H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma

qhXr dëbar
V¥Vr` ^mfm {h§Xr
Hindi Third Language

8
AmR>dr§ H$jm
Eighth Standard

Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)

100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,
Bengaluru - 560 085.

i
 PREFACE
The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new
textbooks according to the new syllabi prepared which in turn are designed
based on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 11
languages, seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard
1 to 4 there is the EVS and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely
mathematics, science and social science.
NCF – 2005 has a number special features and they are:
• Connecting knowledge to life activities
• Learning to shift from rote methods
• Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks
• Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge
• Making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom
experiences
• Caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country
• Make education relevant to the present and future needs.
• Softening the subject boundaries integrated knowledge and the joy of
learning.
• The child is the constructor of knowledge
The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches
namely.
Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach
The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills
and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated
with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature.
On the other hand they help the learner in the total development of his/her
personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy
society and a productive citizen of this great country India.

ii
 Language textbooks are designed to help learners master
communicative competencies, excellent comprehension, meaningful
expression and efficient reference skills.
English is studied by most students as the second language. Teachers
have to keep in mind the three fundamental approaches based on which the
readers have been designed and adapt their teaching methods and help
learners master language skills and competencies and help them become
excellent users of English.
Schools in Karnataka offer seven languages a media of instruction and
eight as first languages and ten languages are offered as third language.
The objective is to help the learners to use these languages efficiently at
the communicative level. It is hoped that at least a cross section of learners
achieve competencies to use these languages at the creative level.
Teachers are expected to adapt their teaching methods not to make
these textbooks just feed materials for examinations, but help learners
master language competencies such as communication, comprehension,
expression in writing and necessary reference skills.
There is going to be a source book for teachers in Kannada 1st language,
English 2nd language and Hindi 3rd language. Please make use of these
source books and make teaching very effective.
The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons,
writers scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of
the Editorial Board in helping the Text Book Society in producing these
textbooks.

Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar

Co-ordinator
Curriculum Revision and
Managing Director
Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society®
Karnataka Textbook Society (R) Bengaluru, Karnataka
Bengaluru, Karnataka.

iii
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{M¸$qbJXh{„ . (hmdoar Vm.)
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~|Jbyé.
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~|Jbyé.
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lr_Vr gr. ZmJ_{U, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
ghm`Vm Ed§ _mJ©Xe©Z :
lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

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gh`moJ :
lr E_.{n. _mXoJm¡S>m, à~§Y {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé-560085
lr Ho$. {O. a§Jæ`m, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
AÜ`j:
S>m°. Zm_Xod. E_. Jm¡S>m, {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, _hmamOm H°$mboO, _¡gyé {díd{dX²`m{Zb`,
_¡géy -570005
gXñ` :
lr_Vr gw_m Eg². Ho$., {df` n[adrjrH$m ({hÝXr) ~|Jbya {d^mJ Am`wdVmb`, ~|Jbyé - 01.
S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>, H$mern{V
AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24
S>m°. Eg. E. _§OwZmW, ghm`H$ àmo\o$ga Ed§ {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, nmo§n¡ H$m°boO, EoH$bm,
_§Jbyé-574141
S>m°. Eg. {d{O, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, dm|Q>rH$moßnb, _¡gyé-570020
lr Or. E_. _§OwZmW, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar nr.`w. H$m°boO, Jm¡Zrnëbr, lr{Zdmgnwam VmëbwH$m,
H$mobma {Obm-563161
lr_Vr dg§VHw$_mar ~mB©, gh-{e{jH$m (qhXr), Eg. Eg. nr. Eg. hmB©ñHy$b, H$moßnm VmëbwH$m,
{MŠH$_Jbyé {Obm - 577126
dmgwXod_y{V© Eg., qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Or.~r. gaJyé, EM.S>r.H$moQ>o (Vm),
_¡gyé {Obm - 570026.
CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :
S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.
S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé
S>m°. JUoe ndma, AÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, AH$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.
H$bmH$ma:
lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma Ho$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.
H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :
lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

ix
 AZwH$« _{UH$m

H«$.g§. erf©H$ {dYm n¥.g§

goVw~§Y 1
1. àmW©Zm H${dVm 6
2. {_M©-_gmbm bmoH$H$Wm 9
3. _oam Xoe, _oar _m± H$hmZr 18
4. {ejm H${dVm 28
5. _hmË_m Jm§Yr ì`{ŠV n[aM` 34
6. g_mMma nÌ H$s AmË_H$Wm AmË_H$Wm 40
7. ~§Xa ~m±Q> H${dVm 51
8. Nw>Å>r nÌ nÌ-boIZ 58
9. _mo~mBb H$m ~mob~mbm EH$m§H$s 63
10. A{^Zd JrV H${dVm 73
11. d¥jào_r {Vå_ŠH$m OrdZr 78
12. ham Kmo‹S>m H$hmZr 86
13. Mw§~H$ h¡ YaVr h_mar H${dVm 95
14. OrdZYmÌr-dfm© H$hmZr 98
15. ^maVr` Ë`mohma {Z~§Y 107
16. g§Vw{bV Amhma g§dmX 117
17. H$~ra Ho$ Xmoho Xmohm 125

x
 goVw~§Y
I. dUm] H$mo Omo‹S>H$a eãX ~ZmBE :
1. ~² + Am + b² + B + H²$ + Am =
2. H²$ + F$ + n + Am + b² + C =
3. _² + C + a² + J² + Am =
4. S>² + a² + Am + _² + Am =
5. n² + B + V² + Am + O² + B© =
II. Hw$N> eãX {~Zm _mÌmdmbo hmoVo h¢ - O¡go H$b_, eha, ZJa
Am{X & Hw$N> eãXm| Ho$ ha Aja _| _mÌm hmoVr h¡ - O¡go {H$Zmao,
am{YH$m, XoZm Am{X& Eogo N>… eãX {b{IE :
1. {~Zm _mÌmdmbo eãX -

2. _mÌmdmbo eãX -

III. `mX H$aHo$ {b{IE :

1. h_mam amï´>r` njr =
2. h_mam amï´>r` nwîn =
3. h_mam amï´>r` {Mh²Z =
4. h_mam amï´>r` àmUr =

1
 5. h_mam amï´>JmZ =
6. h_mam amï´>r` Iob =
IV. Omo‹S>H$a dmŠ` ~ZmBE :
_¢ Jwbm~ Ho$ \y$b
h_ Om gH$Vo
Vy H$m_ H$aVo h±&ÿ
Vw_ {H$Vm~ _oµO na hmo&
Amn amoµO gw~h OëXr CR>Vm h¡&
dh Iob aho h¢&
do ~mµOma OmVo
`h Š`m H$a ahm
`o Ky_ ahm

V. BZ gãOr - _gmbm| Ho$ Zm_ qhXr _| {b{IE :

1) ªÀÄÆ®AV - 1) fÃjUÉ -

2) ©ÃmïgÀÆmï - 2) ªÉÄt¸ÀÄ -

3) mÉƪÀiÁmÉÆ - 3) ªÉÄAvÀå -

4) ºÀÄgÀ½ÃPÁ¬Ä - 4) ¸Á¹ªÉ -

5) ¨ÉAqÉÃPÁ¬Ä - 5) ºÀ¹±ÀÄAp -

2
 6) FgÀĽî - 6) Cj²t -
7) D®ÆUÉqØÉ - 7) ®ªÀAUÀ -
8) PÉÆvÀÛA§j ¸ÉÆ¥ÀÅà - 8) K®QÌ -
9) §zÀ£ÉPÁ¬Ä - 9) PÉøÀj -
10)ªÉÄt¹£ÀPÁ¬Ä -

VI. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| Ho$ {bE dJ© _| go EH$ n`m`©dmMr eãX VWm
EH$ {dbmo_ eãX Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :
BZm_, Omo‹S>Zm, AÀN>mB©, ImoZm, Odm~, {_Ì, Xþí_Z, hmo{e`ma,
{Z_©b, ^y{_, gdoam, ~wamB©, em_, {VañH$ma, Mya-Mya H$aZm, Amg_mZ,
àmá H$aZm, àíZ, _yI©, An{dÌ
n`m©`dmMr eãX {dbmo_ eãX
1. nwañH$ma
2. VmoS‹ >Zm
3. ^bmB©
4. AmH$me
5. nmZm
6. gdmb
7. XmoñV
8. ~w{Õ_mZ
9. n{dÌ
10. gw~h
3
VII. BZ g§»`mAmo H$mo qhXr _| {b{IE :

1) - 4) -

2) - 5) -

3) - 6) -
VIII. Imbr OJhm| _| ghr qbJ Am¡a dMZ Ho$ eãXm| H$mo ^[aE :
órqbJ nw{ëb§J ~hþdMZ
CXmhaU : `wdVr `wdH$ `wdH$

1) b‹S>H$s

2) Kmo‹S>m

3) ~hZ

4) ~ÀMo

5) Mw{h`m

6) Xod

7) N>mÌ
4
 8) ~w{‹T>`m

9) eoa
IX. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. ~mnyOr g~Ho$ gmW ào_ go ahVo Wo &
2. Iy~ n‹T>Zm _oar {Oå_oXmar h¡ &
3. _oao nmg EH$ Cnm` h¡ &
4. h_| n`m©daU H$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE&
X. AnZo Jm±d AmZo Ho$ {bE {Z_§ÌU XoVo hþE AnZo {_Ì H$mo EH$
nÌ {b{IE&

✾✾✾✾✾

5
 nmR> - 1
àmW©Zm
g§H${bV -
_Zwî`-OrdZ _| gX²>^md H$m àYmZ ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& N>moQ>o - ~‹S>o H$m ^oX^md Z aIVo hþE
g~Ho$ gmW {_bOwbH$a ahZm Mm{hE, {H$gr H$m An_mZ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE Am¡a
AnZo Xoe Ho$ à{V A{^_mZ aIZm Mm{hEŸ&
gM ~mob| gM ~mV {dMma|Ÿ&
^bo H$m_ na OrdZ dma|Ÿ&&
{_bH$a ah|, {Z`_ AnZmE±Ÿ&
~rVr ~mVm| H$mo {~gamE±Ÿ&&
N>moQ>o-~‹S>o g^r {_b OmE±Ÿ&
{Jao hþE H$mo VwaV CR>mE±Ÿ&&
H$a| {H$gr H$m Z An_mZŸ&
Eogr hr _{V Xmo ^JdmZ Ÿ&&
EH$ ah| gX²>^md aI| h_Ÿ&
Xoe-Xoe _| _mZ aI| h_Ÿ&&
hR> N>mo‹S>|, g§`_ AnZmE±Ÿ&
_mV¥^{y _ na ~{b-~{b OmE±Ÿ&&
*****

6
eãXmW© :
dmaZm - Ý`m¡N>mda H$aZm, g_{n©V H$aZm ; _{V - ~w{Õ,
{~gamZm - ^wbm XoZm, VwaV - Vwa§V, OëXr; _mZ - _`m©Xm,
emoH$ - Xw…I, An_mZ - {VañH$ma, AZmXa ; {ZO ^mfm - AnZr ^mfmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. "~rVr-~mV|' - BgH$m Š`m _Vb~ h¡ ?
2. h_| H¡$go ahZm Mm{hE ?
3. hR> N>mo‹S>H$a h_| {H$go AnZmZm Mm{hE ?
4. N>moQ>o-~‹Sm>§o H$mo {_bH$a Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE ?
5. h_| {H$g na ~{b-~{b OmZm Mm{hE?
6. ^JdmZ go h_| Š`m _m±JZm Mm{hE ?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. "EH$ ah| gX²^md aI| h_' - Bg na Amn Š`m gmoMVo h¢?
2. "{Jao hþE H$mo VwaV CR>mE±' -"{Jao hþE' H$m Š`m AW© h¡? Cgo H¡$go
CR>mZm Mm{hE ?
3. "hR> N>mS‹o >,| g§`_ AnZmE±' - Bg dmŠ` go Š`m AW© àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ ?
III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma VwH$dmbo eãX {b{IE :
AnZmE± {~gamE±
1. {dMma|
2. CR>mE±
3. An_mZ
7
IV. nX²`^mJ nyU© H$s{OE :
{_bH$a ah|

VwaV CR>mE± &

V. Imbr OJh ^[aE :
1. ^bo H$m_ na &
2. ~rVr ~mVm| H$mo &
3. EH$ ah| aI| h_Ÿ&
4. hR> N>mo‹S>|, AnZmE±Ÿ&
VI. H${dVm H§$R>ñW H$s{OE>>&
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● AnZo _mVm-{nVm, JwéOZm| go gå_mZnyd©H$ ~mV H$aZo H$s àoaUm

X|Ÿ& VrZ-Mma Eogr H${dVmE± n‹T>dmE±, Omo N>mÌm| _| gX²>^md OJmE±Ÿ&

● {OZ H${dVmAm| H$mo N>mÌ n‹T>Vo h¢, CZH$mo JÚ ê$n _| {bIZo Ho$

{bE H$h| &

● AmnH$s nmR>embm _| à{V{XZ H$m¡Z-gm àmW©Zm JrV Jm`m OmVm

h¡? Cgo {bIdmH$a H$jm _| CgHo$ AW© H$s MMm© H$admE±&

✾✾✾✾✾

8
 nmR> - 2
{_M© - _gmbm
bmoH$H$Wm -
H$^r-H$^r AmX_r AnZo {dMmam| H$mo Xÿgam| Ho$ gmW ~m±Q>Zm
MmhVm h¡& bo{H$Z Cgo `h Ü`mZ aho {H$ amµO H$s ~mV ~VmZo
go nhbo dh gmdYmZr ~aVo&

EH$ {XZ em_ H$mo ^moby Am±JZ _|

~¡R>H$a XÿY nr ahm Wm& Cgo Im±gr
Am`r, XÿY H$m bmoQ>m bw‹T>H$ J`m VWm
Wmo‹S>m-gm XÿY _±wh go {ZH$bH$a µO_rZ
na \¡$b J`m& \¡$bo XÿY _| CgH$mo Xmo
n§I {XImB© {X`o& dh K~am J`m&
AnZr nËZr hram H$mo ~wbmH$a H$hm -
"XoImo, Vw_ {H$grgo Zht H$hmoJr
Vmo _¢ Vw_go EH$ ~mV ~VmD±$&' "H$g_
go, {H$grgo Zht H$h±ÿJr' - nËZr ~mobr & ^moby Zo XÿY _| n§I H$s ~mV
~Vm Xr&
hram Bg ~mV H$mo nMm Z nm`r & CgH$m noQ> \y$bZo bJm& AnZr
n‹S>mogZ M§nm go H$hm - "EH$ amµO H$s ~mV h¡ & OmZVr hmo AmO Š`m
hþAm? CZHo$ _w±h go H$~yVa Ho$ n§I {ZH$bo, ~hþV gmao! _wPo qMVm hmo
ahr h¡& na {H$grgo _V H$hZm&' M§nm ~mobr - "Vw_ ^r {H$grgo _V
H$hZm& bmoJ ~mV H$m ~V§J‹S> ~Zm X|Jo!'
M§nm go ahm Z J`m& Cgo bJm {H$ AJa `h ~mV {H$grgo Zht H$hr
Vmo CgH$m noQ> \$Q> OmEJm& AnZr ghobr M_obr H$mo XoIVo hr CgZo gmar
~mV CJb Xr& H$hZo go nhbo M_obr go dmXm H$adm {b`m& M§nm ~mobr
- "XoImo Vmo! ^mobyOr H$mo AmO Im±gr Am`r Am¡a CZHo$ _w±h go EH$ nyam
H$~yVa {ZH$bm' M_obr H$mo {dídmg Zhr§ hþAm& "nyam H$~yVa! H$~yVa Vmo
BVZm ~‹S>m njr h¡& Im`m H¡$go hmoJm?'
9
 Hw$N> hr Xoa ~mX {H$gr n‹S>mogZ
Zo gwZm {H$ ^moby Ho$ _w±h go P§wS> Ho$
PwS§ > H$~yVa, H$m¡E, Jmoa`¡ ,o _wJ} Am{X
{ZH$b aho h¢& Jm±d _| `hm± VH$
I~a \¡$b J`r {H$ H$B© AmH$ma VWm
a§J Ho$ njr, {dXoem| Ho$ njr ^r
^moby Ho$ _w±h go {ZH$b aho h¢ Am¡a
BZ n{j`m| go AmH$me ^a J`m h¡& amB© H$m nhm‹S> ~Z J`m&
`h M_ËH$ma XoIZo Ho$ {bE Xÿa-Xÿa go bmoJ AmZo bJo& ~oMmam ^moby
^`^rV hmoH$a {H$gr EH$ no‹S> na {N>n J`m Wm& Wmo‹S>r Xoa ~mX g~ bmoJm|
Zo Cgo Ty>±‹T> {ZH$mbm& CgH$s K~amhQ> XoIH$a bmoJm| H$mo g_P Am`m {H$
{H$gr ^r ahñ` H$mo ~VmZo go nhbo Xg ~ma gmoMZm Mm{hE&
*****
eãXmW© :
H$g_ - gm¡J§Y, enW; ~mV H$mo nMmZm - {H$gr ~mV H$mo {N>nm
boZm, noQ> \y$bZm - {H$gr ~mV H$mo H$hZo Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ hmoZm, amµO -
ahñ`, noQ> \$Q> OmZm - noQ> _| ~hþV nr‹S>m hmoZm, {dH¥$V AdñWm _|
AmZm; ~mV CJbZm - ahñ` ~mV H$mo àH$Q> H$aZm, I~a-g_mMma, hmb;
Jmoa`¡ m - UÀħâaÑ &
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. EH$ {XZ ^moby Š`m H$a ahm Wm ?
2. XÿY H$hm± \¡$b J`m ?
10
 3. XÿY _| CgH$mo Š`m {XImB© {X`o ?
4. hram {H$go Z nMm nm`r ?
5. M§nm Zo {H$gH$mo XoIVo hr gmar ~mV| CJb Xr ?
6. M_obr Zo M§nm go Š`m H$hm ?
7. Xÿa-Xÿa go bmoJ Š`m| AmZo bJo?
8. ~oMmam ^moby Zo ^`^rV hmoH$a Š`m {H$`m?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ^moby Š`m| K~am J`m ?
2. hram Zo M§nm go Š`m H$hm?
3. M_obr go M§nm Zo ^moby Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm?
4. em_ VH$ Jm±d _| H$m¡Z-gr I~a \¡$b J`r?
III.{dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
CXm : µO_rZ X Amg_mZ
1. OmZm X
2. ~hþV X
3. {dídmg X
4. ~‹S>m X

5. Jm±d X

6. {dXoe X

11
IV. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
CXm: {XZ - {XZ CXm: H$m¡Am - H$m¡E, H$m¡dm-H$m¡do
1. n§I - 1. Jmoa¡`m -
2. Ka - 2. _wJm© -
3. noQ> - 3. ~oMmam -
4. bmoJ - 4. dmXm -
5. H$~yVa -
6. njr -
7. noS‹ > -
8. Jm±d -
gyMZm : Hw$N> eãX gX¡d EH$dMZ _| à`wŠV hmoVo h¢&
O¡go - nmZr, dm`w, A{½Z, ^y{_, AmH$me Am{X&
V. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
1. ^moby Zo AnZr nËZr go H$hm&
2. ^moby Zo _| n§I H$s ~mV ~Vm Xr&
3. hram H$m noQ> bJm&
4. bmoJ ~mV H$m ~Zm X|Jo&
5. M§nm Zo AnZr ghobr go gmar ~mV CJb Xr&
6. Jm±d _| I~a \¡$b J`r {H$ n{j`m| go ^a J`m&
12
VI. BZ n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ H$ÝZS> AWdm A§J«µOr _| {b{IE :
Zm_ H$ÝZS> A§J«oµOr
CXm : H$~yVa ¥ÁjªÁ¼À Pigeon
VmoVm
_¡Zm
H$m¡Am
~mO
{JX²Y
Jmoa¡`m
~Jwbm
_wJm©
M_JmX‹S>
VII. BZ dmŠ`m| _| {N>no n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :
CXm : A~ Vmo VmOm \$b Im bmo&
A~ Vmo Vm Om \$b Im bmo& = VmoVm
1. Vw_H$mo `bh§H$m OmZm hmoJm &
2. O~ Jwbm~ XoIVr h±ÿ, V~ Iwer hmoVr h¡&
3. Vw_ _¥Jmb` _| Ky_mo a_oe&
VIII. {Zdmg ñWmZm| H$mo Om{ZE :
1. AmX_r - Ka, _H$mZ
2. njr - Km|gbm
13
 3. ~H$ar - ~m‹S>
4. Kmo‹S>m - AñV~b, Kw‹S>gmb
5. Myhm - {~b
6. gm±n - ~m§~r
7. qgh - Jw\$m
IX. gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE :
1. H$h°ÿ§Jr H$g_ Zht go {H$grgo&
2. J`m Z go ahm M§nm&
3. Am`r I±mgr H$mo ^mobyOr&
4. AmZo bmoJ M_ËH$ma `h XoIZo bJo&
X. BZHo$ MbZo H$m VarH$m ~VmBE :
(\w$XH$, ^mJ, a|J, V¡a, C‹S>)
CXm : AmX_r µO_rZ na MbVo h¢ &
1. _N>br nmZr _| h¢ &
2. gm§°n µO_rZ na h¢ &
3. OmZda Mma n¡am| go h¢ &
4. njr n§Im| Ho$ ghmao h¢ &
5. _|T>H$ hþE AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢ &
XI. XoI| Amn H$mo`b Ho$ ~mao _| {H$VZm OmZVo h¢ :
H$mo`b EH$ h¡&
CgH$m a§J hmoVm h¡&
dh O¡go hr {XIm`r XoVr h¡&
14
 dh _rR>o ñda go h¡&
dh Ho$db F$Vw _| JmVr h¡&
dh AnZo H$m¡E Ho$ Km|gbm| _| XoVr h¡&
Ho$db go h_ H$mo`b VWm H$m¡E _| A§Va H$a gH$Vo h¢&

^mfm kmZ
1. "g§km'
BZ dmŠ`m| H$mo n{‹T>E Am¡a aoIm§{H$V eãXm| H$s Amoa Ü`mZ Xr{OE :
1. EH$ {XZ ^moby Am±JZ _| ~¡R>m Wm&
2. CgH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ hram Wm&
3. hram H$mo qMVm hmo ahr Wr&
4. XÿY H$m bmoQ>m bw‹T>H$ J`m&
5. Jm±d _| I~a \¡$b J`r&
6. ^moby H$s K~amhQ> XoIH$a bmoJm| H$mo g_P Am`m&
Cn`©wŠV dmŠ`m| _| aoIm§{H$V eãX {H$gr ì`{ŠV, dñVw, ñWmZ VWm
^md H$m n[aM` Xo aho h¢&
{H$gr ì`{ŠV, dñVw, ñWmZ VWm ^md Ho$ Zm_ H$mo "g§km' H$hVo h¢&

15
CXm :
ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km Om{VdmMH$ g§km ^mddmMH$ g§km g_yhdmMH$ g§km Ðì`dmMH$ g§km
^moby, hram, nËZr, njr, qMVm, K~amhQ>, goZm, Xb, gmoZm, Mm±Xr,
H$~yVa, ^maV, Jm±d, Xoe, AÀN>mB©, ~wamB©, Pw§S>, JU, bmohm, Vm§~m,
`_wZm, {h_mb` ZXr Am{X {_R>mg Am{X JwÀN> Am{X Am{X
Am{X
Hw$N> AÝ` CXmhaU :
1. XrnH$, {à`m, {ZË`m g~ ~MnZ Ho$ XmoñV h¢&
2. `o EH$ hr {dX²`mb` Ho$ N>mÌ h¢&
3. BZ g~_| Jhar {_ÌVm h¡&
4. BÝh| nwñVH$m| go ào_ h¡&
5. Xoe H$s goZm h_oem V¡`ma ahVr h¡&
6. Vm§~o Ho$ bmoQ>o H$m nmZr gohV_§X hmoVm h¡&
ì`{ŠVdmMH$ Om{VdmMH ^mddmMH$ g_yhdmMH$ Ðì`dmMH$
g§km g§km g§km g§km g§km
XrnH$ {dX²`mb` ~MnZ goZm Vm§~m
{à`m N>mÌ {_ÌVm nmZr
{ZË`m nwñVH$ ào_
bmoQ>m XmoñVr

16
 2. "_whmdam'
gm_mÝ` AW© Ho$ ~Xbo _| {deof AW© XoZodmbo dmŠ`m§e _whmdao
H$hbmVo h¢&
_whmdam| H$m AW© g_{PE :
1. amB© H$m nhm‹S> ~ZmZm - N>moQ>r-gr ~mV H$mo ~‹S>m ~ZmZm
2. AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm - AË`§V H«$mo{YV hmoZm
3. ~mE± hmW H$m Iob - A{YH$ AmgmZ
4. ~mby go Vob {ZH$mbZm - AgmÜ` H$mo gmÜ` ~ZmZm
5. Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm - ^mJ OmZm
6. ~mV H$m ~V§J‹S> ~ZmZm - ~mV H$mo ~‹T>m-M‹T>mH$a ~mobZm
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V:
● N>mÌm| go {d{^ÝZ n[j`m| Ho$ {MÌ BŠH$Q²>R>m H$admE± VWm CZHo$

~mao _| Xmo-Xmo dmŠ` {bIdmE±&

● h_mao amï´>r` njr _moa Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ n[a`moOZm V¡`ma H$admE±&

● "g§km' H$m Aä`mg Hw$N> AÝ` dmŠ`m| Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ gmW H$admE±&

✾✾✾✾✾

17
 nmR> - 3
_oam Xoe, _oar _m±
g§H${bV -

eÌw go Xoe H$s ajm H$aZm Xoedm{g`m| H$m na_ nwZrV H$V©ì` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& b‹S>mB© _|
nrR> {XImH$a ^mJZm Zht Mm{hEŸ& grZm VmZH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zm Mm{hEŸ& V^r Vmo
dra {dO`_mbm nhZVo h¢Ÿ& Bg KQ>Zm go ~ÀMm| _| gmhg Am¡a draVm H$m ^md
OJVm h¡Ÿ& do AnZo H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V gOJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

gZ²> CÞrg gm¡ n¢gR> (1965) H$s EH$ em_ ha Va\$ em§{V H$m
dmVmdaU Wm, {H$gr Vah H$s H$moB© Ame§H$m Zht WrŸ& V^r Xwí_Zm| Zo
^maV na AmH«$_U H$a {X`mŸ& AMmZH$ hþE Bg h_bo Zo ^maVr` goZm
H$mo Mm¢H$m {X`mŸ& Nw>{Å>`m± {~VmZo AnZo Ka J`o g¡{ZH$m| H$mo Vwa§V dmng
AmZo Ho$ AmXoe ^oOo J`oŸ&

18
 Nw>{Å>`m± {~Vm aho ^maVr` goZm Ho$ hr EH$ _oOa H$mo O~ gyMZm
{_br Vmo OmZo H$s V¡`mar H$a CÝhm|Zo _m± Ho$ n¡a Ny>H$a àUm_ {H$`mŸ& _m±
H$m __Ëd OmJ CR>m, Am±Im| _| Am±gy ^a J`o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ~oQ>o H$mo grZo
go bJm {b`mŸ& _oOa H$m Jbm ^r é±Y J`m, na Vwa§V hr _mV¥^y{_ H$m
ñ_aU hmo Am`mŸ& `wÕ^y{_ H$mo OmVo hþE nwÌ Ho$ {ga na hmW aI,
Amerdm©X XoVo hþE _m± Zo H$hm - ""~oQ>o, Bg g_` amï´>ajm hr àË`oH$
^maVr` H$m g~go ~‹S>m H$V©ì` h¡Ÿ& OmAmo Am¡a Ñ‹T>Vm go AnZo H$V©ì` H$m
nmbZ H$amoŸ& `mX aho - ""^maVr` na§nam grZo na Jmobr ImZo H$s h¡,
nrR> na ZhtŸ&''
`wÕ ^rfU ê$n go \¡$bVm Om ahm WmŸ& BÀN>mo{Jb Zha H$m _moMm©
^maVr` goZm Ho$ {bE MwZm¡Vr H$s Xrdma ~Zm I‹S>m WmŸ& àíZ CR>m - Bg
A^oÚ Xrdma H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo H$s {Oå_oXmar H$m¡Z {Z^m`oJm ?

19
 H$m`© AmgmZ Zht Wm, grYo _m¡V Ho$ gmW OyPZm WmŸ& na dra H$^r
_m¡V Ho$ ^` go éHo$ h¢Ÿ! Vwa§V EH$ dra Zo BgH$m Xm{`Ëd ñdrH$ma H$a
{b`mŸ& `o Jm±d go Am`o hþE dhr _oOa WoŸ&
_m¡V H$s nadmh {H$E {~Zm _oOa Zo _moMm© g±^mb {b`m& do
Yrao-Yrao AmJo ~‹T>Zo bJoŸ& {Xb XhbmZodmbr Jmo{b`m| H$m emoa H$mZm| Ho$
nXm] H$mo \$m‹S>Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$a ahm WmŸ&

_oOa na Xoe^{ŠV H$m Omoe nyar Vah N>m`m hþAm WmŸ& _m¡Ho$ H$m
B§VµOma {H$`m Om`, BVZm g_` ^r Zht WmŸ& Bg{bE do Y‹S>mY‹S>
Jmobr~mar H$aVo hþE, Xwí_Z Ho$ Q>¢H$m| H$mo ÜdñV H$aVo AmJo ~‹T> aho Wo Ÿ&
20
V^r Xwí_Z H$s H$B© Jmo{b`m± EH$ gmW gZgZmVr hþB© AmBª Am¡a _oOa Ho$
hmW d noQ> _| Kwg JBª, _Ja ""^maVr` na§nam grZo na Jmobr ImZo H$s h¡,
nrR> na Zht'', _m± Ho$ `o eãX àoaUm Xo aho WoŸ& do MmoQ> H$s nadmh {H$E
~J¡a AmJo ~‹T>Vo aho Am¡a Jmo{b`m± Am-Am H$a CZHo$ grZo _| KwgVr JBª&
pñW{V H$mo g_PVo hþE CZH$mo nrN>o hQ>Zo H$m AmXoe Omar {H$`m
J`m, na _oOa Ho$ H$X_ éHo$ ZhtŸ& Xwí_Z Ho$ gmao Q>¢H$m| H$mo ÜdñV H$a,
{dO`lr H$mo Jbo bJmH$a hr CÝhm|Zo X_ {b`mŸ&
Vwa§V hr A_¥Vga Ho$ g¡{ZH$-AñnVmb _| CÝh| bm`m J`mŸ&
na V~ VH$ nyam grZm Jmo{b`m| go N>bZr hmo MwH$m WmŸ& é±Yo Jbo go
A{YH$m[a`m| Zo nyN>m - ""AmnH$s H$moB© A§{V_ BÀN>m h¡?'' Jmo{b`m± grZo
_| H$gH$ ahr Wt na _oOa Zo Mohao na _wñH$mZ bmVo hþE H$hm - ""hm± h¡,
_oar _m± VH$ g§Xoe nhþ±Mm XoZm-Vwåhmao ~oQ>o Zo Jmo{b`m± grZo na hr Im`r
h¢, nrR> na ZhtŸ&''

21
 OmZVo h¢ `o ~hmXwa H$m¡Z Wo ? `o ^maVr` goZm Ho$ A\$ga _oOa
Amemam_ Ë`mJr Wo, {OÝhm|Zo _m± Ho$ dMZm| H$m nmbZ H$aVo hþE AnZr
_mV¥^y{_ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE àmUm| H$s ~mOr bJm XrŸ&
XrnH$ ~wP J`m na CgH$s A_a Á`mo{V `wJm| VH$ Xoe^ŠVm| H$mo amh
{XImVr ahoJrŸ&

*****
eãXmW© :
h_bm - AmH«$_U, Mm¢H$m XoZm - M{H$V H$aZm, {dpñ_V H$aZm ; __Ëd
- __Vm, é±Y OmZm - JX²JX²> hmoZm>, A^oÚ - {OgH$mo Vmo‹S>m Z OmE,
OyPZm - b‹S>Zm, Xm{`Ëd - {Oå_oXmar, _m¡V - _aU, g±^mbZm - ^ma
D$na boZm, g§H$Q> go ~MmZm ; {Xb XhbmZm - ^`^rV H$aZm, B§VµOma
- àVrjm, amh XoIZm ; ÜdñV - ZmeŸ&

{Q>ßnUr:
BÀN>mo{Jb Zha : `h bmhm¡a go 14 {H$._r. H$s Xyar na h¡Ÿ&

Amemam_ Ë`mJr :
Amemam_ Ë`mJr Or ^maVr` goZm Ho$ _oOa Wo& 21 {gV§~a, 1965 Ho$
^maV nm{H$ñVmZ `wÕ _| do ehrX hþE& `wX²Ymonam§V CÝh| "_hmdra MH«$'
àXmZ H$a gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m&
22
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ^maV na Xþí_Zm| Zo H$~ AmH«$_U {H$`m ?
2. _oOa H$mo Vwa§V {H$gH$m ñ_aU hmo Am`m ?
3. ^maVr` goZm Ho$ {bE {H$g Zha H$m joÌ MwZm¡Vr H$s Xrdma
~Zm I‹S>m Wm ?
4. BÀN>mo{Jb Zha H$mo Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z V¡`ma Wo ?
5. _oOa Zo {H$gH$s nadmh Zht H$aVo hþE _moMm© g§°^mbm ?
6. _oOa Zo A{YH$m[a`m| go Š`m H$hm ?
7. _oOa Amemam_ Ë`mJr Zo _mV¥^{y _ H$s ajm _| {H$gH$s ~mOr
bJm Xr?
8. _oOa Amemam_ Ë`mJr Zo {H$go {X`o hþE dMZm| H$m nmbZ {H$`m ?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. g¡{ZH$m| H$mo VwaV§ dmng AmZo H$m AmXoe AMmZH$ Š`m| {X`m J`m ?
2. `wX²Y^y{_ OmZo go nhbo _oOa Zo O~ _m± H$mo àUm_ {H$`m V~
XmoZm| H$s pñW{V H¡$gr Wr ?
3. `wX²Y^y{_ H$mo OmVo hþE nwÌ Ho$ {ga na hmW aIH$a _m± Zo Š`m
Amerdm©X {X`m ?
4. A_¥Vga Ho$ AñnVmb _| _oOa Ho$ A§{V_ eãX Š`m Wo ?
5. _oOa Amemam_ Ë`mJr H$s `wX²Y Hw$ebVm Ho$ ~mao _| Amn Š`m
OmZVo h¢? AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE &
23
III.CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {damoYmW©H$ eãX {b{IE:
CXm: AÀN>m x ~wam
1. ~‹S>m x 2. AmJo x
3. XmoñV x 4. ^oÚ x
IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma órqbJ EH$dMZ Ho$ ~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IE :
"B©' H$s OJh "B`m±' {bIZo go órqbJ EH$dMZ H$m ~hþdMZ ê$n
~ZVm h¡& ~XbVo ê$n H$mo g_{PE&
CXm : V¡`mar - V¡`m[a`m±
1. Nw>Q²>Q>r - 2. Jmobr -
3. amoQ>r - 4. bmR>r -
5. {I‹S>H$s - 6. {Oå_oXmar -
V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmBE :
CXm : _m{bH$ ➭ _mb{H$Z
1. Ymo~r ➭
2. ~mK ➭
3. _mbr ➭
4. gmWr ➭
5. Vobr ➭
VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AÝ` dMZ eãX ~ZmBE :
CXm : narjm - narjmE±
1. _mbm -
24
 2. emIm -
3. H${dVm -
4. n{ÌH$m -
5. aoIm -
VII. BZ eãXm| H$m dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE:
CXmhaU : Xrdma
Bg Xrdma H$m a§J g\o$X h¡&
1. Nw>Q²>Q>r -
2. dmVmdaU -
3. àUm_ -
4. AmgmZ -
5. Jmobr -
6. AñnVmb -
VIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. amï´>ajm H$aZm h_mam g~go ~‹S>m H$V©ì` h¡&
2. ^maVr` na§nam grZo na Jmobr ImZo H$s h¡, nrR> na Zht&
3. `wX²Y ^rfU ê$n go \¡$bVm Om ahm Wm&
4. _oOa na Xoe^{ŠV H$m Omoe nyar Vah N>m`m hþAm Wm&
5. Jmo{b`m± Am-Am H$a CZHo$ grZo _| KwgVr ahr§&
25
 ^mfm kmZ
"gd©Zm_'
dmŠ` _| "g§km' Ho$ ~Xbo à`wŠV eãX "gd©Zm_' H$hbmVm h¡& gd©Zm_
Ho$ à`moJ go dmŠ` gw§Xa, gab Am¡a g§{já bJVo h¢&
gd©Zm_ Ho$ ^oX :
1. nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_
CÎm_ nwéf _Ü`_ nwéf AÝ` nwéf
_¢, h_ Vy, Vw_, Amn `h, `o, dh, do
2. {ZOdmMH$ gd©Zm_
O¡go : IwX, ñd`§, ñdV… Am{X
3. {ZíM`dmMH$ gd©Zm_
O¡go : BgZo, BÝhm|Zo, CgZo, CÝhm|Zo, _¢, h_, Am{X
4. A{ZíM`dmMH$ gd©Zm_
O¡go : H$moB©, Hw$N>, H$ht, {H$gr Am{X
5. àíZdmMH$ gd©Zm_
O¡go : H$m¡Z, H$hm±, Š`m|, {H$g_| Am{X
6. g§~§YdmMH$ gd©Zm_
O¡go : Omo-gmo, Á`m|-Ë`m|, O¡go-V¡go, Ohm±-Vhm± Am{X
nyaH$ dmMZ
n{‹T>E Am¡a {b{IE :
AmO go H$B© gmb nhbo VH$ bmoJ `hr _mZVo Wo {H$ no‹S>-nm¡Ym| _|
OrdZ Zht hmoVm & do gwI-XþI H$m AZw^d Zht H$a gH$Vo& na§Vw h_mao
hr Xoe Ho$ EH$ à{gÕ d¡km{ZH$ Zo à`moJm| Ûmam `h {gÕ H$a [X`m {H$
26
no‹S>-nm¡Ym| _| OrdZ hmoVm h¡& CZ na ^r h_mar Vah J_u-gXr© Am¡a {df
Am{X H$m à^md n‹S>Vm h¡& do ^r AÝ` àm{U`m| H$s Vah ImVo-nrVo,
gmoVo-OmJVo, h±gVo-amoVo, H$m_ H$aVo Am¡a Amam_ H$aVo h¢&
OJXreM§Ð ~gw Zo g~go nhbo Bg ~mV H$m nVm bJm`m Wm Am¡a
`h ^r {gÕ H$a {X`m {H$ g^r Ord-O§VwAm| H$s Vah no‹S>-nm¡Ym| _| ^r
àmU h¢, {~bHw$b h_mar Vah& do ^r amV H$mo Amam_ H$aVo h¢& h_mar
Vah CÝh| ^r ß`mg bJVr h¡& Bg{bE no‹S>-nm¡Ym| H$mo amoµO nmZr XoZm
Mm{hE&
1. Bg JÚm§e Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&
2. {H$g d¡km{ZH$ Zo ~Vm`m {H$ no‹S>-nm¡Ym| _| OrdZ h¡?
3. AmO go H$B© gmb nyd© VH$ bmoJ Š`m _mZVo Wo?
4. no‹S>-nm¡Yo AÝ` àm{U`m| H$s Vah Š`m-Š`m H$aVo h¢?

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● Xoe^ŠVm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± n‹T>dmE± Am¡a Xoe Ho$ à{V N>mÌm| Ho$

H$V©ì`m| H$mo g_PmE±&

● Xoe H$s ajm H$aZm g¡{ZH$ H$m H$V©ì` h¡& ñHy$b _| N>mÌm| Ho$ H$m¡Z

go H$V©ì` hmoVo h¢? {bIdmE±&

✾✾✾✾✾

27
 nmR> - 4
{ejm
R>mHw$a JmonmbeaU qgh -
Bg H${dVm _| H${d AZw^d Ho$ X²dmam {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$ AZoH$ CXmhaU
àñVwV H$aVo h¢& OrdZ _| `e H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE AZoH$ àH$ma H$s _wgr~Vm| H$m
gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& {~Zm n[al_ Ho$ h_ H$^r gwI àmá Zht H$a gH$Vo&

{eew Zo Xþ{Z`m _| AmH$a,

amo-amoH$a h±gZm grIm&
bKw hmoH$a ~‹T>Zm grIm,
{Ja-{JaH$a MbZm grIm&

{H$VZo hr MŠH$a ImH$a,

M§Jm| Zo M‹T>Zm grIm&
Ca N>oXH$a AnZm,
_wabr Zo JmZm grIm&&
{_Q>-{_Q>H$a dm[aYam| Zo,
nmZr ~agmZm grIm&
Vé {J[ada go {Ja-{JaH$a,
Z{X`m| Zo ~hZm grIm&

*****
28
H${d n[aM` :
R>mHw$a Jmonmb eaU qgh (1892-1960) : BZH$m OÝ_ ardm± (Pm±gr)
_| hþAm Wm& _mVm H$m Zm_ à^wamO Hw§$dar Am¡a {nVm H$m Zm_ R>mHw$a
OJV ~hmXþa qgh Wm& {nVmOr g§ñH¥$V Ho$ àH$m§S> n§{S>V Wo& {nVmOr H$s
XoI-aoI _| qgh Or H$s {ejm àma§^ hþB©& 13 df© H$s AdñWm _| BÝhm|Zo
A§Jo«µOr n‹T>Zm àma§^ {H$`m& Bgr g_` CZHo$ {nVm H$m Xohm§V hþAm&
_o{Q´>Hw$boeZ go AmJo do n‹T> Z gHo$&
BZH$s ^mfm gab Am¡a ~mobMmb H$s h¡& _hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr H$m
àmoËgmhZ BZH$mo ~hþV {_bm& "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m _| BZH$s H${dVmE±
N>nZo bJr§& "OJXmbmoH$' BZH$m _hmH$mì` h¡& "_mYdr', _mZdr,
"H$mX§{~Zr', "Á`mo{Vî_Vr' "g§{MVm', "gw_Z', "{dídJrV' Am¡a "J«m{_H$m'
BZHo$ _wŠVH$ H$mì` h¢& "J«m{_H$m' Am¡a "OJXmbmoH$' CÎma àXoe gaH$ma
go nwañH¥$V h¢&
eãXmW© :
Xþ{Z`m-OJV, g§gma; bKw-N>moQ>m, hëH$m; M§J-nV§J, Ca-N>mVr,grZm;
dm[aYa-~mXb, {J[a-nd©V, N>oX-{N>Ð, gwamI; MŠH$a ImZm-
BYa-CYa Ky_Zm&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. {eew Zo amo-amoH$a Š`m grIm h¡?

2. {eew Zo bKw hmoH$a Š`m grIm h¡?
29
 3. {eew Zo MbZm H¡$go grIm h¡?
4. {eew Zo g~ Hw$N> H$hm± AmH$a grIm h¡?
5. M§Jm| Zo Š`m grIm h¡?
6. _wabr Zo JmZm H¡$go grIm h¡?
7. dm[aYam| Zo nmZr ~agmZm H¡$go grIm h¡?
8. Z{X`m| Zo ~hZm H¡$go grIm h¡?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {eew Zo Xþ{Z`m _| AmH$a nhbo Š`m-Š`m grIm h¡ Am¡a H¡$go
grIm h¡?
2. nmZr H¡$go ~agVm h¡? Z{X`m± H¡$go ~hVr h¢?
III. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :
1. M§J : M‹T>Zm : : dm[aYa :
2. Xþ{Z`m : OJV : : Ca :
3. ZXr : ~hZm : : _wabr :
4. ^yI-ß`mg : eãX `w½_ : : {_Q>-{_Q>H$a :
IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. {eew _wabr
2. {J[ada h°§gZm
3. M§J ZXr
4. JmZm M‹T>Zm
30
V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. amoZm X 3. {_Q>Zm X

2. M‹T>Zm X 4. {JaZm X

VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1. ZXr - 3. dmUr -
2. _wabr - 4. ñ_¥{V -
VII. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
1. {eew - 3. dm[aYa -
2. Xþ{Z`m - 4. M§J -
VIII. Vmadmbo, Wmndmbo, AÝ` g§JrV gmYZm| H$s gyMr :
{gVma, V~bm, _wabr, ~rZ, drUm, S>\$br, T>mobH$, ehZmB©,
gma§Jr, {JQ>ma, hma_mo{Z`_, KQ>_² &
IX. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma ghr dV©Zrdmbo eãX {b{IE :
CXm : dm[aYa dm[aKa dm[aYa
1. Xÿ{Z`m Xþ{Z`m
2. {eew erfw
3. _wbu _wabr
4. Jra {Ja
31
X. AmR> Z{X`m| Ho$ AYyao Zm_ {XE JE h¢& CÝh| nyam H$s{OE :
(_§Xm{H$Zr, KmKam, H$mdoar, J§S>H$, _hmZ§Xm, AbH$Z§Xm, `_wZm, H$mogr)

H$m ar

XI. Bg H${dVm H$s A§{V_ Mma n§{ŠV`m± H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &

nyaH$ dmMZ
n{‹T>E Am¡a {b{IE :
\y$bm| go h_ h±gZm grI|
Am¡a H$br go _wgH$mZm&
nÎmm| go _ñVr _| Py_|,
S>mbr go PwH$-PwH$ OmZm&
32
 grI| grI _ñV Z{X`m| go,
OrdZ _| ~hVo OmZm&
~mobr grI| h_ H$mo`b go,
_Ywa JrV haX_ JmZm&
M§Xm_m_m go h_ grI|,
erVbVm ~agmZm&
Am¡a _oK go grI| h_ g~,
gyIo H$mo gagm XoZm&
Eogr grI gXm h_ grI|,
{Oggo OrdZ ham aho&
{ejmE± hm| {ZV Eogr hr,
{OZgo OrdZ ^am aho&
1. \y$b Am¡a H$br go h_Zo Š`m grIm h¡?
2. ZXr Am¡a H$mo`b go Š`m grI gH$Vo h¢?
3. M§Xm_m_m VWm _oK h_| Š`m {gImVo h¢?
4. h_| {H$g àH$ma H$s grI H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡?

AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● N>mÌ IwX Ho$ n[al_ go H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr ~mV| grI gH$Vo h¢, CZH$s

gyMr ~ZdmE±&
✾✾✾✾✾
33
 nmR> - 5
_hmË_m Jm§Yr
g§H${bV -
~ÀMo _hmË_m Jm§YrOr Ho$ ñd^md Ho$ ~mao _| OmZVo h¢& gË`,
Aqhgm, Y_© Ho$ Ñ‹T> {ZíM` H$aZo H$s àoaUm nmVo h¢&

_hmË_m Jm§Yr _hmZ² nwéf Wo& gmao Xoe Zo CÝho§ amï´>{nVm _mZm&
CÝhtHo$ à`ËZ go ^maV AmµOmX hþAm& do Ë`mJ Am¡a Vnñ`m H$s _y{V© Wo&
Y_© CZHo$ àmU Wm Am¡a gË` CZH$s AmË_m&
~mbH$ _mohZXmg H$a_MÝX Jm§Yr e_ubo ñd^md Ho$ Wo& R>rH$ g_`
na ñHy$b OmVo Am¡a K§Q>r ~OVo hr Ka MbVo& CÝh| H$m_ go H$m_ Wm&
H$^r CÝhm|Zo {H$gr H$mo Zht gVm`m& H$^r PyR> Zht ~mobo&
EH$ {XZ H$s ~mV h¡& {ejm
{d^mJ Ho$ A{YH$mar ñHy$b Ho$
{ZarjU Ho$ {bE Am`o& CÝhm|Zo
A§J«oµOr Ho$ nm§°M eãX {bIdm`o&
CZ_| EH$ eãX Wm Ho$Q>b &
~mbH$ Jm§Yr Zo BgHo$ {hÁOo
JbV {bIo& AÜ`mnH$ Zo Bemao
go g_Pm`m {H$ Xy>gao b‹S>Ho$ Ho$ {hÁOo XoIH$a R>rH$ H$a bmo& {H$ÝVw Jm§Yr
Zo Eogm Zht {H$`m& {hÁOo H$s JbVr Ho$ H$maU _mohZ H$mo ~wÕÿ _mZm
J`m& {H$ÝVw CÝh| ~wam Z bJm& CÝh| Bg ~mV H$s Iwer Wr {H$ CÝhm|Zo
Mmoar H$m amñVm Zht AnZm`m& CZH$s gË`{à`Vm `hr§ go ewê$ hþB©,
{OgZo CÝh| AmJo _hmË_m ~Zm`m&
34
 "ldU {nV¥^{º$' ZmQ>H$ n‹T> H$a CÝhmo§Zo {ZíM` {H$`m {H$ _wPo ^r
ldUHw$_ma O¡gm ~ZZm Mm{hE& "h[aíMÝÐ' ZmQ>H$ XoIH$a CÝhm|Zo gmoMm
{H$ ha EH$ H$mo h[aíMÝÐ H$s Vah g§H$Q> ghH$a ^r gÀMmB© H$m nmbZ
H$aZm Mm{hE& CZH$m `h {ZíM` Ñ‹T> hþAm& ~MnZ Ho$ Cg gË`-ào_ Zo
hr AmJo CÝh| gË`-Vnñdr ~Zm`m&
EH$ Am¡a KQ>Zm h¡& Jm§YrOr
Ho$ ^mB© Zo nÀMrg én`m H$µO©
{b`m Wm& ^mB© Ho$ hmW Ho$ gmoZo
Ho$ H$‹S>o go EH$ Vmobm gmoZm H$mQ>H$a
H$µO© MwH$m`m J`m& Jm§Yr H$mo Bg
Mmoar Ho$ H$m_ go ~hþV Xþ…I hþAm&
CÝhm|Zo {ZíM` {H$`m {H$ ^{dî`
_| H$^r Mmoar Zht H$ê±$Jm& {nVm go _m\$s _m±JZo H$s ~mV gmoMr& na
{nVm Ho$ gm_Zo OmZo H$s {hå_V Z hþB©& gmar KQ>Zm nÌ _| {bIH$a
Jm§Yr Zo {nVm go gµOm _m±Jr& nÌ n‹T>H$a {nVm H$s Am±I| ^a Am`t&
Jm§YrOr Zo h_oem Ho$ {bE Mmoar H$s AmXV N>mo‹S> Xr& {nVm Ho$ Am±gy
XoIH$a Jm§Yr H$mo {dídmg hmo J`m {H$ "{nVm Zo _wPo j_m H$a {X`m h¡&'
Aqhgm, gË` Am¡a Y_© Ho$ Ñ‹T> {ZíM` Zo Jm§Yr H$mo _hmË_m ~Zm`m&
✾✾✾✾✾
eãXmW© :
AmµOmX-ñdV§Ì, e_ubm-bÁOmerb, gVmZm-V§J H$aZm, PyR>-AgË`,
{ZarjU-Om±M, [hÁOo-dV©Zr, Bemam-g§Ho$V, R>rH$-ghr, ~wÕy-_yI©,
g§H$Q>-H$ï>, H$µO-© F$U, ¸Á® ; gmoZm-ñdU©, §AUÁgÀ, _m\$s-j_m, {hå_V-
Y¡`©, gµOm-X§S>, AmXV-Aä`mg, Am±gy-Alw, PÀtÂÚÃgÀÄ&
35
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. gmao Xoe Zo Jm§YrOr H$mo Š`m _mZm ?
2. ^maV {H$gHo$ à`ËZ go AmµOmX hþAm ?
3. Jm§YrOr {H$gH$s _y{V© Wo ?
4. Jm§YrOr H$m ñd^md H¡$gm Wm ?
5. {ejm {d^mJ Ho$ A{YH$mar ñHy$b Š`m| Am`o ?
6. Jm§Yr Ho$ ^mB© Zo {H$VZo én`o H$µO© {b`o Wo ?
7. Jm§YrOr Zo {nVm go Š`m _m±Jr ?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. Jm§YrOr na ZmQ>H$m| H$m Š`m à^md n‹S>m ?
2. Jm§YrOr H$s gË`-{à`Vm H$hm± go ewê$ hþB©? H¡$go?
3. {nVm go Jm§YrOr Ho$ _m\$s _m±JZo Ho$ àg§J H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
III. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :
1. ldU : {nV¥^{ŠV :: h[aíMÝÐ :
2. _m\$s : j_m :: X§S> :
3. {Va§Jm P§S>m : amï´ÜdO :: Jm§YrOr :
4. gÀMmB© : gå_mZ :: Mmoar :
IV. órqbJ eãX {b{IE :
nw{ëb§J órqbJ
1. {nVm -
36
 2. ~mbH$ -
3. nwéf -
4. b‹S>H$m -
V. ~hþdMZ eãX {b{IE :
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
1. _y{V© -
2. Bemam -
3. {hÁOm -
4. JbVr -
5. b‹S>H$m -
VI. {dbmo_ eãX Omo{‹S>E :
1. AmµOmX x Aqhgm
2. Y_© x ghr
3. gË` x A{dídmg
4. PyR> x Jwbm_
5. {XZ x ~oe_©
6. JbV x AgË`
7. {dídmg x amV
8. e_© x AY_©
9. qhgm x gM

37
VII. ghr eãX nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
1. nwéf = ( AmX_r, AmË_m, H$m_, nmbZ)
2. ~wÕÿ = (~w{Õ_mZ, ~bdmZ, {Z~©b, _yI©)
3. H$µO© = (H$m_, H$_, F$U, F${f)
4. gmoZm = (Mm±X, Mm±Xr, ñdU©, gdU©)
5. Am±gy = (Alw, Am±Yr, Amg, AmaµOy)
VIII. àoaUmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
eãX àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {X²dVr` àoaUmW©H$
CXm : MbZm MbmZm MbdmZm
1. {bIZm
2. H$amZm
3. ~ZZm ~ZmZm
4. MwH$dmZm

IX. ghr AW©dmbo dmŠ` ~ZmBE:

1. _hmZ² nwéf Jm§Yr Wo _hmË_m&
2. do Zhr§ H$^r ~mobo PyR>&
3. J`m _mZm ~wÕÿ H$mo _mohZ&
4. gmoMr _m±JZo ~mV H$s go {nVm _m\$s&
38
X. H$ÝZ‹S> `m A§Jo«µOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. do Ë`mJ Am¡a Vnñ`m H$s _y{V© Wo&
2. ~mbH$ _mohZXmg H$a_MÝX Jm§Yr e_ubo ñd^md Ho$ Wo&
3. gÀMmB© H$m nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hE &
4. Jm§YrOr Ho$ ^mB© Zo nÀMrg én`m H$µO© {b`m Wm&
5. Jm§YrOr Zo h_oem Ho$ {bE Mmoar H$s AmXV N>mo‹S> Xr&
n[a`moOZm :
Jm§YrOr Ho$ X²dmam ^maV H$s AmµOmXr Ho$ {bE {H$`o J`o Am§XmobZm|
Ho$ ~mao _| n[a`moOZm V¡`ma H$s{OE &
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● _hmË_m ~wÕ H$s H$hmZr H$jm _o§ N>mÌm| H$mo gwZmE±&

● "ldUHw$_ma' Am¡a "gË`h[aíM§Ð' ZmQ>H$ H$m A{^Z` H$admE±&

✾✾✾✾✾

39
 nmR> - 6
g_mMma nÌ
g§H${bV -
H$s AmË_H$Wm
Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo g_mMma nÌ Ho$ _hËd
Am¡a bm^ H$mo g_P gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
""amoµO g~oao Ka _| AmD±$
Xoe-{dXoe H$s I~a gwZmD±$
µO_rZ-Amg_mZ H$s ~mV| ~VmD±$
OmZVo hmo _¢ H$m¡Z hÿ± ?''

40
 `mX Am`m AmnH$mo ? _¢ hr "g_mMma nÌ' hÿ±Ÿ& gw~h hmoVo hr _¢ ha
Ka _| {XImB© XoVm hÿŸ± & H$B© bmoJm| H$r _wPo n‹T>o {~Zm gw~h hr Zht hmoVr& H$B©
_wPo n‹T>Vo - n‹T>Vo hr Mm` `m H$m°\$s nrVo h¢Ÿ& _¢ ì`{ŠV Ho$ OrdZ H$m EH$
_hËdnyU© {hñgm ~Z J`m hÿŸ± & _¢ _Zwî` H$mo CZHo$ AnZo Ka ~¡R>o - ~¡R>o gmao
{díd H$s OmZH$mar XoVm hÿ±& _¢ A_ra - Jar~ g~Ho$ kmZ H$m gñVm Am¡a
gwb^ gmYZ hÿŸ± &

àmMrZ H$mb _| amOm -

_hmamOm H$~yVam| Ho$ Ûmam g§Xoe
^oOm H$aVo WoŸ& g§XoedmhH$ ^r
g§Xoe boH$a OmVo WoŸ& AmO
g_mMma nhþ±MmZo Ho$ H$B© gmYZ
~Zo h¢Ÿ {OZ_| ao{S>`mo, Q>obr\$moZ,
Xy a Xe© Z , H§ $ ß`y Q > a Am{X _o a o
gmWr h¢Ÿ&

41
 ao{S>`mo O¡go gmYZm| go g_mMma Ho$db gwZm Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a
XyaXe©Z O¡go gmYZm| Ho$ Ûmam gwZZo Ho$ gmW-gmW KQ>ZmAm| H$mo XoIm Om
gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z BZ g^r _| go _¢ gab Am¡a {_Vì``r gmYZ hÿ± Am¡a
bmoJm| VH$ Vah-Vah Ho$ g_mMma nhþ±MmVm hÿ±Ÿ&

^maVdf© _| nhbo _¢ A§Jo«µOr _| "~§Jmb JµOQ>' Zm_ go gZ²> 1780 _|

àH$m{eV hþAmŸ& qhXr _| "CX§V _mVªS>' Zm_ go Am¡a H$ÞS> _| "_§Jbyé
g_mMma' Ho$ ê$n _| gZ²> 1843 _| nhbo àH$Q> hþAmŸ& dV©_mZ g_` _|
{d{^Þ ^mfmAm| _| hµOmam| H$s g§»`m _| _¢ àH$m{eV hmoVm ahVm hÿ±Ÿ&
Zd^maV Q>mBåg, {hÝXwñVmZ Q>mBåg, Q>mBåg Am°\$ B§{S>`m, S>Šo H$Z hoamëS>,
B§{S>`Z EŠgàog, g§`Šw V H$Zm©Q>H$m, {dO` H$Zm©Q>H$m, àOmdmUr, CX`dmUr,
A_a COmbm, X¡{ZH$ OmJaU, amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, OZgÎmm Am{X AZoH$
Zm_m| go _¢ AmnH$mo {_b gH$Vm hÿ±Ÿ&
_¢ X¡{ZH$, gmám{hH$, nm{jH$ Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| AmnHo$ hmW _| ahVm
hÿ±Ÿ& {df` H$s Ñ{ï> go _wPo gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm{hpË`H$, Am{W©H$,
gm§ñH¥${VH$, _Zmoa§OH$ Am{X dJm] _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
42
 _wP_| Xoe-{dXoem| _| KQ>Zdo mbr KQ>ZmAm| H$m {ddaU ahVm h¡Ÿ& _wPgo
Iob-Hy$X, {gZo_m, _m¡g_, Zm¡H$ar g§~§Yr {dkmnZ, ~mµOma-^md, H¥${f-
ì`mnma g§ ~ § Y r gy M ZmE± {_bVr h¢ Ÿ & H$mQy > © Z , nX~§ Y , {ddmh
g§~§Yr {dkmnZ, narjmon`moJr gm_J«r, narjm-\$b Am{X ^r _wPgo
OmZ gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
AmOH$b _oao A§Xa g_` - g_` na ~‹S>o - ~‹S>o boIH$m| H$s aMZmE±
^r àH$m{eV hmoZo bJr h¢Ÿ& {deofm§H$m| _| OrdZr, H${dVm, EH$m§H$s,
ZmQ>H$, H$hmZr, AmbmoMZm, ñdmñÏ`, {\$ë_ g§~§Yr gyMZmE± ^r àH$Q>
hmoVr ahVr h¢Ÿ& {H$gmZm| Ho$ {bE H¥${f g§~§Yr {deof OmZH$mar ^r _¢
XoVm hÿ±Ÿ&
43
 BZ g~Ho$ Abmdm bmoJ _oao H$maU d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$mam| go ^r
n[a{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `{X g§J«h H$s Amoa Ü`mZ X| Vmo Amdí`H$ {df`m| H$s
H$VaZ| ^r AnZo nmg aI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& AmO _¢ ì`{ŠV Ho$ OrdZ H$m EH$
A{^Þ A§J ~Z J`m hÿ±Ÿ& A^r go Amn ^r _wPo n‹T>Zo bJ|Jo Vmo AmJo
MbH$a OrdZ _| _¢ AmnH$s ~hþV ghm`Vm H$ê±$JmŸ& EH$ ~ma AmnH$m
Am¡a _oam [aíVm ~Z Om` Vmo dh qµOXJr ^a Qy>Q>oJm ZhtŸ& M{bE, AmO
go hr `h AmXV S>mb br{OEŸ&

*****
eãXmW© :
{hñgm - ^mJ, nm{jH$-n§Ðh {XZ _| EH$ ~ma N>nZodmbm, {_Vì``r-
H$_ IM©dmbm, Am{dîH$ma - ImoO, {díd - g§gma, g§XoedmhH$ -
g_mMma nhþ±MmZodmbm, H$VaZ| - Cuttings, [aíVm - g§~§YŸ&

Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {H$Ýht Xmo> g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBE &
2. {h§Xr H$m nhbm g_mMma nÌ H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?
3. àmMrZ H$mb _| amOm - _hmamOm g§Xoe H¡$go ^oOVo WoŸ?
4. g_mMma nhþ±MmZo Ho$ ZdrZ gmYZ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go h¢?
5. H$ÞS> H$m nhbm g_mMma nÌ H$m¡Z-gm h¡?
44
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. AmOH$b àM{bV H$ÞS>, A§Jo«µOr Am¡a qhXr Ho$ X¡{ZH$ AI~mam|
H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE&
2. g_mMma nÌ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go {df` hmoVo h¢ ?
III. g_{PE Am¡a {b{IE :
1. XyaXe©Z = Xya + Xe©Z Q>obr{dµOZ
2. Xya^mf = Xya + ^mf Q>obr\$moZ
3. Xyag§Mma = Xya + g§Mma Q>obrH$å`y{ZHo$eZ
IV. ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE :
(gwZ, n‹T>, XoI>-gwZ)
1. "ao{S>`mo' go g_mMma gH$Vo h¢&
2. XÿaXe©Z _| h_ g_mMma Am¡a gH$Vo h¢&
3. g_mMma nÌ gH$Vo h¢&
V. ghr (✓) `m JbV (✗) H$m {ZemZ bJmBE :
1. g_mMma nÌ kmZ H$m _h±Jm gmYZ h¡&
2. àmMrZ H$mb _| H$~yVam| Ho$ Ûmam g§Xoe ^oOVo Wo&
3. ao{S>`mo go h_ g_mMma n‹T> gH$Vo h¢&
4. amoµO g_mMma n‹T>Zo go h_mam kmZ ~‹T>Vm h¡&

45
VI. XmoZm| I§S>m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a ZE eãX ~ZmBE :
gË`
JwU
dmZ
~b
X`m
VII. _¢ H$m¡Z ?
1. Ka _| hmo Vmo H$br
~mha hmo Vmo {Ibr
CÎma:
2. XmZm XþZH$m ImVm h±ÿ
_¢ ^r nmbm OmVm h±ÿ
em§{V XÿV g~ H$hVo h¢,
nÌ ^r XoZo OmVm h±ÿ&
CÎma:
AnZo XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW Eogo hr AÝ` nho{b`m| H$mo ~wPmBE&
VIII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
CXm : gw~h X em_
1. A_ra X
2. A§Xa X

46
 3. OrZm X

4. kmZ X

5. gñVm X

6. EH$ X

7. gab X

IX. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AbJ - AbJ AW© XoZodmbo dmŠ` {b[IE :
Xmo - 1. amYm Ho$ nmg Xmo én`o h¢&
Xmo - 2. bVm H$mo H$b_ Xmo&
A. H$b - 1.
2.
Am. _V - 1.
2.
B. na - 1.
2.
X. {MÌ XoIH$a CZHo$ {bE Xmo eãX {b{IE :

1) g_mMma-nÌ 2) AI~ma

1) 2)

47
 1) 2)

1) 2)

1) 2)

XI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma ghr dV©Zrdmbo eãX {b{IE :

ì`{ŠV d¡ŠVr ì`{ŠV
1. _gVr _ñVr
2. grI grH$
3. ggVm gñVm
4. dríd {díd
^mfm kmZ
"{X²dé{ŠV'
AI~ma n‹T>Vo - n‹T>Vo h_ Mm` nrVo h¢& Bg dmŠ` _| n‹T>Vo
eãX H$s Amd¥{Îm hþB© h¡& Bgo {Ûé{ŠV H$hVo h¢& Eogo AÝ` nm±M eãX
{b{IE &
48
 nyaH$ dmMZ
n{‹T>E Am¡a {b{IE :
XÿaXe©Z Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_ g§gma Ho$ {H$gr ^r ñWmZ na hmoZdo mbr
{H$gr ^r KQ>Zm H$mo grYo àgmaU X²dmam AnZo Ka ~¡R>o - ~¡R>o XoI gH$Vo h¢&
{díd Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$moZo _| hmoZdo mbo Iobm| H$m AmZ§X h_ Ka ~¡R>o bo gH$Vo
h¢& XÿaXe©Z Ho$db _ZmoaO§ Z H$m hr Zht ~{ëH$ kmZ H$m ^r òmoV h¡& `h
h_o§ OrdZ Ho$ àË`oH$ joÌ Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar CnbãY H$amVm h¡&
XÿaXe©Z Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xoe _| hr Zht A{nVw {dXoe _| hmo ahr
KQ>ZmAm|, {H«$`mH$bmnm| VWm ì`mnH$ gwYmam| H$mo OZgm_mÝ` VH$ nhþM
± m`m
Om gH$Vm h¡& BgH$m OZgm_mÝ` Ho$ OrdZ na Jham à^md n‹S>Vm h¡
Am¡a _Zwî` AnZr OrdZ-e¡br H$mo n[ad{V©V H$aVm h¡& XÿaXe©Z gä`Vm
d g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àMma-àgma _| ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡&
XÿaXe©Z go {ejm, {dkmZ, ì`mnma, {M{H$Ëgm, `wX²Y, H¥${f
d amOZr{V Am{X go g§~§{YV _hËdnyU© OmZH$m[a`m± àmá hmoVr h¢&
{ejm Ho$ joÌ _| Vmo XÿaXe©Z ~hþV hr _hËdnyU© {gX²Y hþAm h¡& {ejU
-H$m`© _| XÿaXe©Z Ho$ Cn`moJ go g_` Am¡a YZ XmoZm| H$s hr ~MV hmoVr
h¡& gm_mÝ` kmZ Ho$ {dH$mg _| Vmo XÿaXe©Z ~hþV hr Cn`moJr gm{~V
hþAm h¡& XÿaXe©Z na ì`mdgm{`H$ dñVwAm| H$s H$s_Vm| _| CVma-M‹T>md
H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢& BgHo$ X²dmam h_| eo`a-~mµOma H$s ^r OmZH$mar
àmá hmoVr h¡&
49
 XÿaXe©Z _Zmoa§OZ H$m EH$ Cn`moJr gmYZ h¡& XÿaXe©Z na àgm[aV
{H$E OmZodmbo {d{^ÝZ H$m`©H«$_ h_| ñdñW _Zmoa§OZ àXmZ H$aVo h¢&
Ho$~b Q>obr{dOZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {díd ^a Ho$ M¡Zbm| _| go AnZm _Zn§gX
M¡Zb MwZH$a AnZm _Zmoa§OZ d kmZdY©Z H$a gH$Vo h¢&
1. XÿaXe©Z Ho$db H$m hr Zht ~pëH$$
H$m ^r òmoV h¡&
2. XÿaXe©Z d Ho$ àMma-àgma _| ghm`H$
hmoVm h¡&
3. {ejU H$m`© _| XÿaXe©Z Ho$ Cn`moJ go Am¡a
XmoZm| H$s hr ~MV hmoVr h¡&
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V:
● {dÚmb` Am¡a J«§Wmb` _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go g_mMma nÌ {_bVo h¢?

N>mÌm| go gyMr ~ZdmE±&

● N>mÌm| H$mo AnZo XmoñVm| go nho{b`m± nyN>H$a CÎma nmZo H$s gyMZm X|Ÿ&

● g_mMma nÌm| _| àH$m{eV nho{b`m| Am¡a nX~ÝYm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$s

gwPmd X|Ÿ&
● N>mÌm| H$mo ào[aV H$a| {H$ AnZr XoIr J`r {H$gr KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mao _|

n{ÌH$m H$mo EH$ boI ^oO|&

● g_mMma nÌm| _| àH$m{eV ~mbmon`moJr {df`m| H$mo H$VadmH$a

EH$ Aë~_ ~ZdmE±&

✾✾✾✾✾
50
 nmR> - 7
~§Xa ~m±Q
g§H${bV -
Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo `h grI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ Xmo
ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ PJ‹S> Zo go Vrgao H$m bm^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

å`mD±$ - å`mD±$ {~ëbr AmB©&

CR>m H$ht go amoQ>r bmB©Ÿ&&
V^r Xygar {~ëbr AmB©Ÿ&
CgZo ^r Hw$N> AH$‹S> {XImB©Ÿ&&
~mobr - ""`h Vmo _oar amoQ>rŸ&
N>rZ Ho$ bmB© Vy ar ImoQ>r Ÿ&&
_oar amoQ>r _wPH$mo Xo Xo&
Zht Vmo _wPgo PJ‹S>m bo boŸ&&''
~§Xa Zo XoIm `h PJ‹S>mŸ&
bo VamOy dh dhm± A‹S>mŸ&&
~mobm -""PJ‹S>m R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ&
~m±Q> Ho$ ImZm, ~mV ghr h¡ŸŸ&&''
amoQ>r Ho$ Xmo Qw>H$‹S>o H$a Ho$Ÿ&
~§Xa Zo nb‹S>m| na Ya Ho$Ÿ&&
A{YH$ Omo XoIm Qw>H$‹S>m Im`mŸ&
~‹S>m Xygam, Cgo M~m`mŸ&&
51
 amoQ>r Wmo‹S>r eof ahr O~Ÿ&
~§Xa ~mobm, ""gwZ bmo A~ Vw_Ÿ&
`h Qw>H$‹S>m _oar _OXyarŸ&
hþB© H$m_Zm _oar nyarŸ&&''
{~{ëb`m| Ho$ Hw$N> hmW Z Am`mŸ&
PJ‹S>o _| Wm g^r J±dm`mŸ&&

✾✾✾✾✾

eãXmW© :
AH$‹S> - K_§‹S>, VamOy - VmobZo H$m gmYZ, A‹S>Zm - O~aXñVr éH$Zm,
nb‹S>m - VamOy H$m àË`oH$ nëbm, eof - ~Mm hþAm, _OXyar - n[al_
Ho$ ~Xbo {X`m OmZo dmbm YZ, YaZm - aIZm, H$m_Zm - BÀN>m, Amem,
J±dmZm - ImoZmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {~ëbr Š`m boH$a AmB© ?
2. Xÿgar {~ëbr Zo Š`m {XImB© ?
3. ~§Xa Š`m boH$a Am`m ?
4. {~{ëb`m| H$mo Š`m {_bm ?

52
II. Xmo - VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ~§Xa Zo amoQ>r H$m ~±Q>dmam H¡$go {H$`m ?
2. Bg nmR> go AmnH$mo Š`m grI {_bVr h¡?
3. AmnH$mo H$m¡Z-go nH$dmZ ng§X h¢? CÝh| ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {H$Z
MrµOm| H$s µOê$aV n‹S>Vr h¡? nVm H$s{OE Am¡a gyMr ~ZmBE&
III. ^mdmW© {b{IE :
~§Xa Zo XoIm `h PJ‹S>mŸ&
bo VamOy dh dhm± A‹S>m Ÿ&&
~mobm - ""PJ‹S>m R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ&
~m±Q> Ho$ ImZm, ~mV ghr h¡Ÿ&&''
IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Bg H${dVm _| à`wŠV VwH$dmbo eãXm| H$mo
Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :
CXm : AmB© - bmB©
1. 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
53
V. AmnH$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr MrµO ImZm ng§X h¢ ? Am¡a H$m¡Z - gr
ng§X Zht h¢?
MrµOm| Ho$ Zm_ _wPo ng§X h¡ _wPo ng§X Zht h¡
Obo~r ✓

VI. {~ëbr : å`mD±$-å`mD±$

ZrMo EH$ Va\$ OmZdam| Ho$ Zm_ h¢, Xÿgar Vaµ\$ ~mo{b`m| Ho$ &
H$m¡Z - gr ~mobr {H$gH$s h¡ ? Ty>±{‹T>E :
OmZdma ~mo{b`m±
Kmo‹S>m {_{_`mZm
hmWr a§^mZm
~H$ar qMKm‹S> Zm
eoa {hZ{hZmZm
JYm a|H$Zm
Jm` ^m¢H$Zm
Hw$Îmm JaOZm
54
VII. Zmn - Vmob
Amn OmZVo h¢ {H$ {~ëbr XÿY nrVr h¡& bo{H$Z Š`m AmnH$mo nVm h¡
Cg XÿY H$mo H¡$go Vmobm OmVm h¡ ? "brQ>a go'& AbJ - AbJ MrµOm| H$mo
ZmnZo `m VmobZo Ho$ {bE AbJ - AbJ MrµOm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& ZrMo
Xr JB© MrµOm| H$mo {H$Z MrµOm| go Zmn|Jo, Vmob|Jo?
Vob H$mo
H$n‹S>o H$mo
Am_ H$mo
AZmO H$mo
gr_|Q> H$mo
A§Jya H$mo
VIII. _y±N> -
AmnZo AbJ - AbJ Vah H$s _y±N>o§ XoIr hm|Jr& `hm± EH$ _y±N> H$m
Z_yZm {X`m J`m h¡& Amn ^r AbJ - AbJ _y±N>m| Ho$ {MÌ ~ZmBE&

Z_yZm :

55
IX. VoO
µ MbZodmbo OmZdam| Ho$ ZrMo "VoO
µ ' Am¡a Yrao-Yrao MbZodmbo
OmZdam| Ho$ ZrMo "Yrao' {b{IE:
IaJmoe eoa hmWr {haZ KmoS‹ >m

X. {H$gH$s Mmb H¡$gr?

(gm±n, {haZ, IaJmoe)
1. \w$XH$-\w$XH$H$a - _|T>H$
2. N>bm§J-N>bm§JH$a -
3. a|J-a|JH$a -
4. Mm¡H$‹S>r-^aH$a -
XI. e{ŠVembr H$m¡Z ?
Amn {Ogo A{YH$ e{ŠVembr _mZVo h¢, CZH$m Zm_ {b{IE :
1. Myhm `m {~ëbr
2. {N>nH$br `m _Ja_ÀN>
3. Jm` `m eoa
XII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma EH$ Am¡a eãX {b{IE :
H$ëby ëb nëby
1. YŠH$m ŠH$
2. ~ÀMm ÀM
3. añgr ñg
4. N>Îmm Îm
56
 nyaH$ dmMZ
n{‹T>E Am¡a {b{IE :
{_br H$ht go H$moB© _mbm,
boH$a Cgo H§$R> _| S>mbm&
~XZ na amI bJmH$a,
{~ëbr Mbr à`mJ ZhmZo &&
Myhm| go ~mobr ho ß`mamo!
nmn {H$E _¢Zo hµOmam|&
B©ída H$m On H$aHo$ Zm_,
N>mo‹S> {X`m Myho ImZo H$m H$m_&&
A~ Vw_ Mbmo _oao gmW,
ZhmH$a à`mJ _| bm¡Q>|Jo gmW&
Myho, N>mo‹S>H$a gmoM-{dMma,
MbZo bJo hmoH$a V¡`ma&&
{~ëbr Zo Myhm| H$mo Im {b`m,
^anoQ> ImH$a Amam_ {b`m&
AOr, eÌw H$mo {_Ì Z _mZmo,
CgH$m H$hZm H$^r Z _mZmo&&
1. {~ëbr H$mo Š`m {_br ?
2. B©ída H$m On H$aHo$ {~ëbr Zo H$m¡Z-gm H$m_ N>mo‹S> {X`m?
3. Myho {H$g Vah V¡`ma hmoH$a MbZo bJo ?
4. Bg H${dVm Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ {b{IE &
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● N>mÌm| X²dmam Kaoby VWm O§Jbr OmZdmam| Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ n[a`moOZm

V¡`ma H$admE±&
✾✾✾✾✾
57
 nmR> - 8
Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ
N>mÌ Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ {bIZm grIVo h¢Ÿ&

{X … 03-10-17
ào f H$,
gwYm,
AmR>dt H$jm,
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
_¡géy - 570 020
godm _|,
H$jm AÜ`mnH$,
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
_¡gyé - 570 020

AmXaUr` _hmoX`,
{df` … VrZ {XZ H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r H$s àmW©Zm hoVw&
Cn`w©ŠV {df` Ho$ g§~§Y _| Amngo {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ {X … 04-10-17 go
{X … 06-10-17 VH$ _wPo AnZo ^mB© H$s emXr _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ {bE
~|Jbyé OmZm h¡, Bg{bE _¢ {dX²>`mb` Zht Am gH$VrŸ& AV… Amngo
àmW©Zm H$aVr hÿ± {H$ BZ VrZ {XZm| H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r XoZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
YÝ`dmX g{hV,
(xxx) AmnH$s AmkmH$mar N>mÌm,
A{^^mdH$ Ho$ hñVmja gwYm
*****
58
eãXmW© :
àofH$ - ^oOZodmbm, AmXaUr` - Jm¡ad, gå_mZ Ho$ `mo½`, Cn`w©ŠV -
D$na H$hm J`m, {ZdoXZ - àmW©Zm, emXr - {ddmh, H¥$nm - X`m,
A{^^mdH$ - XoI^mb H$aZodmbm, ajm H$aZodmbmŸ&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ H$m¡Z {bI ahm h¡ ?
2. gwYm Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ {H$gH$mo {bI ahr h¡ ?
3. gwYm {H$VZo {XZm| H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r _m±J ahr h¡ ?
4. gwYm Nw>Q²>Q>r Š`m| _m±J ahr h¡ ?
II. _mZ br{OE {H$ AmnH$s V~r`V R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& `hr H$maU
XoH$a Mma {XZm| H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r _m±JVo hþE AnZo àYmZmÜ`mnH$ H$mo
Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ {b{IEŸ&
Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ
{X.
àofH$,

godm _|,

59
 {df` :

AmnH$s AmkmH$mar N>mÌm,

(xxx)

A{^^mdH$ Ho$ hñVmja

III. ZrMo {bIo Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ H$mo H«$_mZwgma {b{IE :
Cn`w©ŠV {df` Ho$ g§~§Y _| Amngo {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ {X 01-10-17 go
{X : 06-10-17 VH$ _oao ^mB© H$s emXr _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ {bE ~|Jbyé Om
ahr h±ÿ, Bg{bE _¢ {dX²`mb` Zht Am gH$Vr& AV… Amngo àmW©Zm H$aVr
h±ÿ {H$ BZ N>… {XZm| H$s Nw>Q²>Q>r XoZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|&
àofH$, godm _|
AmR>dt H$jm, àYmZmÜ`mnH$,
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
_¡gyé - 10 _¡gyé - 10
AmXaUr` _hmoX`,
{XZm§H$ : 30-09-17
AmnH$s AmkmH$mar N>mÌm,
gwYm
{df` : Nw>Q²>Q>r Ho$ {bE àmW©Zm hoVw&
A{^^mdH$ Ho$ hñVmja
60
IV. eãX Am¡a AW© H$m ghr {_bmZ H$s{OE :
1. Nw>Q>² Q>r X`m
2. emXr ^oOZodmbm
3. AmXaUr` {ddmh
4. H¥$nm Jm¡adembr
5. àofH$ \w$agV
V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~X{bE :
1. _hmoX` _hmoX`m
2. gXñ`
3. àmMm`©
4. N>mÌ
5. {eî`
VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` ~X{bE :
CXm : _¢ ~|Jbyé Om ahm h±ÿ&
_¢ ~|Jbyé Om ahr h±ÿ&
1. dh {dX²`mb` Om ahm h¡&

2. do ImZo Ho$ {bE Om aho h¢&

3. Amn ~mµOma Om aho h¢&

61
VII. _mVm-{nVm Ho$ gmW `mÌm na OmZo Ho$ {bE nm±M {XZm| H$s
Nw>Q²>Q>r H$s àmW©Zm H$aVo hwE Nw>Q²>Q>r nÌ {b{IE &
^mfm kmZ
"{deofU'
g§km `m gd©Zm_ H$s {deofVm ~VmZodmbo eãX {deofU H$hbmVo h¢&
CXm : _rR>r Obo~r
VrIr {_M©
Z_H$sZ MmQ>-nH$m¡‹S>r
IÅ>>r B_br
H$Sw>dm H$aobm
{deofU Ho$ ^oX :
1. JwUdmMH$ {deofU : AÀN>m, ~wam, b§~m, ZmQ>m, N>mQo >m, _moQ>m Am{X&
2. g§»`mdmMH$ {deofU : EH$, Xmo, VrZ, Xmo-{VhmB©, AmYm,
EH$-Mm¡WmB© Am{X&
3. n[a_mUdmMH$ {deofU : Wmo‹S>m, ~hwV, H$_, A{YH$ Am{X &
4. gmd©Zm{_H$ {deofU : dmŠ` _| {deofU Ho$ ê$n _| à`wŠV
g^r gd©Zm_ eãX&
CXm : dh b‹S>H$s n‹T> ahr h¡&
`h H$b_ gw§Xa h¡&
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● N>mÌm| H$mo AÝ` àH$ma Ho$ nÌm| H$s OmZH$mar X| Am¡a {bIZo
H$m Aä`mg H$admE±&
✾✾✾✾✾
62
 nmR> - 9
_mo~mBb H$m ~mob~mbm
gwaoIm e_m© "em§{V' -
N>mÌ Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam ~XbVr hþB© AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ e¡br _| {MQ²>R>r, Xÿa^mf,
(Q>obr\$moZ), _mo~mBb H$s pñW{V`m| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo& dV©_mZ n[apñW{V
_| _mo~mBb \$moZ H$m _hËd Am¡a CgH$s Amdí`H$Vm na {dMma H$a nm`|Jo&

(~hþV {XZm| go S´>mB§J ê$_ Ho$ H$moZo na n‹S>m-n‹S>m Q>obr\$moZ ~moa hmo ahm h¡& Cgo A~
AnZr qµOXJr IË_ hmoVr bJ ahr Wr& g{X`m| go CgH$m EH$ÀN>Ì amO Wm, na AmO
dh ~hþV CXmg h¡& A~ Cgo H$moB© Zht nyN>Vm & Zm hr Cggo H$moB© \$moZ H$aVm h¡&
V^r {_. e_m© Zo AmH$a AnZm _mo~mBb CgrHo$ nmg aI {X`m&)

Q>obr\$moZ : (_Z hr _Z _|) {XIZo_| Myho O¡gm& Zm _y°§N>, Zm ny°N§ >, {\$a
^r BgH$s BVZr nyN>? ""Mb Xÿa hQ> _wPgo&AmH$a ~¡R>
J`m _oao nmg& Voar Am¡H$mV hr Š`m h¡ _oao gm_Zo?''
_mo~mBb : (Mm¢H$ H$a XoIVo hþE) Š`m
hþAm ^mB©? _¢Zo Vmo Vwåh| Hw$N> H$hm
^r Zht& Vmo Jwñgm Š`m| hmo aho hmo? _wPgo H$moB© JbVr hmo
JB© Š`m? _¢ _m\$s MmhVm h±&ÿ Vw_ _oao ~‹S>o ^mB© hmo&
Q>obr\$moZ : Jwñgm Zm H$ê±$ Vmo Š`m H$ê±$? nVm h¡ O~go Vw_
AmE hmo, h_mar H$moB© nyN> Zhr§ ahr& g~ Vwåh| AnZr
N>mVr go bJmE Ky_Vo h¢, ha g_` Vwåh| AnZo nmg aIVo
h¢& EH$ jU Ho$ {bE ^r Vwåhmar OwXmB© Zht ghZ
H$a gH$Vo&
63
_mo~mBb : Q>b
o r\$moZ ^¡`m& `o Vmo ~VmAmo, Bg_| h_mam Š`m H$gya h¡&
~VmAmo, _¢ Vwåhmao {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ? Vw_ Omo
H$hmoJo _¢ H$ê±$Jm&

Q>b
o r\$moZ : Vw_ Š`m H$amoJo? A~ Vmo Vwåhmao ZE-ZE ê$n ~mµOma _|
Am aho h¢& Mmam| Amoa Vwåhmar hr Yy_ _Mr hþB© h¡& XoI
Zht aho _oam hmb! _oao gwÝXa go _wI‹S>o na Yyb O_r
n‹S>r h¡& A~ _wPo H$moB© gm\$ ^r Zht H$aVm&

_mo~mBb : ^mB© ZmamµO _V hmoBE& Amn Vmo _oao AJ«O h¢& A~

H$^r-Z-H$^r Vmo Vwåh| ~y‹T>m hmoZm hr Wm& g{X`m| go
Vwåhmam hr amO Wm& Bg_| Jwñgm hmoZo H$s Š`m ~mV h¡?
EH$ Zm EH$ {XZ Vmo `h hmoZm hr Wm&

Q>b
o r\$moZ : AnZr AmdmµO gwZo _wPo _hrZm| ~rV OmVo h¢&
nhbo Vmo _oar _mb{H$Z _oar BVZr godm H$aVr Wr& Š`m
_Omb {H$ WmoS‹ >r-gr ^r {_Q²>Q>r _oao gbmoZo _wI na {Ja
OmE& _¢ {XZ^a JwZJwZmVm ahVm Wm _Ywa Am¡a _rR>r
AmdmµO _|&

64
_mo~mBb : ~mV Vwåhmar {~ëHw$b gM h¡& na Vwåhmao {dMma AmO Ho$
µO_mZo go _ob Zht ImVo& A~ Vw_ dŠV Ho$ gmW MbZm
grImo&
Q>b
o r\$moZ : AÀN>m ~ÀMy, AmO Vw_ _wPo CnXoe Xo aho hmo& H$moB© ~mV
Zht, Vwåhmao gmW ^r H$^r Bgr Vah H$m ì`dhma
hmoJm, V~ nVm MboJm& `mX aIZm g_` gXm EH$-gm
Zht ahVm&
{MQ²>R>r : _oao ß`mao XmoñV, Vw_Zo gM H$hm g_`
(nX} Ho$ nrN>o go)
gXm EH$ g_mZ Zht ahVm& (EH$ _rR>r d ß`mar gwarbr-gr
AmdmµO gwZH$a XmoZm| Mm¢H$ CR>o, Am¡a AnZo Mmam| Amoa XoIZo bJo)

XmoZm| EH$ gmW : Aao, `h AmdmµO Vmo XmXr Ho$ ~Šgo go Am ahr h¡&
(XmoZm| ~Šgm ImobVo h¢ Vmo dhm± na n‹S>r ~hþV nwamZr {MQ²>R>r
H$mo XoIH$a Mm¢H$ OmVo h¢)
65
{MQ²>R>r : _oao ß`mao, qQ´>J-qQ´>J, Omo {ñW{V AmO Vwåhmar h¡ Cgo _¢Zo
^r ^wJVm h¡& (Aµ\$gmog H$aVo hþE)
Q>b
o r\$moZ : dmo H¡$go?
{MQ²>R>r : hm`, Š`m {XZ Wo O~ _oao AÝXa Jwbm~ H$s n{Îm`m±
aIH$a ào_r-ào{_H$m EH$ Xÿgao H$mo ^oOVo Wo& `{X _wPo
nh°M
§þ Zo _| Hw$N> Xoar hmo OmVr Wr Vmo bmoJm| H$s ~oMZ¡ r ~‹T>
OmVr Wr& na Vw_ O~ go AmE hmo Vmo bmoJ {bIZm hr
^yb JE& g~ Vw_ na hr {JQ>a-{nQ>a H$aZo bJo&
_mo~mBb : {MQ²>R>r ~hZ, {Zame _V hmo& `o Vmo
({Xbmgm XoVo hþE)
g_` H$m hoa-\o$a h¡& g^r Ho$ {XZ {\$aVo ahVo h¢&
{MQ²>R>r : `hr Vmo _¢ H$hVr h± ÿ ^¡ ` m, Vw å hmao AmZo na
Q>b
o r\$moZ ^mB© H$mo XþI Zht _ZmZm Mm{hE& ~{ëH$ Iwer-
Iwer AmnH$m ñdmJV H$aZm Mm{hE& Xþ{Z`m _| Hw$N> ^r
emídV Zht& nVm Zht `o _mZd Om{V H$b Š`m ZB© ImoO
H$a Xo&
_mo~mBb : Vw_ gË` H$h ahr hmo& A~ Omo ZE _mo~mBb H$s ImoO
H$s Om ahr h¡, Cg_| ~mV H$aZodmbo d gwZZodmbo
EH$-Xygao H$mo XoI ^r gH$Vo h¢&

66
{MQ²>R>r : Bg{bE _¢ Vmo `hr H$hVr h±ÿ Omo {_b
(_wñHw$amVo hþE)
OmE, {OVZm {_b OmE, Cgr _| Iwe ahZm grImo&
(_mo~mBb Am¡a {MQ²>R>r H$s ~mV| gwZH$a, Q>b
o r\$moZ Zo AnZr pñW{V
H$mo g_Pm Am¡a _wñHw$amH$a XmoZm| H$mo Jbo bJm {b`m)

O¡go hr Jbo {_bo Vmo _mo~mBb na [a¨J Q>mZo ~O CR>r- ""{µOÝXJr BH$
g\$a h¡ gwhmZm, `hm± H$b Š`m hmo {H$gZo OmZm&''
(Yrao-Yrao nXm© {JaVm h¡&)

(_§M na ZmQ>H$ H$aVo g_` AÜ`mnH$ H$s ghm`Vm go Q>obr\$moZ, _mo~mBb d

{MQ²>R>r Ho$ nhMmZ {Mh²Z MmQ>© ~Zm b|)

*****
bo{IH$m H$m n[aM` :
gwaoIm e_m© "em§{V' Or H$m OÝ_ 11 AJñV 1956 H$mo g\$sXm|
(OtX) h[a`mUm _| hþAm& BZH$s qhXr _| E_. E., ~r. ES> H$s {ejm
hþB© h¡& `o h[a`mUm àmXo{eH$ qhXr gm{hË` gå_obZ (à`mJ) H$s g§`wŠV
_§Ìr Am¡a A{Ib ^maVr` gm{hË` n[afX H$s gXñ`m ahr h¢& BZH$s
à_wI aMZmE± h¢- [aíVm| H$m Ahgmg; ~mb H${dVm g§J«h - ZÝhr
H$m|nb; ~mb EH$m§H$s-g§J«h Am{X& A{Ib ^maVr` gm{hË` n[afX,
^monmb, JwOamV, h[a`mUm, AÝ` H$B© g§ñWmAm| go do nwañH$ma àmá H$a
MwH$s h¢&
67
eãXmW© :
gXr-`w J , CXmg-{Zame, Xþ I r; _y ± N > - «ÄÃ¸É , mustache;
ny±N>-Xþ_, ¨Á®, tail; Am¡H$mV - `mo½`Vm , Jwñgm-H«$moY, _m\$s-j_m,
N>mVr-grZm, chest; OwXmB© - {~N>S‹ >Zm, H$gya-Xmof, Yy_-d¡^d, R>mQ>~mQ>;
hmb-pñW{V, _wI‹S>m-_wI, Moham; ZmamµO-AmH«$moe, AJ«O-~‹S>m ^mB©,
AmdmµO-Üd{Z, _Omb-gm_Ï`©, `mo½`Vm; gbmoZm-gw§Xa, gM-gË`,
dŠV-g_`, {MQ²>R>r-nÌ, Mm¢H$Zm - M{H$V hmoZm, A\$gmog-{dfmX,
XþI; {Xbmgm-gm§ËdZm, emídV - ñWm`r, ImoO-emoY, Om±M-Vbme,
g\$a - `mÌm&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. S´>mB§J ê$_ Ho$ H$moZo _| H$m¡Z n‹S>m Wm ?
2. Q>obr\$moZ Ho$ nmg AnZm _mo~mBb {H$gZo aIm?
3. g~ bmoJ {H$go AnZr N>mVr go bJm`o Ky_Vo h¢?
4. {H$gHo$ _wI‹S>o na Yyb O_r h¡?
5. _mo~Bb H$m AJ«O H$m¡Z h¡?
6. {H$gH$mo XoIH$a XmoZm| Mm¢H$ JE?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. Q>obr\$moZ _Z-hr-_Z _mo~mBb Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm?
2. Q>obr\$moZ H$s ~mV| gwZH$a _mo~mBb Zo Š`m H$hm?
3. nX} Ho$ nrN>o go {MQ²>R>r Zo Š`m H$hm?
4. {MQ²>R>r Zo _wñHw$amVo hþE Š`m H$hm?
68
III.AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1. JbVr -
2. ~mV -
3. {MQ²>R>r -
IV. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :
1. ^mB© - 3. _mb{H$Z -
2. ~yT‹ >m - 4. XmXr -
V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. ~hþV X 6. AÀN>m X
2. nmg X 7. XmoñV X
3. ~‹S>m X 8. gM X

4. gwX§ a X 9. g_mZ X
5. AJ«O X 10. A§Xa X

11. emídV X
VI. OmoS
‹ >H$a {b{IE :
1. h_mar H$moB© - Vwåhmam hr amO Wm&
2. Bg_| h_mam - `h hmoZm hr Wm&
3. g{X`m| go - {~ëHw$b gM h¡&
4. EH$-Z-EH$ {XZ - nyN> Zhr§ ahr&
5. ~mV Vwåhmar - Š`m H$gya h¡&
Š`m H$a gH$Vm h¡&
69
VII. ewÕ eãX na Jmobm bJmBE :
1. Q>bo r\$moZ Q>{o bnmoZ R>bo rnmoZ
2. Kwñgm Jwñgm Jwgm
3. _mo~b
o _mo~b
¡ _mo~mBb
4. ZmamµO ZmaµO ZamµO
5. CnXog CnmXog CnXoe
VIII. ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr OJh ^[aE :
(EH$-gm, amO, {JQ>a-{nQ>a, Yy_, nyN>)
1. g{X`m| go CgH$m EH$ÀN>Ì Wm&
2. Mmam| Amoa Vwåhmar hr _Mr hþB© h¡&
3. `mX aIZm g_` gXm Zht ahVm&
4. g~ Vw_ na hr H$aZo bJo&
IX. H$ÞS> `m A§Jo«µOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. _wPgo H$moB© JbVr hmo JB© Š`m ?
2. AnZr AmdmµO gwZo _hrZm| ~rV OmVo h¢&
3. AmO Vw_ _wPo CnXoe Xo aho hmo&
4. bmoJ {bIZm hr ^yb JE&
5. Vw_ gË` H$h ahr hmo&
70
X. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| à`wŠV gd©Zm_ eãXm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V
H$s{OE :
1. Voar Am¡H$mV hr Š`m h¡ _oao gm_Zo?
2. _wPgo H$moB© JbVr hmo JB© Š`m?
3. Amn Vmo _oao AJ«O h¢&
4. `h XmXr H$m ~Šgm h¡&

^mfm - kmZ
"{H«$`m'
Abr nwñVH$ n‹T> ahm h¡&
~mha ~m[ae hmo ahr Wr&
b‹S>H$m nb§J go {Ja J`m&
MwÝZw Xm¡‹S> ahm h¡&
{OZ eãXm| go {H$gr H$m`© Ho$ H$aZo `m hmoZo H$m nVm Mbo, CÝh|
"{H«$`m' H$hVo h¢& {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ^oX h¢- gH$_©H$ {H«$`m Am¡a AH$_©H$
{H«$`m& CXmhaU - n‹T>Zm, {bIZm, ImZm, amoZm Am{X&
I. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {H«$`m eãXm| H$mo ^[aE :
(gwZo, _Mr, Ky_Vo, H$amoJo, {Ja)
1. g~ Vwåh| AnZr N>mVr go bJmE h¢&
2. Vw_ Š`m ?
71
 3. Mmam| Amoa Vwåhmar hr Yy_ hþB© h¡&
4. AnZr AmdmµO _wPo _hrZm| ~rV OmVo h¢&
5. {_Q²>Q>r _oao gbmoZo _wI na OmE&
II. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. H$mZ go - XoIVo h¢
2. Am±I go - gmoMVo h¢
3. ZmH$ go - gwZVo h¢
4. {X_mJ go - H$m_ H$aVo h¢
5. hmW go - gy±KVo h¢
III. {H«$`m eãXm| H$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :

Zm a Jm Zm \$ CXmhaU - JmZm
a M I Zm n
H$ {b Zm Im T‹ >
_ gmo M h± Zm
Xo I Zm J g
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● {d{dY àH$ma H$s H§$n{Z`m| H$s _mo~mBb Am¡a XÿaXe©Z M¡Zbm| H$s

gyMr N>mÌm| go ~ZdmE± &

● {d{dY àH$ma H$s {MQ²>{R>`m± Am¡a S>mH$ {Q>H$Q>m| H$m g§J«h N>mÌm| go

H$admE±&
✾✾✾✾✾
72
 nmR> - 10
A{^Zd JrV
h[ae§H$a H$í`n-
Bg H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo OrZo H$s H$bm grI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
H$ï> Ho$ g_` _| ^r h±gVo ahZo Am¡a g~H$mo gwI XoVo ahZo
H$s H$bm H$m n[aM` {XbmZm Bg H${dVm H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ&

\y$b gXm h±gVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&

{Ib-{Ib H$a PaVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&
a§J-{~a§Jr _mohH$ N>{d go,
AnZo AÝVa H$s gwJÝY go,
VZ go, _Z go, {ZO OrdZ go,
g~ OJ H$mo gwa{^V H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
\y$b gXm h±gVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&&
ahmo gXm g~go {hb-{_b H$a,
H$ï> ghmo OrdZ _| h±g H$a,
{O`mo gXm g~H$mo gwI XoH$a,
\y$b `hr h_go H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
\y$b gXm h±gVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&&
✾✾✾✾✾

73
H${d n[aM` :
lr h[ae§H$a H$í`n qhXr Ho$ à{gÕ ~mb gm{hË`H$ma h¢Ÿ& AmnZo
~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE AË`§V amoMH$, _Zmoa§OH$ d kmZdY©H$ EH$m§H$s, H${dVmE±,
H$hm{Z`m± VWm Ord{Z`m± {bIr h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s Hw$N> à{gÕ nwñVH|$ h¢ -
\w$bdmar, PaZm, _oao Xoe Ho$ _hmZ ~mbH$, _oao Xoe Ho$ _§{Xa, _oao Xoe
H$s _hmZ Zm[a`m±, _oao Xoe Ho$ G${f-_w{Z, _oao Xoe Ho$ g§V-_hmË_m, Xoe
H$s AmZ na, nyOm Ho$ \y$bŸ& AmnH$s aMZmAm| H$o _yb VËd amï´>^{ŠV,
^maVr` Y_© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V h¡Ÿ§&
eãXmW© :
A{^Zd - ZyVZ, Z`m ; \y$b - nwîn, N>{d - emo^m, AÝVa - ^rVa,
VZ - eara, {ZO - AnZm, OJ - g§gma, PaZm - {JaZm,
gwa{^V - gwJ§{YVŸ&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. \y$b gXm H¡$go ahVo h¢?
2. \y$b {H$g Vah PaVo ahVo h¢?
3. \y$b H$s N>{d H¡$gr hmoVr h¡?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. \y$b g~ OJ H$mo {H$g ar{V go gwa{^V H$aVo h¢?
2. \y$b gXm h_go Š`m H$hVo h¢?
3. OrdZ _| H$ï> H¡$go ghZm Mm{hE?
74
III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma H${dVm H$s n§{ŠV`m| H$mo JX²` _| ê$nm§V[aV
H$s{OE :
Z_yZm :ahmo gXm g~go {hb-{_b H$a
gXm g~go {hb-{_b H$a ahmo&
1. H$ï> ghmo OrdZ _| h±g H$a,
&
2. {O`mo gXm g~H$mo gwI XoH$a,
&
IV. nX²`^mJ nyU© H$s{OE :
\y$b gXm

gwa{^V H$aVo h¢&

V. ZrMo {bIr n§{ŠV`m| H$m ^md AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE :
H$ï> ghmo OrdZ _| h±g H$a,
{O`mo gXm g~H$mo gwI XoH$a,
\y$b `hr h_go H$hVo h¢&
\y$b gXm h±gVo ahVo h¢&
75
VI. H${dVm Ho$ AmYma na {ZåZ{b{IV Vm{bH$m ^[aE :
H$s{OE _V H$s{OE
Z_yZm: gXm h±gVo ahmo& H$^r CXmg _V ahmo&
1.
2.
3.
VII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| H$mo {_bmBE :
1. Jwbm~ Vob
2. gy`©_wIr H$sM‹S>
3. M_obr H$m±Q>m
4. H$_b gwJ§Y
VIII. {_bVr-OwbVr Üd{Zdmbo eãX {b{IE :
CXm : h±gVo PaVo S>aVo n‹T>Vo
1. VZ
2. {hb
3. H$hVo
4. H$ï>
IX. n{‹T>E Am¡a ghr dmŠ`m| Ho$ gm_Zo ( ✓ ) bJmBE :
1. \y$b gXm CXmg ahVo h¢& ( )
\y$b gXm Iwer go ahVo h¢& ( )
\y$b gXm qMVm _| ahVo h¢& ( )
76
 2. h_oem g~go {hb-{_b H$a ahmo& ( )
h_oem g~go PJ‹S>m H$aHo$ ahmo& ( )
h_oem g~go ^oX-^md H$aHo$ ahmo& ( )
3. g~H$mo gXm XþI XoH$a {O`mo& ( )
g~H$mo gXm n¡gm XoH$a {O`mo& ( )
g~H$mo gXm gwI XoH$a {O`mo& ( )
X. ghr eãXm| go dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :
({hb-{_b, gwI, h±gVo)
1. \y$b gXm ahVo h¢&
2. ahmo gXm g~go H$a&
3. gXm g~H$mo XoH$a OrZm&
XI. gmoMH$a {b{IE :
● h_ \y$bm| H$m Cn`moJ H¡$go H$aVo h¢ ?
● {H$Ýht Xg \y$bm| Ho$ Zm_ Am¡a a§J {b{IEŸ&
● AmnH$mo H$m¡Z-gm \y$b ng§X h¡ Am¡a Š`m| ?
● H$mJO go Vah-Vah Ho$ \y$b ~ZmH$a Cg_| a§J ^[aE&
● XoIo hþE {H$gr "\y$b-àXe©Z' H$m g§jon _| dU©Z H$s{OE&
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● Xÿgao amÁ`m| _| CJZodmbo {d{^ÝZ \y$bm| H$s OmZH$mar N>mÌm|

H$mo Xo§&
✾✾✾✾✾
77
 nmR> - 11
d¥jào_r {Vå_ŠH$m

g§H${bV -

Bg nmR> _| "gmbw_aXm {Vå_ŠH$m' Ho$ A_yë` n`m©daU-ào_ H$m n[aM` {X`m J`m
h¡, {Oggo ~ÀMo n`m©daU H$s ajm H$aZo _| AnZm {Zð>mnyU© gh`moJ Xo gH$Vo h¢&
gmbw_aXm {Vå_ŠH$m H$m Zm_ AmO
H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo _| ì`má h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$
gaH$ma Zo CÝh| BVZo gmao nwañH$mam| go
gå_m{ZV {H$`m h¡ {H$ g_mO-godm Ho$ joÌ _|
`h _{hbm EH$ {_gmb ~Z J`r h¡Ÿ& Bg
AmXe© _{hbm Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| h_ {H$VZm
OmZVo h¢ ! AmBE, J«m_rU àXoe Ho$ Jar~
n[adma _| OÝ_ boZodmbr EH$ AZn‹T> _{hbm Ho$ CXmÎm ì`{ŠVËd Ed§
H$m`© H$m n[aM` nmd| -
{Vå_ŠH$m H$m OÝ_ Vw_Hy$é {Obm, Jwã~r VmbwH$m _| EH$ N>moQ>o
go Jm±d H$ŠHo$Zhëbr _| hþAmŸ& CZHo$ {nVm {MŠH$a§Jæ`m Am¡a _mVm
{dO`å_m WoŸ& {Vå_ŠH$m BZH$s N>… g§VmZm| _| go EH$ Wr§Ÿ& {Vå_ŠH$m
Ho$ _m±-~mn _ohZV-_µOXyar H$aVo hþE AnZm noQ> nmbVo WoŸ&
{Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ n{V H$m Zm_ {~ŠH$bm {MŠH$æ`m WmŸ& do ^r
AZn‹T> WoŸ& amoµO Xygam| Ho$ IoV _| ngrZm ~hmH$a H$m_ {H$`m H$aVo
WoŸ& Bg X§n{V H$mo EH$-EH$ H$m¡a Ho$ {bE H$‹S>r _ohZV H$aZr n‹S>Vr
WrŸ& H$_mB© ^r ~hþV H$_ WrŸ& `{X EH$ {XZ _µOXyar Zht H$aVo
Vmo CÝh| ^yIo ahZm n‹S>Vm WmŸ&
78
 {Vå_ŠH$m {Zñg§VmZ WrŸ§& n{V-nËZr ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE Vag OmVo
WoŸ& A§V _| CÝhm|Zo EH$ ~ÀMo H$mo JmoX {b`m& XÎmH$ nwÌ Ho$ gJo _m±-
~mn H$mo bmoJm| H$s H$Qw> qZXm gwZZr n‹S>rŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo ~oQ>o H$mo
dmng bo {b`mŸ& AnZm XÎmH$ nwÌ ImoH$a {Vå_ŠH$m ~hþV Xw…Ir hþBª&
bo{H$Z gZ² 2005 _| CÝhm|Zo ~ëbÿé Ho$ C_oe ~r.EZ. H$mo nwÌ Ho$
ê$n _| AnZm`m Omo A~ CZH$s XoI^mb H$a aho h§¡Ÿ&
{Vå_ŠH$m Am¡a {MŠH$æ`m XmoZm| Zo {ZíM` {H$`m {H$ AnZo Amn
H$mo {H$gr Y_©-H$m`© _| bJm b|Ÿ& CZHo$ Jm±d Ho$ nmg hr lra§Jñdm_r
H$m _§{Xa Wm, Ohm± ha gmb _obm bJVm WmŸ& dhm± AmZodmbo OmZdam|
Ho$ {bE nrZo Ho$ nmZr H$m B§VµOm_ {H$`mŸ&

{Vå_ŠH$m Zo amñVo Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa no‹S> bJmZo, gtMZo, ~‹T>mZo H$s
~mV gmoMrŸ& `h H$m_ AmgmZ Zht WmŸ& {\$a ^r CÝhm|Zo hþ{bH$b
Am¡a Hw$Xya Ho$ ~rM Ho$ Mma {H$._r. Ho$ amñVo Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa ~aJX
Ho$ S>mb bJm`oŸ& CZ noS‹ >m| H$mo ^oS‹ >-~H$[a`m| go ajm H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ&

79
 nhbo gmb Xg, Xygao gmb n§Ðh Am¡a Vrgao gmb _| Zã~o no‹S>
bJm`oŸ& CÝh| AnZo ~ÀMm| H$s Vah ào_ go nmbm-nmogmŸ& `h H$m_
{Za§Va Xg gmbm| VH$ MbVm ahmŸ& no‹S> amhJram| H$mo N>m`m XoZo Ho$
gmW-gmW, n{j`m| Ho$ Aml`Ym_ ^r ~Z JEŸ&
{Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ OrdZ _| _wgr~V H$s K{‹S> `m± ewê$ hþBª& {Vå_ŠH$m
Ho$ n{V H$s V~r`V Iam~ hþB©Ÿ& ~war hmbV _| {MŠH$æ`m Mb ~goŸ&
{Vå_ŠH$m A~ AHo$br n‹S> J`r§Ÿ& {\$a ^r {hå_V Z hmar Am¡a AnZo
H$m`© _| VëbrZ ahtŸ&
{Vå_ŠH$m Zo A~ VH$ 8000 go A{YH$ no‹S> bJm`o h¢Ÿ& A~
h_mar H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Zo CZ no‹S>m| H$s ajm H$aZo H$m ~r‹S>m CR>m`m
h¡Ÿ& {Vå_ŠH$m H$mo CZH$s {Zð>m, Ë`mJ VWm godm Ho$ {bE ZmS>moO
nwañH$ma, amï´>r` ZmJ[aH$ nwañH$ma, B§{Xam {à`X{e©Zr d¥j {_Ì, dra
MH«$, H$Zm©Q>H$ H$ëndëbr, Jm‹S> \«$s {\${bßg Y¡`© nwañH$ma, {dembmjr
nwañH$ma, S>°m.H$ma§V nwañH$ma, H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Ho$ _{hbm Am¡a {eew
H$ë`mU {d^mJ Ho$ Ûmam gå_mZ nÌ Am{X AZoH$mZoH$ nwañH$mam| go
Ab§H¥$V {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& {Vå_ŠH$m Or gZ² 2012 _| g§nÞ àW_
amï´>r` n`m©daU gå_obZ H$s AÜ`jm ahtŸ&
n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ gmW-gmW {Vå_ŠH$m AÝ` gm_m{OH$ H$m`©
^r H$a ahr h¢Ÿ& AnZo n{V H$s `mX _| CÝhm|Zo hþ{bH$b J«m_ _|
Jar~m| H$s {Z:ewëH$ {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ {bE EH$ AñnVmb Ho$ {Z_m©U
H$amZo H$m g§H$ën {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Omo ^r YZam{e nwañH$ma Ho$ ê$n _|
{Vå_ŠH$m H$mo {_br h¡, Cgo dh gm_m{OH$ H$m`© VWm XrZ-Xþ{I`m|
H$s godm Ho$ {bE A{n©V H$a ahr h¢Ÿ&
80
 AnZo OrdZ _| XX© Am¡a VH$br\$ CR>mZo Ho$ ~mdOyX gmW©H$ H$m`©
H$aZodmbr {Vå_ŠH$m H$m ì`pŠVËd g~Ho$ {bE AmXe© h¡& gaH$mar
g§gmYZm|o Ho$ A^md _| ^r H$moB© EH$ ì`{ŠV Ho$db AnZr {Zð>m d
lX²Ym H$s ~Xm¡bV {H$g Vah gm_m{OH$ H$m`© Ho$ {bE ñd`§ H$mo
g_{n©V H$a gH$Vm h¡, BgHo$ {bE EH$ AË`wÎm_ {ZXe©Z h¢
{Vå_ŠH$mŸ&
*****
{Q>ßnUr :
gmbw_aXm {Vå_ŠH$m : {Vå_ŠH$m Zo
AnZo OrdZ H$mb _| ~hþV gmao no‹S>
bJmH$a CZH$s XoI-aoI H$s h¡&
H$Vmam| _| emo^m`_mZ ~aJX Ho$ no‹S>
bJmZo Ho$ H$maU do gmbw_aXm
{Vå_ŠH$m Zm_ go OmZr OmVr h¢&
eãXmW© :
{_gmb-CXmhaU, H$m¡a-{Zdmbm, _ohZV-n[al_, B§VµOm_-à~§Y,
ì`dñWm; VagZm-V‹S>nZm, ~oM¡Z ahZm; amhJra-n{WH$, `mÌr;
_wgr~V-{dn{Îm, V~r`V-ñdmñÏ`, VH$br\$-H$ï>, ~Xm¡bV-X²dmam,
H¥$nm goŸ&
_whmdam| H$m AW© :
ngrZm ~hmZm = n[al_ H$aZm
{hå_V Z hmaZm = YraO aIZm
~r‹S>m CR>mZm = {Oå_oXmar boZm
81
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. Jwã~r VmbwH$m (Vhgrb) {H$g {Obo _| pñWV h¡?
2. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ _m±-~mn AnZm noQ> H¡$go nmbVo Wo?
3. {MŠH$æ`m Š`m H$m_ H$aVo Wo?
4. EH$ {XZ {MŠH$æ`m Am¡a {Vå_ŠH$m Zo _µOXÿar Zht H$s Vmo
n[aUm_ Š`m hmoVm Wm?
5. OmZdam| Ho$ {bE {Vå_ŠH$m X§n{V Zo Š`m B§VµOm_ {H$`m?
6. {Vå_ŠH$m X§n{V Zo ~aJX Ho$ S>mb H$hm± bJm`o?
7. n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ gmW {Vå_ŠH$m Am¡a H$m¡Z-gm H$m_ H$a
ahr h¢?
8. {Vå_ŠH$m XrZ-Xþ{I`m| H$s godm Ho$ {bE Š`m g_{n©V H$a ahr
h¢?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {Vå_ŠH$m X§n{V {H$g àH$ma Ho$ Y_©-H$m`© _| bJ J`o ?
2. {Vå_ŠH$m Zo ~aJX Ho$ S>mbm| H$mo H¡$go nmbm-nmogm ?
3. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ OrdZ _| H¡$gr _wgr~V Am JB©?
4. {Vå_ŠH$m Zo Š`m g§H$ën {H$`m h¡?
III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. {Vå_ŠH$m H$m OÝ_ Jm±d _| hþAm Wm&
2. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ _m±-~mn H$aVo hþE AnZm noQ>
nmbVo Wo&
82
 3. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ n{V H$m Zm_ Wm&
4. CZHo$ Jm±d Ho$ nmg H$m _§{Xa Wm&
5. {Vå_ŠH$m Zo noS‹ >m| H$mo go ajm H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm H$s &
IV. dmŠ` _|o à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. {_gmb -
2. _ohZV-_µOXÿar -
3. ngrZm ~hmZm -
4. Y_©-H$m`© -
5. V~r`V -
6. _wgr~V -
V. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. AnZm XÎmH$ nwÌ ImoH$a {Vå_ŠH$m ~hþV Xþ…Ir hþBª&
2. CÝh| AnZo ~ÀMm| H$s Vah ào_ go nmbm-nmogm&
3. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ OrdZ _| _wgr~V H$s K{‹S>`m± ewê$ hþBª&
4. {Vå_ŠH$m Zo A~ VH$ 300 go ^r A{YH$ no‹S> bJm`o h¢&
5. n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ gmW-gmW {Vå_ŠH$m gm_m{OH$ H$m`© ^r
H$a ahr h¢ &
VI. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
1. {hå_V
2. nmZr
83
 3. noS‹ >
4. njr
5. _{hbm
6. V~r`V
VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. OÝ_ ×
2. AmgmZ ×
3. Jar~ ×
4. AnZm ×
5. N>mQo >o ×

VIII. gmW©H$ dmŠ` ~ZmBE :

1. {MŠH$a§Jæ`m {nVm {dO`å_m _mVm Wo CZHo$ Am¡a &
2. EH$ Wt {Vå_ŠH$m go _| N>… g§VmZm| BZH$s &
3. _wgr~V H$s K{‹S>`m± OrdZ _| {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ ewê$ hþBª &
IX. AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE :
1. Omo n{V-nËZr hmo -
2. {OgH$s H$moB© g§VmZ Z hmo -
3. amh na MbZodmbm -
4. Omo n‹T>m-{bIm Z hmo -
84
X. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. \y$bm Z g_mZm - {ZpíM¨V ahZm
2. Kmo‹S>o ~oMH$a gmoZm - de _| aIZm
3. C±Jbr na ZMmZm - hmoe AmZm
4. Am±I| IwbZm - ZîQ> H$aZm
5. AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm - AË`§V àgÝZ hmoZm
AË`§V H«$mo{YV hmoZm
XI. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ KQ>Zm-H«$_mZwgma dmŠ` {b{IE :
1. OmZdam| Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo nrZo Ho$ nmZr H$m B§VµOm_ {H$`m&
2. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ OrdZ _| _wgr~V H$s K{‹S>`m± ewê$ hþBª &
3. {Vå_ŠH$m Ho$ n{V H$m Zm_ {~ŠH$bm {MŠH$æ`m Wm&
4. no‹S>m| H$mo ^o‹S>-~H$[a`m| go ajm H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm H$s&
5. n`m©daU-g§ajU Ho$ gmW-gmW {Vå_ŠH$m AÝ` gm_m{OH$
H$m`© ^r H$a ahr h¢&
XII. aoIm§{H$V H$maH$m| H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
1. {Vå_ŠH$m H$m Zm_ AmO H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$moZ-o H$moZo _| ì`mßV h¡&
2. do Xÿgam| Ho$ IoV _| ngrZm ~hmH$a, H$m_ {H$`m H$aVo Wo&
3. XÎmH$ nwÌ Ho$ gJo _m±-~mn H$mo qZXm gwZZr n‹S>r &
4. Jm±d Ho$$ nmg hr lra§Jñdm_r H$m _§{Xa Wm&
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
• no‹S>-nm¡Ym| H$s ajm H$aZodmbo AÝ` n`m©daU ào{_`m| Ho$ ~mao
_| OmZH$mar àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| H$mo àoaUm X|&
✾✾✾✾✾
85
 nmR> - 12
ham Kmo‹S>m
g§H${bV -
~ÀMo ~ra~b H$s MVwamB© H$m n[aM` àmá H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

EH$ {XZ ~mXemh AH$~a Kmo‹S>o na emhr ~mJ _| Ky_Zo J`oŸ& CZHo$
gmW _§Ìr ~ra~b WoŸ& Mmam| Amoa hao-^ao d¥j Am¡a har-har Kmg
XoIH$a AH$~a ~hþV Iwe hþEŸ& CÝh| bJm {H$ ~JrMo _| g¡a H$aZo Ho$
{bE Kmo‹S>m ^r hao a§J H$m hr hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&

CÝhm|Zo ~ra~b go H$hm - ""~ra~b, _wPo hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m Mm{hEŸ& Vw_
_wPo gmV {XZ _| hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m bm XmoŸ& `{X Vw_ hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m Z
bm gHo$ Vmo h_| AnZr eŠb _V {XImAmoŸ&'' AH$~a Am¡a ~ra~b XmoZm|
H$mo `h _mby_ Wm {H$ hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m Vmo hmoVm hr Zht h¡, bo{H$Z
AH$~a H$mo ~ra~b H$s narjm boZr WrŸ&
86
 XaAgb Bg àH$ma Ho$ AQ>nQ>o gdmb H$aHo$ do MmhVo Wo {H$ ~ra~b
AnZr hma ñdrH$ma H$a b| Am¡a H$h| - ""Ohm±nZmh ! _¢ hma J`mŸ&''
_Ja> ~ra~b ^r AnZo O¡go EH$ hr WoŸ& ~ra~b ha gdmb H$m gQ>rH$
CÎma XoVo Wo {H$ ~mXemh AH$~a H$mo _w±h H$s ImZr n‹S>Vr WrŸ&

~ra~b hao a§J Ho$ Kmo‹S>o H$s ImoO Ho$ ~hmZo gmV {XZ VH$ BYa-CYa
Ky_Vo ahoŸ& AmR>d| {XZ do Xa~ma _| hm{µOa hþE Am¡a ~mXemh go ~mobo -
""Ohm±nZmhŸ! _wPo hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m {_b J`m h¡Ÿ&'' ~mXemh H$mo
87
AmíM`© hþAm , CÝhm|Zo H$hm - ""OëXr ~VmAmo H$hm± h¡ ham Kmo‹S>m?''
~ra~b Zo H$hm - ""Ohm±nZmhŸ! Kmo‹S>m Vmo AmnH$mo {_b OmEJm, _¢Zo
~‹S>r _wpíH$b go Cgo ImoOm h¡, _Ja CgHo$ _m{bH$ Zo Xmo eV] aIr h¢Ÿ&
~mXemh Zo H$hm - ""Š`m eV] h¢ ?''
""nhbr eV© Vmo `h h¡ {H$ Kmo‹S>m boZo Ho$ {bE AmnH$mo ñd`§ OmZm
Mm{hEŸ&''
""`h Vmo ~‹S>r AmgmZ eV© h¡Ÿ& Xygar eV© Š`m h¡ ?''
""Kmo‹S>m Img a§J H$m h¡, Bg{bE Cgo bmZo H$m {XZ ^r Img hr
hmoJmŸ& CgH$m _m{bH$ H$hVm h¡ {H$ gámh Ho$ gmV {XZm| Ho$ Abmdm
{H$gr ^r {XZ AmH$a Cgo bo OmAmoŸ&''
AH$~a BgH$m _Vb~ g_P Zht nm`oŸ& do ~ra~b H$m _w±h XoIVo
ah J`oŸ&
~ra~b Zo h±gVo hþE H$hm - ""Ohm±nZmh ! hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m bmZm
hmo, Vmo CgH$s eV] ^r _mZZr hr n‹S>oJrŸ&''
V~ AH$~a H$mo _mby_ hmo J`m {H$ CÝhm|Zo ~ra~b H$mo Cëby ~ZmZm
Mmhm Wm, bo{H$Z A~ do IwX CgHo$ Omb _| \±$g J`o WoŸ&
AH$~a {Ib{IbmH$a h±g n‹S>oŸ& ~ra~b H$s MVwamB© go do Iwe hþEŸ&
g_P J`o {H$ ~ra~b H$mo _yI© ~ZmZm gab Zht h¡Ÿ&

*****
88
eãXmW© :
~mXemh - g_«mQ>, MH«$dVu ; emhr - ~mXemhm| H$m, ~mJ - CX²>`mZ,
~JrMm; emhr ~mJ - amOmoÚmZ, d¥j - no‹S>, Kmg - {VZH$m, g¡a -
^«_U, Ky_Zm-{\$aZm; eŠb - _wI, Moham ; AQ>nQ>m - Q>o‹T>m, Ag§JV;
Ohm±nZmh - ~mXemhm| Ho$ {bE g§~moYZ, gQ>rH$ - {~ëHw$b R>rH$,
_wpíH$b - H${R>Z, ImoO - Vbme, AmgmZ - gab , Img - {deof,
gámh - hâVm (gmV {XZ), {Ib{IbmZm - µOmoa go h±gZm, _w±h H$s
ImZm - ~war Vah hmaZm AZmÑV hmoZm, AnZr XwX©em H$amZm; Cëbÿ
~ZmZm - _yI© ~ZmZm, Omb _| \$±gmZm - de _o§ H$aZm &
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. AH$~a H$hm± Ky_Zo J`o Wo ?
2. AH$~a Š`m| Iwe hþE ?
3. AH$~a Zo ~ra~b H$mo Š`m bmZo Ho$ {bE H$hm ?
4. AH$~a Am¡a ~ra~b XmoZm| H$mo Š`m _mby_ Wm ?
5. ~ra~b {H$VZo {XZm| VH$ Ky_Vo aho ?
6. Kmo‹S>o Ho$ _m{bH$ H$s {H$VZr eV] Wt ?
7. AH$~a ~ra~b H$mo Š`m ~ZmZm MmhVo Wo ?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. AH$~a Zo ~ra~b go emhr ~JrMo _| Ky_Vo g_` Š`m H$hm ?
2. ~ra~b Zo AH$~a go AmR>d| {XZ Š`m H$hm ?
89
 3. ~ra~b Ho$ AZwgma Kmo‹S>o Ho$ _m{bH$ H$s Xmo eV] Š`m Wt?
4. A§V _| AH$~a Š`m g_P nm`o ?
III. ZrMo {X`o J`o H$WZ {H$gHo$ h¢ ?
CXm: ""_wPo hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m Mm{hE&'' - AH$~a
1. ""Ohm±nZmh! _wPo hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m {_b J`m h¡&''-
2. ""OëXr ~VmAmo H$hm± h¡ ham Kmo‹S>m''?-
3. ""Ohm±nZmh! hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m bmZm hmo Vmo CgH$s eV] ^r
_mZZr n‹S>|Jr&''-
IV. ZrMo {bIo dmŠ`m| H$mo n{‹T>E Am¡a àíZmo§ H$m CÎma {b{IE :
""Ohm±nZmh! _wPo hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m {_b J`m h¡&''
"" Ohm±nZmh! Kmo‹S>m Vmo AmnH$mo {_b OmEJm& _¡Zo ~‹S>r _wpíH$b
go Cgo ImoOm h¡, _Ja CgHo$ _m{bH$ Zo Xmo eV] aIr h¢&''
""Kmo‹S>m Img a§J H$m h¡, Bg{bE Cgo bmZo H$m {XZ ^r Img
hr hmoJm& CgH$m _m{bH$ H$hVm h¡ {H$ gámh Ho$ gmV {XZm|
Ho$ Abmdm {H$gr {XZ AmH$a Cgo bo OmAmo&''
""Ohm±nZmh! hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m bmZm hmo, Vmo CgH$s eV] ^r
_mZZr hr n‹S>o§Jr''
1. Kmo‹S>o H$m a§J H¡$gm Wm?
2. ~ra~b Zo Kmo‹S>o H$mo H¡$go ImoOm Wm?
3. {H$gH$s eV] _mZZr n‹S>Vr ?

90
V. ZrMo {bIo J`o eãXm| H$m ewX²Y ê$n {b{IE :
1. gmhr
2. d«j
3. _Po
4. `Xr
5. Xagb
6. g{Q>H$
7. _wpñH$b
VI. eãX Am¡a AW© H$m {_bmZ H$s{OE :
1. ~mJ nU
2. Kmg _w»`
3. eŠb Vbme
4. ImoO gab
5. AmgmZ _wI
6. Img V¥U
7. eV© CX²`mZ
VII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmBE :
1. Q>rH$ gQ>rH$
2. MoV
3. OJ
91
 4. VH©$
5. {MÌ
VIII. {déX²YmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
1. {XZ ×
2. ~hþV ×
3. hma ×
4. ~‹S>m ×
5. AmJo ×
IX. AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE :
1. ~mXemh -
2. amOm -
3. {nVm -
4. ^mB© -
X. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` ~XbH$a {b{IE:
AH$~a Kmo‹S>o na emhr ~mJ _| Ky_Vo h¡§&
AH$~a Kmo‹S>o na emhr ~mJ _| Ky_ aho h¢&
1. AH$~a H$mo ~hþV AmZ§X AmVm h¡&
2. AH$~a ~ra~b H$s narjm H$aVo h¢&
3. hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m {_bVm h¡&
4. ~ra~b ImoOVm h¡&
92
XI. ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :
(_w±h H$s ImZr, emhr, hma, hao, XmoZm|)
1. AH$~a Kmo‹S>o na ~mJ _| Ky_Zo J`o&
2. ~ra~b _wPo a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m Mm{hE&
3. AH$~a Am¡a ~ra~b H$mo _mby_ Wm&
4. AH$~a H$mo n‹S>Vr Wr&
5. ~ra~b AnZr ñdrH$ma H$a b|&
XII. H$ÞS `m A§J«oµOr> _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. har-har Kmg XoIH$a AH$~a H$mo ~hþV g§Vmof hþAm&
2. AH$~a H$mo ~ra~b H$s narjm boZr Wr&
3. _wPo hao a§J H$m Kmo‹S>m {_b J`m h¡&
4. CgHo$ _m{bH$ Zo Xmo eV] aIr h¢&
5. AH$~a BgH$m _Vb~ g_P Zht nm`o&

^mfm kmZ
"H$hmdV| `m bmoH$mo{ŠV`m±'
OrdZ Ho$ H$moB© AZw^d-VÏ` H$mo àH$Q> H$aZodmbo ñdV§Ì dmŠ`m§e
H$mo H$hmdV `m bmoH$mo{ŠV H$hVo h¢&

93
O¡go: H$hmdV AW©
1. EH$ AZma gm¡ ~r_ma - MrµO H$_, _m±J A{YH$
2. O¡gr H$aZr d¡gr ^aZr - H$m`© Ho$ {hgm~ go \$b {_bZm
3. EH$ Am¡a EH$ ½`mah - EH$Vm _| e{ŠV hmoVr h¡
4. AYOb JJar N>bH$V Om`o - kmZ H$_ hmoZo na ^r {XImdm H$aZm
1. BZ _whmdam| H$m AW© g_{PE :
1. _w±h H$s ImZm - ~war Vah hmaZm
2. Cëby ~ZmZm - _yI© ~ZmZm
3. Omb _| \±$gmZm - de _| H$aZm
4. AŠb H$m Xwí_Z - _yI© / ~w{Õ>hrZ
Hw$N> AÝ` CXmhaU :
5. H$_a H$gZm - V¡`ma hmoZm
6. Q>m±J A‹S>mZm - éH$mdQ> S>mbZm
7. {H$ñ_V IwbZm - ^m½` M_H$Zm
8. ^m§S>m \$mo‹S>Zm - nmob ImobZm
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● VoZmbram_ H$s MVwamB© go g§~§{YV EH$ KQ>Zm gwZmE±Ÿ&

● ~§Xa-Q>monrdmbm-no‹S>-Q>monr-BZ eãXm| H$mo n‹T>H$a N>mÌm| Ho$ _Z _|

Hw$N> ~mV| Am`r hm|Jr& BZ eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go EH$ N>moQ>r-gr

H$hmZr H$s aMZm H$admE±&
✾✾✾✾✾
94
 nmR> - 13
Mw§~H$ h¡ YaVr h_mar
g§H${bV -
àñVwV H${dVm _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡ {H$ Ý`yQ>Z Zo no‹S> go
{JaVo go~ H$mo XoIm Am¡a ImoO-~rZ H$aHo$ nVm bJm`m
{H$ YaVr _| Mw§~H$s` JwU hmoVm h¡&

EH$ `wdH$ Wm ~w{Õ_mZ,

AmBµOH$ Ý`yQ>Z CgH$m Zm_&
EH$ {XZ ~¡R>m ~JrMo _|,
Sy>~m Jhar gmoM _|,
no‹S> go {Jam EH$ go~ bmb,
go~ CR>m`m, no‹S> H$mo XoIm
D$na XoIm, ZrMo XoIm,
go~ H$mo CgZo {\$a go \|$H$m
go~ Am`m {\$a go ZrMo,
XoI-XoI H$a bJm gmoMZo,
Am{Ia `h {Jam Š`m| ZrMo?
gmoM-gmoM H$a nVm bJm`m,
ImoO-~rZH$a `h g_Pm`m,
Mw§~H$ ~ZH$a YaVr h_mar,
ItMo dñVwE± AnZr Amoa gmar,
~ÀMmo! `hr h¡ JwU YaVr H$m,
`mX aImo Vw_ Zm_ Ý`yQ>Z H$m&
*****
95
eãXmW© :
Jhar-J§^ra, ImoO-~rZ H$aZm-{H$gr MrµO Ho$ ~mao _| nVm bJmZm,
Mw§~H$-AnZr Amoa ItMZodmbr YmVw, JwU-{deofVm, hþZa; ~w{Õ_mZ-
g_PXma, T>±y‹T>-ImoO&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. `wdH$ H¡$gm Wm?
2. `wdH$ H$m Š`m Zm_ Wm?
3. no‹S> go Š`m {Jam?
4. `wdH$ H$hm± ~¡R>m Wm?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. no‹S> go {Jao go~ H$mo XoIH$a Ý`yQ>Z Zo Š`m gmoMm?
2. go~ D$na go ZrMo Š`m| {Jam? Ý`yQ>Z Zo ImoO-~rZ H$aHo$ Š`m
g_Pm`m?
III. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. gJwU × 4. D$na ×
2. YaVr × 5. Am{Ia ×
3. {XZ × 6. nVm ×
IV. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1. no‹S> - 2. dñVw - 3. ~ÀMm -
V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AÝ` qbJ eãX {b{IE :
~oQ>m$ ~oQ>r eoa eoaZr
1. ~ÀMm 1. _moa
96
 2. b‹S>H$m 2. D±$Q>
3. MmMm 3. {dX²`mWu
VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A ~
1. Mw§~H$ ~ZH$a Zm_ Ý`yQ>Z H$m
2. ItMo dñVwE± JwU YaVr H$m
3. ~ÀMmo! `hr h¡ YaVr h_mar
4. `mX aImo Vw_ AnZr Amoa gmar
VI. Imbr OJh ^[aE :
1. go~ Am`m go ZrMo&
2. Am{Ia `h Š`m| ZrMo?
3. gmoM - gmoMH$a bJm`m&
4. ImoO-~rZH$a `h &
VII. dmŠ`m| H$mo ghr H«$_ go {b{IE :
1. EH$ Wm `wdH$ ~w{Õ_mZ&
2. go~ go {Jam no‹S> EH$ bmb&
3. {\$a \|$H$m go H$mo go~ CgZo&
4. H$a XoI-XoI bJm gmoMZo&
5. H$a bJm`m gmoM-gmoM nVm&
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● Ý`yQ>Z O¡go d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar X|&

*****
97
 nmR> - 14
OrdZ YmÌr - dfm©
g§H${bV -
N>mÌ nmZr Ho$ Cn`moJ Am¡a bm^ go n[a{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

OrdZ Ho$ {bE nmZr A{Zdm`© h¡Ÿ& nmZr Ho$ òmoV AZoH$ h¢ - ZXr,
Zmbm, gmJa Am{XŸ& BZ g~H$m H$maU h¡ dfm©Ÿ& g_wÐ, Prb, Vmbm~
Am¡a Z{X`m| H$m nmZr gyaO H$s J_u go ~mîn ~ZH$a D$na CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg
~mîn go ~mXb ~ZVo h¢Ÿ&
`o ~mXb O~ R>§S>r hdm go Q>H$amVo h¢ Vmo BZ_| ahZodmbo ~mîn Ho$
H$U nmZr H$s ~y±X§o ~Z OmVo h¢Ÿ& ~y±Xm|dmbo ~mXb ^mar hmoH$a O~ YaVr
H$s AmH$f©U e{ŠV go ItMo OmVo h¢, V~ dfm© Ho$ ê$n _| ~ag OmVo h¢Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma YaVr go ~mXb Am¡a ~mXb go YaVr VH$ ~mîn H$s `mÌm ~hþV
amoMH$ h¡Ÿ&
E{e`m _| `wamon H$s Vah ~mah _hrZo dfm© Zht hmoVrŸ& _mZgyZr hdmE±
dfm© bmVr h¢Ÿ& gXr©-J_u H$s F$VwAm| _| dfm© Am_Vm¡a na H$_ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

98
Bg{bE bmoJ dfm© F$Vw H$s àVrjm H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AJa dfm© Zht hmoVr Vmo
AH$mb n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& IoV gy>I OmVo h¢ Am¡a Jm`, ~¡b Am{X _aZo bJVo h¢Ÿ&

O~ ~hþV µÁ`mXm dfm© hmoVr h¡ Vmo Z{X`m± AnZo {H$Zmam| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a
~hZo bJVr h¢Ÿ& BgH$mo ~m‹T> H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

dfm© H$m Ob gm\$ Am¡a ewX²>Y Ob H$m g~go AÀN>m òmoV h¡Ÿ&

99
 dfm© {H$gmZmo§ Ho$ {bE daXmZ h¡Ÿ& dh g^r bmoJm| Ho$ {bE nrZo Ho$
nmZr H$m _yb gmYZ h¡Ÿ& g§gma Ho$ g^r Ord-O§VwAm| Ho$ {bE nmZr
AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& nmZr Ho$ {~Zm H$moB© ^r H$m`© Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm,
O¡go gm\$-g\$mB©, ZhmZm-YmoZm, qgMmB©-~wdmB© Am{XŸ& Bg Vah dfm©
OZ-OrdZ Ho$ {bE AË`§V Cn`moJr h¡Ÿ&

Ohm± dfm© Zht, dhm± OrdZ ZhtŸ&

*****
eãXmW© …
_yb - AmYma, Zmbm - nmZr ~hZo H$m nVbm-gm _mJ©, N>moQ>r ZXr;
Prb - àmH¥${VH$ Obme`, Vmbm~ - nmZr H$m ~‹S>m Hw§$S>, nmoIam;
H$U - ~hþV N>moQ>m Qw>H$‹S>m, ~mîn - ^mn, Am_Vm¡a na - gmYmaUV`m,
~agZm - AmH$me go Ob H$m {JaZm, dfm© - ~agmV, ~m[ae;
àVrjm - B§VµOma, AH$mb - gyIm, {H$Zmam - ZXr `m Obme` H$m VQ>,
òmoV - _ybmYmaŸ&
100
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. OrdZ Ho$ {bE Š`m A{Zdm`© h¡ ?
2. nmZr Ho$ òmoV H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go h¢ ?
3. _mZgyZ H$s hdmE± Š`m bmVr h¢ ?
4. dfm© Zht hmoVr Vmo Š`m hmoVm h¡ ?
5. ewÕ Ob H$m òmoV Š`m h¡ ?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ~mXb H¡$go ~ZVo h¢ ?
2. hdm _| ahZodmbo ~mîn go nmZr H$s ~y±X| H¡$go ~ZVr h¢ ?
3. AH$mb go Š`m-Š`m hm{Z`m± hmoVr h¢?
4. dfm© H$~ hmoVr h¡ ?
5. dfm© Zht hmoVr Vmo Š`m hmoVm h¡?
6. ~m‹T> {H$go H$hVo h¢?
III. eãX Am¡a AW© H$m {_bmZ H$s{OE :
1. no` B§VO
µ ma
2. ^mar ^mn
3. àVrjm dµOZXma
4. ~mîn nrZo H$s MrµO

101
IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmBE :
1. J{V XþJ{© V
2. J§Y
3. JwU
4. ^m½`
V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo Omo{‹S>E :
gyIm ZrMo
D$na J_u
AÀN>r Jrbm
gXu ~mha
A§Xa ~war

VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma EH$ gmW AmZodmbo eãXm| H$mo {b{IE :
Z_yZm : ZXr - Zmbm
1. ImZm -
2. new -
3. noS‹ > -
4. amoZm -

102
VII.Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
Z_yZm : ItMZm qIMmZm
1. grIZm
2. nrQ>Zm
3. grZm
4. nrZm
VIII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
Z_yZm : nhm‹S> - nhm‹S> ~ÀMm - ~ÀMo
1. noS‹ > - 1. ~oQ>m -
2. eoa - 2. ~N>S‹ >m -
3. dMZ - 3. b‹S>H$m -
IX. dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. D$na CR>Zm : .
2. ~mXb ~ZZm : .
3. Q>H$amZm : .
4. ItMZm : .
5. amoMH$ : .
6. àVrjm : .
X. gyMr ~ZmBE :
dfm© nmZr H$m _yb h¡& dfm© A{YH$ hmoZo na ^r hm{Z`m± hmoVr
h¢ Am¡a dfm© Z hmoZo na ^r hm{Z`m± hmoVr h¢& BZ hm{Z`m| H$s gyMr
~ZmBE :
103
 A{YH$ dfm© go hmoZodmbr dfm© Z hmoZo go hmoZodmbr
hm{Z`m± hm{Z`m±

XI. dJm] _| go nmbVy OmZda Am¡a O§Jbr OmZdmam| Ho$ Zm_

T>±y‹T>H$a ZrMo {b{IE :
hm Wr {~ ëbr Kmo ‹S>m
~ H$ ar ^o {‹S> Ý`m
- bmo ^m S‹ > Jm ~m
eo _ by ~¡ ` K
a ‹S>r - b Hw$ Îmm

nmbVy OmZda - {~ëbr,

O§Jbr OmZda - eoa,

104
XII. CÎma {b{IE :
1. A{YH$ dfm© Ho$ H$maU nmZr Z{X`m| Ho$ {H$Zmam| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a
~mha ~hZo bJVm h¡, Vmo Cgo ~m‹T> H$hVo h¢; na dfm© Z
hmoZo na IoV gyI OmVo h¢, Vmo Cgo Š`m H$hVo h¢?
2. ewX²Y nmZr nrZo go AmX_r ñdñW ahVm h¡& J§Xm nmZr nrZo
go AmX_r H$mo H$m¡Z-gr ~r_m[a`m± hmoVr h¢?
3. ZXr Ho$ nmZr H$m Cn`moJ {H$g-{H$g Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡?
^mfm kmZ
"àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m'
arZm Zm¡H$amZr go H$_am gm\$ H$admVr h¡&
AÜ`mnH$ N>mÌ go nmR> n‹T>dmVo h¡§&
{Og {H«$`m H$mo H$Vm© ñd`§ Z H$aHo$ Xÿgao H$mo H$aZo H$s àoaUm XoVm h¡,
Cgo "àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m' H$hVo h¢&
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ê$n h¢> &

àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m

O¡go : _m± n[adma Ho$ {bE ^moOZ ~ZmVr h¡& O¡go : _m± nwÌr go ^moOZ ~ZdmVr h¡&
● amZr ~oQ>o H$mo ImZm {IbmVr h¡& ● amZr amYm go ~oQ>o H$mo {IbdmVr h¡&
● AÜ`mnH$ H${dVm {bImVo h¢& ● AÜ`mnH$ N>mÌ go H${dVm
{bIdmVo h¢&

105
I. [ZåZ {H«$`m eãXm| Ho$ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {b{IE :
CXm: H$aZm H$amZm H$admZm
1. amoZm
2. MbZm
3. OJZm
4. XoZm
5. n‹T>Zm
II. [ZåZ dmŠ`m| _| àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n H$m à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. h_| amOy H$mo eha _| h¡& (Ky_)
2. ~ÀMm| H$mo Iob h¡& (grI)
3. aoUw H$mo AmO amV OëXr h¡& (gmoZm)
4. Ë`mohma Ho$ {bE Z`m H$n‹Sm h¡& (XoZm)
5. ~y‹T>mo§ H$mo h¡& (ImZm)
III. [ZåZ{b{IV {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mAm| go C{MV dmŠ`
~ZmBE :
1. ~ZdmZm 2. qIMdmZm 3. H$admZm
4. bJdmZm 5. {bIdmZm
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● dfm© Ho$ nmZr Ho$ g§ajU H$s OmZH$mar X|&

● H$jm _| nmZr Ho$ {d{^Þ Cn`moJm| H$s MMm© H$admE±Ÿ&

● gmJa go hmoZodmbo nm±M bm^ {bIdmE±&

✾✾✾✾✾
106
 nmR> - 15
^maVr` Ë`mohma
g§H${bV-
Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Am¡a AmMma-
{dMma go n[a{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

g_ñV {díd _| ^maV hr EH$ Eogm Xoe h¡, Ohm± nd© Ed§ Ë`mohmamo§
H$m {gb{gbm df© ^a MbVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& ^maVr` OZOrdZ _| BZ
Ym{_©H$ CËgdm| Am¡a Ë`mohmam| H$m _hËd h¡Ÿ& _H$a g§H«$m§{V, ~¡gmIr,
Xeham, {Xdmbr, `wJm{X, AmoU_, {dew, {H«$g_g, a_µOmZ BË`m{XŸ
Eogo hr Ë`mohma h¢& Hw$N> Ë`mohmam| H$m n[aM` Bg nmR> _| {X`m Om
ahm h¡ -
_H$a g§H«$m§{V :

_H$a g§H«$m§{V à{V df© OZdar _hrZo _| nyao ^maV, {deofV… X{jU
^maV _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& g§H«$m§{V H$mo \$gb H$s H$Q>mB© H$m Ë`mohma ^r
H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg Ë`mohma H$mo Ka-Ka _| gwI, g§n{Îm Ho$ g§Ho$V Ho$ ê$n
_| _Zm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& `wJm| go Eogm _mZm Om ahm h¡ {H$ Bgr {XZ go
107
CÎmam`U nwÊ`H$mb àma§^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg {XZ gy`© _H$a am{e _| àdoe
H$aVm h¡Ÿ& `h {dídmg h¡ {H$ CÎmam`U _| Xoh Ë`mJ H$aZodmbo ì`{ŠV
OÝ_-_aU Ho$ MH«$ go _wŠV hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& _hm^maV Ho$ ^rî_ {nVm_h
Hw$éjoÌ Ho$ `wÕ _| Km`b hmoZo na ^r Bgr {XZ H$s àVrjm H$aVo ahoŸAm¡a
gy`© Ho$ _H$a am{e _| àdoe H$aVo hr CÝhm|Zo A§{V_ g±mg brŸ&
~¡gmIr :

`h Ë`mohma n§Om~ _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& n§Om~r Bgo Z`o gmb H$m
àma§^ _mZVo h¢Ÿ& Bgo ZB© \$gb H$m Ë`mohma ^r _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg
Adga na IoV hao-^ao {XImB© n‹S> Vo h¢ Am¡a a~r \$gb H$Q>mB© Ho$ {bE
V¡`ma ahVr h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maU Jm±dm| Ho$ {H$gmZ Iwer Am¡a C_§J go ^a OmVo
h¢Ÿ& Bgr{bE Bg nd© H$mo CËgd Ho$ ê$n _| _ZmVo h¢Ÿ& Bg Ë`mohma Ho$ {XZ
g~ {_bH$a AmoOnyU© ^m§J‹S>m Am¡a {JÕm Z¥Ë` H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
Bg {XZ g^r bmoJ na§namJV dñÌ nhZVo h¢Ÿ& VmµOo Johÿ± Ho$ AmQ>o H$s
amoQ>r, Xogr Kr Am¡a Jw‹S> ImVo h¢Ÿ& CËgdm{½Z ObmH$a CgHo$ Mmam| Amoa
ZmMVo h¢Ÿ&
108
{dew :

Ho$ab _| Zd df© Ho$ Ama§^ H$mo "{dew' Ë`mohma Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m OmVm
h¡Ÿ& "{dewH$mZmo' AWm©V²> ew^ Ñí` Ho$ AdbmoH$Z H$s àWm Bg Zddf© Ho$
CËgd H$m _hËdnyU© A§J hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AjV, Z`o dñÌ, Vmå~yb -nÌ,
gwnmar, Xn©U, \y$b, {gŠH$m Am{X g_¥{Õ Ho$ gyMH$ nXmWm] H$mo H$m§go Ho$
~V©Z _| aIm OmVm h¡, {Ogo "H${Z' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& n[adma H$s g~go ~‹S>r
gXñ`m "H${Z' H$s ì`dñWm {dew H$s nyd© amV hr H$aVr h¡Ÿ&§ Ho$ab Ho$ bmoJm|
H$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ {dew Ho$ {XZ Omo g~go nhbo Bgo XoIVm h¡, CgHo$ {bE
Zd df© _§JbH$mar hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
{H«$g_g …

109
 nyao {díd _| B©gmB© g_wXm` Ûmam {H«$g_g Ë`mohma ~‹S>r Yy_-Ym_ go
_Zm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& ha gmb 25 {Xg§~a H$mo Bg Ë`mohma na {JaOmKa
OmH$a B©gmB© gm_y{hH$ àmW©Zm _| ^mJ boVo h¢Ÿ& Bg Adga na Jm`o
OmZodmbo JrVm| H$mo "{H«$g_g H¡$a°ëg' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& ~\$s©br g{X©`m| _| ^r
hao-^ao ahZodmbo {H«$g_g no‹S> H$mo Bg Adga na gOm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$
~ma _hmamZr {dŠQ>mo[a`m Ho$ n{V amOHw$_ma Eb~Q>© Zo AnZo _hb
qdS>ga H$m°gb _| H¡$§S>rµO, \$b Am¡a N>moQ>o Vmoh\$m| go EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>o
{H«$g_g Q´>r H$mo gOm`m WmŸ& V~ go `h na§nam Mb n‹S>rŸ&
a_µOmZ :

a_µOmZ _wgb_mZm| H$m n{dÌ Ë`mohma h¡Ÿ& a_µOmZ Ho$ _hrZo _| _wgb_mZ
Vrg {XZ H$m "amoµOm' aIVo h¢Ÿ& "amoµOm' H$m _Vb~ h¡ Cndmg H$m d«VŸ&
_wgb_mZ _mZVo h¢ {H$ gy`m}X` Ho$ nhbo Am¡a gy`m©ñV Ho$ ~mX hr ImZm
Im`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Bg ~rM ImZo - nrZo H$s {H«$`m H$mo ~§X aIZm
Mm{hEŸ& Bg Vah 30 {XZm| VH$ Cndmg H$aZo Ho $ ~mX
a_µOmZ Ë`mohma H$mo ~‹S> r Yy_-Ym_ go _Zm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& g^r _wgb_mZ
~§Yw _g[OX OmVo h¢, Z_mµO n‹T>Vo h¢ Am¡a {_R>mB© ~m±Q>H$a nañna Jbo
110
{_bVo h¢Ÿ& `h Ë`mohma ^mB©Mmao H$s ^mdZm Am¡a Amngr ~§YwËd
H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&
^maV _| _Zm`o OmZodmbo `o g^r Ë`mohma hf© Am¡a Cëbmg, gwI Am¡a
AmZ§X Ho$ nd© h¢Ÿ& BZH$mo h_ AnZo Xoe H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ Yamoha H$h gH$Vo
h¢Ÿ&
*****
eãXmW© …
{díd - g§gma, OJV²> ; Ë`mohma - nd©, {gb{gbm - H«$_, àVrjm -
B§VOµ ma, C_§J - Cëbmg, na§nam - nwamZo g_` go Mbm AmVm hþAm H«$_,
Jw‹S> - nH$mH$a O_m`m hþAm B©I H$m ag, H$m§gm - EH$ {_l YmVw,
Vmoh\$m - Cnhma, Yamoha - g§n{Îm, A_mZV; AdbmoH$Z - XoIZm, a~r
\$gb- dgÝV F$Vw _| H$mQ>r OmZodmbr \$gb&
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. _hm^maV _| ^rî_ {nVm_h {H$g {XZ H$s àVrjm H$a aho Wo ?
2. ~¡gmIr Ë`mohma H$hm± _Zm`m OmVm h¡ ?
3. Ho$ab _| {H$g Ë`mohma H$mo Zd df© H$m gyMH$ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ?
4. H¡$a°ëg {H$go H$hVo h¢ ?
5. H¡$ÊS>rµO, \$b Am¡a N>moQ>o Vmoh\$m| go {H$gH$mo gOm`m OmVm h¡ ?
6. a_µOmZ Ho$ {XZ _wgb_mZ ~§Yw H$hm± OmVo h¢ ?
7. a_µOmZ Ë`mohma {H$gH$m àVrH$ h¡ ?
111
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. _H$a g§H«$m§{V Ë`mohma H$~ Am¡a H¡$go _Zm`m OmVm h¡ ?
2. n§Om~r bmoJ ~¡gmIr Ë`mohma H¡$go _ZmVo h¢ ?
3. "H${Z' {H$go H$hVo h¢ ?
4. {H«$g_g no‹S> H$mo gOmZo H$s na§nam H¡$go AmB© ?
5. amoµOm H¡$go aIm OmVm h¡ ?
III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {déÕ AW©dmbo eãX {b{IE :
OrdZ x _aU
1. {XZ x
2. gwI x
3. Z`m x
4. n{dÌ x
5. {dídmg x
6. gy`m}X` x
IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ` aMZm H$s{OE :
_¢ nmR> n‹T> ahm hÿŸ± &
1. erbm ZmQ>H$
2. ahr_ JmZm
3. AÜ`mnH$ {h§Xr
4. ~N>S‹ >m Kmg
5. nmR>embm H$m K§Q>m
112
V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :
{ejH$ - {e{jH$m
1. AÜ`mnH$ -
2. Zm`H$ -
3. godH$ -
4. g§nmXH$ -
5. ~mbH$ -
6. boIH$ -
VI. "B`m' OwS‹ >Zo go nwqëbJ eãX ñÌrqbJ eãX Ho$ ê$n _| ~XbVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE :
Hw$Îmm - Hw${V`m
1. ~wS>²T‹ >m -
2. JwS>²S‹ >m -
3. {S>ã~m -
VII.CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma dmŠ`m§e Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE:
CXm: {OgH$m hmoZm `m H$aZm H${R>Z hmo - XþñgmÜ`
1. {OgH$m Am{X Z hmo -
2. {OgH$m dU©Z Zht hmoVm hmo -
3. {Og_| g§Xho Zht hmo -
4. Omo H$^r V¥á Zht hmoVm hmo -
113
VIII. AmnHo$ ñHy$b _| Omo Ë`mohma _ZmE OmVo h¢ Am¡a dh Bg Vm{bH$m
_| hmo Vmo CgHo$ gm_Zo (✓) `m ( ✗) H$m {ZemZ bJmBE:
H«$.g§ Ë`mohma ✓ `m ✗

1. hmobr
2. {H«$g_g
3. amIr
4. JUoemoËgd
IX. Aja Omb :
(OJV², B§VµOma, _mZd, a{d)
D$na {bIo eãXmo§ Ho$ {bE nmR> _| Hw$N> g_mZmW©H$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ
{H$`m J`m h¡& CZ eãXm| H$mo AjaOmb _| T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE :
Vr jm
{d à î`
Zw gy
íd `© _
1. OJVy -
2. B§VµOma -
3. _mZd -
4. a{d -

114
X. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| H$m AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1. EH$ -
2. ñÌr -
3. amoQ>r -
4. ì`dñWm -
5. amV -
XI. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| H$m ewXY
² ê$n {b{IE :
1. CÎma`U 4. Ë`m¡hma
2. \$mgb 5. _hm~maV
3. n[ada 6. CñVd
XII. ghr eãX T>T‹y± >H$a {b{IE >:
1. _H$a g§H$« m§{V à{V df© _hrZo _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡&
(OyZ, OZdar, {gV§~a)
2. ~¡gmIr Ë`mohma amÁ` _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡&
(n§Om~, H$Zm©Q>H$, _Ü`àXoe)
3. a_µOmZ H$m n{dÌ Ë`mohma h¡&
({hÝXþAm|, B©gmB`m|, _wgb_mZm|)
XIII. H$ÞS> `m A§JO
µo« r _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. n§Om~r ~¡gmIr H$mo Z`o gmb H$m àma§^ _mZVo h¢&
2. H${Z H$s ì`dñWm {dew H$s nyd© amV hr H$s OmVr h¡&
3. `o g^r Ë`mohma hf© Am¡a Cëbmg, gwI Am¡a AmZ§X Ho$ nd© h¢&
115
 nyaH$ dmMZ
JÚm§e n‹T>H$a CÎma {b{IE :
gmdZ H$s ny{U©_m Ho$ ew^ Adga na gwX§ a Ë`mohma "ajm-~§YZ' H$m
AmJ_Z hmoVm h¡& ^maV _| Bg n{dÌ Ë`mohma H$m {deof _hËd h¡& `h dfm©
F$Vw H$m gyMH$ ~ZH$a AmVm h¡& "ajm-~§YZ' AWm©V² ajm H$m ~§YZ& BZ Xmo
eãXm| _| Ho$db ^mB©-~hZ Ho$ n{dÌ ñZoh H$m hr ~ÝYZ Zht ~{ëH$ Xmo
AmË_mAm|, Xmo öX`m| Am¡a Xmo àmUm| H$s EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ à{V K{Zð>Vm H$s
^mdZm h¡& "ajm ~§YZ' Xoe Ho$ H$moZ-o H$moZo _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡& gmar ~hZ| Bg
Ë`mohma H$s gmb ^a àVrjm H$aVr ahVr h¢& do AnZo hmWm| go ^mB`m| H$mo
amIr ~m±YH$a {_R>mB© {IbmVr h¢& Bgr AmZÝX Am¡a h±gr-Iwer Ho$ gmW `h
Ë`mohma g§nÞ hmoVm h¡&
1. "ajm-~§YZ' Ë`mohma H$mo {H$g Adga na _Zm`m OmVm h¡?
2. "ajm-~§YZ' Ë`mohma Ho$ {bE gmb ^a H$m¡Z àVrjm H$aVr ahVr h¢?
3. "ajm-~§YZ' Ë`mohma H¡$go g§nÞ hmoVm h¡?
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● N>mÌm| go Ka _| _Zm`o OmZodmbo Ë`mohmam| H$m dU©Z H$admE±Ÿ&

● {dX²`mb` _| _Zm`o J`o {H$gr amï´>r` Ë`mohma Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M

dmŠ` {bIdmE±&
✾✾✾✾✾

116
 nmR> - 16
g§Vw{bV Amhma
g§H${bV -
Amhma Ho$ {df` _| _Z_mZr H$aZm C{MV Zht h¡, Omo ~r_m[a`m| H$mo {Z_§ÌU XoVm
h¡& Bg nmR> X²dmam N>mÌ `h OmZH$mar àmá H$aVo h¢ {H$ ñdñW Ed§ gwÑ‹T> ahZo Ho$ {bE
g§Vw{bV Amhma AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡&

_m± : amohZ ~oQ>m, Am, Hw$N> Im bmo&

amohZ : Zhr _m±, _wPo ^yI Zht h¡&
_m± : ^yI Š`m| Zht, g~oao go Hw$N> Zht Im`m h¡&
amohZ : g~oao _¢Zo Mm` nr br Wr&
_m± : Mm` go H$hr§ noQ> ^aVm h¡?
amohZ : {~ñHw$Q> ^r Im`r Wr& Obo~r ^r Im`r Wr&
_m± : `h Vmo {_R>mB© hþB©&
gwJÝYr : g_mogm ^r Zhr§ ImZm h¡?
_m± : {_R>mB© Am¡a Z_H$sZ Im gH$Vo hmo Š`m|{H$ eara Ho$ {bE
eŠH$a Am¡a Z_H$ ^r Amdí`H$ h¢& bo{H$Z A{YH$ _mÌm _|
Zht&
amohZ : Vmo Š`m-Š`m ImZm Mm{hE?
_m± : Xmb-amoQ>r, XÿY, Xhr, A§S>m, gmJ-gãOr, g~ ImZm
Mm{hE&

117
gwJÝYr : Bggo Š`m hmoVm h¡?
_m± : gãOr Am¡a \$bm| _| {dQ>m{_Z Ho$ A§e hmoVo h¢& CZH$m godZ
H$aZo go ~r_m[a`m| go ~M gH$Vo h¢&

àrV_ : hm± MmMr, H$hVo h¢ amoµO EH$ go~ ImAmo Am¡a S>mŠ° Q>a go Xÿa ahmo&
gwJÝYr : _wPo XÿY Zht, AmB©g H«$s_ AÀN>r bJVr h¡&
_m± : Zht ~oQ>r, AmB©g H«$s_ µÁ`mXm ImZo go Jbm Iam~ hmoVm
h¡& Im±gr hmo gH$Vr h¡&
amohZ : XÿY Am¡a Xhr Š`m|?
_m± : XÿY Am¡a Xhr _| H¡$pëg`_ Ho$ A§e h¢& eara H$s h[È>`m| H$mo
VmH$V {_bVr h¡& {~[a`mZr Am¡a _m§g go ^r nmofH$m§e
{_bVo h¢&
àrV_ : àmoQ>rZ {H$g_| hmoVm h¡?
_m± : Johÿ±, Mmdb, _ŠH$m, gmo`m~rZ, MZm, _y±J, Aaha Am{X
AZmO-YmZ _| àmoQ>rZ Ho$ A§e h¢&
amohZ : Am¡a \¡$Q²>g?

118
_m± : gagm|, _y±J\$br, dZñn{V Vob, _ŠIZ, Kr _| M~u `m
\¡$Q> H$m A§e h¡ {Oggo nmMZ {H«$`m gwYaVr h¡& B§OZ Ho$
{bE O¡go noQ´>mob h¡, Cgr Vah _mZd eara Ho$ {bE \¡$Q²>g
Am¡a H$m°~m}hmBS´>oQ²>g h¢&
gwJÝYr : nmZr ^r nrZm Mm{hE Z _m±?
_m± : hm±, nmZr Vmo A{V Amdí`H$ h¡& bo{H$Z EH$ gmW Zht,
EH$ Xmo K§Q>o Ho$ AÝVamb _| Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m nmZr nrZm Mm{hE&
amohZ : g§Vw{bV ^moOZ go Š`m _Vb~ h¡?
_m± : eara H$mo ñdñW Am¡a gwÑ‹T> aIZo Ho$ {bE ghr _mÌm _|
àmoQ>rZ, {dQ>m{_Z, I{ZO, H$m°~m}hmBS´>oQ²>g Am¡a \¡$Q²>g `wŠV
Amhma H$m godZ H$aZm hr g§V{w bV ^moOZ H$hbmVm h¡&

gwJÝYr : Mbmo amohZ Am¡a àrV_, _oao noQ> _| Vmo Myho Xm¡‹S>Zo bJo h¢& gmam
ImZm Imbr H$a X|Jo&
_m± : gmam Zht, Wmo‹S>m-Wmo‹S>m g~ nXmW© Im bmo&
gwJÝYr,amohZ : _m±, OëXr namo{gE&
_m± : M{bE, AmnHo$ {nVmOr ^r Am JE, g~ {_bH$a Amam_ go
ImE±Jo&
*****
119
eãXmW© :
{_R>mB© - eŠH$a `m Jw‹S> go ~Zm _rR>m nXmW©, gmJ-gãOr - VaH$mar,
Iam~ - ~wam, Eo~; Z_H$sZ - Z_H$ Ho$ ñdmXdmbm, h{È>`m± - ApñW`m±,
J®Ä§Ä, ªÀÄƼÉ; nmofH$m§e - nutrient, ¥Ë¶×PÁA±À; Johÿ± - wheat, UÉÆâü;
Mmdb - Rice, CQÌ; Ádma - white millet, eÉÆüÀ; _ŠH$m - maize, ªÉÄPÉÌ
eÉÆüÀ; MZm - PÀqÀ¯É, _y±J - green lentil, ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄPÁ¼ÀÄ; Aaha - MAzÀÄ
¥ÀæPÁgÀzÀ ¨ÉüÉ, \¡$Q²>g - fats, fqÀÄØ; gagm| - mustard, ¸Á¹ªÉ;
_±Jy \$br - ground nut, PÀq¯À PÉ Á¬Ä ©Ãd; H$m°~m©ohmBS>o´Q²>g - carbohydrates,
A§Vamb - ~rM, _Ü`; g§Vw{bV - balanced, ¸ÀªÀÄvÉÆðvÀ, ¸ÀAvÀÄ°vÀ;
{dQ>m{_Z - Vitamin, «l«Ä£ï; I{ZO - minerals, ®ªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ.
_whmdam: noQ> _| Myho Xm¡‹S>Zm - A{YH$ ^yI bJZm, To be very hungry,
ºÉÆmÉÖ vÁ¼À ºÁPÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. amohZ Zo g~oao Š`m-Š`m Im`m Wm?
2. ~r_m[a`m| go ~MZo Ho$ {bE Š`m ImZm Mm{hE?
3. {H$gH$mo AmB©g H«$s_ AÀN>r bJVr h¡?
4. A{YH$ AmB©g H«$s_ ImZo go Š`m hmoVm h¡?
5. XÿY Am¡a Xhr H$m godZ Š`m| H$aZm Mm{hE?
II. Xmo- VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. àmoQ>rZ Ho$ A§e {H$Z MrOm| go àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢?
2. g§Vw{bV Amhma H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡?
120
III. H$mo>ð>H$ _| {X`o J`o eãXm| _| go MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :
(àmoQ>rZ, Am_, nmZr, go~, {dQ>m{_Z-S>r, nmMZ-{H«$`m)
1. H$mo \$bm| H$m amOm H$hm OmVm h¡&
2. eara Ho$ {bE AË`mdí`H$ h¡&
3. dZñn{V Vob H$m godZ H$aZo go gwYaVr h¡&
4. gyaO go àmá hmoVm h¡&
5. A§S>m ImZo go eara Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ {_bVm h¡&
6. à{V{XZ EH$ ImAmo, S>m°ŠQ>a go Xÿa ahmo&

IV. ghr Am¡a JbV {Mh²Z bJmBE :

1. {_R>mB©`m| go eara H$s e{ŠV ~‹T>Vr h¡&
2. XÿY Am¡a Xhr _| nmofH$ VËd h¡&
3. g§Vw{bV Amhma H$m AW© A{YH$m{YH$ ImZm h¡&
4. \$b Am¡a gpãO`m± {dQ>m{_Z Ho$ AÀN>o òmoV h¢&
5. AZmO-YmZ go _m§gno{e`m± _µO~yV Zht hmoVr h¢&

V. Xg AZmOm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE :

1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
121
 7. 8.
9. 10.
VI. dJ}Va eãXm| na Jmobm bJmBE :
CXm : agJwëbm, _¡gyanmH$, go~ , Jwbm~ Om_yZ, bS²>Sy> &
1. Mmdb, Amby, Joh±ÿ, _ŠH$m, ~mOam&
2. Oram, XmëMrZr, nmbmH$, bm¢J, Bbm`Mr&
3. _ybr, Q>_mQ>a, Jmo^r, JmOa, Hw$Vm©&
4. bhgyZ, AXaI, htJ, Vob, gm|R>&
5. amoQ>r, Mm`, nmZr, N>m±N>, ea~V&
VII. gmo{ME Am¡a {b{IE :
1. "A' Aja go ewê$ hmoZodmbo nm±M \$b :
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
2. XÿY go ~ZZodmbo nm±M ImÚ nXmW© :
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
3. µO_rZ Ho$ ZrMo CJZodmbr nm±M gpãO`m± :
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
4. eara Ho$ H$m`© g§MmbZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ nm±M nmofH$ VËd :
i) ii) iii) iv) v)
5. ~‹S> o-~‹S> o no‹S> na CJZodmbo nm±M \$b :
i) ii) iii) iv) v)

122
VIII. dJ© nhobr _| {X`o J`o Ajam| go Amhma g§~§Yr 10 - 15 eãXm|
H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :
A Þm Z g ~m O am A
Zm [a ` b Ir a B© I
a A a h a Xm b amo
go Q> ~ gw Mm Mr Q>
~ Am _ Z Ho$ ` Zr _m
by Q>m H$ ao bm _y bm¢ Q>
Mm d b B _ br J a
IX. ImZ-nmZ go g§~§{Y>V _whmdao :
1. nm±Mm| C±J{b`m± Kr _|
2. amB© H$m na~V ~ZmZm
3. Ka H$s _wJu Xmb ~am~a
4. Am_ H$m Am_ JwR>br H$m Xm_
5. Joh±ÿ Ho$ gmW YwZ ^r {ng OmVm h¡
X. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1. ì`dñWm -
2. godm -
3. njr -
123
 4. Jmbr -
5. ~ÀMm -
6. Ka -
XI. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :
1. n{V -
2. {nVm -
3. _m± -
4. _{hbm -
5. AmX_r -
XII. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
1. H$aZm -
2. MbZm -
3. ~ZZm -
4. CR>Zm -
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● {dkmZ H$s {H$Vm~m| Ûmam N>mÌm| H$mo OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE

H$h| {H$$ {H$Z-{H$Z {dQ>m{_Zm| H$s H$_r go H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr

~r_m[a`m± bJVr h¢& MmQ>© ~ZdmH$a H$jm _| Q>±JdmE±&

✾✾✾✾✾
124
 nmR> - 17
H$~ra Ho$ Xmoho
AÀN>o JwU, ñd^md go _Zwî` H$mo _mZ - gå_mZ H$s àm{á
hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ~wamB© go nañna ñZoh ^md ~‹T> Zht gH$Vm& _Z,
dMZ Am¡a H$_© go n{dÌ ahmo - `hr ^JdmZ H$s ^{ŠV
H$m gÀMm ê$n h¡Ÿ&
1. Eogr ~mZr ~mo{bE, _Z H$m Amnm Imo`Ÿ&
Am¡aZ H$mo grVb H$a¡, Amnhþ± grVb hmo`Ÿ&&
2. gm±M ~am~a Vn Zht, PyR> ~am~a nmnŸ&
OmHo$ {haX¡ gm±M h¡, VmHo$ {haX¡ AmnŸ&&
3. ~‹S>m ^`m Vmo Š`m ^`m, O¡go no‹S> IOyaŸ&
n§Wr H$mo N>m`m Zht, \$b bmJo A{V XyaŸ&&
4. XþI _| gw{_aZ g~ H$a¢, gwI _| H$a¡ Z H$mo`&
Omo gwI _| gw{_aZ H$a¢, Vmo XþI H$mho hmo`&&
*****
H${d n[aM` : H$~raXmg (gZ²> 1398 - 1518)
H$~raXmg ""dmUr Ho$ {S>ŠQ>oQ>a'' Wo& Zré - Zr_m
Zm_H$ _wgb_mZ Owbmho n[adma _| CZH$m nmbZ -
nmofU hþAmŸ& ghOVm, {Z^r©H$Vm BZHo$ H$mì` Ho$
à_wI JwU h¢Ÿ& BZH$s dmUr _| g_mO gwYma H$s
^mdZm Hy$Q>-Hy$Q> H$a ^ar h¡Ÿ& do ~‹S>o Xme©{ZH$ H${do
125
WoŸ& H$~ra H$m H$mì` ~w{X²>Y Am¡a öX` H$m g§J_ h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht, do
~‹S>o g§V H${d WoŸ& CÝh| OrdZ-Zr{V Ho$ Y_© Jwé ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
H$~ra H$s aMZmE± "~rOH$' Zm_ go g§H${bV h¢, {OZHo$$ VrZ ^mJ h¢ -
gmIr, g~X, a_¡ZrŸ&
1. eãXmW© …
~mZr - dmUr, dMZ ; Amnm - Ah§H$ma, Jd©, K_§S>; Imo` -
J±dmZm, N>mS‹o > XoZm, Zï> H$aZm; Am¡aZ - Xygao bmoJm| H$mo, Am¡am| H$mo;
grVb - R>S§ >m&
^mdmW© :
H$~ra H$hVo h¢ {H$ Amn Eogo dMZ ~mo{bE {Oggo AmnH$m Ah§H$ma
{_Q> OmE& AmnH$s ~mob go Xÿgam| H$mo erVbVm {_bo Am¡a AnZm _Z ^r
erVb hmo OmE&
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h¡¡ {H$ h_mar dmUr _Ywa Am¡a _rR>r hmoZr Mm{hE&
Cgo gwZH$a Xÿgam| Ho$ _Z H$s H$Sw>dmhQ> Xÿa hmo Am¡a do ^r h_mao gmW
_rR>m ì`dhma H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV hm|&
2. eãXmW© :
gm±M-gM, gË`; ~am~a - g_mZ, Vn - Vnñ`m, gmYZm; OmHo$ -
{OgHo$, VmHo$ - CgHo$, {haX¡ - öX`, {Xb; Amn - ^JdmZ, na_mË_m&
^mdmW© :
Omo gË`dmXr h¡ AWm©V² Omo gM ~mobVm h¡, {OgH$m ì`dhma ^r ghr
hmoVm h¡, CgH$m M[aÌ ^r ZoH$ hmoVm h¡& ^JdmZ ^r Eogo hr bmoJm| H$mo
AnZmVo h¢&
126
H$~ra Bg gƒmB© Ho$ ~mao _| H$hVo h¢ -
gË` ~mobZo Ho$ g_mZ Xÿgar H$moB© Vnñ`m Zht, gmYZm Zht& BgHo$
{damoY _| PyR> ~mobZo `m PyR>o ì`dhma go ~‹T>H$a H$moB© nmn `m ~wam H$_©
Zht h¡& {OgHo$ {Xb _| gÀMmB© hmoVr h¡, Omo h_oem gM ~mobVm h¡, ghr
_mJ© na MbVm h¡, ^JdmZ ^r CgrHo$ öX` _| {Zdmg H$aVo h¢&
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h¡ - ^JdmZ H$mo ^r gË`dmXr hr {à` hmoVo h¢&
3. eãXmW© :
~‹S>m - b§~m Am¡a Mm¡‹S>m, A{YH$ D±$Mm; ^`m - hmoZm, ~ZZm;
IOya H$m noo‹S> - Vm‹S> O¡gm EH$ b§~m noS‹ >, GvÀÛwÛ ªÀÄgÀ, n§Wr - n{WH$, amhr
^mdmW© :
BÝgmZ YZ-Xm¡bV `m nX-A{YH$ma go Mmho {OVZm ^r ~‹S>m ~Zo,
~‹S>ßnZ H$m ghr {ZemZ Vmo CgH$m namonH$ma hr hmoVm h¡& Bg ^md H$mo
H$~raXmg Eogo àñVwV H$aVo h¢ -
IOya H$m no‹S> b§~m Am¡a D±$Mm hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE Cggo amhJram| H$mo
N>m`m Zht {_bVr& Cg_| CJZodmbo \$b ^r ~hþV D$na hmoVo h¢& Eogo hr
BÝgmZ ^r ~‹S>m H$hbmZo go ~‹S>m Zht hmoVm& Xÿgam| Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr hmoZo
na hr dh _hmZ² ~Z gH$Vm h¡&
VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ _mZd H$mo namonH$mar hmoZm Mm{hE&

127
4. eãXmW© :
gw{_aZ - ñ_aU H$aZm, `mX H$aZm; H$mho - Š`m|, {H$g{bE, {H$g
H$maU go; H$mo` - H$moB©, hmo` - hmoVm h¡&
^mdmW© :
Omo gwI àmá H$aVm h¡ dh EH$ {XZ XþI ^r ^moJVm h¡& Cgr Vah
{Ogo AmO XþI H$m AZw^d H$aZm n‹S>m h¡ Cgo ^{dî` _| gwI µOê$a
{_boJm& bo{H$Z h_| XmoZm| g_` ^JdmZ H$m ñ_aU H$aZm Mm{hE& Bgr
{dMma H$mo H$~ra Eogo H$hVo h¢ -
g~ bmoJ XþI Am¡a {dnÎmr Ho$ g_` _| ^JdmZ H$m ñ_aU H$aVo h¢&
bo{H$Z gwI àmá hmoZo na ^JdmZ H$s `mX Zht H$aVo & H$~ra H$hVo h¢
{H$ AJa gwI Ho$ g_` _| ^r ^JdmZ H$s `mX H$aVo Vmo XþI H$s pñW{V
CËnÞ Zht hmoVr&
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© h¡ {H$ gwI Am¡a XþI XmoZm| ^JdmZ H$s hr XoZ h¡,
BZ XmoZm| H$mo h_ g_mZ _Zmo^md go ñdrH$ma H$a|, Vmo h_mam OrdZ
gwJ_ hmoVm h¡&
*****

128
 Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. H¡$gr dmUr ~mobZr Mm{hE ?
2. H$~ra gƒmB© Am¡a PyR> H$mo {H$gHo$ g_mZ _mZVo h¢ ?
3. {H$gHo$ öX` _| B©ída ahVm h¡ ?
4. IOya Ho$ no‹S> go {H$go N>m`m Zht {_bVr ?

II. VrZ - Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. IOya Ho$ no‹S> go h_| Š`m grI {_bVr h¡ ?
2. _Z go ~wao {dMma H¡$go {_Q> OmVo h¢?
3. h_| {H$g Vah H$s ~mV| H$aZr Mm{hE ?
4. ^JdmZ H$m ñ_aU _Zwî` H$~ Am¡a Š`m| H$aVm h¡?
5. gM Am¡a PyR> _| Š`m A§Va h¡ ?

III. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

gË` x AgË`
1. Y_© x 4. {hV x

2. Ý`m` x 5. em§V x

3. MoV x 6. g\$b x

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IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :
CXm : Anojm - BÀN>m
1. A{½Z -
2. CÎma -
3. H$ZH$ -
4. IJ -
5. Jwé -
6. Vmam -
V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma eãXm| Ho$ AÝ` ê$n {b{IE :
Z_yZm : ~mZr - dmUr
1. gm±M -
2. {haX¡ -
3. grVb -
4. OwJ -
5. n§Wr -
VI. nÚ^mJ nyU© H$s{OE :
Eogr ~mZr &
Amnh±w grVb hmo` &&
gm±M ~am~a &
VmHo$ {haX¡ Amn &&
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VII. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| H$mo CbQ>H$a {b{IE - Xo{IE BZgo H$m¡Z-go
eãX ~ZVo h¢?
CXm : ZmM - MZm
1) `mX -
2) a_m -
3) Zd -
4) bVm -
5) ham -
6) ZXr -

VIII. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| H$mo C{MV dJm] Ho$ A§VJ©V {b{IE :
nrnb, dg§V, a{ddma, e{Zdma, J«rî_, hmobr,
Zr_, Xeham, AŠVy~a, IOya, ho_V§ , Vm‹S>,
{gV§~a, _§Jbdma, B©X, {H«$g_g, dfm©, _B©,
~wYdma, \$adar

{XZ _hrZm F¥$Vw noS‹ > Ë`mohma

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IX. dmŠ` ewX²Y H$s{OE :
1. _mohgrZ H$m _m± ~r_ma h¡&
2. h_mar ^mfm Ho$ Zm_ qhXr h¡&
3. {Xëbr ^maV H$s amOYm{Z`m± h¡&
4. H¥$îUm, JmoXmdar, H$mdoar X{jU ^maV H$s ZXr h¢&
5. gM H$m {dbmo_ eãX PyR>m h¡&
6. erVbVm H$m AW© R>§S>m h¡&
7. AÜ`m{nH$m nmR> n‹T>mVm h¡&
X. eãXm| H$mo ewX²Y H$s{OE :
1. g_wÝÐ
2. H$Šjm
3. n§jr
4. gÜ`m
5. H$_«
6. {_R>r
XI. {ZåZ{b{IV eãX EH$ O¡go bJVo h¢, na§Vw BZHo$ AW© g_mZ
Zht h¢& AW© {bIH$a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. ~mK - ^mJ
2. AZb - A{Zb
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 3. n[aUm_ - n[a_mU
4. _mVm - _mWm
5. ~mb - ^mb
6. Amoa - Am¡a

XII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:

1. H$~raXmg EH$ ^ŠV H${d h¢&
2. H$mo_b dMZ go _Z H$mo erVbVm {_bVr h¡&
3. PyR> Ho$ g_mZ H$moB© nmn Zht h¡&
4. no‹S>m| go n{WH$m| H$mo N>m`m {_bVr h¡&
5. _Z H$s ew{X²Y hr ^JdmZ H$s nyOm h¡&

XIII. Xmoho H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &

nyaH$ dmMZ
grIo§ h_ Xmo AÀN>r ~mV| -
1. g~go H$‹S>dr ~mV, b‹S>mB©&
g~go _rR>r gwbh - g\$mB©&

133
 2) Hw$hÿ-Hw$hÿ H$mo`b,
PyR> Z ~mob &
gM H$hZo _|
bJo Z _mob &
3) Vy-Vy, _¢-_¢
Ja_ b‹S>mB©,
Vy Mþn, _¢ Mwn
IV_ b‹S>mB© &
1. b‹S>mB© {H$g ~mV go hmoVr h¡?
2. {H$g àH$ma H$s ~mV na _mob Zht bJVm?
3. Mwn ahZo H$m bm^ Š`m h¡?
AÜ`mnZ g§Ho$V :
● qhXr Ho$ _hmZ> H${d h¢ VwbgrXmgŸ& CÝhm|Zo am_m`U {bIm h¡,

{OgH$m Zm_ h¡ "am_M[aV_mZg'Ÿ& Cg_| ^{ŠV Am¡a {dZ_«Vm H$s

^mdZm go g§~§{YV {dMma àmá hmoVo h¢Ÿ& N>mÌm| H$mo Wmo‹S>r Am¡a
OmZH$mar X|Ÿ&

✾✾✾✾✾

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