PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 3.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for General Forms of Communication
Enduring Understanding human communication. ~Wardaugh (1972) 1. Verbal Communication— refers to the sharing of
 Basically, language can be defined as the tool used in Characteristics of Language information,
communication process. (Fromkin and Rodman, 2003) ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals using
 It is through language that we are able to express our 1. Wherever humans exist, language exists. speech or spoken communication.
thoughts, share our feelings, and communicate our views 2. All languages change through time.  Examples of verbal communication are face-to-face
and perspectives about things. 3. All grammars contain rules for the formation of words conversations, telephone conversations, video chat,
 We make decisions every day, or have decisions made and sentences of a similar speech delivery, and television and radio broadcasts.
about us by other people, based on the language we use. 4. Similar grammatical categories (e.g. noun, verb, etc.) are  Conversation is said to be the most common form of
We frequently evaluate a person’s education, found in all languages. verbal communication because we do this in our day-to-
socioeconomic level, background, honesty, friendliness, 5. Any normal child, born anywhere in the world, of any day interaction with others.
and numerous other qualities by how that person speaks. racial, geographical, social, or economic heritage, is Types of Conversation (Angel, 2016)
 Language is integrally intertwined with our notions of capable of learning any language to which s/he is exposed 1. Dialogue is a cooperative, two-way conversation. The
who we are on both the personal and the broader, societal to. The differences we find among languages cannot be goal is for participants to exchange information and build
levels. due to biological reasons relationships with one another.
 When we use language, we communicate our individual Example:
thoughts, as well as the cultural beliefs and practices of Forms of Communication • Two undecided voters talking to each other about the
the communities of which we are a part: our families,  Every day of our lives, we deal with people, we candidates, trying to figure out who they want to vote for.
social groups, and other associations. communicate 2. Debate is a competitive, two-way conversation. The
 However, language can also be the source of with people— with family, with friends, with teachers, goal is to win an argument or convince someone, such as
misunderstanding sometimes. with colleagues, even with strangers. the other participant or third-party observers.
 That is because there is no one- to-one correspondence  We communicate in a variety of ways. Example:
between words and meanings, and even between gestures  But we have to remember that our success or failure in • Two family members from opposite sides of the political
and meanings. the communication process may depend on which among spectrum arguing over politics.
• Take for instance the following example: these ways to use at any given communicative context to 3. Discourse is a cooperative, one-way conversation. The
Karon is a word found both in Hiligaynon and Cebuano maximize our success. goal is to deliver information from the speaker to the
languages referring to the concept of time. But while  As Barry and Fulmer (2004) suggest, the key to effective listeners.
karon in Cebuano means ‘now’, karon in Hiligaynon means communication is to match the communication channel Example:
‘later’. with the goal of the message. • A professor giving a lecture on international politics.
 It is therefore important that we are familiar with a  Spoken communication makes more sense when the 4. Diatribe is a competitive, one-way conversation. The
particular sender is conveying a sensitive or emotional message, goal is to express emotions, browbeat those that disagree
language so that we can understand it and use it in the needs feedback immediately, and does not need a with you, and/or inspire those that share the same
communication process. permanent record of the conversation. perspective.
1. Language is a purely human and non- instinctive method  Written media may be a better choice when the sender: Example:
of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means  wants a record of the content, • A disgruntled voter venting about the election’s
of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.  has less urgency for a response, outcome.
~Sapir (1921)  is physically separated from the receiver, Some Suggestions for Effective Verbal Communication
2. Language is the process whereby humans communicate  doesn’t require a lot of feedback from the receiver, 1. Know your audience
and interact with each other by means of habitually used  or when the message is complicated and may take some 2. Know your topic
oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. ~Hall(1969) time to understand.” 3. Plan your presentation
4. Be familiar with the venue • This refers to the delivery of a message to a particular • They can make or break careers, launch wars, or bridge
2. Non-verbal Communication— refers to the group of people, as when a political candidate delivers a peace,
transmission of a political campaign speech to the listeners. among others
message without the use of words.  Instead, the message 3.4. Visual Communication 3. Invoke Participatory Democracy
is conveyed through gestures, body language, posture, • This refers to the transmission of information and ideas • Communication ethics is a joint responsibility between
facial expressions, eye contact, touch, and tone of voice. using symbols and images. the speaker and the audience.
3.5. Mass Communication • Communication ethics is a joint responsibility between
Non-verbal cues that can enhance or hamper the • Mass communication is a process in which a person, the speaker and the audience.
effectiveness of verbal communication: group of people, or an organization sends a message 4. Demonstrate Mindfulness of Cultural Diversity
1. Facial Expressions through television, radio, print media, and social media to • Ethical communicators construct their speeches being
2. Eye Contact a large group of anonymous and heterogeneous people mindful of cultural differences-- that means being careful
3. Body Language and organizations. not to offend others with the things that they say.
4. Posture 3.6. Computer-Mediated Communication 5. Treat People as Ends, Not Means
5. Space • Computer-mediated communication is often referred to • The best interest of the audience should be the ends
3. Written Communication as CMC. CMC is “the use of an application computer to sought by the speaker. We should refrain from
 It refers to the type of communication that uses the control multimedia interactive and message- based manipulating people just so we can achieve what we want.
written language. communication” (Walters, 1995). • The best interest of the audience should be the ends
 It includes the traditional pen and paper letters and Communication Ethics sought by the speaker. We should refrain from
documents, electronic documents, e-mail, SMS or text Ethics in General manipulating people just so we can achieve what we want.
messages, memos, written reports, and everything else  Ethics deals with the issues of right and wrong in human Guidelines for Ethical Listening
transmitted through the written language. affairs. 1. Be Courteous and Attentive
 Written communication is also indispensable in formal  We are faced with ethical dilemmas when we ask • Just as speakers have the ethical obligation to prepare
business communication and legal documents. ourselves whether what we do is fair or unfair, moral or for their speeches, the listeners have the ethical obligation
 It also takes a longer time to compose a written immoral, honest or dishonest, and just or unjust. to be courteous and attentive during the delivery of the
communication compared to speech, and some people Ethics in Communication speech.
actually struggle in composing a written communication  Since communication is an everyday activity, it should 2. Avoid Prejudging the Speaker
because of their writing skill. also observe ethical standards because ethical • Jumping to conclusions about the points of the speaker
3. Other Forms of Communication communication gives rise to trust. even before the speech begins is one of the major barriers
3.1. Intrapersonal Communication  Only when people perceive us as ethical and trustworthy to effective listening.
McLean (2005) defines intrapersonal communication as will we be able to make them believe in what we say. • This doesn’t mean that you have to agree with
communicating with oneself, and that may include self- Ethics in Communication everything that the speaker says.
talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall 1. Be Truthful • Listen to the speaker even if you don’t agree with him or
and memory. • Truthfulness is fundamental to all forms of her
3.2. Interpersonal Communication communication. 3. Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas
• This type of communication refers to the exchange of • Communicators who are caught lying will lose their • A democratic society depends on the free and open
ideas, information, feelings, and attitudes between two or credibility and the goodwill of the audience, which are expression of ideas.
more people. essential to influencing them. • Just keep in mind that ensuring a person’s right to
2. Show Respect for the Power of Words express his or her ideas doesn’t mean agreeing with those
• Words are powerful. ideas.
3.3. Public Communication What is Public Speaking?
 Public speaking is one form of communication wherein  It can be thin, hoarse, hanky, rough, or airy, etc. since  While people are basically there to listen to what the
one delivers a message/speech in front of an audience. vocal quality can be improved and even changed. speaker has to say, how he/she looks can make the
 A skilled public speaker has the ability to get across SICAL DELIVERY ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL DELIVERY audience interested and pay attention to his/her
his/her message effectively to an interested audience so as 1. Facial Expression presentation.
the audience can arrive at a good decision thus influence  No matter how speakers project the voice or dancers  Dress appropriately for both your audience and the
people’s outlook and character. move their body, if they do not show appropriate facial occasion.
 Styles and strategies play an important role to achieve expressions, they fail.  Avoid flashy jewelry.
the power to influence your audience to act and do 2. Eye Contact  A little makeup for women and a clean haircut for men
something.  Looking directly at the audience will make them feel that will definitely be appealing.
 It is also important to know the components of public they are significant part of the presentation. Why Do We Fear Public Speaking?
speaking that would result to an efficient and effective  Effective eye contact will establish connection with the  Many, if not most, people have stage fright.
speech delivery. audience.  Once they set foot on stage, their knees and hands start
Elements of Vocal Delivery 3. Gestures trembling.
1. Pitch  Too much gestures might be an overkill; too little of  Where does such fear come from?
 This refers to the highness or lowness o the tone of the them might make the presentation dull.  According to BDO, Seidman & LL (2009), people who
voice.  Hence, it is imperative that speakers consider the size of deliver speeches look at themselves as the “center stage”.
 The speaker’s knowledge of when to raise or lower the the audience.  Once they see the crowd, their anxiety grows even
tone of his/her voice is important.  While putting hands inside the pocket may be acceptable stronger.
 The pitch must be varied. to project a casual look, many successful public speakers  They are also scared of looking foolish particularly when
would still prefer the use of formal gestures particularly in they stumble in their delivery.
very formal  BDO, Seidman, & LLP (2009) offer three steps to
2. Volume occasions. overcome stage fright.
 This refers to the loudness or softness of the sound.  With the hands inside the pocket, the speaker might look 1. Be prepared.
3. Rate uncertain or awkward. 2. Keep on practicing.
 This refers to the speed at which words are spoken. 4. Posture 3. Relax before speaking.
 The rate must be adapted to the type of audience with  Good posture does not have to be very stiff nor does it
which the speaker communicates. have Preparation for Oral Delivery
4. Pause to be too relaxed that the speaker appears lousy or even 1. Use your voice properly.
 This refers to the temporary stop in the vocal delivery, arrogant. 2. Relax and speak naturally.
which serves a good purpose.  Standing straight and tall, with both feet flat and slightly 3. Use the language effectively.
5. Animation apart, chin up, shoulders relaxed, coupled with that 4. Be careful in articulation and pronunciation.
 This refers to the liveliness of the voice. charming smile can make up a good posture. 5. Avoid nervous fillers and slang words.
 The speaker’s ability to animate his/her voice will 5. Movement 6. Show passion and sincerity.
definitely make the presentation dynamic.  Knowing when to move to and fro must be clear to every 7. Use nonverbal signs.
6. Vocal Clarity speaker. 8. Be prepared.
 This refers to proper pronunciation.  Moving too much and aimlessly can be very distracting. SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
 The speaker must be able to utter the words properly  Effective movements must be purposeful, that is, the PURPOSE OF SPEECH
and clearly. speaker moves only when making or emphasizing a point. In delivering a speech, you must know the purpose of your
7. Vocal Quality 6. Appearance piece before delivering it in front of an audience. Here are
 This refers to the distinct characteristic of one’s voice. four basic types of speeches that are used: to inform, to
demonstrate, to persuade, and to entertain. But, all of ♣Become an organ donor 4 Methods of Delivery
these are not mutually exclusive of one another. Elements in writing a Persuasive Speech: 1. Impromptu Speaking
INFORMATIVE SPEECH 1. Credibility - is the presentation of a short message without advance
This speech serves to provide interesting and factual Establish your credibility by demonstrating expertise, preparation
information to your audience. To deliver this information, evidence and knowledge of your subject. - often occur when someone is asked to “say a few words”
the message must be delivered clearly to the audience 2. Passion or give a toast on a special occasion
Example: - Convey the subject with confidence, passion and Examples:
College professor lecturing on a specific topic during a conviction to Self-introductions in group settings
class. appeal to the emotions of the audience. “Hi, my name is Steve, and I’m a volunteer with the Homes
Main elements in writing an Informative Speech: ENTERTAINING SPEECH for the Brave program.”
1. Knowledge This speech’s sole purpose is to have your audience enjoy When answering a question:
-In order for your speech to be more accurate, you must the presentation. Entertainment speech has the nature to “What did you think of the documentary?”
demonstrate expertise and knowledge of the subject by transmit a feeling of pleasure as well as goodwill to the Advantage:
establishing credibility to your information to adequately audience of listeners. • it’s spontaneous and responsive in an animated
inform your audience. How do you make a speech entertaining? Disadvantage
2. Key Points -Tell jokes -The speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the
-Repeat all key points to ensure knowledge retention. -Tell funny stories central
3. Interest -Over dramatize an anecdote 2. Extemporaneous Speaking
-Convey your speech with confidence and including Guidelines in creating an Entertaining Speech: - is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed
unusual facts about the subject. 1. Choose an appropriate topic speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief
DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH 2. Enjoy yourself notes.
This speech is written to explain and show people a step- 3. Keep it simple - can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience
by-step instruction on how to do something. This involves 4. Make it visceral and assess how well they understand the speech as it
various types of visual aids to ensure effectiveness of the Speeches According to Delivery progresses.
instructions. What is Speech Delivery? - The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to
Example: Speech delivery is one of the most important aspect in restate more clearly any idea or concept that the audience
♣How to write a speech delivering a speech aside from the preparation of the seems to have trouble grasping.
speech which entails research , organization , outlining , Examples:
MAIN ELEMENTS IN WRITING A DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH and practicing. Speaking about workplace safety and you use the term
1. Instructions Delivery is a result of the combination of two kinds of “sleep
-Provides clear and concise instructions to your audience. communication which is verbal communication and deprivation”. If you notice your audience’s eyes glazing
2. Task Breakdown nonverbal communication. over, it is an indication of their uncertainty about what you
-The task must be understandable in a logical way. Students may have the impulse to avoid “messing it up” mean. If this
PERSUASIVE SPEECH by simply reading it word for word. But students who do happens, you can add a short explanation; for example,
This speech is written to persuade or convince your this miss out on one of the major reasons for studying “sleep deprivation is sleep loss serious enough to threaten
audience of the validity of your argument. This involves public speaking: to learn ways to “connect” with one’s one’s cognition, hand-to-eye coordination, judgment, and
persuading someone to change their opinion or take into audience and to increase one’s confidence in doing so. emotional health.”, or instead provide a concrete example
account some elements that have not really been to illustrate the idea. Then you can resume your message,
considered before. having clarified an important concept.
Example:
Advantages:  It is worth noting that professional speakers, actors, If you lose your place and start to ad lib, the contrast in
It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be news reporters, and politicians often read from an autocue your style of delivery will alert your audience that
perceived as knowledgeable and credible. device, such as a teleprompter, especially when appearing something is wrong.
audience is likely to pay better attention to the message on television, where eye contact with the camera is More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the
because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally. crucial. presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your
The speaker can also relay each word through eye With practice, a speaker can achieve a conversational place and keep going.
contact to the audience. tone and give the impression of speaking Speeches According to Special Occasions
The outline created can also help the speaker remember extemporaneously while using an autocue device. What is Special Occasion Speech?
the important point in his/her speech. Success in Manuscript Speaking medium depends on two Ceremonial speeches are given during a ceremony or a
Disadvantages: factors: ritual that observes formality or etiquette.
It requires a great deal of preparation for both verbal and (1)the speaker is already an accomplished public speaker These types of ceremonies tend to be very special to
nonverbal components of the speech. who has learned to use a conversational tone while some people, so it shouldn’t be surprising that they are
Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before delivering a prepared script; and opportunities for speech making.
you’re scheduled to speak. (2) the speech is written in a style that sounds The Special Occasion Speeches
3. Manuscript speaking conversational. 1. Speeches of Introduction
- is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. 4. Memorized speaking - A speech of introduction should be a complete speech
- In a manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her - is the rote recitation of a written that the speaker has and have a clear introduction, body and conclusion.
attention on the printed page except when using visual committed to memory. - For an introduction, think of a hook that will make your
aids. - Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they audience become interested in the upcoming speaker.
Advantage: perform from a script in a stage play, television program, - The body of your introduction should be about the
the exact repetition of original words. or movie scene. speaker’s topic, why he is qualified, and why the audience
In reading one word at a time, in order, the only errors - When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful should listen.
would typically be mispronunciation of a word or when the message needs to be exact and the speaker - The final part is the conclusion; this is generally designed
stumbling over complex sentence structure. doesn’t want to be confined by notes. to welcome the speaker to the lectern.
Keeping one’s eyes glued to the script precludes eye Advantages: 2. Speeches of Presentation
contact Maintain eye contact with the audience through the - This speech is given to accompany a prize or honor.
with the audience. For this kind of “straight” manuscript speech. When creating a speech of presentation, it is important to
speech to hold audience attention, the audience must be Being free of notes means that you can move freely ask how long the speech will be.
already interested in the message before the delivery around the stage and use your hands to make gestures. - Firstly, you should ask what the award of honor is and
begins. If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more why the whole presentation is important
Example: of an advantage. -Second, you can explain what the recipient of the award
Reading a statement about organization’s legal Disadvantages: has accomplished in order for the award to be bestowed.
responsibilities to customers may require that the original You plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but Did he/she win a race? Did he/she write an important
words be exact. meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can piece of literature?
Disadvantages: include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, - Whatever the recipient has done, you need to clearly
it’s typically an uninteresting way to present. and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and highlight his or her work.
 The speaker has rehearsed the reading as a complete uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will 3. Speeches of Dedication
performance animated with vocal expression and gestures suffer. You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing- - This speech is delivered when a new store opens, a
(as poets do in a poetry slam and actors do in a reader’s song that fails to emphasize the most important points. building is named after someone, or a new library is
theater) the presentation tends to be dull. completed, and so on.
- These speeches are designed to highlight the importance Focus your attention on the person/s being toasted- not 11. Speeches of Goodwill
of the project and those whom the project has been on the speaker. - Are both informative and persuasive.
dedicated. 5. Eulogies - You seek to persuade your audience to be in favor of you
- The most difficult part of writing this piece of front - Praise/ giving honor of someone who died. and who or what you represent.
matter is choosing who you would like to dedicate your 6. Speeches of Farewell - Goodwill speeches highlight shared values, customs,
work to. - This speech allows someone to say good-bye to a part of beliefs, and morals.
- Some writers may find it to be the most difficult part of his/her life as he/she will move on to the next chapter that Public Relations - The ultimate goal of this speech is
the whole process. awaits him/her. people to
oWhen choosing who to write your dedication for, think - This could be that you’re graduating from college and like the speaker and what he/she represents.
about the process you just went through and who helped entering the work force, or leaving your current job.  Justification - This is given when someone attempts to
you get through it. 7. Speeches of Promotion defend why certain actions were taken or will be taken. In
oAfter you have decided who you will write your - Speeches are a form of writing in which the writer this speech, speakers have already enacted some kind of
dedication for, you must decide how you are going to imparts an important, often galvanizing message to an behavior, and are attempting to justify why the behavior is
identify them. audience or was appropriate.
oThe next component in writing your dedication is - Promotion speeches also recognize others for their Apology - These speeches have become more
explaining why you chose this person. Many authors contributions to your success, offer guidance to other commonplace. Everywhere we look a politician, and
provide a reason for their dedication selections. There are students, and look to the future actor/actress is doing something reprehensible and getting
many ways you can address your dedication. You could 8. Roast caught. In fact, the speech of apology has quickly become
write, "I dedicate this …", "This is dedicated to …", "To: …", - Such speeches are done using wit, satire and sarcasm. a fodder for humor as well.
"For: …", or simply just start writing your dedication - Normally intended to poke fun at someone in an Computer-mediated Communication
without any formal address. intelligent yet fun way. What is Computer Mediated Communication?
Alternative dedications - Malice should never be the intention of such speeches.  Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is any form
- It has been extremely popular over the years to write a 9. Dramatic Speeches of communication between two or more individual people
dedication page using alternative formats. - It is a speech of some duration addressed by character who interact and/or influence each other via separate
- Authors have used poems or funny anecdotes to express and usually performed on stage with characters on play or computers through the Internet or a network connection -
their gratitude. In the past, many dedications were often role-playing a story. using social software.
written in the style of a formal letter. Types of Dramatic Speeches  CMC does not include the methods by which two
4. Toast - A toast is a speech designed to congratulate, or Monologue – a long interrupted speech delivered by a computers
appreciate. character to other characters on stage communicate, but rather how people communicate via
 First, toasts can be delivered for the purpose of  Soliloquy – a speech in which a character, alone on computers.
congratulating someone for an honor, or getting married. stage, reveals private thoughts that the audience is  CMC promotes self-discipline and requires one to take
 You can also toast someone to show your appreciation allowed to overhear. more
for what they’ve done. Aside – a brief remark a character makes to the audience responsibility for their own learning.
 Lastly, we toast to people to remember what they have rather than to other characters.  CMC, includes everything from structured projects to
accomplished in life. Dialogue – is the playwright’s main tool for developing open projects
When preparing for a toast, make sure to always keep characters and furthering the plot. It’s more on conversing in which students are free to work on "messy"--but
your remarks brief. with each other. authentic--
This is given generally during the middle of some kind of 10. Inspirational Speeches problem solving.
festivities. - The goal of this speech is to elicit an emotional state
within an audience.
 Traditional classroom interaction places the teacher at oThus, allowing students to conceptualize a topic from Problems encountered in Synchronous CMC
the center of all activities as transmitter of knowledge and multiple viewpoints and to contribute to each other’s 1. Multiple threads of discussion are created which
orchestrator of understanding (Weasenforth et al., 2002). become too difficult to follow for some students,
student interaction. B. Synchronous Communication particularly true of those students who are communicating
 Even if students engage in collaborative small group - Synchronous activities occur concurrently between two in another language other than their first language.
tasks, the or more users including such real-time applications as chat 2. Students on a slow connection always lag slightly behind
teacher is usually around and monitors students’ progress rooms or instant messaging which allow users to interact in the discussion.
while simultaneously through text, audio, and video with other 3. The discussion tends to lose focus because of many side
providing input on how to solve a particular task—a users located anywhere in the world. discussions.
condition Synchronous CMC includes: 4. Some students cannot jump in because they are slow
which may hinder “reflection and facilitative interaction”. • Chat; and typists.
Computer mediated technology provides tools that are • Instant messaging 5. Responses get out of sequence.
useful in promoting collaborative learning activities that Problems encountered in Asynchronous CMC 6. Failing to provide a platform for all students to
can mediate communication between learners. 1. The levels of participation are usually very poor with participate equally implicitly censors some of the
Furthermore, it allows students, in groups, to collaborate CMC participants
with each other in an exchange of opinions, experiences, for the following reasons. How can we solve these problems?
and interpretations of course content. 2. Posts to the discussion boards need to be frequent for 1. The solution to this is to have a prepared set of
people to maintain an interest in the boards, and so if the questions, subjects to discuss, etc. and have a fixed order
Examples of CMC can include: level participation drops below a certain degree, no for the students to respond in.
emails further postings take place. 2. Allow a certain “open time” for students to chat with
mailboxes 3. Checking the discussion board for posts requires each other. This allows the students who are less familiar
shared network group folders learning to incorporate an additional activity to one's with the technology to practice.
discussion boards (or fora/forums) routine, which often means people don’t take part. 3. Also, it provides an opportunity for students who are
frequently updated hyperlinked webpages. 4. The asynchronous nature encourages people to give more familiar with the technology to introduce some of
Types of Computer Mediated Communication participation a lower priority. the abbreviation and emoticons used in chat to their less
A. Asynchronous Communication How can we solve these problems? experienced peers.
- Asynchronous activities are independent of real-time and 1. Raise the profile of postings by using discussion board 4. Explain the procedure for participation: i.e. that
are software that also sends emails to the users' email account comments or responses have to be done in a sequence.
comprised of activities, such as, viewing a web page, (and so is a combination discussion board and mailbase). 5. Impose order on the discussion when required. The
composing an Electronic Mail (e-mail), watching a video 2. Make the discussion time -dependent, so that lecturer’s role in a chat also includes that of moderator.
clip, or dowloading a file. participants cannot procrastinate. Whereas in face-to-face one’s authority can be underlined
 CMC can include anything that is text -based, uses ICT as 3. Regularly structure the discussion threads using some of by raising one’s voice, in chat you can use upper case to
a technological base can be used for two way transmission the following actions: make your point more forcefully.
of ideas. 4. Cut and paste discussion threads that diverge or are Which CMC should we use?
Benefit: repeating discussions elsewhere, so that each thread The major factor in selecting a CMC medium is “should the
Opportunities to think about course content corresponds to one topic. communication be synchronous or asynchronous?” This
 To address a diverse set of topics in more depth than can 5. Identify specific points within the threads to prompt decision should be based on the following criteria:
be done in class or in asynchronous environment particular discussions, eliciting answers to specific  Can all of the participants meet at the same time?
questions.
 Is the activity time -dependent (i.e. to fit in with a  Interethnic communication refers to interaction with High context communication is a tradition-bound
teaching program)? If so, then a synchronous medium is individuals of different ethnic origins. It occurs when the communication system which depends on indirectness
most appropriate. communicating parties have different ethnic origins. while low context communication is a system that
 Are the participants part-time students/spread across International communication is the communication encourages directness in communication.
time zones? between persons representing different nations. It occurs High Power Distance Versus Low Power Distance
 Is the subject matter one which requires in-depth between persons representing political structures.  Power distance measures the extent to which individuals
analysis and response? If so, then an asynchronous  Intracultural communication is the interaction with are willing to accept power differences. High power
medium is most appropriate. members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture distance cultures are based on power differences in which
 The use of CMC as yours. It includes all forms of communication among subordinates defer to superiors while low power distance
 Educators often categorize the use of instructional CMC members of the same racial, ethnic, or other co-culture cultures believe that power should be used only when
in three ways: groups. legitimate.
-For conferencing Understanding One Another Masculine Versus Feminine Culture
-Informatics  Cultures and Co-cultures  Cultures differ in their attitudes toward gender roles.
-Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)  A culture is the system of knowledge, beliefs, values, Masculine cultures are cultures that value aggressiveness,
Informatics (repositories or maintainers of organized customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, strength, and material symbols of success.
information) include library online public access catalogs shared, and used by its members during daily living.  Feminine cultures are cultures that value tenderness and
(OPACs), interactive access to remote databases,  Within a culture as a whole are co-cultures; these are relationships. Among highly masculine cultures are Japan,
program/data composed of members of the same general culture who Italy, Germany, Mexico, and Great Britain. Among highly
archive sites (e.g., archives of files for pictures, sound, text, differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent feminine cultures are Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands,
movies), campus-wide information systems, wide-area culture. Thailand, and Chile
information systems, and information managers. Co-culture Strategies CULTURAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES AFFECTING
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN  Assimilation is the means by which co-culture members COMMUNICATION.
MULTICULTURAL SETTING attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture. Cultural and Global Issues Affecting Communication
The Nature and Scope of Local and Global  Accommodation is means by which co-culture members Cultural Differences: Influences on Cultural Identity
Communication maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish -Our cultural identity is based on our group memberships
 Globalization requires that we pay attention to a related relationships with members of the dominant culture. which are determined by gender, age, racial, ethnic,
concept – diversity – the recognition and valuing of  Separation is the means co-culture members use to religious, socioeconomic, political or even national
difference, encompassing such factors as age, gender, resist interacting with members of the dominant culture. affiliations. German et al (2003) defines culture as a social
race, ethnicity, ability, religion, education, marital status, Exploring Cultural Dialectics group’s system of meanings.
sexual orientation, and income.  Individualism Versus Collectivism  Our racial and ethnic identities are similarly socially
 Intercultural Communication  Individualism refers to cultures in which individual goals constructed. Some racial and ethnic groups, for example,
 When we speak about intercultural communication, we are stressed while collectivism refers to cultures in which share experiences of oppression.
are concerning ourselves with the process of interpreting group goals are stressed.  Religious identity is at the root of countless
and sharing meanings with individuals from different  This means that, while the “I” may be most important in contemporary conflicts occurring in the Middle East, India
cultures. individualistic cultures, the “we” is the dominant force in and Pakistan, and Bosnia- Herzegovina.
Intercultural Communication and Its Various Forms collectivistic ones. While in collectivistic cultures the  Similarly, socioeconomic identify frames how we
 Interracial communication is interpreting and sharing of individual is expected to fit into the group, in individualistic respond to issues of our day. The widening gap between
meanings with individuals from different races. It occurs cultures emphasis is placed on developing a sense of self. the ultrawealthy and the middle and lower classes in the
when interactants are of different races. High Context Versus Low Context Communication different parts of the world is contributing to their
developing different attitudes on a wide array of issues.
 National identity refers to our legal status or citizenship.
People from different countries have been U.S. citizens for
generations, yet some still perceive them as foreigners.
Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural relativism
Ethnocentrism, the tendency to see your own culture as
superior to all others, is a key characteristic of failed
intercultural communication efforts.
Cultural relativism is the opposite of ethnocentrism.
When you practice cultural relativism, instead of viewing
the group to which you belong as superior to all others,
you work to try to understand the behavior of other
groups on the basis of the context in which the behavior
occurs rather than from your own
frame of reference.
Stereotype and Prejudice
Stereotypes are mental images or pictures we carry
around in our heads; they are shortcuts, whether positive
or negative, that guide our reactions to others.
Prejudice describes how we feel about a group of people
whom, more likely than not, we do not personally know.
Ways to improve your ability to communicate
interculturally
1. Refrain from formulating expectations based solely on
your own culture.
- When those you interact with have diverse
communication styles, it is critical that you acknowledge
the differences and accept their validity.
2. Recognize how faulty education can impede
understanding. -It is important to identify and work to
eliminate any personal biases and prejudices you have
developed over the years.
3. Make a commitment to develop communication
skills and abilities appropriate to life in a multicultural
world.
-
Your ability to develop intercultural communication skills
depends in large part on how many of the following
promises you are willing to make:
Get a 1/2 crosswise and write a promise, on a proverb-
form, to alleviate issues caused by cultural differences.