STRUCTURE OF ATOM 2/81

URIOSITY QUESTION
Iron pieces are attractedtowards a magnet but zinc pieces are no. Why ?
Ans. Iron contains unpaired electrons (26Fe = 306 4s2 and hence is
O)
paramagneticwhereas zinc has no unpairedelectron(30Zn = tArJ183d104s2) and hence is
diamagnetic. It is rather repelled by the magnet.

NUMERICAL METHOD USED

PROBLEMS
BASED (i) Writing of electronic configurations is in accordance with
ON (a) Aufbau principle, (b) Pauli exclusion principle and (c) Hund's rule.
(ii) Group Number of an element from electronic configuration is found as
The Writing of explained in Problem 2 below.
Electronic
(iil) Electronic configurationsof cations and anions are written according to
Configurations the method explained in Problem 5.

Probiorn n Find the number of unpaired electrons present in phosphorus (atomic no. 15), chromium
(atomicno. 24) and copper (atomic no. 29) after writing their orbital electronic configurations.
Solution. Element Electronic configuration No. of unpaired electrons
15 1s2, 2.s2 2p 6, 3s 2 3p l 3p ly 3p l 3
x z
Cr 24 2 6 5
1s , 2s2 2p , 3s2 3p6 3d , 4s l 5+1=6
cu 29 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d 10, 4s l 1
Problern n Write the electronic configurations of the elements with the following atomic numbers :
3, 8, 14, 17, 21, 38, 57
Also mention the groups of the periodic table to which they belong.
Solution. Atomic No. Electronic configuration Group of Periodic Table
3 1s2 Is l 1

8 1s2 ,2s 2 2p 2 2p l 2 p l 16

1s2,2s 2 2p6,3s2 3pl 3p l 14

17 1s2 ,2s 2 2p 62221

,3s 3 px 3py 3 p z 17
21 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3dl , 4s2 3
38 1s2 , 2s2 2p6 , 3s2 3p6 3d 10, 4s2 4p 6, 5s2 2
57 Is2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d10, 4s2 4p6 4d10, 5s2 5p6 5dl, 6s2 3
Note that here one electron enters 5d orbital before filling of 4f starts.
Rules for finding the Group No.
(i) If the last shell contains 1 or 2 electrons, then the group number is 1 and 2 respectively.
(it) If the last shell contains more than 2 electrons, then the group number is the total number of electrons in the
last shell plus 10.
(iiO If electrons are present in (n —1) d orbital in addition to those in the ns orbital, then the group number is
equal to the total number of electrons present in the (n 1) d orbital and ns orbital.
 COURSE CHEMISTRY
2/82
Problem Whnt atoms are indictited by the following electronic configurations ?

Solution. (i) Total of in Is? 21') •s 2 24 1 5 Atomic number of the elernent

Hence, the element is
(ii) Total number of electrons IArl AdI 18 24 1 21 Atomic number of the element = 21
Hence the elegnentis Scan,liut't (sc)
A neutral atom of clement has 2K, 8L and 5M electrons. Find out the following
a) Atomic No. of the element Total No. of s electrons (c) Total No. or p.electrons (d) No. or protons in the
nucleusand (e) Valency of the element.
Solution. The clecttonic configuration of the clcmcnt with 2K, 8L and 5M electrons will be
l
Is 2 2s 2 2p x2p
2 2 p z 3s 2 3p xl 3p yl 3p z

(a) Total no. of electrons = 2 + 8 + 5 = 15 s'. Atomic No. of the element —15
(b) Total no. of s-elcctrons = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
(c) Total no. of p-electrons = 6 + 3 = 9
(d) Since the atom is neutral, No. of protons = No. of electrons = Atomic No. = 15
(e) Since the element has only three half-filled atomic orbitals, therefore, valency of the element = 3.
Problern Give the electronic configuration of the following ions :
(i) cu2+ (ii) Cr3+ (iii) Fe 2+ and Fe 3+
Solution. During the formation of cations, electrons are lost while in the formation of anions, electronsare
added to the valence shell. The number of electronsadded or lost is equal to the numerical value of the charge
present on the ion. Following this general concept, we can write the electronic configurations of all the ions given
in the question. (i) Cu 2+ = 29Cu —2e- = Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 104s l —2e¯= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 9
(ii) Cr 3+ = 24Cr —3e- = Isa 2s2 2p6 3s2 .3p6 3d 5 4s l —3e¯ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 3
(iil) Fe 2+ = 26Fe- 2e — 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2 2e¯ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6
Fe3+= 26Fe- 3e- = Is 22626
2s 2P 3s 3p .3d5
= + le l = 1s2
—Is 2 2s 2 2 p 6221
3s 3px 3py 3p z1 +2e¯ = Is a 2s 2 2p 6 3s2 3p 2 3p 2 3p 2

Method to write the electronic configuration of ions. For writing the electric configuration of cations,first
write the electronicconfigurationof neutral atom and then remove number of electrons equal to the units Of
positive charge,startingfrom the outermost shell irrespectiveof the order in which they werefilled. Similarly,
the electronic configurations of anions are written by adding to the neutral atom number of electrons equalto
the units of negative charge on the anion.
 2/83
problem n Consider the electronic configurations (ii)
(i)
(a) Name the element corresponding to (i)
(b) Does (ii) correspond to the same or different element
(c) How can (ii) be obtained from (l)
(d) Is it easier to remove one electron front or
solution. (a) The eletnent cotitApongiingto (J) (t i). electrome configuration represents
thesame element in the excited state. (c) By supplying energy to the etctocnt when 'he electron jumps from the
lowerenergy 2s-orbital to the higher energy
(d) It is easier to temove an electron than from (i) sincc in the former case, the electron present in
a 3s_orbital is a•aay (tom the nucleus and hence is le«s strongly attracted by the nucleus than an electron In
the 2s-orbital.

ROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

l. Give the electronic configurations of : (1)Scandium (At. No. 21), and (ii) Chromium (At. No. 24).
2. Write the electronic configurations and the names of the elements having the atomic numbers 5, 9, 10, 19
and 20.
Give the electronic configurations of the elements : 19K, 25Mn, 20Ca
4. Write the electronic configurations of the elements: Chlorine and Phosphorus.
S. Give the electronic configurations of the ions : (0 1-I-I(ii) Na+ (iii) N-l (iv) N2+
periodic
Write down the electronic configuration of an element with atomic number 14. Which group in the
table does this element belong to ?
down their atomic
Name the elements that correspond to each of the given electromc configurations. Write
6
numbers also. (i) 1s2 2s2 2p2 (ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p l (iii) 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p
state :
8• Conect the following electronic configurations of the elements in the ground
(i) 1s2 2sl 2p 2 2p 2 2p 2 3s2 3p l (ii) 1s2 2sl 2p2 2p 2 2 p l

(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 5 (iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 4 4s2
there are four electrons in the 2p-orbital, then
The atomic mass of an element is double its atomic number. If Give its valency
neutrons and electrons.
draw the model of the atom showing the arrangementof protons,
and name the element.
18Ar38and then point out the element with :
Write the electronic configuration of 9F19, 16S32and
number of neutrons (iiÖ highest mass number (iv) maximum
(O Maximum nuclear charge (it) minimum
number of unpaired electrons.
are represented by
What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons
(i) 3s l (ii) 2p3 and (iii) 3d6 ?
12• What atoms are indicated by the following configurations ?
(i) [He) 2s 1 (it) [Nel 3s2 3p3 (iii) [Arl 4s 2 3111
?
13. Which of the following configurations represent the element in the ground and which in the excited state
Name the element in each case
2pl 2pl 2plz (iv) Is2 2S22p6 3s2 3pl 3pl 3pl 3dl
(i) Is2 2sl 2pl (ii) 1s22s22pl (iii) 1s22sl
14. A p-subshell which consists of px, py and pz orbitals contains only one electron. In which one of these three
orbitals should the electron be located? Justify your answer.
energy for electrons ?
IS' Which of the following quantum numbers for orbitals in hydrogen atom has a greater
(0 n = 3, I = 2 and m = + 1 (iÖ n = 3, I = 2 and m = —1
 2/84
ANSWERS

2. Atomic No, Electn»nic

9
Neon
10

2,
20 I s2 2s2

Phosphorus (15P) -Is22s2 2/' 6 .3s23pj 3pj 3pJ

(iii) 202 p (it') 1s2 2s2 2p

l 6. Group 14
S. (D te
7. (iii)
g
S. Is2 2s2 2p? 3s2 (ii) Is2 2s2 2plv 2pl 2plz (iii) Is2 2s2 2/263s2 3p6 4s2
l
Is a 2s2 2p6 Ass 3p6 Bd 5 4s
9. ts22s2 2p? 2pl 2ptz, two, Oxygen
21'}, 16S32 = Is2 2s 2 2p 6 3s2 3py3p
l z,l 18Ar38 = Is 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6
10.
9F19
(0 Max. nuclear charge = 18 in 18Ar38 (ii) Minimum no. of neutrons = 10 in
32
(iiÖ Maximum no. of unpaired electrons = 2 in 16S
n. (I) 11 (it) 7 (iii) 26 12. (a) 3Li (b) (c)
13. (O Be (it) B (iii) C (iv) S (All are in excited state except (ii) 14. In any one because they are degenerate
IS. Same energy but different orientations

HINTS FOR DIFFICULT PROBLEMS

6. E.C. of 14x = Is2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2. As the last shell contains 4 electrons, group number = 10 + 4=14.
7. (i) Z = 6, Element is C (ii) Z = 13, Element is Al (iii) Z = 18, Element is Ar.
9. Valency = Number of half-filled orbitals.
11. (i) When last shell is 3s l , complete E.C. = Is 2 2s2 2p6 3s l
(ii) When last shell is 2p3, complete E.C. = Is 2 2s2 219 3
(iii) When last shell is 3<16, complete E.C. = Is 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 6

SUPPLEMENT
YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. For La (Z = 57), the expected electronic configuration is [Xe 154 FIGURE 2.48
4f l 6 s2. But actual electronic configuration is [Xe 154 5 d l 6 s2
i.e., it belongs to d-block and notf-block elements.
2. The nodal surface of 2s orbital exists at a distance of 2 ao from the
nucleus where ao is Bohr radius Å) See Ans. to Q. 5, page
2/129,
3. The reason why 4s orbital has lesser energy than 3d orbital is that
4s-orbital has three small peaks closer to the nucleus (in addition
to the 4th high peak). Thus, 4s is more penetrating than 3d, i.e.,
held more tightly to the nucleus and hence has lower energy (Fig.
2.48).
 NEW COURSE CHEMISTRY (Xl)
2/86
8, Isotopes, isobars, isotones and isoeiectronics. Atom• of the same element having same atomic numberbut
different mass numbers are called isotopes (e.g., Cl. MCI), Atoms of different elements having different

atomic numbers but same mass nutnber are called isobars (e g. , 40 19K. 40
18Ar9 40 20Ca). Atoms of different
elements containing same number of neutrons are called isotones (e.g., 6 C, 175
N i60). Species (atoms or
ions) containing same number oc elec0xonsare called isoelectronics (e.g., F-, Na+).
9. Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory. Energy is emitted continuously from any source In the form of
radiations travelling in the form of waves and associated with electric and magnetic fields, oscillating
perpendicular to each other and to the direction o! radiation. All of them travel with the velocity of light.
10. Characteristics of a 'wave :
(i) Wavelength (X).It is the distance between any two consecutive crests or troughs. It is expressed in Å, m,
cm, pm or nm. (l Å = 10-10 m or 10-8 cm, I nm= 10-9 m, I pm = 10-12 m).
(ii) Frequency (v). It is equal to number of waves passing through a point in one second. Units are hertz or

(iii) Velocity (c). It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second. Relationship between c, v and :

(iv) Amplitude (a). It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough.

(v) Wave number (F). It is equal to reciprocal of wavelength 1

=

11. Electromagnetic spectrum. It is the arrangementof electromagneticradiations in order of increasing

wavelengths •
Cosmic rays < Trays < x-rays < UV < VISIBLE < IR < Microwaves < Radiowaves
12. Limitations of Electromagnetic wave theory. It could not explain the phenomena of black body
radiation
and photoelectric effect.
13. Black body radiation. If the substance being heated is a black body (which is a perfect absorber
and perfect
radiator of energy) the radiation emitted is called black body radiation.
14. Photoelectric effect. When radiation of certain minimum frequency (vo) strike the
surface of a metal, electrons
are ejected. This mmimum energy (hvo) is called wavefunction (WO).
Planck's quantum theory. This theory was put forward to explain the limitations
of electromagnetic wave
theory. It suggests that radiant energy is emitted or absorbed discontinuously in
the form of small packets Of
energy called quanta (called photons in case of light). Energy of each quantum
(E) = hv where is Planck's
constant (= 6.626 x 10-34Js). Total energy emitted or absorbed = nhv where
n is an integer. If n = NO,energy
is called one einstein.
16. Explanation of photoelectric effect. When light falls on the metal
surface, energy of photon is absorbed by
the electron. Electron is dislodged from the metal only when energy
absorbed (hv) is more than the minimum
energy, i.e., threshold energy (hvo) required to overcome its force of
attraction. The difference of energy is
imparted to the electron as its kinetic energy. Thus,

K.E. of ejected electron, —mv = hv —hvo or hv = hvo +—mv = WO

+—mv2
As energy of photon depends upon frequency and not on intensity,
increasing the intensity of light Of a
particular frequency v, increases the number of electrons ejected but not their
kinetic energy.
17. Dual nature of electromagnetic radiation. Interference, diffraction,
etc. can be explained if light has wave
nature. Photoelectric effect can be explained if light has particle nature (photons).
Hence, light is said to have
dual nature. This concept was put forward by Einstein.
18. Electron volt (eV) of energy. Energy acquired by an electron under a
potential difference of one volt is
called electron volt (eV). (1 eV= 1,602 x 10-19 J)
 2/67
any ih glijcctly on to and
seven
lubeis is enlied continuous If light
If line%ave obtained. 'Jlie obtained is called
then tigh(is
the "0101ion ol' oc of a qui)htijnceand
sPCC(CUtU.
is It in the Continuous
of hydrogen. When 112
and the vvgions in sshieh (hey lie is taken in the dischargetube, series of lines obtained
undec
Lyman
Senes llntckett nd
Vissible in tiare€t
formula. Ilus t'ouuula is used to
hy€ltogenot hydrogen calculate wave nutnbej•ol' different series oc lines of the spectrum
like patueles as :

2 (Z I foc hydtogen)

here R Rydberg constant = 109677

em-I or I •097x 10?m-l
For Lytuan series, n 1 = l, n = 2, 3.4.... For
Balmer series, nt = 2, 112= 3, 4, For Paschen series, = 3,
and so on,
When = '2, the formula is called Balmer's
formula.
22. Drawback of Rutherford's model. Revolving electron will lose
energy continuously. Hence, its orbit will
beeotne smaller and smaller following a spiral path and
ultimately fall into the nucleus, i.e., atom should
collapse. Also, it could not explain line spectra of Il-atom.
23. snuodel of
atoun. To explain the above drawbacks, Bohr postulated that electrons revolve
around the
nucleus only in those orbits which have fixed values of energy. These are called
stationary states. They are
numbered as l, 2, 4... etc. or K, L. M, etc.

2 Tt2 me 4
Energyof nth orbit of Il-like particles is : E where m and e are mass and charge of

21.8x10-19 13.6
electron. Substituting the values, we have En Z2 J atom-I ev atom-1
n2 2
1312
k.)mol-I. Radius and velocity in the nth orbit are : r = a n2 / Z, v n = vo ZJn where ao = Bohr

radius (mdius of 1st orbit of H-atom) and vo = velocity in the 1st orbit. Like energy, angular momenta also
have quantized values given by nt v r = nh/2 It. Lowest energy state of an electron is called ground state.
When it absorbs energy and jumps to outer orbit, it is called excited state. When it jumps back to lower orbit,
energy is jeleased. Energy absorbedor released = E2 El
24. Electronic enerkY as negative electron is at infinite distance from nucleus, there is no attraction
on it. Its energy is taken as zero. When it comes closer to nucleus, attraction takes place. Energy is released.
Hence, it becomes negative.
2S• Why large number of lines appear in Il-spectrum ? Electronsabsorb energy and jump to differentouter
orbits (energy levels). fien they stan jumping back to different inner orbits. Each jump releases energy,

AE = hv thereby producing a line with = hc/AE. No. of spectral lines produced between two levels

Y-An,e.g., for transitions between levels 4 and 1, lines produced = (4 l) E3=3+2+ I

 CHEMISTRY
NEW COURSE
particle in motion
has dual nature, every material is
26. de Broglie concept of dual nature
of matter. Just as light between them. called de Broglie relation
nature). Relation of the material particle.
dual nature (particle nature and wave is velocity and p particles. The
is only for microscopic
= hlmv = Wpwhere X is scintillation
objects wherca€ particle nature by
Although it is applicable to all maternal
l)avisson athi
wave character has been verified by
the position and
"It is ilnpossible to tneasure simultaneously
It states with greater
27. Heisenbergssuncertainty principle. with absolute accuracy. If one of them is measured in
ot a Sinall nucn»scopicparticle
Av is the uncertainty in position and Ap is uncertainty
If
accuracy.the other becomes less accurate. concept, it has significance
only for microscopic
momentum (Ap = then Av.Av h/4Tt.Like de Broglie

the motion of electron in the three-dimensional space.

28. Schrodinger wave equation. This equation describes
It is written as
ö 2y 81t2 m

ax2 öy2 az 2
of the
the coordinates are x, y, z, E is total energy
where is the amplitudeof the wave at a point where
electron and V is its potential energy. at the point where
29. Significanceof wave function, y. gives the probabilityof finding the electron
coordinates are x, y, z.
'orbit' in Bohr's model, it leads to concept of
30. Quantum mechanical model of atom. Similar to concept of
within which the probability of finding
orbital. An orbital is the three dimensional space around the nucleus
the electron is maximum.
information about any electron in an
31. Quantum numbers. It is a set of four numbers which give complete
atom. These are :
2, 3, etc. or K, L,
(i) Principal quantum number (n). It determinesthe size of the orbital. Its values are 1,
= —2 me4/n2 h2)
M, etc. It also determines the energy of the main shell in which the 2electron is present (En
and maximumnumber of electrons present in the nth shell (= 2 n ).
(ii) Azimuthal quantum number (l). It determinesthe number of subshells present in any main shell (n)
and the shape of the subshell. For a given value of n, I = 0 to n —1. Thus, for n = 1, I = 0 (one subshell), for
n = 2, I = 0, 1 (2 subshells), forn = 3, I = 0, 1, 2 (3 subshells), for n = 4, I = 0, 1, 2, 3 (4 subshells). For I =
0, 1, 2 and 3, designations are s, p, d andf respectively. Thus, subshells present are : n = 1 (Is), n = 2 (2s, 2p),
n = 3 (3s, 3p, 3d), n = 4 (4s, 4p, 4d, 4f). This number also determines the angular momentum of the electron
in any orbital as L = h/ 2n = h. Thus, for same value of l, e.g., Is, 2s, 3s, etc. L is same
For 2p, 3p, 4p, L will be same and so on.
(iii) Magnetic quantum number (m or nil). It determinesthe number of orbitals present in any subshell
and the orientation of each orbital. For a given value of l, m = I to + I including 'O'. Thus, for I = 0
(s-subshell),m = 0 (one orientationor one orbital viz. spherical), for I = I (p-subshell), m = —1, O,
+ 1 (3 orientations or 3 orbitals viz. pr py pz), for I = 2 (d-subshell), m = —2, —1, 0, + 1, + 2 (5 orbitals), for
3 (f-subshell), m = 3, - 2, - 1, O, + 1, + 2, + 3 (7 orbitals).
(iv) Spin quantum number (s or ms). It tells about the spinning motion of the electron, i.e., clockwise or
1
anti-clockwise.For a given value of m, s = +— and It helps to explain magnetic properties of the
substances.
32. Pauli exclusion principle. No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers or
an orbital can have maximum two electrons and these must have opposite spin.
33. Shapes Ofatomic orbitals. The shape of an orbital is found by finding the probability (V2) of the electron in
that orbital at different points around the nucleus and representing by the density of points. The shape Ofthe
electron cloud thus obtained gives the shape of the orbital. Some orbitals are found to have a region of space
within it where probability is zero. This is called a node. It may be spherical/radial or planar/angular. Some
results are :
 2/89
(i) All s-orbitals are spherical in shape.
However, they ditTecin energy number of norten, Is has no node.
2s.has one node.. 3s has two nodes and so on. Cnergies are is < <
(ii) All p-orbitals are dumb-bell in shape, The three lie Along the
and called pr. Pv and p 2P has no node, has one node'/ '4000
(iii) Four (I-orbitals have cloven/eg/shape
'i
do, dA. Fourth has lobes along the a
dough-nutshape electmn cloud the a
u. Formulaegiving number of mutes
Numberof nodes /
Numberof planar/ansutav
Total number of nodes t
diagrams, otbuals an angcd vettically in order of increasing energy, the diagram
called enevxs atoni, orbitals of the same subshell (e.g., 2s, 2p) have same
in case of atotns, they differ in energy (e.g., 2s < 2p, 3s < 3p < 3d and so on).
Rulesfor filling of electrons in orbitals :
Xuft'.auprinciple : Ort)itais are filled in order of their increasing energy. The order of energy and hence
of filling is found by (n + l) rule. It states "lower the (n + l) value, lower is the energy. If two
have same (n + i) value, orbital with lower value of n has lower energy." Thus, the order is .
Is 2s < 2P < Bs < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f< 5d....
1 3 5 5
Pauli exclusion principle : An orbital can have maximum two electrons and these must have opposite
spin.
(iil)Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity : Pairingof electronsdoes not occur in orbitals of the same
subshell(degenerate orbitals) until each of them is first singly occupied.
Electronic configuration of elements. Distribution of electrons of an atom into different shells, subshells
and orbitals is called its electronic configuration. Each step is represented by nlX. Complete electronic
configurationis obtained by following the above rules, e.g.,

17C1 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s 2 3 p 2 3 p 2 3 p l

19K = Is 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s l

38. Exceptional configurations. Two common examples are .
24Cr: Expected E.C. = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2. Actual E.C. = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4sl
29Cu: Expected E.C. = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2. Actual E.C. = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4sl
Thisis due to the following two reasons.
(i) Symmetrical distribution. 3615(exactly half-filled) and 3d10 (completely filled) are more symmetrical
and hence more stable.
(ii)Exchange energy. Electrons with parallel spin in degenerate orbitals tend to exchange their position. As
a result,energy is released called exchange energy. Greater the exchange energy, greater is the stability.
Exchangeenergy in 3d5 > 3d4 or that in 3d10> 3d9.
39. Electronicconfigurations of cations and anions. Cations are formed
by loss of electrons by atoms. First,
electronicconfiguration of atom is written and then electrons are removed equal to the units of +ve charge,
startingfrom the outermost shell. Anions are formed by gain of electrons by atoms. Electrons equal to the
units Of—vecharge are added into the electronic configuration of atom.
 [MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTi10Ns
1. Deuterium nucleus contains
(a) I p + In
isotones
2. one of the f0110"ingpairs (d) and 7N13
(a) and
represents Ille colleciion of isoclectronic species ?
3. Among the follo»ing grouping"
y , co, NO
(a) NO+, C? , 0K, CO
(c) CO, NOL ci- (d) NO, CN-, NY O;
have approximately a total energy of
4. t mole of photons, ench of frequency 250 s-l would
(b) t joule (CT)1 MeV
(a) I erg
increases linearly with the
S. In photoelectriceffect, the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
(a) of incident light (b) frequency of incident light
(c) velocity of incident light (d) atomic mass of the element
6. The series of lines present in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum is
(a) Lyman (b) Balmer (c) Paschen (d) Brackett
7. For which of the following species, Bohr's theory is not applicable ?
(a) Be 3+ (b) Li2+ (c) He2+
S. In hydrogen atom, energy of the first excited state is — eV.Then find out the K.E. of the
same orbit of H-atom
(a) + 3-4 ev (b) + 6-8 ev (c) 136 ev (d) + 13-6 ev
9. Which of the following transitions will have minimum wavelength ?

10. Planck's constant has the units of

(a) work (b) energy (c) angular momentum (d) linear momentum
11. Accordingto Bohr's theory, the angular momentum of an electron in 5th orbit is
(a) 10 h/Tt (b) 2-5 h/Tt (C) 25 hilt (d) h/Tt
12. The radius of the first Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is Å. The radius of the third orbit of
He+ will be
(b) 0-705 Å (c) 1-59 Å (d) 2-38 Å
13. The line spectrum of He+ ion will resemble that of
(a) Hydrogen atom (b) Li+ ion (c) Helium atom (d) Lithium atom
14. In the Sommerfeld's modification of Bohr's theory, the trajectory of an electron in a hydrogen
atom is
(a) a perfect ellipse
(b) a closed ellipse like curve, narrower at the perihelion position and flatter at the aphelion position
(c) a closed loop on the spherical surface (d) a rosette
15. When the electron of a hydrogen atom jumps from n = 4 to n = 1 state, the number of spectral
lines emitted is
(a) 15
16. Which of the followinghas largest de-Broglie wavelength, provided all have equal velocity ?
(a) Carbon dioxide molecule (b) Electron
(c) Ammonia molecule (d) Proton.
17. Which of the following
relates to photons both as wove motion and as a stream of particles ?
(a) Interference 2 (c) DitTraction
18. The de Broglie wavelength of a ball of mass 10 g moving with velocity of 10 m s-l is
o
(h = 6-626x 10-34Js)
(a) 6•626 x 10-33 m (b) 6,626 x (c) 6626 m (d) 6-626x 10-36m
19. The position of both, an electron and n tuliujii ntoni, is known within mo. Further, the
momentum of the electron is Known 10-20kg gn The minimum uncertainty in
the measurement of moment"") of helium otom is
(a) 50 kg m s- 1 x '(Y06 kg m s"1
(c) 80 kg m s-l (d) 80 x kg m s-l
20. Given : The mass of electron is 9•11 10-3t kg, Planck constant is 64626x 10-34J, the
uncertainty involved in the mcasurcmcnt of velocity within a distance of Å is
(a) 5•79 x IOS m s- t (b) 5-79 x 105 m s- (c) 5-79 x 106 m 1 (d)509 107ms I
21. The number of nodal planes 'SCI'orbital has, is
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) three.
22. Principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers are respectivelyrelated to
(a) Size, orientation and shape (b) Size, shape and orientation
(c) Shape, size and orientation (d) None of these.
23. The number of 2P electrons having spin quantum number s = —1/2 are

?
24. The angular momentum of an electron is zero. In which orbital may it be present
(a) 2s
function (D) ?
25. Which of the following expressions represents the electron probability
2 (b) 4 Tt r2 dr (c) 4 It 72 dr
are
26. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2P respectively
(c) 0 and 2 (d) 2 and 1
(a) 2 and O (b) 1 and 2
dxy,dyz,dxz, dx2_y2 and d 2 . Choosethe correct
27. The five d-orbitals are designated as
statement orbitalsare
are similar but that of the fourth and fifth
(a) The shapes of the first three orbitals
different.
are similar.
(b) The shapes of all the five d-orbitals is different.
are similar but that of the fifth orbital
(c) The shapes of the first four orbitals
are different.
(d) The shapes of all the five d-orbitals
principle is violated is
28. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau

most electronegative element is

29. The outer shell configuration of the (d) ns2 np6 .
4
(b) ns2 np (c) ns2 np 5
(a) ns2 np 3 a
configuration, 1s2 2.s22p6 3s2 3p6 3d 9, represents
30. The electronic Metallic cation
(b) Non-metal atom (c) Non-metallic anion (d)
(a) Metal atom
 PRADEEP'S

FILL BLANKS
1. Cathode rays are produced in the discharge tube 'SS hen a voltage of aboutn ,volts is applied
and the prssure of the gas inside is of the order ofo attn,
cathode rays strike the surface of hard metals like molybdenum etc..... .....are
2.

3, The charge and of the electron ate coulombs and. .kg respectively.
4. Proton was discovered by
S. Rutherford's scattering experiments led to the discovery of
6. Isotones differ in terms of and but have identical.
7. rays, 'it-rays, X-rays and radiowaves have minimum wavelength and
ha&e maximum
S. 'The minimum energy required to eject electrons from the surface of a metal is called

9. The energy possessed by one mole of photons is called

10. Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum lies in the region.
11. Limiting line of any spectral series in the hydrogen spectrum is the line when in the Rydberg's
formula is.
12. The different orbits or energy levels of an atom according to Bohr model are called
13. If Bohr radius is represented by ao, the radius of the second orbit of helium ion (He+) will be
14. Ift'o is the velocity of electron in the first orbit of hydrogen atom, then the velocity of electron in the
third orbit of Li 2+ ion will be
15. Humphreyseries in the hydrogen spectrum is obtained as a result of the jump of electrons from
toni
16. If an electron is accelerated by a potential of V volts, the wavelength acquired by the electron will

17. According to Heisenberg's 'uncertainty principle, the product of uncertainty in position and
uncertainty in momentum should be 2
18. On solving Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom, the values of the energy obtained are
called and the corresponding values of the wavefunction (V) are called
19. The quantum number which tells about the angular momenta of the different electrons present in
an atom is called.
20. The quantum number which tells about the orientation of different orbitals of an atom is called

21. The number of spherical nodes and planar nodes present in 4 d are and
vely.
22. The expression for radial probability is
23. The stability of exactly half-filled and completely filled configurations is due to and
24. ne IUPAC name of the element with atomic number 104 is

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESYioNS

(a)
E=NAhv = (602 x 1023)(66 x 10-34Js) (250 s-l) - erg 1 J.
8. (a) : Energy in excited state = K,E.
 TRUCTURE OF ATOM
2/93
c hc
or X = , i.e., AE E4 El is maximum.
AE
10. (c) : Angular motnentum, m t' r = uh/ 2 It.
(nh/2 = 5 h/2 = 26 h/2it)
0+9Å
12. 13. (a) • (Hef like H is one electron species)
14. (a)
15. (c)
(b) • X = h/tn t', i.e., lhn. 17. (d) 18. (a)
19. (h) : Av = const. As Ax is same, Ap will be same.
20. (c) : Av.rn Av = h/4Jt
21. (c) : No. of nodal planes = value of I 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (c)
26. (a) : Radial nodes = n -eI -- 27. (c) 28. (b)
29. (ns- np• represents halogen) 30. (d) Cu2+.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. 10,000 volts, 104 atm 2. X-rays 3.1-60 x 10-19, 9-11 x 10-31
4. Goldstein 5. nucleus
6. atomic number, mass number, number of neutrons 7. cosmic rays, radiowaves
8. thresholdenergy, work function 9. one einstein 10. visible
11. infinity 12. stationary states 13.2 ao
14. vo (v 15. 7, 6 16.
17. 18. eigen values, eigen functions 19. azimuthal quantum number
20. magnetic quantum number 21. 1, 2 22.4 Ttr 2
23. symmetricaldistribution and large exchange energy 24. unnilquadium.

ONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
General introduction and discovery of fundamental particles
l. Why cathode rays are produced only when the pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube is very low ?
Ans. At higher pressure (e.g., at I atmospheric pressure), no electric current flows through the tube because
gases are poor conductor of electricity.
2. Give two examplesfrom everyday life where cathode ray tubes are used.
Ans. (i) Televisionpicture tube (ii) Fluorescent light tubes.
3. What is the difference in the origin of cathode rays and anode rays ?
Ans. Cathode rays originate from the cathode whereas anode rays are not produced from the anode.They are
produced from the gaseous atoms by knock out of the electrons by high speed cathode rays.
4. In one discharge tube, H2 gas is taken and in the other 02 gas is taken. Will the electronsand
positiveions in the cathode rays and in the anode rays be same or different ?
Ans. Electrons will be same but positive ions will not be same.
@Earlier modelsot atom
it prove ?
S. When a-rays hit a thin foil of gold, very few a-particles are deflected back. What does
Ans. There is a very small heavy body present within the atom, called nucleus.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM

AE hy h ov
10. Angular r •u "h/ N.

(a) etecif•on

18. (o)
Av e As Av is stune. swill be sntne.

No. nodal Planes value of I 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (t )

27. (c) 28. (b)
(Y.s• net" txsptx•sents halogen)

F'LL 'N THE

1. 10.0 volts, atm 2. x-rays 3. 1-60 x I(r 19, 9-11 x
4. Goldstein 5. nucleus
6. atomic number, mass number, number of neutrons 7. cosmic rays, radiowaves
S. threshold energy, work function 9. one einstein 10. visible
11. infinity 12. stationary states 13.2 ao C: rn=aon 2rZ)
14. ZJn) 15.7, 6 16.
17. h/4 18. eigen values, eigen functions 19. azimuthal quantum number
20. magnetic quantum number 21. 1, 2 22.4 r2
23. symmetrical distribution and large exchange energy 24. unnilquadium.

ONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
General introduction and discovery of fundamental particles
l. cathode rays are produced only when the of the gas inside the discharge tube is very low ?
Ans. At higher pressure (e.g., at 1 atmospheric pressure), no electric current flows through the tube because
gases are poor conductor of electricity.
2. Give two examples from everyday life where cathode ray tubes are used.
Ans. (i) Television picture tube (ii) Fluorescent light tubes.
3. What is the difference in the origin of cathode rays and anode rays ?
Ans• Cathode rays originate from the cathode whereas anode rays are not produced from the anode. They are
produced from the gaseous atoms by knock out of the electrons by high speed cathode rays.
4' In one discharge tube, H2 gas is taken and in the other 02 gas is taken. Will the electrons and
Positive ions in the cathode rays and in the anode rays be same or different ?
Ans. Electrons will be same but positive ions will not be same.
@Earlier modelsof atom
When a-rays hit a thin foil of gold, very few a-particles are deflected back. What does it prove ?
Ans. There is a very small heavy body present within the atom, called nucleus.
 2/94
and tronics
Atomic no.. tnngs no., ?
6. What is the difference 0t0"'jc of"protons and of
in the 01 of atoms contpared
Ans. Mass number is whole
whereas atomic mass is (inc(ional i!
mass an atom of C 12 12
7. Name the element in of the roljonlng
(i) A bivalent anion of 10
(ii) A trivalent or jo
"mat is the (wo ions coflcd?
Ans. (i) Oxygen Aluminiutti.
The two ions are called isoejectconic. in kilograms of the
8. Calculate the approsirnnte charge bindJjpproxirj"iie
of lithiunt-7 isotope. 19coulombs
proton r: J
Ams. Nucleus of Li atoni has protons and neufronq,('hatyc on onc C'
C
Charge on protons (i.e., charge on nucletL%)
Mays of proton oc neutron J •67 x JO 27 kg
Mass of nucleuQz 7 x I •67 x 10-27kg = 11•69x 10-27kg
9. Give one example of cach of the following •
(i) Isotope of 35 Jsolone of 14(,'
18Ar (iii)
17(Il (ii) Isobar oc 40
Ans. (i) (ii) (iii) {60
Developments leading to Bohr's model, emission and absorption
spectra, drawback of Rutherford's modeland Bohr's model
10. What is the main difference between electromagnetic wave theory and Planck's quantum theory ?
Ans. According to electromagnetic wave theory, the energy is emitted or absorbed continuously whereas according
to Planck's quantum theory, energy is emitted or absorbed discontinuously, i.e. , in certain definite packets
called 'quanta'.
11. What is the difTerencebetween a quantum and a photon ?
Ans. The smallest packet of energy of any radiation is called a quantum whereas that of light is called photon.
12. Why are Bohr's orbits called stationary states ?
Ans. This is because the energies of the orbits in which the electrons revolve are
fixed.
13. What is the difference between ground state and excited state ?
Ans. Ground state means the lowest energy state. When the electrons
absorb energy and jump to outer orbits
this state is called excited state.
14. Why electronic energy is negative ? Commenton the spacing
between the energy levels.
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.9.2 (page 2/34). The spacing between the
energy levels decreases as we move outwards
from the nucleus.
15. What do you mean by saying that energy or the
electron is quantized ?
Ans. This means that the electrons in an atom have only
definite values of energies.
16. Why the number or lines observed in the
hydrogen spectrum is very
Ans. Refer to Art. 2.9,5 (page 2/36). large ?
17. flow much energy is required for the
removal or the only electron
Ans. AE=EØ-EI x present in the hydrogen atom
x 10-19J
18. Which transition betweenBohr orbits
corresponds to third line
in the Balmer series of the hydrogen
Ans. 5th orbit to 2nd orbit.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
19. What are dimensions of 2/95
Planck's constant ?
Ans. Dimensions Of Planck's constant. other physicnlquantity tins the snme dimensions
h = kg s Angulnc t"'kg On 9 1) m z: kg m g
has the same dimensions
(Remember Crom
leading (O
20. of the following to of or pnr(iclennturc or both ?
(a) Interference (b) Diffraction (c)
Photoelectric effect (d) body rødi»tion
(e) Planck's equation, = hv (O Einstein 2
equntion. L
Ans. (a) Wave natutv (b) Wave nature
(c) Paltiele nature (d) Particle nature (e) Both particle and wave nature
(t) Particle nature,
21. What will happen to the "avelength
associated with a moving particle if its velocity is doubled ?

Ans. becomes half of the original value. because = 1

— , i.e.,
mv
22. Two particles A and B are moving with the
same velocity but wavelength of A is found to be double
than that of B. What do you conclude ?
Ans. Mass of A is half that of B.
23. A molecule of 02 and that of S02 travel with the same velocity. What is the ratio of their wavelengths ?

Ans. 02 DVS02= 2 (because = , i.e., — and mass of S02 molecule viz. 64 u, is double than that of
mv m
02 molecule viz. 32 u)
24. What is the main difference between wave emitted by a bulb or heater and that associated with a
particle ?
Ans. The wave emitted by bulb/heater is an electromagnetic wave (associated with electric and magnetic field)
while that of a particle is only matter wave.
25. Why the ball hit with a hockey by a player does-notmake a wave ?

Ans. Mass of the ball is large and so wavelength is negligible because -—

1

26. An electron beam after hitting a nickel crystal produces a difTractionpattern ? What do you conclude ?
Ans. Electronhas wave-nature.
An electron beam on hitting a ZnS screen produces a scintillation on it. What do you conclude ?
Ans. Electron has particle nature.
only for the motion of subatomic particles but is
28' Explain why the uncertainty principle is significant
negligiblefor the macroscopic objects.
Ans•The energy of photon is sufficient to disturb a subatomic particle so that there is uncertainty in the
subatomic particle. However, the energy is insufficient to
measurement of position and momentum of the
disturb a macroscopic object.
29' Can we apply Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to a stationary electron ? Why or why not ?
No, because, velocity = O and position can be measured accurately.
predicted by Heisenberg's principle by building more precise
30• Why can't we overcome the uncertainty
below the h/4Ttlimit ?
devices to reduce the error in the measurement
measuring devices. It is on account of the fact that microscopic
Ans•The principle is not due to limitation of the
microscopic. Their position and velocity cannot be measured without
Particles cannot be seen even under a
disturbingthem by hitting with photons.
 2/96
wave equation
or
31. be in u
of n / 5th Nhetl
32. I a,
Ans. For g„subsheli, / •e 4. AQ/ t) I. i) which jneans
I 5?
w 10
33. Ilow many
Ans. suotbs/hclls• n I I I q.v. Ad, (ii) orbital ?
or i" (i) 2 s
34. What Is

For 2 s orbital. I = 0. . angular iii01iientum

For 4 fot•bital, | angular jnonjc•ntutn

35. What is the difference between gluenotations I and L ?

values (j, J, 2 etc. L represents second Bohr
Ans. 'l' represents azimuthal quantutn nugnberwhich can have
orbit for which n = 2 always,
present in 3p and that present
36. What is the difference in the angular nunnentum of'an electron
orbital ?
Ans. No difference because angular rnomcntum — and for 3p or 4p orbltal I

37, Why spliting of spectral lines takes place when the source giving the spectrum is placed in a magnetic
ncld ?
Ans. In the presence of magnetic field, the orbitals present in a sub-shell (which were degenerate)' take up
different orientations. In Otherwords. degeneracyis broken.
38. Which of thc four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms) determine (a) the energy of an electron in a
hydrogen atom and in n many electronatom (h) the size of an orbital (c) the shape of an orbital
(d) the orientation of an orbital in space ?
Ans. (a) Energy of electron in hydrogen atom is determinedby n and in a many electron atom by n and l,
(b) Size of the orbital is determined by n.
(c) Shape of the orbital is determined by I.
(d) Orientation of the orbital is determinedby nil.
39. Why Pauli exclusion principle is called exclusion principle ?
Ans. This is because according to this principle, if one electron in an
atom has some particular values forthe
four quantum numbers, then all the other electrons in that atom
are excluded from having the same set Of
values.
40. At what distance is the radial probability maximum
for Is orbital ?
What is this distance called ?
Ans. 0•529 Å, Bohr radius.
Shapes of orbituls, enerv level diagrams, nlling or
orbitals and electronic configurations
41. Do atomic orbitals have sharp
boundaries ? Explain why or
or Why don't we draw a boundary surface why not ?
diagram within which the
probability Offindingthe
Ans. No, atomic orbitals do not have sharp boundaries
because the probability at
large distances may be very small but not equal of finding the electrøn
to zero.
 2197

42. Praw the shapes (boundary surfaces) of the ing orbitals :

sketches)
(a)2py (b) 3d 2 (c) 3d 2 (Show coordinnte axes in your

Ans. see Fig. 2.42, page 2/69.

Discussthe similarities and differences is and n
h
Ans. similarities : (i) Both have sphetical shape l)oih as it is I (1+1) --—

of Is,
Differvnces.(i) Is has no node hile a's has one node, (ii) l}.nergyof 2s is greatcf than that
(iii) Size of 2s is lavgevthan that Is.
4.4.Howmany radinVsphericnl nodes "'ill be pre«ent in the 5/ orbital ?
Ans. No. of radial nodes = (n I
(i) "hat is common between dvynnd d 2 orbitals ?
(ii) is the difference bctwcen then)
(iii) is the angle between the lobes of the above two orbitals ?
(1)Both have identical shape, consisting of four lobes.
y-axes.
(il) Lobes of d x2_y2 lie along the x and y-axes while those of d lie between x and

(iii) 45 0.

460

46. For each of the following pair of hydrogen orbitals, indicate which is higher in .
(a) Is, 2s (b) 2p, 3p xy' YZ
Ans.(a) 2s > Is (b) 3p > 2P (c) 3d = 301 (d) = 3d (e) 5s > 4f
47. Which orbital in each of the following pairs is lower in energy in a many-electron atom ?
(c) as, 4s (d) 4d, 5f
Ans. (a) 2s < 2P (c) 3s < 4s
48. WhyHund's rule is called rule of maximum multiplicity ?
Ans. This is because out of the various possible electronic configurations, only that configuration is correct for
which the total spin value is maximum.
49. Howmany electrons in sulphur (Z = 16) can have n + I = 3 ?
Ans. Electronic configuration of 16S = I s2 2 s2 2 3 s2 3 p4
For
For 3 s2, n + I = 3 +0 = 3 For 3 "4, n + I = 3 + 1 = 4
Thus, n + I = 3 for 2p6 and 3s2 electrons, i.e., for 8 electrons.
The 4fsubshell of an atom contains 10 electrons. What is the maximum number of electrons having
spin in the same direction ?
Ans. Seven.
tI
Which out of Cu2+,Fe2+and Cr3+ has highest paramagnetism and why ?
Ans• Cu2+has one, Fe2+has four and Cr3+has three unpaired electrons. Hence, Fe2+ has highest paramagnetism.
 2198
52. What is the of in on ntorn in the highest
principal quantum •j
Ans. Keepitue 'in view tsfiocij'le. (he electtx»nieconfiguration oc atom having highest value of n 4
S: s: (After '11%filling of SS starts)
Renee. maximuti\ nutnlsev eleefmns ptesent 36 (Kr).
One unpaitTd electron in an contributes n mngnctic gnoment of 1.1 B.M. Calculate the magnetic
moment for chromium,
Ans. S i.e., it has 6 unpaired electrons.
Hence, its magnetic moment = 6 x = B.M.
mistakes have
54. The ground-state electronic configurations listed here are incorrect. Explain what
been made in each and write the correct electronic configurations.
Al : 1s2 2s 2 3p 3 B : 1s2 2s2 2p5 F : 1s2 2s 2 2p 6
Ans. In FAI, 2P should be filled first before filling of 3s starts.
l
Correct electronic configuration = Is 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p
In 5B, total electrons = 5. Hence, E.C. = Is2 2s2 2P
5
In 9F, total electrons = 9. Hence, E.C. = Isa 2s2 2p
of La
SS. What is the deviation from aufbau principle or (n + I ) rule in case of electronic configuration
(Z = 57) ?
Ans. One electron enters 5d before filling of 4fstarts.
56. Which of the two is paramagnetic : V (IV) or V (V) and why ?
2
Ans. Electronic configuration of V (Z = 23) is [Arl 183d3 4s
V (IV) is [Ar] 183d l and V (V) is [Ar] 183/
As V (IV) has one unpaired electron, therefore, it is paramagnetic.
 9.
Q. X1. (i) Calculate the number of electrons "liich will together weigh one gram.
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of onc mole ot electrons.
Ans. (i) Mass of one electron = 9•11 x 10-31kg, i.e., 9•11 x 10-31kg = I electron

I g i.e. 10-3 kg — 1
x 10¯3 electrons = 1•098x 1027electrons.

(ii) Mass of one electron = 9•11 x 10-31 kg

Mass of one mole of electrons = (9•11x 10-31)x (6022 x 1023)= 5•486 x 10-7 kg
Charge on one electron = 1•602 x 10-19 coulomb
Charge on one mole of electrons = (1•602x 10-19)x (6022 x 1023)= 9•65 x 104coulombs.
Q. 2.2. (i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14C(Assumethat the
mass of neutron = 1•675 x 10¯27kg)
(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH3 at S.T.P. (Assume
the mass of proton = 1•6726x 10-27kg)
Will the answer change if temperature and pressure are changed ?
Ans. (i) 1 molecule of CH4 contains electrons = 6 + 4 = 10
1 mole, i.e., 6022 x 1023 molecules will contain electrons = 6•022 x 1024
(ii) (a) 1 g atom of 14C= 14 g = 6022 x 1023atoms = (6022 x 1023)x 8 neutrons.
(as each 14C atom has 14 —6 = 8 neutrons)
Thus, 14 g or 14000 mg have 8 x 6•022 x 1023 neutrons

8x 6-022 x 1023
. 7 mg will have neutrons = x7 = 2-4088 x 1021
14000

(b) Mass of 1 neutron = 1,675 x 10-27 kg

Mass of 24088 x 10-21 neutrons = (24088 x 1021) (10675 x 10-27 kg) = 4•0347 x 104 kg
(iii) (a) I mol of NH3 = 17 g NH3 = 6022 x 1023 molecules of NH3
= (6•022 x 1023) x (7 + 3) protons
= 6•022 x 1024protons

6022 x 1024
34 mg, i.e., 0-034 g NH3 x 0•034 = 10044 x 1022protons.
17

2/99
 NEW COURSE CHEMISTRY
(b) Mass of one proton 1,6720 x 10-2?kg
Mass of (1 6726 x (12044 x 1022)kg = 2•0145x
net? is no effect of tetnperatuteand pn•ssurv•,
?
l. 2.3. How many neutroxvsand protons are (tiere in the following nuclei
Q.

d C. 8 0, 124
2Mg, i6Fe, %sr.
AN. Nucleus z Protons (Z) Neutrons (A—Z)
Dc 6 13 6 13— 7

160 16 8 16-8=8
12 24 12 24 12 = 12

26 56 26 56 - 26 = 30

38 88 38 88 - 38 = 50
Q. 2.4. Write the complete symbol for the atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic
(i) Z = 17, A = 35 (ii) Z = 92, A 233 (iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Ans. (0 3
151Cl (il) $ 3 U (iii) 94 Be .
Q. 2.5. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (X)of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency
(v) and the wave number (V) of the yellow light.
Ans. X = 580 nm = 580 x 10¯9 m
c 3•0x108 ms-I
Frequency, v = = 5•17 x 1014s-1
X 580x10-9 m

Wave number, v' = —

1 1
= 1-72 x 106 m-l
X 580x10-9 m
Q. 2.6. Find the enerv of each of the photons which
(i) corresponds to light of frequency 3 x 1015Hz
(ii) have wavelength of 0•50 Å.
Ans. x 1015Hz, (6-626 x 10-34J s) (3 x 1015s-l) = 1•988 x 10-18J

x 10-10m, E=hv -h c (6-626x10

-34Js) s-l )
J = 3•98x 10-15J.
0-50 x 10-10 s
c Q. 2.7. Calazlate die wavelength, frequency and wave number of a light wave whose period is 20
1 1
Ans. Frequency (v) = = 5 x 109 s-1.
Period 20x10 ¯10s
c ms-I
Wavelength, X = —=
5x109s-1
1 1
Wave number, = = = 16-66m-l
erg T
Q. 2.8. What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000
pm that provide I J OfeD
X = 40 pm = 4000 x 10-12m = 4 x 10-9m
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM 2/101
ExX
2•012 x 10 16 photons
h x c (6626 x I ()-u J s) 108 ms o )
Q. 2.9. A photon of wavelength x IO- nt on njetn) surroce, the work function of the metal being
2•13eV. Calculate (i) the enetvv of photon (eV) (iij (lie kinetic energy of the emission and
(iii) the velocityof the photoelectron (t 10-19J).

Ans. (i) Energy of the photon (IS) z:4-97 10-19

.J

x 10

1 2
(ii) Kinetic energy of enussion - 243 = 0-97 ev
2

(iii) —
- ev = 0-97 x x 10-19 J

1
i.e., x (9-11 x 10-31 kg) x 0-97 x 1-602 x 10-19 J
2
or v2 = x 1012= 34•1 x 1010or v = 5•84 x 105 m s-l
Q.2.10.Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionize the sodium atom.
Calculate the ionization energy of sodium in kJ mol-I .
1023 mol -I ) (6626 x 10¯34 J s) x (3 x 108 ms ¯l )
Ans. hv =Nh—c
= 4-945 x 105 J mol- I = 494•5 kJ mol-I .
Q. 2.11.A 25 watt bulb emits monochromatic yellow light of wavelength of 0•57 pm. Calculate the rate of
emissionof quanta per second.
Ans. Energy emitted by the bulb = 25 watt = 25 J s I 1 watt = 1 J s-l )
c
Energy of one photon (E) = hv = h —
Here, X= m = 067 x 10-6 m (1 pm = 10-6m)
Putting c = 3 x 108 m s-l , h = 662 x 10-34 J s, we get
(662 x 10¯34 J s) (3x10 8 ms ¯l )
= 3-48 x 10-19 J

25 J
No. of photons emitted per sec = = 7•18 x 1019.
3-48x 10-19 J O
Q•2.12.Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radiation of O
wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate the threshold frequency and work function (Wc) of the metal.
Ans. Thresholdwavelength = 6800 Å = 6800 x 10-10m
c 3•0x 108 ms -1
As c = v R = 4-41 x 1014s-1
6800x10-10m
work function (W())= hvo = (6-626 x J s) (4-41 x 1014s-l) = 2•92 x J
Q' 2.13.What is the wavelengthof the light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes
transition from an energy level with n = 4 to an ene1V level with n = 2 ? What is the colour
corresponding to this wavelength ? (Rydberg constant = 109,677cm-I)

Ans. V= R 1 1 1 1
= 109677 cm¯l = 205644 cm¯l
22 42
712
 2/102
1
V 10
colour cotn•spondtogto thie nvvicng(h
Q. 2.14. 110"'much energy ioni•i' electron occupies n 5 orbit ?
Compare your the (energy required to remove
the elfifro,n from

Ans. E

10 i •i -21 8 / 52

8-72
tst n,
x 10-19
1
AE' I(rJ9J
12

AEt 21•8x10-19
= 25
AE 8•72 x 10¯20
Tus, the energy required to remove electron from 1st orbit is 25 times than that required to remove
electron from 5th orbit.
Q. 2.tS. is the maximum number of emission lines obtained when the excited electron of a H atom in
n = 6 drops to the ground state ?
Ans. No. of lines produced when electron from nth shell drops to ground state
2012
[These are produced due to following transitions :

(5 lines) (4 lines) (3 lines) (2 lines) (1 line)]

Q. 216. (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is —2•18 x 10¯18J atom-I . What
is the energy associated with the fifth orbit ?
(ii) Calculte the radius of Bohr's fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
2•18 X 10¯J8
Ans. (i) En = 8•72x J.
n2 52
(ii) For H-atom, rn = 0629 x n2 Å = 0-529 x 52 = 13-225 Å = 1-3225 nm.
Q. 2.17. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic
hydrogen.

Ans. For Balmerseries,nJ = 2. Hence, v R 1 1

22 2

1
For to be longest (maximum), V should be minimum. This can be so when is minimum,

i.e., n-z= 3. Hence, = (1097 x 107 m

1 1 5 -1
22
= 1-097 x 107 x — = 1•523x 106m
32 36
 What is the enerkYin joules
orbit to the fifth Bohr required to shift the
orbit or hydrogen
returns to the ground state and •whatis the wavelength from first Bohr
? The ground of light emitted when the
state energy -- 2•18
ground state
ergs.
Ans. As electronic energy is
2' 18 ergs. '(his 248 y I(E Il
thåi( Il, ergs
I 1
12 52 ICYIl = 2•09 x 10-1 t ergs
25
electron l?turns to ground x J (l erg = 10-7J)
state (i.e., to n = l), energy emitted 2-09 x
I(FII ergs.
AS hc
or (6,626 x 10-27 erg sec) (3x1010 cm )
2•09 X 1 ergs
Q.2.19.The electron energy in hydrogen = 9-51 x cm = 951 x 10-8 cm = 951 Å
required to remove the electron atom is given by En = (—2•18x 10-18)/n2J. Calculate the energy
completely
light in cm that can be used to cause from n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of
this transition ?
- 2•18 X 10¯18 J atom -1
Ans. = 5•45 x 10-19 J atom -I
22
c
AE = hv=h— or = = (6-626x10 -34 ms -I )
= 3-647 x 10-7 m = 3,647 x 10-5 cm.
2.20.Calculate the wavelength of an electron
moving with velocity of 2•05 x 107 m s-l .
Ans. By de Broglie equation,

6-626 x 10-34 Js
= 3•55 x 10-11 m (1 J = 1 kg rn2 s-2)
mv (9•11 x 10¯31 kg) (205 x 107 ms -I )
Q.2.21.The mass of an electron is x 10-31 kg. If its K.E. is x 10-25J, calculate its wavelength.
Ans. KE. = -mv 2
2

2x3.ox10-25J
= 812ms 'l (1 J = 1 kg m2 s¯2)
m 9-1x10 31kg

Byde Broglie equation, X = h = = 8-967 x 10-7 m = 8967 Å.

mv (9-1x 10¯31kg) (812 ms-I )
Q'2422*
Which of the following are isoelectronic species, i.e., those having the same number of electrons ?
Na+,K+,Mg , ca , S , Ar.
Ans. No. of electrons Na+= 11-1 = 10, 1<+219-1 = 18, Mg2+= 12-2=
are 10,
ca 2+= 20-2= 18, S2- = 16+2= 18, 18.
Hence, isoelectronic species are Na+ and Mg2+ ; K+ Ca2+, S2- and Ar.
Q' (i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ions : (a) 1-1+(b) Na+ (c) 02- (d) F-
(ii)What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by
(a) 3 sl (b) 2p3 and (c) 3 d6 ?

(b) IINa= I s2 2 s2 2 p6 3 sl .e. Na+= '1 $2 2 s2 2 p6

(c) 80 = 1 s2 2 s2 2 p4 1 s2 2 so 2 p6
(d) I s2 2 so 2 p5 = 1 s2 2 s2 2 p6
 2/104

(c)Is -s
Q. 2.24. is the or g to exist 't
Ans. rot' g•subsheli.I As I io to hove I •t value of n 5,
Q. 2.2S. An electron is in oc Al Give volues of n, I nnd m, for this electron.
Ans. 01bital,n I e 2, l"ot' "11
Q. 226. An atom of nn etentent contnins 29 electrons nnd neutrons. Deduce (i) number of
and (ii) the electronic eonngurntion oc elenu•nt.
Ans. For neutral atonv, nutnbev ol' = ol' electrons = 29
nuts, atonuc nuttibev oti (he eletnent = 29
F,lectmnie configuration ol' eletnent with Z = 29 will be •
I -s: 2 e 2 3 s 2 3 p o 3 (1104 s t or IAr1 183 (110 4 s t , i.e., 29Cu.
Ntass number No. of protons + No. of neutlons = 29 + 35 = 64
Q. 2.27. Give the number of electrons in the species 11+
2 112and 0+
Ans. 1-12= IH + Ill = 2 electrons has = 2— I = I electron

02 = 08 + 80 = 16 electron 02+ h IS 16 1 = 15 electrons.

Q. 2.28. (i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of I and ml ?
(ii) List the quantum numbers (mland I) of electrons for 3d-orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
1p, 2 s, 2 p and 3 f.
Ans. (i) When n = 3, 1=0, 1, 2.
When 1 = O, = O. When 1 = l, nil = —1, O, +1. When
1, O, + 1, +2
(ii) For 3d-orbital, n = 3, I = 2, For I = 2, ml = 2, l, 0, + l, +
2.
(iii) Ip is not possible because when n = l, I = 0 only (for p, I =
1)
2s is possible because when n = 2, I = 0, I (for s, I = 0)
2P is possible because when n = 2, I = 0, I (for p, I = l)
3fis not possible because when n = 3, I = 0, l, 2 (for f, I =
3).
Q. 2.29. Using s, p, d notations, describe the orbital with
the follwing quantum numbers :

Ans. (a) Is (b)3p (c)4d (d) 4f.

o Q. 2.30. Explain, giving reasons, which of the following
sets of quantum numbers are not
(a" = 0, I = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2 (b) n = 1, I possible•
= 0, nil = 0, ms = 1/2
(c) n = 1, 1, O,ms 1/2(d) n = 2, 1, ml = O,ms =-1/2
(e) n = 3, I = 3, ml = —3, ms = + 1/2(0 n
3, I = 1, ntl = 0, ms = + 1/2
Ans. (a) Not possible because n (b) Possible (c) Not possible because
(d) Possible (e) Not possible because when n = l, I
when n = 3, I (j) Possibe.
Q. 2.31. How many electrons in an atom have
the following quantum numbers
?
1
(ii) n = 3, I = 0.
2

Ans. (i) Total electrons in n = 4 are 2 n2, i.e., 2 x 1

42 = 32. Half of them, i.e.,
16 electrons have ms =
(ii) n = 3, I = 0 means 3s orbital which can
have 2 electrons.
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
21105
Q. 2.32. Show the ('ircujnrev•enccof
Brogiie Wavelength hydrogen "n multiple Ofthe de
orbit,
Ans. According to lioli( angoiiij

According to de equation, .(ii)

Substituting this value in eqn. we pct 2 It
Thus, the citvtnnfeux•nee(2 't t) oc
the ("bit for hydrogen alom ig an integral multiple of de BrogJie
wavelength.
Q. transition in tl)Chydrogen spectrum would have the game wavelength as the Balmer transition,
n 4 to n 2 of spectrum ?

Ans. For Il-like panicles in general 21t2m 702 e d 1 1 1

RZ2

For He+ spectrum, for Balmer transition, n = 4 ton

= 2.

= -- = RZ2 1 1
=Rx4x—
22 42 16¯ 4

1 1 3
For hydrogen spectrum —1 1 1 3
—R or —
2 4 n12 n; 4
which can be so for = 1 and = 2, i.e., the transition is from n = 2 to n = 1
Q. 2.34. Calculate the energy required for the process He+(g) He2+(g) + e—
The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2•18 x 10-18J atom¯l.

2Tt2 mZ 2 e4
Ans. For H-like particles, E
n 2 112

4
2 Tt2 me 2 Tt2 me 4
For El-atom, I.E. = E E 1 xh2 = 2•18 x 10¯18J atom-I (Given)
h2
For the given process,
2 7t2 m X 22 X e4 2 TC2 me 4
Energy required = En El = 0
12 x h 2 h2
=4x2-18x 10-18J
= 8•72x 10-18J
Q. 2.35. If the diamter of a carbon atom is 0•15nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be
placed side by side in a straight line across the length of scale of length 20 cm long.
Ans. Diameter of carbon atom = nm = 0•15 x 10-9 m = I •5 x 10-10m
Length along which atoms are to be placed = 20 cm = 20 x 10-2 m = 2 x 10¯1m
2x10-1 = 1-33 x 109
No. of C-atoms which can be placed along the line =
16 x 10-10
Q. 2.36. 2 x 108atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the
length of this arrangement is cm.
Ans. Total length = cm.
Total number of atoms along the length = 2 x 108
cm
Diameter of each atom = = 16 x 10¯8 cm
2x108
 CHEMISTRY
W

10-1 crn
2/106 cni 0 075
10-8 cm 10
m = 0-075 nm
Radiusof theatoni 0075 109
atom in pm and (b) number ot
radius of zinc
by side lengthwise.
A. arrgngcd Gide
Q. 2.37. diameterof tinc
in A or
12m —130
pm
13() x IT
I A Å= t A 10 1o tu=
Ans. (a) Radius
(b) length 16 x IO- m
26 10-10m
Dianwtetof one atoll) = 26 Å
16xto-2 -6-154
— 107
the 20<10-10
charge. Calculate the number of
x 10-16C of static electric
Q. 2.38. A certain particle carries
present in it.
10-19 C
Ans. Charge carried by one electron = 1•6022 x
2-5*10-16 = 1560
Electrons present in particle carrying x 10¯16C charge =

electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by shining X.

Q. 2.39. In Millikan's experiment,static
10¯18C, calculate the number of
rays. If the static electriccharge in the oil drop is —1082 x
electronspresent in it.
-1-282 x 10-18 C
Ans. As in Q. 2.38 above, electrons present =

Q. 2.40. In Rutherford's experiment,generallythin foils of heavy atoms like gold, platinum etc. have been
used to be bombarded by the a-particles. If the thin foil of light atoms like aluminium etc. is used,
what differencewould be observedfrom the above results ?
Ans. Heavy atoms have a heavy nucleus carrying a large amount of positive charge. Hence, some a-parücles
are easily deflected back on hitting the nucleus. Also a number of a-particles are deflected through small
anglesbecause of large positive charge on the nucleus. If light atoms are used,
their nuclei will be ligm
and moreover,they will have small positive charge on the nucleus.
deflectedback and those deflected through some angle will be
Hence, the number of particles
negligible.
Q. 2.41.Symbols 79Br and 79Brcan be written whereas
symbols 35Br and 35Br are not acceptable
Answer briefly.
Ans. %Br is not acceptablebecauseatomic
number should be
written as subscript, while mass number
shouldbe written as superscript.35Br
is not acceptable because
However,mass number is not fixed as atomic number of an element is fixed
it depends upon the
isotope taken. Hence,
it is essential to indicate
Q. 2.42. An element with mass
number 81 contains 31-7%
more neutrons as
compared to protons. Assign
Ans. Mass number = 81, i.e., p +
n = 81
If protons = x, then neutrons = x + 31-7
100
.x+J.317x=81 or 2-317x=81 81
or x %
2.317
= 35
Thus, Protons = 35, i.e., atomic
no. = 35
Hence, the symbol is Br
 sTRUCTURE OF ATOM 2Ji 07
Q. An ion muse more
neutron«than the ion,
Ane. Suppose

i 00
So, in the No. Of prolong
Mass e Nov01 No. .
No, of a Atotnie no. I 18 1 -17
Hence, the symbol oc the ion will be
Q. ion "ith nmss number 56 contains units of positivecharge and 30-4% more neutrons than
electrons. Assign symbol to this ion.
30-4
Ans. Suppose nutnbevof electrons in the ion, Mg+ = x No. of neutrons = x +
100
No. of electrons in the neutral atom = x +3 No. of protons = x + 3
Mass no. = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
56 x + 3 + 1•304 x or 2•304 x = 53 or x = 23 No. of protons = Atomic no. = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26

Hence, the symbol of the ion will be 56 3+

26Fe
Q. 2.45. Arrange the following types of radiations in increasing order of frequency :
(a) radiation from microwave oven (b) amber light from traffic signal (c) radiation from FM
radio (d) cosmic rays from outer space and (e) X-rays.
Ans. Cosmic rays < X-rays < amber colour < microwaves < radiation from FM radio
Q. 2.46. Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337•1nm. If the number of photons emitted
is x 1024, calculate the power of this laser.
c Js) (3-0x108 ms-I )
Ans. hv Nh = 3-3 x 106 J

Q. 2.47.Neon gas is generally used in the sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate (a) the
frequency of the emission(b) distance travelled by this radiation in 30 s (c) energy of quantum
(d) number of quanta present if it produces 2 J of energy.
Ans. 1=616 616 x 10-9 m
c ms I
(a) Frequency, v = —= = 4-87 x 1014s-1

(b) Velocity of the radiation = x 108 m s-l

Distance travelled in 30 s = 30 x 3 x 108 m = x 109 m

c J s) x 3•0x 108 ms- 1

= 32-27
x J
2
(d) No. of quanta in 2 J of energy = = 6-2 x 1018
X 10¯28
Q.2.48.In astronomical observations,signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak. If the
photon detector receives a total of 3•15x 10—8 J from the radiations of 600 nm, calculatethe
number of photons received by the detector.
c J s) (3 x 108 ms¯l )
Ans. Energy Ofone photon = hv = h = 3-313 x 10-19 J
 NEW COURSE CHEMISTRY (Xi)
2/108
Total enet*Y veeeived x 10 8 J

No. Of photons tvceived z 10

9
IOW|
2.49, Lifetimes of the molecules in the excited state are onen measured by using pulsed radiation source
of dur»tion nearly in the nano second range. It the radiation source has the duration ot 2 ns and
the number of photons emitted during the pulse source is 205x 1015,calculate the energy or the
source.

Ans. Frequency X 109

Energy= N (25 x x J s) (06 x 109 s-l ) = 8-28 x 10-10 J

Q. 2.50. longesqwavelength doublet absorption transition is observed at 589 and 589•6 nm. Calculate
the frequency of each transition and the enerkY difference between the two excited states.

Ans. Xl = 589 nm = 589 x 10-9 m. c 3,0x108 ms -I

= 5•093 x 10 14 s-1
589 x 10-9 m

= 589-6 nm = 589•6 x 10-9 m . ms- 1

= 5,088 x 10 14s-1
2 VI) = (6626 x 10-34J s) (5•093 5•088) X
1014 = 3•31x J
Q. 2.51. The work function for caesium atom is
eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength and (b) the
threshold frequency of the radiation. If the caesium
nm, calculate the kinetic enerkYand the velocity element is irradiated with a wavelength 500
of the ejected photoelectron.
Ans. (a) Work function (WO)= h vo

wo 1-9x1-602x10-19J
h = 4-59 x Io u s-I (1 1-602 x 10-19 J)
6-626x 10-34 Js
c 108 ms¯l
vo 4-59x1014s I =664x = 654 x m = 654 nm

(c) K.E. of ejected electron = h (v 1 1

vo) = hc

= (6-626 x 10-34 J s) (3-0 X 108 m 1

s-l ) 1
500x 10¯9 m 654 x 10 ¯9 m
6-626 x 3-0x10 -26 154
10--9 J = 9-36x 10-20J
500x654
•= m v2 = 9-36 x 10-20 J or
2 kg m2 s-2

x (9•11x 10-31 )
2 9•36 x 10-20 kg m2 s-2
= 2,055 X 1011m2 s 2
= 20-55 x 1010m2 s-2
v = 4•53x IOS m s-l .
Q. 2.52. Following results were observed
Calculate (a) threshold when sodium metal is
wavlength and (b) Planck's irradiated with different wavelengths
(nm) constant.
soo 450 400
v x 10-6 (m s-l )
2•55 $35 520
 2/ too

wc get

(500 106
10 000
-440 4-36
Dividing cqn, (ii) by eqn, wc get 450 263
-300

—450 4-35 2

or or BOC)$
-500 500 2-55
or 8596 . 531 nm
Substituting this value in cqn. (iii), we get
hx(3x108) 1 (9-11 x 10-31) ( 5-20 or I(r34Js
400 531 2
metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can
Q. 2.53. The ejection or the photoelectron from the silver
be stopped by applying a voltage of V when the radiation 256•7nm is used. Calculate the
work function for silver metal.
of photoelectron
Ans. Energy of the incident radiation = Work function + Kinetic energy
J s) 108 ms -I )
Energy of incident radiation (E) = hv = h—
(256-7*10-9 m)
= 7-74 x 10-19 J 4-83 ev (1 ev = 1-602 x J)
The potential applied gives the kinetic energy to the electron.
Hence, kinetic energy of the electron = ev Work function = 4•83 ev — ev = 448 ev
2.54. If photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom and one of its inner bound electron is ejected
out with a velocityof x 107m s¯ , calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
hc Js) (3-0x10 8 ms -I ) = 13-25 x I(r 16J
Ans. Energy of the incident photon —
(150*10-12 m)

Energy of the electron ejected = —mv

1
(9-11 x 10-31 kg) (1-5 x 107 m = 1-025 x 10-16 J

Energy with which the electron was bound to the nucleus = 13•25 x 10-16J -- I •025 x 10-16J
10<16
= 12-225x 10-16J = 12-225 x 7-63x 103
1-602 x 10-19
Q. 2.55. Emissiontransitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and start from orbit n and can be
represented as v = 3•29 x 101s (Hz) (1/32 —1/n21
Calculate the value of n if the transition is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region or the specturm•
c 3•0x10 8 ms e 1 1 1
Ans. = 3,29x1015 32
n2
 2/110

or 0 011 Z 0 2 2.6or
1285 x 10 -9 to
The radiation corresponding (he inft
2.56. Calculate the qayv\ength Cov if it tq the orbit having radius 1-3225
nm and ends at the go betongq nod the region of (he
spectrum.

Ans. Rasttusof nth o!

2
1

z
2

2116 2 or 2
= 6-25 or

= 5. Thus, the transition is from 5th orbit to 2nd orbit. It belongs to Balmer series.
1 1 21
= 1-097 x 107 m 'l = 1-097 x -1
22 52 100

1 100
or X m = 434 x 10-9 m = 434 nm
v 1-097X 21 X 107
It lies in the visible region.
Q. 257. Dual behaviour of matter proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery
of electron microscope often
used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other
types of material. If the
velocityof the electron in this microscopeis x 106 m s-l , calculate de Broglie wavelength
associated with this electron.

= 6626 x 10¯34kg m2
Ans. m = 4•55 x 10-10 m = 455 pm
mv (9-11x10-31 kg) ms-I )
Q. 2S8. Similar to electron difTraction,neutron diffraction
microscope is also used for the determination
structure of the molecules. If the wavelength used here is
velocity associated with the neutron. 800 pm, calculate the characteristic
Ans. Mass of neutron = 1•675 x 10¯27kg

h h 6626 x 10-34 kg m 2 s-l

or v =
- 1-675x10-27 kg x (800 x 10-12 m) = 4-94 x 104m s-l
Q. 2.59. If the velcity of the electron in
Bohr's first orbit is 2•19 x 106 m s-l , calculate
the de Broglie wave-

Ans. = 6626 x 10-34 kg rn2 s-l

mv (9•11x10-31 kg) (2•19x10 6 ms -I ) = 3-32 x 10-10 m = 332 pm
Q. 2.60.The velocity associated
with a proton moving in a potential
4•37 x IOSm s-l. If 'the hockey
ball of mass difference of 1000V is
wavelength associated with this kg is moving with this velocity, calculatethe
velocity ?
h 6626 x 10-34 kg m2 s -l
Ans. X=
mv (01 kg) (4•37 x 105 ms ¯l ) = 1•516 x 10¯28 m