.
(vi) Parliament mostly consisted of middle class. The lost the support of ordinary
people.
(vii) Finally, the rulers succeeded in dissolving the Assembly with the help of army.
4. Examine the conditions of Italy before unification.
(i) Italy was divided in to several kingdoms and a multi – national Habsburg Empire.
(ii) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states.
(iii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian King. The north was under Habsburgs
Empire. The centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the
domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
(iv) Italian language did not acquire common form .It had many regional variations.
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5. Describe the process of unification of Italy.

OR
Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini and Cavour in unification of Italy.
OR
Who was Cavour? Explain his contributions to the unification of Italy.
i) In 1830, Mazzini tried to unite Italy. He formed a secret society called ‘Young
Italy’ to achieve his goal. His efforts ended in failure.
ii) After 1848, the king of Sardinia – Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II took over the
leadership of Italian unification movement.
iii) Cavour, the chief minister of Sardinia started efforts to build a united Italy with
the support of France.
iv) He succeeded in defeating Austria in 1859.
v) Armed volunteers led by Garibaldi helped Cavour, to defeat the kingdom of two
Sicillies. They also got the support of local peasants.
vi) In 1861, a united Italy was established with Victor Emmanuel II as the Emperor.
6. Describe the process of unification of Britain.
i) English, Welsh, Scot and Irish ethnic groups lived in British islands.
ii) In 1688, the English parliament captured power from the Monarchy.
iii) In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed by the unification of
England and Scotland.
iv) British parliament was dominated by English members. Scots were suppressed.
v) Ireland was forcibly taken by Britain after the failure of a revolution led by Wolfe
Tone.
vi) A strong British nation with a flag and a national anthem was established, other
ethnic groups were suppressed.
What change came in Nationalism in Europe after 1848? Who was the architect of
this process? How was it practiced?
(i) Before 1848, efforts to establish Nation States were made by the Liberal
Nationalists.
(ii) After 1848, the conservatives took over the leadership of the movement to
establish Nation States.
(iii) Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process. He got the support of army
and Government officers.
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PART – 5 VISUALISING THE NATION

1. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th
century in Europe? Analyse.
OR
“While it is easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how
does one go about giving a face to a nation.‟ Examine this statement in context of
European nationalism in four points?
OR
Explain how did 18th and 19th century artists begin personifying a nation in an
allegory.
i) In order to spread national spirit, the nationalists made symbolic personification
of the idea of nation.
ii) From 1789, females appeared in paintings as symbol of liberty and revolution.
iii) The French revolutionaries created the image of Marianne. She represented the
French nation.
iv) Marianne’s statues were erected in public places and here images were marked on
coins and stamps.
v) Germania became the symbol of German nation. She is wearing a crown of oak
leaves. Oak represented heroism.
vi) French artists used symbols like Red cap and broken chains for freedom. They
used the image of a lady with a balance in hand as a symbol of justice.
2. Name the female allegory which represents France. Describe her main
characteristics.
(i) The French revolutionaries created the image of Marianne. She represented the
French nation.
(ii) She represented Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. She has red cap, the tricolour
and the cockade.
.(iii) Marianne’s statues were erected in public places and here images were marked
on coins and stamps.
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PART – 6 NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM

1. “Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal, democratic sentiment by
the last part of the 19th century in Europe”. Analyse the statement with examples.
OR
How did Nationalism lead to the growth of Imperialism?
i) Extreme nationalism developed in Europe in the last part of the 19th century.
Nationalism lost its liberal democratic outlook and became narrow.
ii) Nationalists become intolerant to the other nations and people.
iii) European rulers made use of nationalist feelings in order to achieve their
imperialist goals.
iv) Growth of extreme nationalism and the fall of Ottoman Empire created conflicts
and troubles in the Balkans.
v) Balkan states won freedom and then they started fighting against each other over
the question of sharing territories.
vi) Extreme nationalism and imperialist ambitions created several conflicts between
the major European powers. All these resulted in the outbreak of First World War.
2. What is meant by Balkan? Why did it turn into perennial source of tension and
proved the battlefield of First World War?
(i) The Balkans was a region consisting of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,
Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro.
(ii) The people of Balkans were known as the Slavs. The Balkans was under the
control of the Ottoman Empire.
(iii) The spread of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the decline
of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan States declared freedom and became independent Nations.
(v) The conflicts started between Balkan States over the sharing of territories.
(vi) The interference of big European powers in the Balkan issue created more
conflicts. All these led to the outbreak of the First World War.