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Statistics-WPS Office

Statistics involves organizing, collecting, classifying, analyzing, presenting, controlling, and evaluating data. There are several ways to describe the central tendency or typical value of a data set, including the mean, median, and mode. Regression analysis is used to estimate or predict unknown values of one variable based on known values of another variable. It provides estimates, measures error, and obtains the degree of association between variables. Probability distributions describe the probabilities of outcomes in an experiment using random variables and probability functions like the probability mass function and cumulative density function. Common distributions include the normal, binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial distributions.

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188 views

Statistics-WPS Office

Statistics involves organizing, collecting, classifying, analyzing, presenting, controlling, and evaluating data. There are several ways to describe the central tendency or typical value of a data set, including the mean, median, and mode. Regression analysis is used to estimate or predict unknown values of one variable based on known values of another variable. It provides estimates, measures error, and obtains the degree of association between variables. Probability distributions describe the probabilities of outcomes in an experiment using random variables and probability functions like the probability mass function and cumulative density function. Common distributions include the normal, binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial distributions.

Uploaded by

Manan pani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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**Statistics **

Statistics is the procedures in which way we organize the data, collect the data, classified the
data, then analysis the data, presentation of the data, control the data and finally evaluate the
data. So, these procedures are known as statistics.

central tendency :

In statistics, a central tendency (or measure of central tendency) is a central or typical value for a
probability distribution.

In statistics, that single value is called the central tendency and mean, median and mode are all ways to
describe it. To find the mean, add up the values in the data set and then divide by the number of values
that added in the set.

Median
the middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set.

((Mode
the most frequent value in the data set.
Geometric mean
The nth root of the product of the data values, where there are n of these. This measure is
valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.
Harmonic mean
The reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data values. This measure
too is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.
Weighted arithmetic mean
An arithmetic mean that incorporates weighting to certain data elements.
Truncated mean or trimmed mean

Regression analysis :::::::::::::::::**....

The statistical tool with the help of which we are in a position to estimate or predict the unknown values
of one variable from known values of another variable is called regression. Or 'regression ' is the act of
returning or going back. The term "regression " was first used in 1877 by Francis Galton.
Regression analysis is a branch of statistical theory that is widely used in almost all the scientific
discipline.

The regression analysis helps in three important ways::::

1.it provides estimates of values of the dependent variable from values of independent variables

2. The second goal of regression analysis is to obtain a measure of the error involved in using the
regression line as a basis for estimation. 3.we can obtain a measure of the degree of Association or
correlation that exists between the two variables.

Business mathmatics*****

Mathmatical of finance ::::::::::::***

The mathmatical of finance is also called time value of money.the time value of money refers to the
observation that it is better to receive money sooner than letter. Money that u have in hand today can
be invested to earn a positive rate of return, producing more money tomorrow. For that reason, a dollar
today is worth more than a dollar in the future.

Present value ::::today's value of the future series cash flow.

Future value ::::::a series of cash flow from convert present value.

Compound interest :::::

Interest on interest. It may be yearly, monthly, quarterly, weekly, daily& continues.

Annuity ::::an annuity is a series of payments, ordinarily of a fixed amount payable regularly at equal
intervals.

Annuities may be divided into two classes -annuity certain & annuity contingent.

Annuity certain ::annuity certain payments are to be made unconditionally, for a certain or fixed number
of years.

Contingent annuity:::

The payments are to be made till the happing of some contingent events. Life annuity is an example.

Annuity certain may be divided into(1)..annuity due::beginning of the year.

(2)..annuity immediate or ordinary annuitu::ending of the year.

Probability distributions :
★A probability distribution is a mathematical function that provides the probabilities of occurrence of
different possible outcomes in an experiment.

★Random variable :A random variable is a variable which takes specified values with specified
probabilities

★Probability Function :

1.Discrete probability function :

√probability mass function

√Cumulative mass function

2.Continuous probability function:

√ Probability density function

√Cumulative density function

★Types of Probability Distribution:

1. The normal distribution

2.Binomial distribution

3. Poisson distribution

4.Multinomial distribution

5.Negative binomial distribution

Set theory :

A set is a collection of well-defined & well distinguished objects.

Types of set:Finite,infinite, singleton, equal, sub,power & universal set etc.

Function :

A function is a symbolic relationship variables-f(x)=Y

Types of functions :

√Linear

√Quantratic

√Multivariate
√Exponential

√Logarithm function.

Equations :

Equations signify relation between two algebraic expressions symbolised by the sign of equality (=).

What is differential calculus? Differential calculus is concerned with determining the


rate of which the value of the given function changes in one of the independent variable. It is concern
with the average rate of changes.the purpose of the identify slope. Objectives ..... 1.the derivative
and write the derivatives of standard functions. 2.differentiate functions using standard derivatives &
rules of differention. 3.higher-order derivatives of functions. 4 .derivative as a rate
measure. 5.points of inflection, maxima,minima& minima. 6.partial & total
differentiation. Methods.....

Topic 1:

1.What is probability?

Probability is a chance of possibility.

Topic 2

There are four schools of thought on probability. Such as:

1.The classical approach

2.The relative frequency approach

3.The axiomatic approach

4.The personalistic approach

Topics 3

What is probability distributation?

The variable are distributed according to some definite probability function.

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