Intro

Core
application areas
ethical issues
ethics
information technology
social and ethical considerations
social impacts
stakeholders

Strand 1
anonymity
authenticity
compatibility
cultural diversity
cultural impact
digital citizenship
economic impact
environmental impact
equality of access
ergonomic impact
globalization
health impact
integrity
intellectual property
legal impact
policies
political impact
privacy
protocols
psychological impact
reliability
security
standards
surveillance
the digital divide
unauthorised access

Strand 2
Business and employment
Education and training
Environment
Health
Home and leisure
Politics and Government

Strand 3
input
networking
output
processing

Page 1
 Intro

storage

General terms
RSS feed
RSS reader

Page 2
 Hardware

Processing Technologies clock speed

Central Processing Unit
CPU
data throughput
dual core
GHz
gigahertz
hardware
megahertz
MHz
microprocessor
MIPS
Motherboard
Multi-core
multiprocessing
multitasking
processor
Quad-core
software
speed throttling
terahertz
THz
Input Devices bar code scanners
concept keyboard
digital cameras
digital video cameras
digitize
Dvorak keyboards
game controllers
joystick
Keyboards
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
magnetic stripe readers
MICR
microphone
multi-touch
multimedia keyboard
OCR
OMR
Optical Character Recognition
Optical Mark Recognition
scanner
sensors
Smart card readers
Soft keyboard
stylus
Touch pad
touch screen
trackball
UPC

Page 3
 Hardware

Universal Product Code

virtual keyboard
voice control
voice recognition
Webcam
Output Devices CRT monitor
hard copy
inkjet printer
interactive whiteboard
laser printer
LCD screen
native resolution
output
pages per minute
printers
projectors
speakers
Storage bit
BluRay
byte
CD-ROM
CompactFlash
data synchronisation
disk wiping
DVD
eSATA
EB
exabyte
external hard disk
firewire
flash memory/flash drive
GB
Gigabyte
hard disk
IDE
input
KB
Kilobyte
magnetic storage
MB
Megabyte
MMC
mouse
non-volatile storage
optical storage
PB
Petabyte
Primary storage
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
Redundant system

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 Hardware

RAID
ROM
RAM
Random Access Memory
Read Only Memory
SATA
Secondary storage
secure deletion
solid state storage
TB
Terabyte
Universal Serial Bus
USB
volatile storage
YB
ZB
yottabyte
zettabyte
Misc ASCII
American Standard Code for Information
Convergence
failover system
Global Positioning System
GPS
RFID
Kensington lock
plain text
Radio Frequency Identification
radio tag
RFID reader
RFID tag
RTF
Rich Text Format
Unicode
UPS
uptime
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Voice over Internet Protocol
VoIP
Types of Computer desktop computer
Embedded systems
HTPC
Home Theatre PC
laptop
mainframe
netbook
PDA
Personal Digital Assistant
smartphones
supercomputers

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 Hardware

accessibility Braille keyboard

Braille printer
eye tracking software
head control systems
head wand
high contrast mode
input switches
screen magnification
sip and puff
sticky keys
Text-to-speech
Networking Technologies Bluetooth
IrDA

Page 6
 Hardware

Speed of a processor, in ticks per second.

Hardware responsible for processing all instructions the computer runs.
See Central Processing Unit.
Rate at which data is processed and output by a system.
A multi-core system with two processor cores.
See gigahertz.
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 MHz.
Physical parts of a computer system.
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed.
See megahertz.
See Central Processing Unit.
See Millions of Instructions Per Second
The circuit board to which the internal computer components connect: the CPU, the RAM, the ROM, and the secondary st
Processor with more than one processor core, to increase its performance.
A system with more than one processor, to increase its performance.
A single processor running multiple tasks by switching rapidly between them.
See Central Processing Unit.
A multi-core system with four processor cores.
The instructions and programs which are run by the CPU.
Reducing a processor's clock speed to save power when not in use.
See Terahertz
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 GHz.
Input device that uses a laser to read a bar code.
Keyboard with keys that perform programmable, customised functions.
Camera that saves images digitally, often in JPEG format.
Camera that saves digital video
To convert data from analog to digital form.
Alternative keyboard layout to improve typing speed.
Input device with buttons used for games playing.
Input device used for games playing and flight simulators.
Input device that lets the user enter text and numeric data.
Input device that reads text written in special magnetic ink. Often used at the bottom of cheques.
Input device that reads the magnetic stripe on cards like ATM cards and bank cards.
See Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Input device for sound data
Input device able to recognise touches and gestures made with multiple fingers.
Keyboard with buttons to perform common tasks such as program launching.
See Optical Character Recognition.
See Optical Mark Recognition.
Input device that reads printed text, scans it, and converts it to text that can be edited in a word processor.
Input devices that reads simple multiple-choice style answers by looking for marks on the paper.
Input device used to digitise photographs and paper copies of data.
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.
Device to read a smart card.
Keyboard which is displayed on screen and controlled by clicking on buttons with the mouse or a touch screen.
Input device used in conjunction with touch screens.
Input device commonly found on laptops instead of a mouse.
Input device that lets the user touch areas of the display to perform tasks.
Input device that uses a rotating ball to control the cursor.
See Universal Product Code

Page 7
 Hardware

A type of barcode.
See soft keyboard
Use of spoken commands to control a computer.
Use of software to convert spoken words into text.
Input device used to record video, often found in laptop computers.
Output device. Older type of monitor, now almost obsolete.
A printed paper copy of data.
Printer that works by spraying ink through nozzles at a sheet of paper.
Device that uses a projector for output and touch inputs, using a special pen.
High speed printer.
Output device. The newer type of monitor which is flat.
Resolution of an LCD display that produces the best display quality.
Information which is produced by a computer system.
Speed at which a printer produces output.
Output device which produces paper copies.
Output device for displaying content on large screens.
Output device for sound.
A single binary digit (a 1 or a 0). The smallest unit of storage inside a computer.
Optical secondary storage device capable of storing 16GB+.
Storage unit: 8 bits. Enough to store a single ASCII text character.
Optical secondary storage device capable of holding 650-700MB of data.
Solid state storage device usually used in digital cameras.
Exchanging data between a computer and a portable device such as a smart phone.
Securing deleting files from a disk, beyond recovery.
Optical secondary storage device capable of storing up to 8GB.
A modern type of connector for attaching external hard disks
See Exabyte
Storage unit: 1024 petabytes.
Portable storage device often used for backups.
Interface for attaching external hard disks and digital video cameras.
See solid state storage.
See Gigabyte.
Storage unit: 1024 megabytes.
Magnetic secondary storage device found in most desktop and laptop computers.
Interface for attaching internal hard disks.
Data or information that is entered into the computer.
See kilobyte.
Storage unit: 1024 bytes
Type of secondary storage that users magnets to read and store data. Examples include floppy disks and hard disks.
See megabyte.
Storage unit: 1024 kilobytes
Solid state secondary storage device, often used for digital cameras.
Input device used to control a cursor or pointer.
Storage which does not lose its contents when the power is removed.
Storage devices which use lasers to store and read data. Examples include CDs and DVDs.
See petabyte.
Storage unit: 1024 terabytes
Storage systems which are found inside the computer and are electronic. RAM and ROM are examples.
System where multiple hard disks contain duplicate data, to be used in the event of one failing.
System which will take over the role of a primary system if it fails.

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 Hardware

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. A way of having two (or more) hard disks in a computer and having the exact sam
See Read Only Memory.
See Random Access Memory.
Primary storage which is fast, relatively expensive, and volatile.
Primary storage whose contents are written at manufacture and cannot be altered later.
Interface for connecting storage devices like hard disks.
Storage systems which are connected externally to the computer's motherboard.
See disk wiping.
A type of secondary storage device that uses electronic circuits to read and store data. The advantage of this is that is ha
See terabyte
Storage unit: 1024 gigabytes
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including mice, printers, and digital cameras.
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including mice, printers, and digital cameras.
Storage which loses its contents when the power is removed.
See Yottabyte.
See Zettabyte
Storage unit: 1024 zettabyes
Storage unit: 1024 exabytes
See American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
Encoding system to store text, where one byte is used for each character. Compare Unicode.
Idea that one device performs the same functions as many separate devices.
See Redundant system.
System of satellites which can pinpoint a users location on the Earth.
See Global Positioning System
See Radio Frequency Identification.
Special lock for securing portable devices to immovable objects to prevent theft.
Text file which contains no formatting data
System of tags which contain data that can be read from a distance using radio waves.
Tags which broadcast their position over a large distance using radio waves.
See Radio Frequency Identification.
See Radio Frequency Identification.
See Rich Text Format.
Standard file format that can store documents that include formatting data.
Encoding system to store text, with support for multiple languages and alphabets, and thousands of characters. Compare
See Uninterruptible Power Supply.
Measure of how long a computer system has been operating without restarting.
Backup power system which powers a computer if the mains electricity fails.
System that lets users make telephone calls over the Internet.
See Voice over Internet Protocol.
Typical computer system with a separate screen and system unit.
Computer system hidden inside another device, such as a car engine management system.
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically for watching television and films.
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically for watching television and films.
Portable computers that come in many shapes and sizes.
High end computer system that achieves very high data throughput.
Lightweight laptop computer designed for portability.
See Personal Digital Assistant.
Mobile device bigger than a phone but smaller than a laptop. Probably has a keyboard or at least a stylus (pen) and a tou
Mobile phone with capabilities including Internet access and a camera.
Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of calculations per second.

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 Hardware

Special keyboard designed for users with eyesight problems.

Special printer that can produce Braille text.
Accessibility software that tracks where a user is looking on the screen.
Accessibility software that tracks a users head movements to allow them to input data.
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input using a wand connected to their head.
Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems.
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input data by pressing a simple on-off switch.
Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems.
Accessibility hardware for users with very limited mobility
Accessibility setting for users with movement problems.
Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, reads text from the computer out loud.
Short range, low bandwidth wireless technology often used for mobile phone headsets or earphones.
Short range, low bandwidth, line-of-sight wireless communication technology.

Page 10
 Hardware

he RAM, the ROM, and the secondary storage devices

om of cheques.

ited in a word processor.

s on the paper.

the mouse or a touch screen.

Page 11
 Hardware

include floppy disks and hard disks.

nd ROM are examples.

of one failing.

Page 12
 Hardware

in a computer and having the exact same data written to each of them automatically. If one of the disks fails, the computer can switch to

data. The advantage of this is that is has no moving parts, making it faster and less likely to be damaged if dropped. Also called flash m

digital cameras.
digital cameras.

and thousands of characters. Compare ASCII.

board or at least a stylus (pen) and a touch-screen.

Page 13
 Hardware

dsets or earphones.

Page 14
 Hardware

e disks fails, the computer can switch to the other disk and continue running normally (since the second disk is an exact copy).

damaged if dropped. Also called flash memory. (Compare magnetic storage with optical storage and solid state storage)

Page 15
 Hardware

is an exact copy).

Page 16
 Software

accounting software
application software
application suite
assistant
audio software
automatic recalculation
backup
browser
Business Software Alliance
bug
closed source
cloud computing
command line interface
commercial software
compatibility
concurrent licence
copyright
cross-platform
database software
Defragmentation
desktop publishing software
device drivers
DTP
EULA
end user licence agreement
Federation Against Software Theft
firewall
fragmentation
free and open source software
freeware
frequently asked questions
Full backup
Graphical User Interface
graphics software
GUI
Incremental backup
mail merge
MDI
Menu Driven Interface
multi-user licence
multimedia software
open source
operating systems
platform
presentation software
product activation
productivity software
public domain
read me file
restore (a backup)

Page 17
 Software

safety critical system

serial number
shareware
single-user licence
site licence
source code
spreadsheet software
tutorials
User interface
utility software
video editing software
voice controlled interface
web development software
Web-based software
wizard
word processing software

Page 18
 Software

Application software for managing finances.

Software which allows users to produce work, such as documents and presentations.
Collection of application programs that perform related tasks, sold together.
See wizard.
Application software for creating, recording, and editing sound.
Spreadsheet feature that updates results when cells are changed.
Spare copy of data to be used in the event of an emergency.
Software used to view web pages.
Organisation that works to reduce illegal copying of software.
Error or mistake in a program.
Software whose source code is not publicly available.
System whereby application software and data are stored on a remote Internet server.
System the user controls by typing in commands.
Software which is sold for profit.
Idea that two systems work together and can share hardware, software, or data.
Software licence that allows a specific number of copies to be used at one time.
Law protecting intellectual property from unauthorised copying.
Hardware or software that works on multiple operating systems.
Application software for creating, recording, and finding large collections of data.
Process of reducing disk fragmentation.
Application software used to lay out pages for printed publications.
Utility software used by the operating system to communicate with peripheral devices.
See desktop publishing software.
See end user licence agreement
Licence agreement for software that sets out the users rights and responsibilities.
Organisation that works to reduce illegal copying of software.
Hardware or software that controls access to a network.
Problem that occurs as files are saved on non-contiguous sectors on a disk.
Software whose source code is freely available and can be changed and distributed.
Software which is distributed for no cost.
List of questions and answers often found in manuals and help screens.
Backup that copies all data from a system.
System the user controls using a mouse to click on icons, buttons, and windows.
Application software for creating and editing images.
See Graphical User Interface.
Backup that copies only the changed data since the last backup.
Automatically customising a standard letter with individual names and addresses.
See Menu Driven Interface
Interface that presents a series of pre-defined options to the user.
Software licence that allows a specific number of copies to be used at one time.
Application software for creating and editing presentations, animations, and video.
See free and open source.
Software that manages the computer system and controls the hardware.
Refers to a particular combination of hardware and operating system.
Application software for creating slides used for lectures, presentations, and lessons.
Process of registering software online before it can be used, to reduce illegal copies.
See application software.
Software to which the author has waived all rights.
Help file containing latest updates and information about using a system.
Copying data from a backup copy back to the main system.

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 Software

System whose failure could result in injury or loss of life.

Registration number needed during software installation, used to reduce illegal copies.
Software which is free to use initially, but which must be pay for if use continues.
Software licence that allows the use of only a single copy on a single computer.
Software licence that allows an organisation to use software on an unlimited number of computers.
Instructions that make up the software, entered by the programmer using a programming language.
Application software for performing numerical calculations and analysis.
Step by step help on using a system.
Method used to communicate with a computer system.
Software used to perform maintenance jobs such as defragmenting disks.
Application software for creating and editing video.
Ability to operate a computer by issuing spoken commands.
Application software for creating HTML pages for web sites.
See cloud computing.
Step by step help system to guide a user through a task.
Application software for creating written documents such as letters or essays.

Page 20
 Networks

3G System to allow Internet access using mobile phone networks.

4G System to allow Internet access using mobile phone networks.
application server Computer that stores application software for clients on a network
asynchronous Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are not syn
audit trails Record of all changes and actions performed with a system, for se
authentication server Computer that checks usernames and passwords when a user trie
authorised access User who has permission to use a system.
backbone High speed connections that connect main Internet sites.
bandwidth Measure of a network's speed.
bits per second Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network conn
blog Web page where entries are stored chronologically, like a diary or
Bluetooth Short range, low bandwidth wireless technology often used for mo
bps Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network conn
cache Storage area for frequently used information, to speed up access.
client computer Computer on a network that uses services provided by a server.
client-server Network system that uses servers to store data centrally and clien
database server Computer on a network that stores data for other users to access.
DHCP System that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on
dialup Internet access that connects using a telephone line and a MODE
DNS System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
Domain Name System System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
domain names Human readable names given to web sites, such as www.itgstextb
download To transfer data from a server to a client computer.
DSL / cable Common type of broadband Internet connection.
Dynamic Host Control Protocol System that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on
email server Computer on a network that stores email for other users to access
ethernet Type of wired network connection commonly used on LANs.
fibre optic Types of network connection that offers extremely high speed tran
file server Computer on a network that stores files for other users to access.
File Transfer Protocol System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for uploa
firewall Software or hardware used to control data entering and leaving a
FTP System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for uploa
gateway Computer which acts as a bridge between a local area network an
Gbps Gigabits per second. Measure of network bandwidth.
hardware address Unique address embedded in network connected devices.
home network Small local computer network used in homes.
host Computer on a network that provides services or performs work fo
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol. The standard protocol of the world w
HTTPS Secure version of HTTP which offers encrypted communication.
hub Hardware device for connecting several computers on a network.
Internet Protocol Standard protocol used on many LANs and on the Internet. See T
Internet Service Provider Company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses
IP address Unique address assigned to every computer on a network.
ISP Company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses
Kbps Kilobits per second. Measure of network bandwidth.
LAN Computer network in a small area such as an office building.
Local Area Network Computer network in a small area such as an office building.
log file Chronological record of events, used for reporting purposes and a
login Process of authenticating oneself before using a computer system
MAC address Unique address embedded in network connected devices.

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 Networks

MAN Computer network over a large area such as a city.

mbps Megabits per second. Measure of network bandwidth.
Metropolitan Area Network. Computer network over a large area such as a city.
microblog Blog-like system which limited post length, such as Twitter.
MODEM Device for connecting a computer to a telephone line, used in dial
narrowband Low speed network connection.
network administrator Individual responsible for maintaining and running a network.
P2P Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centra
PAN Short range network between a computer and a mobile phone or s
Peer to peer Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centra
Personal Area Network Short range network between a computer and a mobile phone or s
personal firewall Software application that controls network access to and from a si
port Number used to determine the type of service required when a co
print server Computer on a network that receives and processes print request
protocols A standard set of rules for performing tasks, such as communicati
proxy server Computer on a network which acts on behalf of another, or throug
push technology System which notifies users of changes to web pages without them
Read / write web Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and collaboratio
Remote access Ability to connect to a computer, over a network, as though you w
Router Hardware device used to connect two separate networks.
RSS Really Simple Syndicate. A push technology.
SAN Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other computers on
server Computer on a network that provides services or performs work fo
social bookmarking Web site that lets users store and manage their favourite links, an
social network Web site that lets users create personal profile pages and share th
Storage Area Network Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other computers on
switch Hardware device for connecting several computers on a network.
Synchronous Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are synchr
tagging Adding key words to an item such as a photo to describe its conte
TCP/IP Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Common protocol fo
thin client Networking system whereby client computers rely on servers to pe
top-level domain Suffix at the end of a URL, such as .com or .org.
upload To transfer data from a client to a server computer.
URL Universal Resource Locator. Describes the location of an item, su
Virtual LAN Network form by several LANs which are in separate geographica
Virtual Private Network Allows a secure private connection over a public network, using a
VLAN Network form by several LANs which are in separate geographica
VPN Allows a secure private connection over a public network, using a
WAN Computer network over a large area, such as a country or several
Web 2.0 Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and collaboratio
Web 3.0 Proposed evolution of the world wide web.
web server Computer on a network that stores web pages.
Wide Area Network Computer network over a large area, such as a country or several
WiFi Most common type of wireless connection.
wiki Type of web page that any visitor can edit.
WiMax Long range wireless network technology.
wireless hotspot The area around a WiFi router where wireless access is available.
WLAN Wireless LAN. A LAN what allows WiFi connections.
WWW World Wide Web – a series of interlinked multimedia pages stored

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 Networks

s using mobile phone networks.

s using mobile phone networks.
n software for clients on a network.
he sender and receiver are not synchronised.
ons performed with a system, for security purposes.
mes and passwords when a user tries to log in.

onnect main Internet sites.

f data transfer over a network connection.

ored chronologically, like a diary or journal.
eless technology often used for mobile phone headsets or earphones.
f data transfer over a network connection.
d information, to speed up access.
es services provided by a server.
ers to store data centrally and client computers to access them.
ores data for other users to access.
gns IP addresses to computers on a network.
sing a telephone line and a MODEM.
names into IP addresses.
names into IP addresses.
to web sites, such as www.itgstextbook.com
o a client computer.
ernet connection.
gns IP addresses to computers on a network.
ores email for other users to access.
on commonly used on LANs.
at offers extremely high speed transfers.
ores files for other users to access.
er the Internet, often used for uploading web sites.
control data entering and leaving a network.
er the Internet, often used for uploading web sites.
ge between a local area network and the Internet.
of network bandwidth.
network connected devices.
sed in homes.
ovides services or performs work for others.
he standard protocol of the world wide web.
offers encrypted communication.
g several computers on a network.
ny LANs and on the Internet. See TCP.
t access to homes and businesses.
ery computer on a network.
t access to homes and businesses.
f network bandwidth.
ea such as an office building.
ea such as an office building.
used for reporting purposes and audit trails.
elf before using a computer system.
network connected devices.

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 Networks

area such as a city.

of network bandwidth.
area such as a city.
post length, such as Twitter.
ter to a telephone line, used in dialup connections.

aining and running a network.

are equal and there are no centralised servers.
a computer and a mobile phone or similar portable device.
are equal and there are no centralised servers.
a computer and a mobile phone or similar portable device.
ols network access to and from a single computer.
type of service required when a computer connects to another.
ceives and processes print requests.
orming tasks, such as communication.
acts on behalf of another, or through which all Internet data must pass.
changes to web pages without them having to visit the page.
w user interaction and collaboration.
r, over a network, as though you were physically present at the keyboard.
ect two separate networks.
h technology.
disk storage to other computers on the network.
ovides services or performs work for others.
nd manage their favourite links, and share them with others.
personal profile pages and share them with friends.
disk storage to other computers on the network.
g several computers on a network.
he sender and receiver are synchronised, allowing higher speed transfer.
uch as a photo to describe its content.
rnet Protocol. Common protocol for LANs and the Internet.
ent computers rely on servers to perform their processing tasks.
h as .com or .org.
o a server computer.
escribes the location of an item, such as a web page, on the Internet.
which are in separate geographical locations.
tion over a public network, using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer can securely connect to a LAN, as though it we
which are in separate geographical locations.
tion over a public network, using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer can securely connect to a LAN, as though it we
area, such as a country or several countries.
w user interaction and collaboration.

ores web pages.

area, such as a country or several countries.

where wireless access is available.

ws WiFi connections.
nterlinked multimedia pages stored on the Internet.

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 Networks

connect to a LAN, as though it were physically connected.

connect to a LAN, as though it were physically connected.

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 Security

access levels Settings that determine who can access an item and what they can do with it (read,
anti-virus Software to detect and remove viruses and other malware.
asymmetric key encryption Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key used only to encrypt da
authentication Establishing a user's identity.
backdoor Method of bypassing security in a system, built in by the system designers.
biometric enrolment Process of registering a user for a biometric system by taking an initial sample.
biometric template Measurements taken from a biometric sample.
biometrics Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an authentication mecha
botnet Group of zombie computers under the control of a criminal.
brute force attack Attempt to break a password by trying all possible combinations of letters, numbers
CAPTCHA “Scribble text” displayed as an image, which the user must type in to verify that they
Certificate Authority Organisation that issues digital certificates to individuals and companies.
ciphertext Result of encrypting plaintext.
Computer Misuse Act UK law governing criminal offences committed using a computer.
cracking Gaining illegal access to a computer system
DDoS Denial of service attack committed using dozens of computers, usually zombies on
denial of service attack Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot respond to genuine users.
dictionary attack Attempt to break a password by trying all possible words.
digital signatures Technique used to authenticate remote users, such as online shopping businesses
Distributed Denial of Service attack Denial of service attack committed using dozens of computers, usually zombies on
DNS poisoning Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive users to fake sites, to c
DoS Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot respond to genuine users.
Drive-by download Program which automatically downloads when a user visits a web page, usually wit
encryption System of encoding plaintext so that it cannot be understood with access to an enc
encryption key Used to encrypt and decrypt data.
EV SSL Extended Validation SSL. Digital certificate validation technique used on the world
false negative When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of accepting it.
false positive When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of rejecting it.
full disk encryption System that encrypts all data saved to a hard disk automatically and transparently.
hacking Gaining illegal access to a computer system
home directory Directory that contains a users personal files.
https Protocol used to send web pages securely over the Internet.
identity theft Stealing personal data in order to impersonate a person.
key escrow Idea of having encryption keys stored by a third party company so the government
key logger Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a computer system.
key pair A public key and private key that work together in a public encryption system.
macro virus Virus that takes advantage of the macro programming languages built into some so
malware Generic name for malicious software
Multi-factor authentication Use of several authentication techniques together, such as passwords and security
one time password Password generated by a security token, which expires as soon as it is used.
packet sniffer Software or hardware used to collect data travelling over a network.
passphrase Word or phrase used to authenticate a user.
password Word or phrase used to authenticate a user.
pharming Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive users to fake sites, to c
phishing Use of fake emails and web sites to trick users into revealing sensitive data.
physical security Locks, alarms, and other techniques used to securely a building or computer room.
plaintext Message before it is encrypted, or after it has been decrypted.
private key Key used for decryption in a public key encryption system.
public key Key used for encryption in a public key encryption system.
public key encryption Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key used only to encrypt da

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 Security

root user User will full control over a computer system.

rootkit Type of malware which infiltrates the operating system and attempts to hide itself fr
secret key encryption Encryption system in which a single key is used for both encryption and decryption.
Secure Socket Layer System used to encrypt https web traffic.
security token Hardware device that must be present during login to authenticate a user.
security update Software update to fix a security problem discovered in software.
smishing Phishing attacks committed using text messages (SMS).
social engineering Tricking a user into revealing their password or other sensitive data.
spam Unwanted, bulk email.
spam bot Program that scans web pages for email address, in order to send spam.
spam filters Program designed to identify and block spam messages while letting genuine mess
spyware Malware which covertly records a user's actions, such as their key presses.
SSL System used to encrypt https web traffic.
symmetric key encryption Encryption system in which a single key is used for both encryption and decryption.
system administrator Personal in overall charge of a computer system in an organisation.
TLS System used to encrypt https web traffic.
Transport Layer Security System used to encrypt https web traffic.
trojan horse Malware which pretends to be a genuinely useful program to trick the user into usin
unauthorised access Gaining illegal access to a computer system
Virus Computer program which damages files and data spreads when infected programs
virus definition file Used by anti-virus programs to recognise known viruses.
vishing Phishing attacks committed using telephone calls or VoIP systems.
vulnerability scanner Software to scan a system for potential security problems.
web bug Technique used by spammers to detect if an email address is valid or not.
WEP Wired Equivalence Protocol. Wireless network encryption system.
worm Malicious software which replicates itself and spreads between computer systems a
WPA Wireless Protected Access. Wireless network encryption system.
WPA2 Wireless Protected Access 2. Wireless network encryption system.
zombie Computer which has been compromised by malware and is part of a botnet.

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 Security

at they can do with it (read, write, delete). Applies to files, folders and databases among other things.

key used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to decrypt it.

system designers.
aking an initial sample.

as an authentication mechanism.

inations of letters, numbers, and symbols.

ust type in to verify that they are a person.
and companies.

puters, usually zombies on a botnet.

espond to genuine users.

nline shopping businesses.

puters, usually zombies on a botnet.
rive users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
espond to genuine users.
sits a web page, usually without their knowledge or consent.
tood with access to an encryption key.

chnique used on the world wide web.

matically and transparently.

mpany so the government can access them if needed.

computer system.
ic encryption system.
nguages built into some software.

as passwords and security tokens.

as soon as it is used.

rive users to fake sites, to committing phishing.

aling sensitive data.
building or computer room.

key used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to decrypt it.

Page 28
 Security

nd attempts to hide itself from view.

encryption and decryption.

thenticate a user.

er to send spam.
while letting genuine messages through.
s their key presses.

encryption and decryption.

m to trick the user into using it.

ds when infected programs are copied.

ess is valid or not.

etween computer systems and over networks.

d is part of a botnet.

Page 29
 Multimedia

AAC Lossy file format for audio.

alignment Tools to control placement of objects in presentation or DTP software.
AVI Lossy file format for video.
Bit depth Refers to the number of colours in an image.
bit rate Amount of data used to represent a single sample in a video or audio file.
bitmap graphics Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels.
blue screen Technique used to replace part of a video image matching a certain colour with
BMP Lossless file format for audio.
buffer Temporary storage area used to store video or audio data ready for playing.
CAD Technical graphics software used to design products for manufacture.
CGI Graphics created entirely on a computer, using 2D or 3D graphics software.
citation Acknowledge to a piece of work used as a source.
cloning Graphics technique which copies one part of an image to another, often to rem
colour balance Graphics filtering for altering the tones and intensities of colours in an image.
colour depth Refers to the number of colours in an image.
colour levels Graphics filtering for altering the tones and intensities of colours in an image.
Colour management Ensuring printed output colours accurately match those on the screen.
colour profile Used as part of colour synchronisation to specify how a device represents colo
Colour synchronisation Ensuring printed output colours accurately match those on the screen.
composite image Image which was created from several separate images.
compression Reduction in the amount of data used to store a file.
Computer Aided Design Technical graphics software used to design products for manufacture.
Computer Generated Imagery Graphics created entirely on a computer, using 2D or 3D graphics software.
copyright Legal concept which protects intellectual property from authorised copying, alte
Creative Commons Licensing system for authors who wish to distribute their work freely.
Cropping Taking a small part (subset) of an image.
desktop publishing software Software used for laying out text and images on pages. Commonly used for bo
digital effects General name for operations performed on an image using graphics software.
Digital Rights Management Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a file, such as copy
digitisation The process of converting analog data into digital computer data.
DOC File format for documents, used by Microsoft Office.
dots per inch Also known as printer resolution. The number of dots of colour a printer is capa
DPI Also known as printer resolution. The number of dots of colour a printer is capa
DRM Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a file, such as copy
DTP Software used for laying out text and images on pages. Commonly used for bo
fair use Exceptions to copyright law that allow copying in certain limited circumstances.
filters General name for operations performed on an image using graphics software.
FLAC Lossless file format for audio.
flipping Image effect found in most graphics software.
footer Area of a document which appears the same on every page.
GIF Lossless file format for images.
GNU Free Documentation License Licensing system for authors who wish to distribute their work freely.
green screen Technique used to replace part of a video image matching a certain colour with
header Area of a document which appears the same on every page.
image editor Software used to create or edit bitmap graphics.
intellectual property Refers to creations of the mind – non-physical property such as photographs, m
JPG Lossy file format for images.
layer Technique used in graphics software to place digital images or effects on top o
lossless compression Compression technique in which the original file is completely recoverable, with
lossy compression Compression technique in which some file data is sacrificed in order to reduce

Page 30
 Multimedia

master page A template page which is used to include standard features (such as page num
megapixel Unit used to measure the resolution of digital cameras. Refers to 1 million pixel
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface. System for communication between music
morphing Effect that transforms one image into another over a series of frames.
motion capture A system used to capture human movement into a computer by attaching sens
MOV Lossy file format for video.
MP3 Lossy file format for audio.
MP4 Lossy file format for video.
MPEG Lossy file format for video.
object oriented graphics Graphics which are stored as a series of mathematical shapes and properties t
ODT File format for documents, used by LibreOffice.
PDF Common file format for the exchange of documents, which appears on screen e
pixel Individual dots which make up bitmap graphics.
pixels per inch Number of pixels displayed in each inch of screen output.
plain text file File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode encoding.
PNG Lossless file format for images.
Portable Document Format Common file format for the exchange of documents, which appears on screen e
PPI Number of pixels displayed in each inch of screen output.
raster graphics Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels.
resolution Refers to the number of pixels in an image.
Rich Text Format File format for documents, which can store text and some basic formatting infor
rotating Image effect found in most graphics software.
RTF File format for documents, which can store text and some basic formatting infor
sample rate Number of samples taken each second when recording sound.
scaling Changing the size of an image.
selection tools Tools in graphics software for selecting only a subset of an image.
streaming media Video or audio data that is played while it is downloading.
SVG Standard file format for vector image data.
template A page which is used to include standard features (such as page numbers or a
text file File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode encoding.
TIF Lossless file format for images.
true colour Image with 24 bit colour depth.
TXT File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode encoding.
typography The proficient use of fonts, font sizes, and font properties such as leading and k
vector graphics Graphics which are stored as a series of mathematical shapes and properties t
video CODECs (coder-decoders) Software required to view certain compressed video and audio formats.
virtual actors Animated characters used in films, created entirely using computer graphics so
Vorbis Lossy file format for audio.
watermarking The process of adding an author name or logo into an image to identify its own
WAV Lossless file format for audio.
WMA Lossy file format for video.
WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get. Refers to programs that present their output o
zip file Compressed file format for general data.

Page 31
 Multimedia

sentation or DTP software.

sample in a video or audio file.

mage matching a certain colour with computer graphics.

o or audio data ready for playing.

products for manufacture.
sing 2D or 3D graphics software.

of an image to another, often to remove something from the image.

intensities of colours in an image.

intensities of colours in an image.

match those on the screen.
pecify how a device represents colour.
match those on the screen.
arate images.

products for manufacture.

sing 2D or 3D graphics software.
operty from authorised copying, alteration, or use.
stribute their work freely.

s on pages. Commonly used for books, magazines, and brochures.

an image using graphics software.
can perform with a file, such as copying or printing.
digital computer data.

er of dots of colour a printer is capable of producing in a certain amount of space.

er of dots of colour a printer is capable of producing in a certain amount of space.
can perform with a file, such as copying or printing.
s on pages. Commonly used for books, magazines, and brochures.
ng in certain limited circumstances.
an image using graphics software.

e on every page.

stribute their work freely.

mage matching a certain colour with computer graphics.
e on every page.

cal property such as photographs, music, stories, and films.

ce digital images or effects on top of each other to build up a final image.

al file is completely recoverable, with no loss of quality. Compare lossy compression.
data is sacrificed in order to reduce file size.

Page 32
 Multimedia

andard features (such as page numbers or a header) on each page of a document in a consistent manner.
al cameras. Refers to 1 million pixels.
m for communication between musical hardware and software applications.
er over a series of frames.
t into a computer by attaching sensors to an actor and tracking their location.

athematical shapes and properties that can be independently manipulated at any time.

cuments, which appears on screen exactly as it will appear on the printer.

screen output.
CII or Unicode encoding.

cuments, which appears on screen exactly as it will appear on the printer.

screen output.

text and some basic formatting information.

text and some basic formatting information.

en recording sound.

y a subset of an image.
downloading.

atures (such as page numbers or a header) on each page of a document in a consistent manner.
CII or Unicode encoding.

CII or Unicode encoding.

ont properties such as leading and kerning to display text in an appropriate manner.
athematical shapes and properties that can be independently manipulated at any time.
ed video and audio formats.
entirely using computer graphics software.

ogo into an image to identify its owner and prevent intellectual property theft.

programs that present their output onscreen exactly as it will appear when printed.

Page 33
 Databases

alternative key Field by which a database is often searched.

auditing Recording database transactions made by users (e.g. all edits, reads) for security purpo
Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT operators used in a query.
character check Ensuring a field contains only the specified character types.
check digit Way of checking mathematically if a item of data has been correctly entered.
Comma Separated Values File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, separ
composite key Primary key which consists of more than one field.
computer matching Combining several databases to build up more information about a person or set of peo
consistency check Validation check in which two fields' values are mutually dependent.
CSV File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, separ
data entry form Screen used to input data into a database.
data integrity Ensuring data is correct, consistent, and update to date.
data matching Combining several databases to build up more information about a person or set of peo
data mining Searching collections of data for hidden patterns.
Data Protection Act UK law that governs the collection and use of personal data.
data redundancy Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.
data types Format of data in a field, such as text, number, or date.
data warehouses Vast databases containing many gigabytes of data.
Database Management System Software used to create, enter, edit, and retrieve data in a database.
DBMS Software used to create, enter, edit, and retrieve data in a database.
field Single item of data about a single record in a database.
field size Validation technique. Number of characters that can be stored in a field.
flat file database Database which consists of just one table.
foreign key Database field whose sole purpose is to form part of a relationship with another table.
forms Screen used to input data into a database.
index Field by which a database is often searched.
input mask Validation technique. Ensures only the specified characters can be entered into a field.
key field Field which contains a different value for every record in that table.
knowledge discovery Searching collections of data for hidden patterns.
length check Validation technique. Number of characters that can be stored in a field.
lookup Using a list of values to limit what can be entered into a field. For example, for the 'Gend
normalization Process of converting a database from a flat file database to a relational database.
online encyclopaedias Web site containing a large number of articles for research purposes.
opt-in System in which users must explicitly decide to participate.
opt-out System in which users must explicitly decide not to participate.
parameter query Database query whose criteria are decided by the user at run-time.
personal data Data which could identify a user, or lead to social impacts such as identity theft.
personally identifiable data Data which could identify a user, or lead to social impacts such as identity theft.
presence check Validation technique. Requires a field to be completed.
primary key Field which contains a different value for every record in that table.
privacy policy Policy governing what data a company or web site will collect about you and how it will b
queries Method of extracting data from a database that matches specific criteria
range check Validation technique. Ensures a field is between a certain range of values.
RDBMS Relational DBMS. See Database Management System.
record Collection of fields that represent a single entity, such as a person.
redundancy Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.
redundant data Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.
relational database Database containing multiple related tables and no redundant data.
searching Method of extracting data from a database that matches specific criteria
secondary key Field by which a database is often searched.

Page 34
 Databases

secondary use Using data for a purpose other than the one for which it was collected.
sensitive data Data such as medical records which, if shared, could cause serious negative impacts on
sorting Ordering records based on a field (e.g. alphabetically).
SQL Language for managing databases by typing commands.
Structured Query Language Language for managing databases by typing commands.
Tab Separated Values File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, with f
tab-delimited text files File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, with f
table In databases, a collection of records representing a type of item.
Trans-border data flow Transfer of data between countries.
TSV File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, with f
validation Checks to ensure whether data is in the correct format.
verification Checking whether data is correct – i.e. is the value entered in a field the actual value?
web databases

Page 35
 Databases

all edits, reads) for security purposes.

een correctly entered.

d records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also TSV (Tab Separated Values).

ation about a person or set of people.

ly dependent.
d records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also TSV (Tab Separated Values).

ation about a person or set of people.

in a database.
in a database.

e stored in a field.

relationship with another table.

cters can be entered into a field.

e stored in a field.
a field. For example, for the 'Gender' field, the values are limited to 'male' and 'female'
ase to a relational database.
arch purposes.

r at run-time.
cts such as identity theft.
cts such as identity theft.

collect about you and how it will be used.

es specific criteria
ain range of values.

dundant data.
es specific criteria

Page 36
 Databases

it was collected.
ause serious negative impacts on the data subject.

d records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab character. See also CSV.
d records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab character. See also CSV.

d records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab character. See also CSV.

ered in a field the actual value?

Page 37
 Models&Sims

absolute cell reference In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which does not change when moved.
assumptions Often made during the construction of a computer model, as part of the simplification proce
car crash model Used to predict the results of car crashes.
cell format In spreadsheets, the properties of a cell such as its colour, font, and cell type.
cell range In spreadsheets, reference to a range of continuous cells.
cell reference In spreadsheets, a combination of row number and column letter to refer to a single cell (e.
centralized processing Single computer with multiple processors working on a task.
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics. A technique used to model airflow in computer models.
climate model Computer model used to predict possible future climate change.
Computer model Mathematical representation of the real world using computer software.
Computer simulation Based on computer models, gives users experience of events such as flying a plane.
Decision Support System Use of models or expert systems to aid (business) decision making processes.
distributed processing Use of multiple separate computers working together on a common task.
feedback loop Comparing the results of a computer model to actual (real life) results, and using the differe
flight simulator Simulator hardware and software used to train pilots.
formula In spreadsheets, a combination of cell references and mathematical operations.
full motion platform Hardware device which can move in many directions to increase the realism of simulators.
function Built in features of spreadsheets for performing common calculations.
Global Climate Model Computer model used to predict possible future climate change.
goal seek Spreadsheet tool used to determine the required values to meet a certain goal.
grid computing Use of multiple separate computers working together on a common task.
high performance computing High speed computing using multiple processors
parallel processing High speed computing using multiple processors
prediction Output of a computer model.
relative cell reference In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which updates when moved.
simplification Difference between a computer model's representation of a process, and the real life proce
spreadsheet Application software for performing numerical calculations and analysis.
supercomputer Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of calculations per second.
variables Components of a computer model which can be altered to vary the output.
visualisation Graphical or animated output from a computer model or simulation.
What-if scenario Use of a computer model to test the results of different situations and scenarios.

Page 38
 Models&Sims

when moved.
as part of the simplification process.

font, and cell type.

letter to refer to a single cell (e.g. A2).

airflow in computer models.

nts such as flying a plane.

n making processes.
common task.
ife) results, and using the differences to improve the model for the future.

hematical operations.
rease the realism of simulators.

meet a certain goal.

common task.

a process, and the real life process.

and analysis.
of calculations per second.
vary the output.

ations and scenarios.

Page 39
 Business-Traditional

acceptable use policy Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do with IT systems.
chip and pin Systems designed to reduce credit card fraud by requiring the user to authenticate themselv
collaborative software Application software to let users work together on projects even if they are geographically re
deskilling Reduction in the skill needed to do a job, due to technology
EFT Transfer of money from one account to another using computer systems and networks.
Electronic Funds Transfer Transfer of money from one account to another using computer systems and networks.
email monitoring Technology to monitor emails sent and received, usually by employees.
employee monitoring Technology used to monitor the work of employees using a computer system.
extranet Content on a LAN which is available to authorised third parties.
filtering Process of preventing access to some resources, usually web pages.
follow-the-sun working System of moving working to different offices around the globe as the day progresses, endin
Internet monitoring Technology to monitor Internet data sent and received, usually by employees.
intranet Content on a LAN which is only available to members of an organisation.
key logger Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a computer system.
keystroke monitoring Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a computer system.
loyalty card Card used to identify repeat customers, to allow them to accumulate reward points, and to g
macro In application software, a set of actions which are recorded so they can be played back late
macro viruses Virus that takes advantage of the macro programming languages built into some software.
mail merge The process of automatically customising a standard letter with individual names and addre
online banking Use of the Internet to perform tasks such as bill payment, money transfers and other bankin
Point of Sale Checkout system in a shop, usually connected to a store database and EFT system.
POS Checkout system in a shop, usually connected to a store database and EFT system.
re-skilling When a de-skilled user retrains, often in a technology related discipline.
remote desktop Ability to connect to a computer, over a network, as though you were physically present at th
reward card Card used to identify repeat customers, to allow them to accumulate reward points, and to g
RFID System of tags which contain data that can be read from a distance using radio waves.
self checkout Supermarket technology that lets users scan and pay for their own goods without staff assis
smart shopping trolley Shopping trolley with RFID technology to offer enhanced functionality.
targeted advertising Use of data about customers to determine which adverts they are most likely to find useful.
telecommuting Working away from an organisation's main office or base, using portable computers.
teleworking Working away from an organisation's main office or base, using portable computers.

Page 40
 Business-Traditional

with IT systems.
user to authenticate themselves at the point of sale.
en if they are geographically remote.

er systems and networks.

er systems and networks.

omputer system.

e as the day progresses, ending work in each location as the end of the day approaches, and moving it to a new office elsewhere where
y by employees.

puter system.
puter system.
mulate reward points, and to gather data about their shopping habits for marketing purposes
they can be played back later.
ges built into some software.
h individual names and addresses from a database.
ney transfers and other banking tasks.
base and EFT system.
base and EFT system.

u were physically present at the keyboard.

mulate reward points, and to gather data about their shopping habits for marketing purposes
tance using radio waves.
own goods without staff assistance.

are most likely to find useful.

ng portable computers.
ng portable computers.

Page 41
 Business-Traditional

it to a new office elsewhere where the day is just beginning.

Page 42
 Business-Online

absolute link HTML link to a fully specified URL.

Active Server Pages Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
Active Server Pages Extended Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
ad blockers Software to block adverts in web pages.
ALT attribute HTML attribute that provides a text description of images.
anchor HTML link which points to a different part of the same page.
Apache Well known web server software.
applet Java program which runs inside a web page.
ASP Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
ASPX Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
B2B E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a business and their supp
B2C E-commerce conducted between a business and their customers, for example, online
back-end Database which stores web site content 'behind the scenes'.
banner ads Graphical adverts that are typically displayed across the top of a web page.
bounce rate Percentage of users who visit a web site but immediately leave it.
breadcrumb trails Feature of a web site to help user navigation by showing the current page name and
browser compatibility An essential check to ensure that a web page appears the same way on all web brow
bulk email Email sent to large numbers of users at once. May be considered spam by some use
Business-to-Business E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a business and their supp
Business-to-Consumer E-commerce conducted between a business and their customers, for example, online
C2C E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other, such as in online auction
Cascading Style Sheets Technology to specify styling and formatting information for web pages.
Click Through Rate Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it.
Consumer-to-Consumer E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other, such as in online auction
conversion rate Percentage of visitors who visit a site and then make a purchase.
cookies Small text file text by some web sites to recognise the user when they return.
Cost Per Click Amount paid to the advertising company when a user clicks on an advert.
CPC Amount paid to the advertising company when a user clicks on an advert.
CSS Technology to specify styling and formatting information for web pages.
CTR Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it.
data mining Searching collections of data for hidden patterns.
data-driven web sites A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from data stored in a database.
digital certificates Technique used to authenticate remote users, such as online shopping businesses.
direct payment E-commerce payment using a debit or credit card.
do not track Initiative designed to stop tracking cookies from recording user's web activity.
domain name Human readable names given to web sites, such as www.itgstextbook.com
Domain Name System System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
dynamic web site A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from data stored in a database.
E-commerce The techniques used to sell products online.
E-marketing The techniques used to market produces online.
e-store A name for a web page which lets the user browse and purchase items.
electronic shopping cart Feature of e-commerce sites which contains items for later purchase.
enterprise information system System that allows an organisation to collect, manage, and analyse large amounts of
external link HTML link which points to a separate, external web site.
File Transfer Protocol System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for uploading web sites.
filtering Software which blocks some Internet content, based on a series of rules or lists of co
first party cookie Cookie left by a web site the user directly visited.
Flash Technology often used to create interactive web pages.
HTML HyperText Markup Language. The standard language for creating web pages.
https Protocol used to send web pages securely over the Internet.

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 Business-Online

hyperlinks Area of a web page – text or an image – which when clicked takes the user to anothe
internal link HTML link which points to a different part of the same page.
Internet Service Provider Company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses.
ISP Company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses.
Java Programming language often used to create interactive web pages.
JavaScript Scripting language often used to create interactive web pages.
keyword density Frequently with which key words appear in a web page.
keyword prominence Locations within a web page that key words appear.
keyword spamming Overuse of key words in a web page in an attempt to increase search engine ranking
link farm Service that links many pages to each other in an attempt to increase search engine
location based service Web page which alters the information it displays based on the user's geographical lo
m-commerce The use of mobile phones to conduct online purchases.
meta tags HTML tags to add additional information about a web page and its content.
mobile commerce The use of mobile phones to conduct online purchases.
MySQL Database system often used by data driven web sites.
newsletter
online advertising
online reputation Methods used to measure the “trust” and “reliability” of people in an online network, e
payment gateway A trusted third party who is used to receive and process payments in an online transa
PHP Technology used to create dynamic web pages.
plugins Software added to web browsers to extend their functionality.
pop-ups A type of advertisement which opens a new browser window to display adverts.
ranking of sites Process performed by search engines to determine the order of results for a given se
referrer A small piece of information sent to sites you visit, telling the site which site you just c
relative link HTML link to a file, with no path specified.
screen reader Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, which reads text aloud.
scripting Simple programming that can be included in web pages to make them more interacti
Search Engine Optimisation Techniques used to increase a web page's search engine rankings.
secure online payment Essential for all online transactions, often achieved using SSL or TLS encryption.
SEO Techniques used to increase a web page's search engine rankings.
Silverlight Technology often used to create interactive web pages.
sitemap Overview of a web site and all the links and pages within it.
social media Networks such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter, which are often used for advertisin
spam Unwanted, bulk email.
sponsored links Links show by search engines because the link owners paid a fee.
SQL Language for managing databases by typing commands.
styles
stylesheet File which contains CSS information to format a web page.
tags (HTML) Keywords in HTML which are used to mark up a web page.
targeted advertising The use of data about an individual to determine the types of advertising which is mo
third party cookie Cookie left by a web site the user did not directly visit (usually by advert companies).
third party hosting Use of a separate, specialist company to store and manage a web site.
third party payment service See payment gateway.
title attribute HTML attribute that provides a text description of links.
Top Level Domain The final part of a domain name, such as .com .net or .sv
tracking number A number given to users when they order an item online, allowing them to see its pro
unique identification number Used by cookies to help recognise return visitors to web sites.
uploading To transfer data from a client to a server computer.
uptime Measure of how long a computer system has been operating without restarting.
viral advertising Advertising on social media networks which spreads rapidly from user to user.

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 Business-Online

virtual world 3D environment in which character select an avatar and then explore. Sometimes us
W3C Organisation that manages standards on the world wide web.
web analytics Software to measure and display statistics about a web site's visitors, such as pages
Web Content Management System Software which allows management of a web site without web design skills. Content
web crawler Software which scans web pages looking for key words, so search engines can index
web hosting The process of housing or storing a web site, making it available to the public, and m
web server Computer which houses web pages and serves them to computers that request them
web spider Software which scans web pages looking for key words, so search engines can index
web traffic analysis Software to measure and display statistics about a web site's visitors, such as pages
WebCMS Software which allows management of a web site without web design skills. Content
World Wide Web Consortium Organisation that manages standards on the world wide web.
WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get. Refers to programs that present their output onscre
XML A markup language used to describe data, storing the information as plain text files.

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 Business-Online

gned by Microsoft.
gned by Microsoft.

gned by Microsoft.
gned by Microsoft.
ch as a business and their suppliers.
ir customers, for example, online shopping.

the top of a web page.

wing the current page name and the names of pages which led to it, in order.
rs the same way on all web browsers.
e considered spam by some users.
ch as a business and their suppliers.
ir customers, for example, online shopping.
h other, such as in online auction.
ion for web pages.

h other, such as in online auction.

e user when they return.

r clicks on an advert.
r clicks on an advert.
ion for web pages.

from data stored in a database. For example, when a user performs a search in a shop, all matching products are extracted from the da
as online shopping businesses.

rding user's web activity.

www.itgstextbook.com

from data stored in a database. For example, when a user performs a search in a shop, all matching products are extracted from the da

nd purchase items.
r later purchase.
e, and analyse large amounts of information about its products, its processes, and its customers.

sed for uploading web sites.

on a series of rules or lists of content.

e for creating web pages.

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 Business-Online

clicked takes the user to another web page.

d businesses.
d businesses.
ve web pages.

increase search engine ranking.

empt to increase search engine ranking.
sed on the user's geographical location.

page and its content.

of people in an online network, especially when performing e-commerce or writing reviews.

ess payments in an online transaction.

window to display adverts.

he order of results for a given search.
ling the site which site you just came from.

, which reads text aloud.

ges to make them more interactive or dynamic.
ngine rankings.
sing SSL or TLS encryption.
ngine rankings.

hich are often used for advertising.

ers paid a fee.

types of advertising which is most likely to interest them.

(usually by advert companies).
manage a web site.

ine, allowing them to see its progress from the retailer to their door.

perating without restarting.

rapidly from user to user.

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 Business-Online

and then explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing purposes.

eb site's visitors, such as pages visited, durations of visits, and web browsers used.
hout web design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in
ds, so search engines can index them.
it available to the public, and managing the servers on which it runs.
m to computers that request them.
ds, so search engines can index them.
eb site's visitors, such as pages visited, durations of visits, and web browsers used.
hout web design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in

that present their output onscreen exactly as it will appear when printed.
e information as plain text files.

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 Business-Online

start page: 189

hack 2

hing products are extracted from the database and a web page is generated to display them.

hing products are extracted from the database and a web page is generated to display them.

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 Business-Online

on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.

on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.

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 Business-Transport

fleet management
fleet tracking
full body scanners
GPS
intelligent cars
package tracking
price comparison sites
real-time data collection
remote vehicle disabling
RFID
route planning
sensors
smart cars

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 Business-Transport

Software to track and manage fleets of vehicles, including route planning and data analysis functions.
Software to display the location of vehicles, such as trucks or taxis.
Security system used at airports to produce a digital image of passengers 'without clothes'.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their position on Earth using a special receiver.
Cars incorporating IT to improve driver safety and comfort.
Use of RFID and a web site to show customers the location of packages awaiting delivery.
Sites which aggregate price data from a variety of sources to offer customers the best deal.
Data logging systems which report data as soon as it is collected.
Ability to disable a vehicle over a computer network if it has been stolen
System of tags which contain data that can be read from a distance using radio waves.
Software to plan the optimum route between two points.
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.
Cars incorporating IT to improve driver safety and comfort.

Page 52
 Education

1-1 programme
acceptable use policy
accessibility
anti-plagiarism software
asynchronous learning
black list
blended learning
Children's Internet Protection Act
CIPA
cyber-bullying
dictation software
e-book
e-book reader
e-learning
EDI
edutainment
Electronic Data Interchange
electronic textbooks
equality of access
false negative
false positive
flat classrooms
forums
intellectual property
interactive whiteboard
m-learning
motion controllers
multimedia
onscreen keyboard
open courseware
open textbooks
plagiarism
podcast
predictive text
profile privacy settings
projector
reference software
school information system
serious games
speech synthesis
synchronous learning
tele-learning
touch sensitive input
video conferencing
VLE
web 2.0
Virtual Learning Environment

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 Education

Scheme in which every student is given their own laptop.

Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do with IT systems.
Hardware and software features to help disabled users operate computer systems.
Software to detect plagiarised work by searching the Internet and previous work samples.
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does not require the teacher and student to be online at the same time.
List of banned web sites in a filtering system.
Mix of traditional teaching techniques and e-learning techniques.
US law requiring Internet filtering in US most schools and libraries.
US law requiring Internet filtering in US most schools and libraries.
Use of IT such as social networks to harass or bully individuals.
Use of software to convert spoken words into text.
An electronic book, presented as a document on a computer or an e-book reader.
Portable device used to download and read e-books.
Electronic learning. The use of IT to teach and learn.
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard format that both can understand.
Entertainment software designed to have an educational aspect.
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard format that both can understand.
E-books designed to replace traditional paper textbooks for teaching and learning
The use of technology to ensure that everybody is able to access resources, regardless of problems such as physical disa
When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of accepting it.
When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of rejecting it.
Use of IT to connect classrooms with other classrooms around the world
Online areas where users can post messages to each other.
Refers to creations of the mind – non-physical property such as photographs, music, stories, and films.
A computer input and output device often used in classrooms. Displays computer graphics as output and allows input usin
Mobile learning. Use of mobile devices to teach and learn.
Input devices which are moved through the air to control a computer system.
Use of images, audio, text, and video data together.
Keyboard which is displayed on screen and controlled by clicking on buttons with the mouse or a touch screen.
Educational material which is released for free use and distribution.
Textbooks whose content is freely available online for reading, copying, and often editing.
Use of another user's work without proper credit or citation being given.
Sound files recorded and uploaded to a web server, usually in episodic format.
System that predicts the word being typed based on the letters already typed.
Settings in social networks and other systems to control how a user's data is shared with others.
Output device used to display computer graphics on a wall or board.
Electronic encyclopedia software containing articles, images, videos, and other reference items.
Database system for storing and managing information about a school, its students, and staff.
Games designed to teach players about an issue.
Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, reads text from the computer out loud.
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does requires the teacher and student to be online at the same time.
Learning that occurs when the teacher and students are in separate geographical locations.
Input devices which allows a screen to be controlled with fingers rather than using a mouse or a keyboard.
Use of video cameras and microphones to conduct a conversation over a network.
A content management system (CMS) which allows teachers to upload lessons, worksheets, quizzes, and other class ma
Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and collaboration.
A content management system (CMS) which allows teachers to upload lessons, worksheets, quizzes, and other class ma

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 Education

be online at the same time.

problems such as physical disabilities.

as output and allows input using special pens or a finger.

se or a touch screen.

online at the same time.

e or a keyboard.

ts, quizzes, and other class material, to be displayed on a web page.

ts, quizzes, and other class material, to be displayed on a web page.

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 Education

start page: 219

Page 56
 Environment

ADC
analog data
analog to digital converter
BAN
Basel Action Network
Basel Convention, The
blade servers
continuous data
CRT
data centres
data layers
data logging
digital data
digital footprint
digital divide
digitisation
discrete data
donation schemes
e-waste
electronic waste
Geographical Information System
geotagged
GIS
Global Positioning System
GPS
GPS receiver
laser imaging
LCD
LEDC
Less Economically Developed Country
Lidar
life cycle (hardware)
location based service
MEDC
More Economically Developed Country
planned obsolescence
power settings
radar
recycling
reduce
redundant systems
remote sensing
refurbish
reuse
RoHS
Reduction of Harmful Substances
sample precision
sample rate
sampling
sat nav

Page 57
 Environment

satellite imaging
satellite navigation system
sensors
sonar
speed throttling
take-back scheme
virtual globe
virtual machines
virtualisation
visualisation
WEEE

Page 58
 Environment

Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital sample of it.
Continuous data which can be measured, such as the temperature in the room.
Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital sample of it.
Environmental campaign group that works to reduce the problems caused by e-waste.
Environmental campaign group that works to reduce the problems caused by e-waste.
Environmental agreement regarding e-waste.
Server design which is modular, allowing systems to be rapidly expanded and reducing power consumption.
Analog data which can be measured, such as the temperature in the room.
Old, large TV style computer monitors.
Large warehouses of computers that host hundreds or thousands of gigabytes of data.
Layers of information added to a Geographical Information System.
Automatic recording of data using sensors.
Discrete data which can be counted.
An individual's effect on the environment due to e-waste.
The idea that money, language, education, or infrastructure creates a gap between those who have access to information
The process of converting analog data into digital computer data.
Discrete data which can be counted.
Schemes used to find additional uses for obsolete computer equipment to extend it's useful life.
Discarded electronic equipment that is either broken or obsolete.
Discarded electronic equipment that is either broken or obsolete.
A system which allows layers of data to be placed on map data to visualise and analyse it. For example, crime rate figures
Adding tags to data (such as an image) to identify the location in which it was created.
A system which allows layers of data to be placed on map data to visualise and analyse it. For example, crime rate figures
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their position on Earth using a special receiver.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their position on Earth using a special receiver.
Part of the GPS system which calculates its distance from satellites in space.
Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by satellites.
Newer style “flat screen” monitors.
Countries to which electronic waste is often shipped for unsafe recycling and disposal.
Countries to which electronic waste is often shipped for unsafe recycling and disposal.
Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by satellites.
For computer hardware, the period of time from its manufacture, through its use, until its eventual disposal.
Any service (e.g. web page content) which varies according to the user's location.
Countries which are often a significant source of electronic waste.
Countries which are often a significant source of electronic waste.
Idea that IT equipment is designed to have a short life expectancy before failing or becoming obsolete.
Operating systems to affect the power consumption of a computer.
Remote imaging method used by satellites.
The process of reclaiming valuable elements from waste electronic equipment, often done unsafely in developing countrie
The 'R' concerned with preventing e-waste problems by producing less waste equipment and using fewer harmful chemica
System which will take over the role of a primary system if it fails.
Techniques used by satellites to image the Earth.
The 'R' concerned with finding additional uses for equipment which is obsolete but not broken.
The 'R' concerned with finding additional uses for equipment which is obsolete but not broken.
A law which limits the harmful chemicals that manufacturers are allowed to put into their electronic equipment.
A law which limits the harmful chemicals that manufacturers are allowed to put into their electronic equipment.
During digitisation, the number of bits used to represent each sample.
During digitisation, the number of samples taken per second.
The process of converting analog data into digital computer data.
Portable GPS receiver device often used in vehicles.

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 Environment

The use of sensors on satellites to measure or record information, usually about the Earth.
Portable device that uses GPS to plot the user's position.
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.
Remote imaging method used by satellites.
Reducing a processor's clock speed to save power when not in use.
Scheme operated by IT manufacturers to accept customers' old hardware for recycling at its end of life.
A 3D software map of the Earth, usually with layers of information added, similar to a GIS.
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing one physical computer to run several “virtual computers”, each
The process of using several virtual machines running on one computer to replace several separate physical computers.
Producing graphs or animations based on computer data, to help understand and analyse it.
A European law which requires electronic equipment manufacturers to accept back their equipment for recycling at its end

Page 60
 Environment

ave access to information technologies and those who do not.

xample, crime rate figures can be layered on a map of a city.

xample, crime rate figures can be layered on a map of a city.

10

ely in developing countries.

ing fewer harmful chemicals.

ic equipment.
ic equipment.

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 Environment

“virtual computers”, each with their own independent operating system and application software.
rate physical computers.

ent for recycling at its end of life.

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Environment

Start page 235

Page 63
 Health

addiction
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
centralised database
clinical decision support system
computer model
CTS
cybernetics
e-prescriptions
EDI
EHR
Electronic Data Interchange
Electronic Health Records
Electronic Medical Records
EMR
ergonomics
Human Genome Project
medical expert system
myoelectric control
neural control
opt-in
opt-out
Personal Health Record
PHR
prosthetics
remote monitoring
Repetitive Strain Injury
RSI
smart cards
store-and-forward telemedicine
telehealth
telemedicine
telesurgery
virtual reality
VPN

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 Health

Compulsive use of a computer system that can lead to negative effects, including health problems. A growing problem!
A health problem causing pain in the wrist, often associated with overuse or incorrect of a computer system.
database in which all data in stored in one centralised location.
Expert system for medical diagnosis
Mathematical representation of the real world using computer software.
A health problem causing pain in the wrist, often associated with overuse or incorrect of a computer system.
Integration of IT into the human body.
Electronic prescriptions.
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard format that both can understand.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard format that both can understand.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
Meaning a system design for user comfort.
An online project designed to centrally store information about the human genome.
Expert system for medical diagnosis support.
Control of IT using electrical impulses from the body
Control of IT using electrical impulses from the brain
System in which users must explicitly decide to participate.
System in which users must explicitly decide not to participate.
Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's own computer system.
Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's own computer system.
Devices used to replace a user's arms or legs if they have been amputated. Increasing becoming computerised.
Use of IT to monitor the health of patients over a large distance.
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer, which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer, which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
Credit card sized card containing a microchip for data storage and processing.
Telemedicine using techniques such as email, which do not operate in real time.
Using IT to perform medical consultations when the doctor and patient are in geographically separate locations.
Using IT to perform medical consultations when the doctor and patient are in geographically separate locations.
Using IT to perform surgery on a patient in a geographically separate location from the doctor.
A virtual world which the user views using a special headset, and may participate in using specialist input devices.
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer ca

Page 65
 Health

owing problem!

mote computer can securely connect to a LAN, as though it were physically connected.

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 Home&Leisure

3D modelling Software often used in the digital restoration of historic sites or artefacts.
augmented reality Overlapping layers of computer data with images of the real world.
avatar Representation of a person in a virtual environment.
biometrics Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an authenticatio
CAVE Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls surrounding a use
Cave Automated Virtual Environment Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls surrounding a use
citizen journalism News reporting by everyday citizens using mobile technology, rather than tr
copyright infringement Illegally copying or distributing copyrighted material.
digital restoration The process of using digital versions of historic works or places and softwa
Digital Rights Management Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a file, such as
digital radio Upgraded version of radio signals which offers higher quality than analog te
digital television Upgraded version of television signals which offers higher quality than anal
digitisation The process of converting analog data into digital computer data.
DRM Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a file, such as
e-book An electronic book, presented as a document on a computer or an e-book r
electronic ink Technology used in e-book readers to improve display quality.
Entertainment Software Rating Board Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games.
ESRB Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games.
ground penetrating radar Specialist imaging hardware used to detect and visualise objects buried und
HDTV Television images that have a resolution up to 1920 x 1080.
High Definition Television Television images that have a resolution up to 1920 x 1080.
home automation Home which uses technology to improve its efficiency, security, and comfor
Home Theatre PC Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically for watching tel
HTPC Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically for watching tel
IPTV Systems which allows television images and sound to be delivered over the
laser scanning Technique used to build 3D computer models of real world locations.
Massively Multiplayer Online Game Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other p
Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing G Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other p
MMOG Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other p
MMORPG Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other p
Motion Picture Association of America Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of films.
MPAA Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of films.
news aggregator Software which fetches news headlines from a variety of sources for display
P2P Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centralised serv
Pan European Game Information Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games in Europe.
paywall System to prevent access to a web site's content unless the user pays a su
Peer-to-Peer Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centralised serv
PEGI Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games in Europe.
piracy Term for the illegal copying or downloading of copyrighted material.
Recording Industry Association of America Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of music.
RFID System of tags which contain data that can be read from a distance using r
RIAA Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of music.
smart home Home which uses technology to improve its efficiency, security, and comfor
smart meters Systems which measure a household's consumption of water or resources,
social news News sites which rank news stories based on user ratings.
stereolithography '3D printer' that can produce actual objects from computer models.
streaming media Video or audio data that is played while it is downloading.
Video On Demand Television and films which can be streamed at any time from the Internet, ra
virtual worlds 3D environment in which character select an avatar and then explore. Som
VOD Television and films which can be streamed at any time from the Internet, ra

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 Home&Leisure

digital restoration of historic sites or artefacts.

puter data with images of the real world.
n in a virtual environment.
scans, or other body features as an authentication mechanism.
h projects images on the walls surrounding a user.
h projects images on the walls surrounding a user.
ay citizens using mobile technology, rather than traditional media.
uting copyrighted material.
al versions of historic works or places and software to “rebuild” them to their previous states.
e actions a user can perform with a file, such as copying or printing.
signals which offers higher quality than analog television.
sion signals which offers higher quality than analog television.
analog data into digital computer data.
e actions a user can perform with a file, such as copying or printing.
nted as a document on a computer or an e-book reader.
k readers to improve display quality.
content ratings for computer games.
content ratings for computer games.
re used to detect and visualise objects buried underground.
ve a resolution up to 1920 x 1080.
ve a resolution up to 1920 x 1080.
ogy to improve its efficiency, security, and comfort, by automating many aspects.
capabilities designed specifically for watching television and films.
capabilities designed specifically for watching television and films.
vision images and sound to be delivered over the Internet.
D computer models of real world locations.
ing to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
ing to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
ing to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
ing to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
orks to reduce illegal copying of films.
orks to reduce illegal copying of films.
ws headlines from a variety of sources for display in one location.
uters are equal and there are no centralised servers.
content ratings for computer games in Europe.
to a web site's content unless the user pays a subscription fee.
uters are equal and there are no centralised servers.
content ratings for computer games in Europe.
g or downloading of copyrighted material.
works to reduce illegal copying of music.
ain data that can be read from a distance using radio waves.
works to reduce illegal copying of music.
ogy to improve its efficiency, security, and comfort, by automating many aspects.
household's consumption of water or resources, producing statistics that can be used to improve efficiency.
ws stories based on user ratings.
ce actual objects from computer models.
played while it is downloading.
can be streamed at any time from the Internet, rather than waiting for a TV broadcast.
character select an avatar and then explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing purposes.
can be streamed at any time from the Internet, rather than waiting for a TV broadcast.

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 Home&Leisure

273

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 Politics&Government

ANPR Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle number plates
augmented reality Overlapping layers of computer data with images of the real world.
Automatic Number Plate Recognition Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle number plates
battlefield network Large scale network gathering information from soldiers, vehicles, and map
biometrics Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an authentication
black boxes Closed system whose internal operation cannot be inspected.
black list List of banned web sites in a filtering system.
Children Internet Protection Act (CIPA) US Law requiring schools to filter Internet content to protect children.
content rating System whereby web site content is categorised so that filters can block it if
cyber-terrorism Using computer hacking techniques to commit acts of terrorism.
cyber-warfare Using computer hacking techniques to commit acts of war.
Denial of Service attack Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot respond to genuine
Digital Millennium Copyright Act Law designed to improve copyright protection for media companies, and ma
Direct Recording Electronic Voting machines where users cast votes by touching a screen.
DMCA Law designed to improve copyright protection for media companies, and ma
DNA database A database, often national, that contains DNA samples taken from people a
DNS System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
DNS Poisoning Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive users to fake s
DRE voting machine A type of electronic voting machine that allows the user to vote by selecting
drone An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for surveillance opera
e-passport Passport with a microchip containing biometric features, and RFID technolo
e-petition An online petition that can be signed by people supporting a cause.
electronic voting Any use of IT to count or cast votes in an election.
false negative When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of accepting it.
false positive When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of rejecting it.
filter Software which blocks some Internet content, based on a series of rules or
firewall Software or hardware used to control data entering and leaving a network.
future warrior Information technology designed to improve a soldier's understanding of the
GPS System of satellites that allows a user to determine their position on Earth u
Internet voting Systems which allows users to vote over the Internet.
Internet Watch Foundation Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to illegal content o
IP address Unique address assigned to every computer on a network.
IWF Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to illegal content o
keyword filter Filter that blocks web pages containing specified key words.
micro-payments Online donations collected in small amounts, but which add up when contrib
mission creep When the use of an IT system extends beyond its original purpose.
mixed reality Combination of virtual reality and real life training.
online voting Casting votes over the Internet.
open government Use of IT to publish data about government operations, improving transpare
optical scanning electronic voting system Voting machines which count paper ballots cast by voters.
PNDRE Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like the Internet.
precision guided weapons Weapons that use IT to improve their accuracy or effectiveness.
Public Network Direct Recording Electronic Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like the Internet.
RFID System of tags which contain data that can be read from a distance using ra
simulation Based on computer models, gives users experience of events such as flying
smart weapons Weapons that use IT to improve their accuracy or effectiveness.
software verification The use of experts to examine the source code of a program to check that i
tactile feedback Output from a computer system in the form of force, movement, or resistanc
UAV An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for surveillance opera
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for surveillance opera

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 Politics&Government

URL Describes the location of an item, such as a web page, on the Internet.
virtual reality A virtual world which the user views using a special headset, and may parti
virtual reality headset Primary output device used by a virtual reality system.
Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of the vote cast, a
VVPAT An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of the vote cast, a
weighted filter A filter which considers the words in a page as well as the context in which
white list List of allowed web sites in a filtering system.
wired soldiers Information technology designed to improve a soldier's understanding of the

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 Politics&Government

data to read vehicle number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.
h images of the real world.
data to read vehicle number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.
on from soldiers, vehicles, and maps to provide an overall view of the battlefield.
r body features as an authentication mechanism.
cannot be inspected.

t content to protect children.

egorised so that filters can block it if necessary.
ommit acts of terrorism.
ommit acts of war.
o that it cannot respond to genuine users.
ction for media companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection systems such as DRM.
by touching a screen.
ction for media companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection systems such as DRM.
DNA samples taken from people arrested by the police.
o IP addresses.
S records and drive users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
allows the user to vote by selecting the candidates name using a touchscreen.
by the military for surveillance operations.
metric features, and RFID technology to transmit these to immigration control.
people supporting a cause.

tion instead of accepting it.

ction instead of rejecting it.
ntent, based on a series of rules or lists of content.
ta entering and leaving a network.
ove a soldier's understanding of the battlefield around him.
determine their position on Earth using a special receiver.
the Internet.
to block access to illegal content on the Internet.
uter on a network.
to block access to illegal content on the Internet.
pecified key words.
unts, but which add up when contributed by thousands of users.
eyond its original purpose.

ent operations, improving transparency.

ots cast by voters.
over a network like the Internet.
curacy or effectiveness.
over a network like the Internet.
an be read from a distance using radio waves.
experience of events such as flying a plane.
curacy or effectiveness.
e code of a program to check that it works correctly.
rm of force, movement, or resistance.
by the military for surveillance operations.
by the military for surveillance operations.

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 Politics&Government

s a web page, on the Internet.

g a special headset, and may participate in using specialist input devices.
eality system.
s a paper receipt of the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.
s a paper receipt of the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.
age as well as the context in which they appear.

ove a soldier's understanding of the battlefield around him.

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 Politics&Government

289

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 IT Systems in Organizations

Development Personnel
information system (IS) managers
analyst
database administrator
development manager
network manager
programmer
support staff

Analysis Stage
business case
client
constraints
CP
Critical Path
data collection
end-user
feasibility study
functional requirements
Gantt chart
milestones
non-functional requirements
organisational IT policies
PERT chart
project goals
project management methodology
project management software
project manager
project plan
requirements specification
scope
SWOT
technical documentation
user documentation

Design Stage
attributes
cardinality
Data Flow Diagram
data structure
DFD
entities
entity relationship diagram
ERD
outputs
processes
prototype interface
relationships
system context diagram
user interface

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Implementation Stage
alpha testing
bugs
Capability Maturity Model Integration
CMMI
Frequently Asked Questions
implementation
load testing
online lessons
prototypes
quality assurance methods
quality control processes
software testers
test plan
training
tutorial
user manual

Testing Stage
beta tester
beta testing
bug tracking system
handover
user acceptance testing

Installation Stage
changeover
delivery
deployment
direct changeover
installation
parallel running
phased changeover

Maintenance Stage
adaptive maintenance
corrective maintenance
incident escalation
Incident management system
incident tracking system
internal support
maintenance
perfective maintenance
phase out
preventative maintenance
regression testing
support

Development Approach and Methodologies

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acceptance testing
agile development
PMBoK
PRINCE2
procurement
project initiation document
SSADM
user acceptance testing
waterfall development

Misc Terms
Custom / bespoke software
emulator
IDE
Integrated Development Environment
legacy system
off-the-shelf software
SDLC
source code
System development lifecycle
virtual machine

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Person responsible for all IT purchases, deployments, and systems within an organisation.
In project development, person who documents the current system, finding its problems and areas for improvement
The person in an organisation who is responsible for setting up, maintaining, and monitoring the organisation's database(s
In project development, person who oversees programmers as they create the system specified in the design.
The person responsible for the installation, configuration, and monitoring of an organisation's network.
A person who writes computer programs by following a design document.
Staff who train users and help them with problems as they occur

Analysis of the benefits and problems of a proposed IT project.

Person or organisation who commissions an IT project.
Limitations within which an IT system must work.
Longest (slowest) path through a project's development, as determined by using a PERT chart.
Longest (slowest) path through a project's development, as determined by using a PERT chart.
Used to find information about an existing system during the development of a new system.
Person who will use an IT project one it is finished.
Examination of a proposed system to see if its creation is possible.
Specific features and functions that a proposed IT system must have.
Used to chart the stages of a planned IT project and the people responsible for each stage.
Key points during project development, such as the completion of a stage.
Conditions that a proposed IT system must meet, such as working on certain hardware or giving results within a certain tim
Policies governing the appropriate use of IT, data integrity, security procedures, and other aspects of IT use with an organ
Charting system to show the inter-dependencies in projects.
Clear statement of the intentions of a proposed IT project.
Systems and techniques designed to encourage successful projects and avoid project failure.
Software to help plan, manage, and guide the process of IT project development.
Person with overall responsibility for an IT project.
Clear definition of the goals, scope, and schedule of a proposed IT project.
Clear list of the functional and non-functional requirements for a proposed IT project.
Clear definition of the boundaries of an IT project.
Analysis method sometimes used when creating a business case.
Documentation intended for programmers and developers of an IT system.
Documentation intended for users of an IT system, helping them understand and use it.

Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram.

Property of a relationship in an Entity Relationship Diagram.
Shows processes in a system and the flows of data between them.
The way the data within an IT system is organised and related.
Shows processes in a system and the flows of data between them.
Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram.
Shows the items of data stored in a system and the relationships between them.
Shows the items of data stored in a system and the relationships between them.
During analysis, a list of the results that a system must produce.
During analysis, a list of the procedures a system must implement.
Early version of a user interface to get feedback about its effectiveness.
The links between separate items of data.
High level DFD of a system.
The part of a system that allows a user to interact with it.

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Initial testing of an IT system.

Errors in a computer program or system, hopefully found during testing.
Quality assurance method that describes an organisation's level of maturity.
Quality assurance method that describes an organisation's level of maturity.
A list of common problems that users experience, and their answers.
Stage in the SDLC where the system is created (programmed).
Testing of an IT system with the amount of work it can be expected to process in real world conditions.
A form of training delivered online.
An early version of a project, designed to get feedback from the client and users.
In project development, used to ensure the whole development team are following standardised best practises.
Processes to ensure code produced by programmers followed accepted best practices.
People who perform alpha, beta, and acceptance testing.
List of all tests and test data that should be tried with a system.
Ensuring that users will be able to work with a new IT system.
A document which explains how to perform key tasks, step by step.
A document which explains to users how to use a computer system.

Person who attempts to find bugs in software before it is released to customers.

Testing of an IT system once all features have been added and only bugs need to be worked out.
Used to track and manage bugs in a piece of software.
Point at which the developers of a system formally pass it to the client.
Tests performed by a client before formally accepting an IT system from the developers.

Moving from an old system to a new IT system.

Installing a new IT system at the client's premises.
Stage in the SDLC where the system is deployed at the client's site.
Immediate removal of an old system and complete replacement with a new IT system.
Installing a new IT system at the client's premises.
Running the old system and the new system side by side.
One part of an organisation switches to a new IT system to test it, while others remain using the old system.

Maintenance that changes software to make it work with a new software environment.
Maintenance that fixes bugs in software.
Moving a problem with an IT project to a higher level if it cannot be solved.
Used to keep track of problems and difficulties encountered in an IT system.
Used to keep track of problems and difficulties encountered in an IT system.
Support for an IT system provided within an organisation.
Alterations made to a system after it has been formally handed over.
Maintenance that changes software to incorporate new user requirements (or changed requirements).
Gradually removing an old IT system from use.
Maintenance that changes software to avoid possible future problems.
Testing to ensuring changes to an IT system did not break any previously working functionality.
Staff who help users with problems they encounter while using an IT system.

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Testing performed by the client and users as part of the handover process.
Development method that focuses on creating small, working parts of a project at regular intervals.
Project Management Body of Knowledge. A project management methodology.
PRojects IN Controlled Environments 2. A project management methodology.
The act of acquiring the necessary items (software, hardware, staff) to develop an IT system.
Document used in PRINCE2 to describe the key features of an IT project.
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method. A project management methodology.
Testing performed by the client and users as part of the handover process.
Development method that focuses on completing each stage of the SDLC for the entire project before moving onto the ne

Software created specific for an individual or organisation.

A computer program which simulates another type of computer, so that it can run programs designed for it.
Set of programs used by system developers to create IT systems.
Set of programs used by system developers to create IT systems.
An old, out of date IT system which is still used because it is essential to an organisation.
Software which is widely available and can be bought by anybody.
The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual phasing o
Instructions that make up the software, entered by the programmer using a programming language.
The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual phasing o
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing one physical computer to run several “virtual computers”, each

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 IT Systems in Organizations

309
ems and areas for improvement
onitoring the organisation's database(s).
em specified in the design.
nisation's network.

ware or giving results within a certain time.

d other aspects of IT use with an organisation.

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 IT Systems in Organizations

al world conditions.

standardised best practises.

be worked out.

ain using the old system.

ged requirements).

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 IT Systems in Organizations

egular intervals.

ntire project before moving onto the next.

rograms designed for it.

and creation, to its eventual phasing out.

mming language.
and creation, to its eventual phasing out.
o run several “virtual computers”, each with their own independent operating system and application software.

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 AI & Robotics

Artificial Intelligence
AI Creating a system that produces results comparable to human intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence Creating a system that produces results comparable to human intelligence.
Artificial Neural Network AI system that attempts to mimic the neurons and synapses in the human brain.
Boolean logic Logic in which clauses can have one of two states – such as yes or no, true or false.
brute force searching AI technique that considers all possible solutions, looking for the best.
CAPTCHA System designed to create text that is unreadable to a computer but understandable to a p
chaining Use of logical statements to come to a conclusion.
Chinese Room, the Thought experiment dealing with the idea of knowledge.
computational intelligence Approach that tries to create systems that think and learn in the same way humans do.
confidence interval Level of certainty in an answer a pattern recognition system provides.
expert system shell Software used to create expert systems.
expert systems Software designed to make the same decisions that a human expert would, in a given kno
feedback loop Use of previous answers (right or wrong) to improve the decision making process next tim
fuzzy logic Logic in which items can have multiple values. Used in AI.
fuzzy set theory System in which items can be partial or complete members of a set. Used in AI.
hand writing recognition System to recognise human writing and convert it to text.
heuristics General rules for performing a task, used to improve the perform of searching algorithms i
IF-THEN rule Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to describe the relationship betwee
inference engine Part of an expert system which attempts to relate the users input with knowledge stored in
inference rule Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to describe the relationship betwee
knowledge base Area of an expert system where all facts about the knowledge domain are stored.
knowledge domain Area of knowledge in which an expert system specialises.
knowledge engineer Programmer responsible for entering expert knowledge into an expert system.
knowledge representation Different techniques for representing concepts and their relationships inside a computer sy
logic Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to describe the relationship betwee
machine learning Technique for making a computer produce better results by learning from past experience
machine translation Technique for automatically translating one human language into another.
natural language processing Techniques for processing human languages to enable a computer to understand their me
neural networks AI technique that tries to simulate the human brain, using neurons and synapses.
pattern recognition Computational Intelligence technique where computers are trained on examples and learn
Searching AI technique that considers all possible solutions, looking for the best.
set theory Mathematical theory used in some AI techniques.
speech recognition Computer system that can process spoken language and understand its meaning.
training data Example data used in a pattern recognition system.
Turing test Proposed test to see if a computer is intelligent or not.
user interface Part of an expert system that accepts users inputs and presents answers.

Robotics
android Robot designed to look like a human, with lifelike skin and other features.
autonomous Robot which operates without human intervention.
camera Common input device in robotics.
clamps Common output device in robotics.
claws Common output device in robotics.
computer vision Techniques to let computers and robots see and understand the world around them.
heat sensor Common input device in robotics.
humanoid Robot designed generally like a human – bipedal, upright, and arms, and a head.
humidity sensor Common input device in robotics.
infrared sensor Common input device in robotics.
lasers Common input device in robotics.

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light sensor Common input device in robotics.

lights Common output device in robotics.
magnetism sensor Common input device in robotics.
motors Common output device in robotics.
pH sensor Common input device in robotics.
pressure sensor Common input device in robotics.
proximity sensor Common input device in robotics.
radar Common input device in robotics.
relays Common output device in robotics.
robot Computerised device that performs manual or physical tasks, either autonomously or unde
robotic arm Common output device in robotics.
robotic fingers Common output device in robotics.
sensors Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.
sirens Common output device in robotics.
sound sensor Common input device in robotics.
speakers Common output device in robotics.
tracks Common output device in robotics.
wheels Common output device in robotics.

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 AI & Robotics

o human intelligence.
o human intelligence.
napses in the human brain.
such as yes or no, true or false.
king for the best.
a computer but understandable to a person, to reduce spam.

earn in the same way humans do.

ystem provides.

a human expert would, in a given knowledge domain.

he decision making process next time.

mbers of a set. Used in AI.

he perform of searching algorithms in AI applications.

m to describe the relationship between key concepts.
users input with knowledge stored in the knowledge base.
m to describe the relationship between key concepts.
owledge domain are stored.

ge into an expert system.

eir relationships inside a computer system.
m to describe the relationship between key concepts.
ults by learning from past experiences.
nguage into another.
le a computer to understand their meaning.
sing neurons and synapses.
rs are trained on examples and learn to recognise similarities between them.
king for the best.

and understand its meaning.

d presents answers.

and other features.

erstand the world around them.

ight, and arms, and a head.

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 AI & Robotics

al tasks, either autonomously or under remote control.

s sound, heat, or light.

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 CaseStudy 2012

ACID
Adobe Flash Player
Centralised database
Distributed database
Client-side software
Concurrency
Customer relationship
Plug-ins
Record locking
Smartphone
Tablet device
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
QR code
Mail merge
Unicode
CMS
Virtual Private Network
Comma Separated Valu

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 CaseStudy 2012

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Properties of a database that help guarantee data integrity.
A web browser plugin which allows a variety of multimedia and interactive content to be included in web pages.
A database in which all data is stored in a single central location.
A database in which data is stored on multiple computers in separate physical locations. Various techniques are used to s
In a web environment, refers to software that runs in the user's browser rather than on the web server.
Methods used to ensure multiple (concurrent) operations can be performed on a database without causing data integrity p
A computerised system for managing an organisation's customer, sales, and marketing information. This might also includ
Software added to web browsers to extend their functionality.
Technique used in databases to prevent a record being accessed by more than one user at a time. This prevents data int
Mobile phone with capabilities typically including Internet access and a camera.
Portable device, often with a touch screen.
Part of ACID. A way of ensuring that database transactions either happen in their entirety, or not at all. For example, a pay
Part of ACID. Ensures that data in a database is always in a consistent state – i.e. that it follows all data validation rules. (
Part of ACID. Ensures that one database transaction cannot unintentionally affect another. For example, two transactions
Part of ACID. Durability means that once a transaction has occurred, it must “stay occurred”, even if the power is lost or th
Quick Response Code. A type of 2D bar code that can store more data than a regular UPC bar code.
The process of automatically customising a standard letter with individual names and addresses from a database.
Encoding system to store text, with support for multiple languages and alphabets, and thousands of characters. Compare
Content Management System. Software which allows management of a web site without web design skills. Content is sto
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer ca
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also TSV (T

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 CaseStudy 2012

or neither do.

d a WebCMS.

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