SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NUMBER: NET 201

COURSE TITLE: Networking 1
MODULE: 1

OVERVIEW
Introduction to Data Communications and Networking
 Data and Information  Data Representation
 Data Communication  Data Flow
 Characteristics of Data Communication  Computer Network
 Components of Data Communication  Standards in Networking

MODULE OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, the students must have:
 defined and differentiated Data and Information;
 defined Data Communication, its Characteristics, Components, Representation and Flow;
 defined Computer Network and distinguished the Standards in Networking.
INTRODUCTION
Data communications refers to the transmission of this digital data between two or more computers
and a computer network or data network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to
exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is established using
either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.

A system of interconnected computers and computerized peripherals such as printers is called

computer network. This interconnection among computers facilitates information sharing among them.
Computers may connect to each other by either wired or wireless media.

DISCUSSION
Data & Information
 Data refers to the raw facts that are collected while information refers to processed data that
enables us to take decisions.
 Ex. When result of a particular test is declared it contains data of all students, when you find
the marks you have scored you have the information that lets you know whether you have
passed or failed.
 The word data refers to any information which is presented in a form that is agreed and
accepted upon by is creators and users.

Data Communication
 Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information
 In case of computer networks this exchange is done between two devices over a transmission
medium.
 This process involves a communication system which is made up of hardware and software.
The hardware part involves the sender and receiver devices and the intermediate devices
through which the data passes. The software part involves certain rules which specify what is
to be communicated, how it is to be communicated and when. It is also called as a Protocol.
 The following sections describes the fundamental characteristics that are important for the
effective working of data communication process and is followed by the components that make
up a data communications system.

Characteristics of Data Communication

The effectiveness of any data communications system depends upon the following four fundamental
characteristics:
1. Delivery: The data should be delivered to the correct destination and correct user.
2. Accuracy: The communication system should deliver the data accurately, without introducing
any errors. The data may get corrupted during transmission affecting the accuracy of the
delivered data.
3. Timeliness: Audio and Video data has to be delivered in a timely manner without any delay;
such a data delivery is called real time transmission of data.
4. Jitter: It is the variation in the packet arrival time. Uneven Jitter may affect the timeliness of
data being transmitted.

Components of Data Communication

1. Message: Message is the information to be communicated by the sender to the receiver.
2. Sender: The sender is any device that is capable of sending the data (message).
3. Receiver: The receiver is a device that the sender wants to communicate the data (message).
 4. Transmission Medium: It is the path by which the message travels from sender to receiver. It
can be wired or wireless and many subtypes in both
5. Protocol: It is an agreed upon set or rules used by the sender and receiver to communicate
data. A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. A Protocol is a necessity in
data communications without which the communicating entities are like two persons trying to
talk to each other in a different language without know the other language.

Elements of a Protocol
1. Syntax
 It means the structure or format of the data.
 It is the arrangement of data in a particular order.
2. Semantics
 It tells the meaning of each section of bits and indicates the interpretation of each section.
 It also tells what action/decision is to be taken based on the interpretation.
3. Timing
 It tells the sender about the readiness of the receiver to receive the data
 It tells the sender at what rate the data should be sent to the receiver to avoid
overwhelming the receiver.

Data Representation
Data is collection of raw facts which is processed to deduce information.

There may be different forms in which data may be represented. Some of the forms of data used in
communications are as follows:
1. Text
 Text includes combination of alphabets in small case as well as upper case.
 It is stored as a pattern of bits. Prevalent encoding system : ASCII, Unicode
2. Numbers
 Numbers include combination of digits from 0 to 9.
 It is stored as a pattern of bits. Prevalent encoding system : ASCII, Unicode
3. Images
 An image is worth a thousand words‖ is a very famous saying. In computers images are
digitally stored.
 A Pixel is the smallest element of an image. To put it in simple terms, a picture or image is
a matrix of pixel elements.
 The pixels are represented in the form of bits. Depending upon the type of image (black n
white or color) each pixel would require different number of bits to represent the value of a
pixel.
 The size of an image depends upon the number of pixels (also called resolution) and the bit
pattern used to indicate the value of each pixel.
 Example: if an image is purely black and white (two color) each pixel can be represented by
a value either 0 or 1, so an image made up of 10 x 10 pixel elements would require only
100 bits in memory to be stored.
 On the other hand an image that includes gray may require 2 bits to represent every pixel
value (00 - black, 01 – dark gray, 10 – light gray, 11 –white). So the same 10 x 10 pixel
image would now require 200 bits of memory to be stored.
 Commonly used Image formats : jpg, png, bmp, etc
 4. Audio
 Data can also be in the form of sound which can be recorded and broadcasted. Example:
What we hear on the radio is a source of data or information.
 Audio data is continuous, not discrete.
5. Video
 Video refers to broadcasting of data in form of picture or movie

Data Flow
Two devices communicate with each other by sending and receiving data. The data can flow between
the two devices in the following ways.
1. Simplex
 In Simplex, communication is unidirectional
 Only one of the devices sends the data and the other one only receives the data.
 Example: a cpu send data while a monitor only receives data.
2. Half Duplex
 In half duplex both the stations can transmit as well as receive but not at the same time.
 Example: A walkie-talkie.
3. Full Duplex
 In Full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time.
 Example: mobile phones

Computer Network
 A computer network can be defined as a collection of nodes. A node can be any device capable of
transmitting or receiving data. The communicating nodes have to be connected by communication
links.

 Computer Networks are used for data communications

 A Compute network should ensure

o reliability of the data communication process

o security of the data

o performance by achieving higher throughput and smaller delay times

Computer Network Elements

1. Computers:
A computer is a digital device that is able to accept data as input, a process that data using
predefined algorithms and data structures, and perform tasks as output – that includes the
transformation of raw data into information, then knowledge, and finally insight about the data’s
domain. The output also takes the form of the performance of physical tasks along with data
storage, data transformation, and data retrieval. The network is also formed by computers for the
purposes of data interchange and leveraging a distributed programming model for parallel
processing.
2. Transmission medium:
 The means through which we send our data from one place to another is known as the
Transmission medium. Signals are used to represent data by computers and other telecommunication
devices. The signals (i.e., data or information) are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic energy
from one device to another. These signals travel through a vacuum, air, or other transmission
mediums to move from one point to another (from sender to receiver).
The transmission medium is of two types:
o Wired or Guided: For example, Twisted Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable, and Optical Fibre Cable.
o Wireless or Unguided: For example, Radiowaves, Microwaves, and Infrared.
3. Protocols:
There are some defined rules and conventions for communication between network devices.
These are called Protocols. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make
connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into sent
and received messages.
Protocols may be of 3 types:
o Internet Protocols
o Wireless Network Protocols
o Network Routing Protocols
4. Network Software:
Network software is a foundational element for any network. This type of software helps
administrators deploy, manage and monitor a network. The traditional networks are made up of
specialized hardware, such as routers and switches, that bundle the networking software into the
solution. Such type of software encompass a broad range of software used for the design,
implementation, and operation, and monitoring of computer networks. Traditional networks were
hardware-based with software embedded. When software like Defined Networking (SDN) emerged,
the software is separated from the hardware thus making it more adaptable to the ever-changing
nature of the computer network.

Categories of Network
Networks are categorized on the basis of their size.
The three basic categories of computer networks are:
1. Local Area Networks (LAN) is usually limited to a few kilometers of area. It may be privately
owned and could be a network inside an office on one of the floor of a building or a LAN could
be a network consisting of the computers in a entire building.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN) is made of all the networks in a (geographically) large area. The
network in the entire state of Maharashtra could be a WAN
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is of size between LAN & WAN. It is larger than LAN but
smaller than WAN. It may comprise the entire network in a city like Passi.

Standards in Networking
 Standards are necessary in networking to ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between
various networking hardware and software components.
 Without standards we would have proprietary products creating isolated islands of users which
cannot interconnect.

Concept of Standard
 Standards provide guidelines to product manufacturers and vendors to ensure national and
international interconnectivity.
 Data communications standards are classified into two categories:
 1. De facto Standard
 These are the standards that have been traditionally used and mean by fact or by
convention
 These standards are not approved by any organized body but are adopted by
widespread use.
2. De jure standard
 It means by law or by regulation.
 These standards are legislated and approved by an body that is officially recognized.
Standard Organizations in field of Networking
 Standards are created by standards creation committees, forums, and government regulatory
agencies
 Examples of Standard Creation Committees
o International Organization for Standardization(ISO)
o International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Standard (ITU-T)
o American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
o Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
o Electronic Industries Associates (EIA)
 Examples of Forums
o ATM Forum
o MPLS Forum
o Frame Relay Forum
 Examples of Regulatory Agencies:
o Federal Communications Committee (FCC)
o Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT)
o National Telecommunications Commision (NTC)

Activity No. 1
Name: Date:
Year and Section: Signature:

(20 points) What are the characteristics of data communication? Discussed briefly.
 Activity No. 2
Name: Date:
Year and Section: Signature:

(20 points) What are the components of a data communication system? Discussed briefly.

SUMMARY
Networks and the Internet have changed the way we communicate, learn, work, and even play.

Networks come in all sizes. They can range from simple networks consisting of two computers to
networks connecting millions of devices.
The Internet is the largest network in existence. In fact, the term Internet means a “network of
networks.” The Internet provides the services that enable us to connect and communicate with our
families, friends, work, and interests.

The network infrastructure is the platform that supports the network. It provides the stable and reliable
channel over which communication can occur. It is made up of network components including end
devices, intermediate devices, and network media.

RUBRICS for Activity No. 1 and 2

Category 4 3 2 1
Neatness and The work is The work is The work is The work appears
organization presented in a presented in a presented in an sloppy and
neat, clear, neat and organized fashion unorganized. It is
organized fashion organized fashion but may be hard hard to know
that is easy to that is usually to read at times. what information
read. easy to read. goes together.
Understanding I got it!! I did it in I got it. I I understood I did not
new ways and understood the parts of the understand the
showed you how problem and have problem. I got problem.
it worked. I can an appropriate started, but I
tell you what solution. All parts couldn’t finish.
concepts are of the problem
used. are addressed.
Explanation Complete Good solid Explanation is Misses key points
response with a response with unclear
detailed clear explanation
explanation
Demonstration of Shows complete Response shows Response shows Response shows a
Knowledge understanding of substantial SOME complete lack of
questions, ideas, understanding understanding understanding
and processes
Requirements Goes beyond the Meets the Hardly meets the Does not meet
requirements requirements requirements the requirements

Put a check on the topic whether you can understand it on your own, need more reference material, or
if you can’t understand.
SELF ASSESSMENT
 I CAN DO IT WITH
I CAN DO IT ON MY THE HELP OF A I CANNOT
OWN. REFERENCE UNDERSTAND.
MATERIAL.
Introduction to Data
Communications and
Networking

Please write your written feedback below:

Name: Date:
Year and Section: Signature:

REFERENCES
1. Kurose, Ross, et al. 2017. Computer Networking A Top-Down Approach. 7 th Edition. Pearson
Education Limited
2. Fox, Hao, et al. 2018. Internet Infrastructure – Networking, Web Services, and Cloud
Computing. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 3. Data Communication and Networking. Retrieved from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/index.htm
4. Network Protocols and its Security. Retrieved from https://www.w3schools.in/cyber-
security/network-protocols-and-its-security/

SUGGESTED READINGS
1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/index.htm
2. https://itexamanswers.net/introduction-to-networks-6-0-instructor-materials-chapter-1-explore-the-
network.html