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DC Motor

A DC motor converts direct current into mechanical energy using magnetic fields. It has a stationary set of magnets and a rotating armature coil. The coil is connected to a commutator that changes the direction of current flow periodically to cause rotation. DC motors were initially widely used because they could be powered by direct current systems. Their speed can be controlled by varying the supply voltage or field current. Small DC motors are common in tools and appliances while larger ones are used in vehicles, elevators, and industrial equipment.

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Ujjawal Parasar
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204 views

DC Motor

A DC motor converts direct current into mechanical energy using magnetic fields. It has a stationary set of magnets and a rotating armature coil. The coil is connected to a commutator that changes the direction of current flow periodically to cause rotation. DC motors were initially widely used because they could be powered by direct current systems. Their speed can be controlled by varying the supply voltage or field current. Small DC motors are common in tools and appliances while larger ones are used in vehicles, elevators, and industrial equipment.

Uploaded by

Ujjawal Parasar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D C MOTOR

A DC MOTOR IS ANY OF A CLASS OF ROTARY ELECTRICAL MACHINES THAT CONVERTS DIRECT


CURRENT ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY. THE MOST COMMON TYPES RELY
ON THE FORCES PRODUCED BY MAGNETIC FIELDS. NEARLY ALL TYPES OF DC MOTORS HAVE
SOME INTERNAL MECHANISM, EITHER ELECTROMECHANICAL OR ELECTRONIC, TO PERIODICALLY
CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOW IN PART OF THE MOTOR.
DC MOTORS WERE THE FIRST TYPE WIDELY USED, SINCE THEY COULD BE POWERED FROM
EXISTING DIRECT-CURRENT LIGHTING POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. A DC MOTOR'S SPEED
CAN BE CONTROLLED OVER A WIDE RANGE, USING EITHER A VARIABLE SUPPLY VOLTAGE OR BY
CHANGING THE STRENGTH OF CURRENT IN ITS FIELD WINDINGS. SMALL DC MOTORS ARE USED IN
TOOLS, TOYS, AND APPLIANCES. THE UNIVERSAL MOTOR CAN OPERATE ON DIRECT CURRENT
BUT IS A LIGHTWEIGHT BRUSHED MOTOR USED FOR PORTABLE POWER TOOLS AND APPLIANCES.
LARGER DC MOTORS ARE USED IN PROPULSION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES, ELEVATOR AND HOISTS,
OR IN DRIVES FOR STEEL ROLLING MILLS. THE ADVENT OF POWER ELECTRONICS HAS MADE
REPLACEMENT OF DC MOTORS WITH AC MOTORS POSSIBLE IN MANY APPLICATIONS
ELECTROMAGNETIC MOTORS
• A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil.
The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude
of the current flowing through it.
• A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one or more windings of insulated
wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns
around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are
connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating
coils with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current
to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)
• The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the
electromagnetic field created.
• The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed.
By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact
with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to
create a torque on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to
create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor.
• At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.
• Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide different inherent speed/torque
BRUSHED
• The brushed DC electric moto generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets),
and rotating electromagnets.

• Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control
of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses.
Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes and springs which carry the
electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These components are
necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings
of the rotor inside the motor.

• Brushes are usually made of graphite or carbon, sometimes with added dispersed copper to
improve conductivity. In use, the soft brush material wears to fit the diameter of the
• Brushless
• Main articles: Brushless DC electric moto and Switched reluctance motor
• Typical brushless DC motors use one or more permanent magnets in the rotor
and electromagnet on the motor housing for the stator. A motor controller converts
DC to AC. This design is mechanically simpler than that of brushed motors
because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor
to the spinning rotor. The motor controller can sense the rotor's position via Hall
effec sensorsor similar devices and can precisely control the timing, phase, etc., of
the current in the rotor coils to optimize torque, conserve power, regulate speed,
and even apply some braking. Advantages of brushless motors include long life
span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high
initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless
motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no
external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with normal
AC synchronous motors.
PERMANENT MAGNET STATORS
• A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to
provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque.
Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve
commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM
fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the
field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings.
Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field
windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are
costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large
machines.

• To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made
with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With
• Wound stator
• A field coil may be connected in shunt, in series, or in compound with the armature of a DC machine (motor
or generator) here are three types of electrical connections between the stator and rotor possible for DC
electric motors: series, shunt/parallel and compound (various blends of series and shunt/parallel) and each
has unique speed/torque characteristics appropriate for different loading torque profiles/signatures.
• Series connection
• A series DC motor connects the armature and field winding in series with a common D.C. power source.
The motor speed varies as a non-linear function of load torque and armature current; current is common to
both the stator and rotor yielding current squared (I^2) behaviour.A series motor has very high starting
torque and is commonly used for starting high inertia loads, such as trains, elevators or hoists.This
speed/torque characteristic is useful in applications such as dragline excavators where the digging tool
moves rapidly when unloaded but slowly when carrying a heavy load.
• A series motor should never be started at no load. With no mechanical load on the series motor, the current
is low, the counter-Electro motive force produced by the field winding is weak, and so the armature must
turn faster to produce sufficient counter-EMF to balance the supply voltage. The motor can be damaged by
overspeed. This is called a runaway condition.
• Series motors called universal motors can be used on alternating current. Since the armature voltage and
the field direction reverse at the same time, torque continues to be produced in the same direction.
However they run at a lower speed with lower torque on AC supply when compared to DC due to reactance vo
drop in AC which is not present in DC.[3]Since the speed is not related to the line frequency, universal

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