1. Decide if you need to give a reference in the following cases.

2. Study the following paragraph from an article titled ‘The mobile revolution’ in the journal ‘Development
Quarterly’ (Issue 34 pages 85–97, 2009) by K. Hoffman. p. 87.

According to recent estimates there are at least 4 billion mobile phones in the world, and the majority of these are
owned by people in the developing world. Ownership in the developed world reached saturation level by 2007, so
countries such as China, India and Brazil now account for most of the growth. In the poorest countries, with weak
transport networks and unreliable postal services, access to telecommunications is a vital tool for starting or
developing a business, since it provides access to wider markets. Studies have shown that when household
incomes rise, more money is spent on mobile phones than any other item.

Summary

Hoffman (2009) stresses the critical importance of mobile phones in the developing world in the growth of small
businesses.

Quotation

According to Hoffman, mobile phone ownership compensates for the weaknesses of infrastructure in the
developing world: ‘In the poorest countries, with weak transport networks and unreliable postal services, access
to telecommunications is a vital tool for starting or developing a business, since it provides access to wider
markets’ (2009: 87).

Summary and quotation

Hoffman points out that most of the growth in mobile phone ownership now takes place in the developing world,
where it has become crucial for establishing a business: ‘. . . access to telecommunications is a vital tool for
starting or developing a business, since it provides access to wider markets’ (2009: 87).

3. Read the next paragraph of the same article, also on p. 87.

In such countries the effect of phone ownership on GDP growth is much stronger than in the developed world,
because the ability to make calls is being offered for the first time, rather than as an alternative to existing
landlines. As a result, mobile phone operators have emerged in Africa, India and other parts of Asia that are
larger and more flexible than Western companies, and which have grown by catering for poorer customers, being
therefore well-placed to expand downmarket. In addition Chinese phone makers have successfully challenged
the established Western companies in terms of quality as well as innovation. A further trend is the provision of
services via the mobile network which offer access to information about topics such as healthcare or agriculture.
Write a summary of the main point, including a citation.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Introduce a quotation to show the key point, referring to the source.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

Combine summary and quotation, again acknowledging the source.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Study the reference list below, from an essay on the effects of age on second language learning, and
answer the following questions.
Find an example of:

(i) a book by one author

(ii) a journal article

(iii) a chapter in an edited book

(iv) an authored undated website article

(v) an anonymous webpage

(vi) a book by two authors

What are the main differences in the way these sources are referenced?

(i) ________________________________________________________

(ii) ________________________________________________________

(iii) ________________________________________________________

(iv) ________________________________________________________

(v) ________________________________________________________

(vi) ________________________________________________________

When are italics used?

How are capital letters used in titles?

Write citations for summaries from each of the sources.

(i) ________________________________________________________

(ii) ________________________________________________________

(iii) ________________________________________________________

(iv) ________________________________________________________

(v) ________________________________________________________

(vi) ________________________________________________________

(vii) _______________________________________________________

5. Write a list of references for an essay that uses the journal articles shown below.
6. Write a list of references for an essay from the information given below.

1. We don't know who wrote this newspaper article. It was in the Guardian newspaper on Saturday
November 6th this year. The title is: Divorced couple fight for frozen embryos. It is on page 18.

2. Someone called Andy Gillett wrote this web page, which is very useful, and he worked at the University of
Hertfordshire. It was published on May 6th this year. The title is: Using English for Academic purposes.
 The URL is http://www.uefap.com/ and I copied some information from it for this exercise on Sunday
November 7th at 11.00 at night.

3. This was published in 1991 in Oxford and is a book by Professor John Sinclair. The tritle of the book is:
Corpus, concordance and collocation and the publisher was Oxford University press.

4. This small book is called: learning purpose and language use. It was written by Henry George Widdowson
and published in 1983. Like all his books it was published in Oxford by Oxford University Press.

5. This newspaper article was written by Jane Martinson in New York. The title of the article is: Microsoft
faces defining moment, and it was in the Guardian on page 10 on Saturday November 6th, 1999.

6. This book, like many dictionaries, does not say who wrote it. The title is: Collins COBUILD English
language dictionary and it was published in 1987 by HarperCollins in London.

7. An article in the journal: Applied linguistics. It was written in 1985 by E Bialystock and M Sharwood-Smith.
The title of the article is: Interlanguage is not a state of mind: An evaluation of the construct for second-
language acquisition. It was published in volume 6 and it is from page 101 to page 117.

8. An article in a collection of articles edited by John Lyons. The title of the article is: the study of language
acquisition, and it was written by Robin Campbell and Roger Wales. It was on pages 242 to 260. The
book of articles was called: new horizons in linguistics and it was published in 1970 by Penguin in London.

9. An article by Robert Cooper called: What do we learn when we learn a language? It was published in
1970 in the journal TESOL Quarterly. It is on pages 303-314 in volume 4.

10. A very important book written in 1965 byW F Mackey. It was called: Language teaching analysis. It was
published in London by Longman.

11. A book written by Noam Chomsky, who was professor of linguistics at MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts.
It was written in 1965 and the title of the book is: Aspects of the theory of syntax. It was published by his
own university.

12. A book by Lyle F Bachman and Adrian S Palmer written in 1996. The title is: Language testing in practice.
It is published by Oxford University Press in Oxford.
7. There is one mistake in every entry. Correct them and check your answers.

Belcher, D. D. (1989) How professors initiate non-native speakers into their disciplinary discourse
communities. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 1,207-225.

Brett, P. 1994. A genre analysis of the results sections of sociology articles. English for Specific Purposes, 13, 47-
59.

Bridgeman, B., & Carlson, S. B. Survey of academic writing tasks. Written Communication, 1, 247-280.

Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. Hodder and Stoughton.

Clyne, M. (1983). Culture and discourse structure. In Smith L. E.(Ed.), Readings in English as an international
language (pp. 163-167). Prentice Hall.

M. Clyne (1987). Discourse structures and discourse expectations: Implications for Anglo-German academic
communication in English. In L. E. Smith (Ed.), Discourse across cultures: Strategies in world Englishes (pp. 73-
83). London: Prentice Hall.

Dudley-Evans, A. (1984). "A preliminary investigation of the writing of dissertation titles". In G. James (Ed.), The
ESP classroom: Methodology, materials and expectations (pp. 40-46). University of Exeter.

Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. Hutchinson.

Dudley-Evans, A. (1986). Genre analysis: an investigation of the introductions and discourse sections of MSc
dissertations. In M. Coulthard, Talking about text (pp. 128-145). Birmingham: English Language Research,
Birmingham University.

Grellet, F. (1981). Developing Reading Skills. Cambridge.

Hamp-Lyons, L. & K. B. Courter (1984). Research matters. Newbury House.

Hopkins, A. & Dudley-Evans, T. (1988). A genre-based investigation of the discussion sections in articles and
dissertations. English for Specific Purposes, 7, 113-121.

Hopkins, A. (1989). Perspectives. Longman.

Horowitz, D. (1986). Essay examination prompts and the teaching of academic writing. English for Specific
Purposes, 5.

Horowitz, D. (1986). What professors actually want: Academic tasks for the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly,
20, 445-462.

Horowitz, D. (1989). The undergraduate research paper: Where research and writing meet. System, 347-357.

Houghton, D. (1984). Overseas students writing essays in English: Learning the rules of the game. In James, G.
(ed.), The ESP classroom: Methodology, materials, expectations (pp. 47-57). Exeter University Press.

Howe, Pat. (1983). Answering examination question. Collins.

Hyland, K. (1990). A genre description of argumentative essays. RELC Journal, 21, 66-78.

Ivanic, R. & Roach, D. (1990). Academic writing, power and disguise. In R. Clark, N. Fairclough, R. Ivanic, N.
McLeod, J. Thomas, & P. Meara (Ed.), Language and power (pp. 103-121). BAAL and CILT.

Jin, L. & Cortazzi, M. (1993). Cultural orientation and academic language use. In D. Gradol, L. Thompson, & M.
Byram (Eds.), Language and culture (pp. 84-97). BAAL and Multilingual Matters.
Jordan, Bob (1988). The introductory paragraph in economics essays and examinations. In P. Robinson
(Ed.), Academic writing - Process and product (ELT Documents 129, pp. 63-66). Modern English
Publications/British Council.

Jordan, R. R. (1989). English for academic purposes (EAP). Language Teaching, 22.

Jordan, R. R. (1990). Academic writing course (new ed.). Nelson.

Kachru, Y. (1995). Contrastive rhetoric in world Englishes. English Today, 11(1), pages 21 to 31.

Kachru, Y. (1996). Kachru revisits contrasts. English Today, 12(1), 41-44.

Kaldor. S., Herriman, M., & Rochecouste, J. (1994). Academic writing in English by non-native speakers - the
interface of grammar and discourse. In Khoo (Ed.), LSP: Problems and prospects (pp. 114-126). SEAMEO
Regional Language Centre.

King, P. 1989). The uncommon core: Some discourse features of student writing. System, 17, 13-20.

Kaplan, R. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Language Learning, 16, 1-20.

Kinnell, M. (Ed.). (1990). The learning experience of overseas students.

Leki, I, & Carson, J. (1994). Students' perceptions of EAP writing instruction and writing needs across the
disciplines. TESOL Quarterly, 81-101.

Leki, I. (1989). Academic writing. Macmillan.

McArthur, T. (1984). The written word 1. Oxford University Press.

McArthur, T. (1984). The written word 2. Oxford University Press.

E. McKenna, (1987). Preparing foreign students to enter discourse communities in the US. English for Specific
Purposes, 6, 187-202.

Nelson. J. (1990) This was an easy assignment: Examining how students interpret academic writing
tasks. Research in the Teaching of English, 24, 362-396.

Nwogu, K. N. (1991). Structure of science popularisations: A genre-analysis approach to the schema of

Open University. (1979). Preparing to study.

Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (1991). Writing academic English (2 ed.). Addison-Wesley.

Polanyi, L. (86). A theory of discourse structure and discourse coherence. Chicago Linguistics Society, 21, 306-
322.

Smith, M. & G. (1988). A study skills handbook. Oxford University Press.

Sullivan (1983). Writing. NEC.

Swales, J. (1982). Examining examination papers. English Language Research Journal, 3.

Trzeciak, J. & Mackay, S. E. (1994). Prentice Hall.

Turk, & Kirkman. (1989). Effective writing. E. & F. N. Spon.

Wallace M (1980). Study Skills In English. Cambridge University Press.

R. (1982). Panorama: An advanced course of English for study and examinations. Longman.

8. Put the following in alphabetical order.

ULEAC (1991). Certificate of attainment in English: General information. University of London Examinations and
Assessment Council.

Wong, R., Glendinning, E. & Mantell, H. (1994). Becoming a writer. Longman.

University of Hertfordshire (1 September, 1996). University policies and regulations: Applications and admissions,
number 14.1: Appendix II. University of Hertfordshire.

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (1995). English as a Foreign Language examination,
certificates and diplomas: Regulations 1995. UCLES.

Walker, T. (1992). English for academic purposes - computer science. Prentice Hall.

Yates, C. St. J. (1992). English for academic purposes - Agriculture. Prentice Hall.

Zimmerman, F. (1989). English for science. Prentice Hall.

Carol, B. J. & West, R. (1989). ESU framework: Performance scales for English language
examinations. Longman.

Chafe, W. (1982). Integration and involvement in speaking, writing, and oral literature. In D. Tannen
(Ed.), Spoken and written language: Exploring orality and literacy(pp. 35-53). Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Educational Testing Service (1992). TOEFL test and score manual. Educational Testing Service.

Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. Hutchinson.

Davies, A., & Criper, C. (1987). Research report 1: ELTS validation project report. University of Edinburgh.

Abdulaziz, H. T. & Stover, A. D. (1989). Academic challenges in reading. Prentice Hall.

Adkins, A. & McKean, I. (1985). Text to note. Edward Arnold.

Dudley-Evans, T. (1985). Writing laboratory reports. Nelson.

Drew, S. & Bingham, R. (1997). The student skills guide. Gower.

Hargreaves, R. & Fletcher, M. (1978). Making polite noises. Evans.

De Leeuw, M. & De Leeuw, E. (1965). Read better read faster. Pelican.

Ferguson, N. & O'Reilly, M. (1977). Listening and note taking. Evans.

ECS/British Council (1991). Code of practice: Educational institutions and overseas students (2nd ed.). The
British Council.

Neufeld, J. (1987). A handbook for technical communication. Prentice Hall.

Gattegno, C. (1969). Towards a visual culture. Outerbridge Dienstfrey.

Glendinning, E. & McEwan, J. (1987). English in computing. Nelson.

Hogue, A. (1996). First steps in academic writing. Longman.

International English Language Testing System (1989). An Introduction to IELTS. The British Council.

Laird, E. (1977). English in focus: English in education. Oxford University Press.

Kwan-Terry, A. (1988). Interactive writing. Prentice Hall.

Maddox, H. (1963). How to study. Fawsett Premier.

Latulippe, L. D. (1992). Writing as a personal product. Prentice Hall.

Leki, I. (1989). Academic writing. Macmillan.

Jones, L. (1981). Functions of English. Cambridge University Press

Northedge, A. (1990). The good study guide. The Open University Press.

Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1981). Strategies for reading. Heinemann.

O'Connor, J. D. (1980). Better English pronunciation (new ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Alderson, J. C., Krahnke, K. J. & Standfield, C. W. (Eds.). (1987). Reviews of English language proficiency
tests. TESOL.

Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1979). Reasons for reading. Heinemann.

Bachman, L. F. (1986). Reading English discourse: Business, economics, law, & political science. Prentice Hall.

Lawrence, M. (1972). Writing as a thinking process. University of Michigan Press.

Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. Hodder and Stoughton.

Bell, J. (1999). Doing your research project. Open University Press.

Davies, E. & Whitney, N. (1985). Study skills for reading. Heinemann.

Pirie, D. B. (1985). How to write critical essays. Routledge.

Davies, S. & West, R. (1984). The Pitman Guide To English Language Examinations (2nd ed.). Pitman.

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English
language. Longman.

Seal, B. (1997). Academic encounters. Cambridge University Press.

Tonkyn, A. (1995). English language proficiency standards for overseas students: Who needs what level? The
Journal of International Education, 6(2), 37-61.

Raimes, A. (1999). Keys for writers: A brief handbook (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company.