UNIT - 5

Children and Women in Sports

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Key Points :-
5.1. Motor Development and factors affecting it.

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5.2. Exercise Guidelines at different stage of growth and
development.
5.3. Common postural Deformities knock knee, flat toot, Round
shoulders, Lordosis, kyphosis, Bow legs and scoliosis and
their corrective measures

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5.4. Sports participation of women in India.
5.5. Special consideration (Menarch & Menstural Disfunction)
5.6. Female Athlets Triad (Oestoporosis, Amenoria, Eating
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Disorders)
5.1 (A)
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Motor Development

Motor Development means the development of movements

and various Motor abilities from birth till death. In fact, it is
a progressive change in movement throughout the life cycle.
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ST

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 Motor development in Children

Stages of childhood

Early Childhood Middle childhood Late childhood

(2 to 6 yrs) (7 to 10 yrs) (11 to 13 yrs)

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Rapid development Gross & fine motor Saxual
of motor skills skills development maturation

1. Basic locomotor skills 1. Good & strong gross motor 1. Most of children are master

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walking, running, skills of intricate & complex
Jumping, Hopping 2. Better Posture & balance motor skills
2. Climbing evolves form 3. Efficient in the variation in 2. Small differences in boys &
Creeping movement girl's strength
3. Fine motor-Eye hand & 4. Mastering in nop, skip, 3. Strategies & more complex
Eye leg-co-ordination throw and jump. play combination
5. Syn chronize the body quantative & qualitative

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4. Ball handling
movement (Dance, 4. stress activities should be
Aerobic or Rthymic given to encourage skill
activities) developments.
6. Maturity of motor, cogritive
& social skills.
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7. Minimum competitions.

Factors Affecting motor development in childhood

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1. Heredity 6. Recreation 11. SLEEP

2. Environment 7. Postural deformities 12. Training & practices
3. Nutrition 8. Sensory impairments 13. Gender
4. Immunization 9. Mental health 14. Physical disability
5. Opportunities 10. Social skills 15. Obesity
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16. Social skills

Multiple Choice questions (1 Mark)

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a. Which development is motor development

1. Bones & muscles []
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2. Sense Organs []
3. Disorder development []
4. Postural deformity []

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 b. Select the right no of motor skills development in children
1. 2 []
2. 4 []
3. 6 []

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4. 1 []
c. Painting, catching activities are the examples of
1. Gross motor skill development []

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2. Fine motor skill development []
3. Sensory skill development []
4. Bone & musles development []

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d. Choose the correct one
1. Big muscles activies a. 3 to 6 yrs
2. Small muscles activities b. Running, jumping
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3. Early childhood c. Painting, cathing
1. 1–a, 2–b, 3–c []
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2. 1–c, 2–b, 3–a []

3. 1–b, 2–c, 3–a []
4. 1–c, 2-a, 3-b []
Short Type Questions Answer (3 Mark 30 to 50 words)
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Q.1. Elucidate the meaning of motor development.

Ans. Motor development refers to the development of a child’s

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bones, muslces and ability to move around and manipulate

his/her environment. In simple words, motor development
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means the development of movement various motor abilities

from birth till death. In other words, motor developmetns the
progressive change in movement thoughout the life cycle. As
a matter of fact, the ability to move is essential for human

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 development. Various motor movements or motor skill are
essntial for everday life activies such as sitting, walking,
running, climbing, catching or holding, jumping skipping or
throw etc. Motor development can be divided into two types

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i.e,. gross motor development and fine motor development.

Q.2. Mention types of motor development in child new.

Ans. 1. Gross motor development: It involves the development

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of large muscles in the child’s body such as sitting, walking,
running, climbing etc.
2. Fine motor development. It involves the small muscles of

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the body specially in the small movement of the fingers
and hands. For example, holding of javelin, discus, pole,
catching a cricket-ball, smashing a volley ball and
gymnastic exercies with or without apparatus etc.
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Long Answer Type Questions Answer (5 marks 70 to 100)
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Q.1. Explain any five factors affective motor Development in

children.
Ans. The following are the most important factor which affect he
motor development in children.
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1. Heredity: Children get ‘genes’ for all the developments

from their parents. It has been seen motor development of
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a child follows the same pattern as of their parents. These

factors are related to body weight, size and strength.
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2. Envirnmental Factrs: Envirnmental factors such as

physical and social factors are likely to effect the motor
development. Encouragement, love and security help the
child to take risk to explor fearlessy which leads to better
motor development. Those children, who are not

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 encouraged or motivated towards motor activities have slow
rate of motor development.
3. Nutrition: Nutritive food promoter good motor development.
If they get nutritive food, they get stronger & their

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development is good. If they dont get proper nutrition they
are found to be less energetic & their motor development
taken place slowly.

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4. Physical Acitivities: Those children, who do not perform
or practise physical activities regularly their motor
development becomes slow. However, the physical activities
must be according to the capabilities of children.

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5. Opportunities: Children who get more opportunites to
perform more activities, motor development is better in
them. Opportunities to play give a better chance of
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developing sensory motor activities. If porper opportunities
are not given to children their motor development cannot
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take place in those childern properly.

6. Disability and Disease: Disability and disease affects
motor development. It reduces perfection in motor skills
whereas healthy perosn gain faster motor development.
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7. Body Weight: Overweight and obese children have less

motor development whereas healthy child has more skill
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perfection.
8. Mental Ability: Motor development depends upon mental
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level, thus small children have less perfectionn.

9. Regular Practice: W ith regular practice motor
development and perfection is gained.

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 10.Immuniztion. If mother and child both are immunized at a
proper time it leads to good sensory motor development.
5.2 Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of Growth and
Development.

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Stages of Growth and Development

Infancy (0-2 years)

Early childhood (2-6 years)

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Middle childhood (7-10 years)
Late childhood (11-12 years)
Adolescence (13-19 years)
Adulthood (19-60 years)

1. Infancy (0-2 years)

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Old yrs (60 years and Above)

 Exercise to develop head control, sitting & crawling,

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 Gross motor activities should be promoted,
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 Exercies for moving arms, legs, reaching to object,

 Exercies like throwing, catching & kicking a ball,

2. Early childhood (2 to 6 years)

 Exercies to develop competence in movement skills.

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 Emphasis on participation not on competition.

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 Activites related to fine motor skills.

 Minimum one hour regular medium exercise.

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 Recreative & enjoyable methods of physical activies.

 Clean & safe environment.

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 3. Middle child hood (7 to 10 years)

 Exercise to develop fine & gross motor skills

 Exenises to bulid & improve co-ordination skills

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 Exensises to develop synchronize the movements of
body’s parts.
 Introduction of major sports activies cognitives and
social skills.

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4. Later childhood (11 to 12 years)
 Exercise to develop body control, strength and
coordination.

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 Activities related to edurance should be avoided.
 Organised or team games to develop social-
consciousness.
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 Teach basic rules of sports i.e., fair, play, simple
strategies.
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 Introduction to concept of sport training.

5. Adolesence (13 to 19 years)
 Moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity.
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 60 min to several hrs everday.

 Muscle strengthening exercies at least 3 times a week.
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 Bone strengthening exercies and resistance exerciese

by weight training.
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 Running swimming etc. for stamina building.

6. Adult hood (19-60 years)

 Moderate intersity physical every day.
 Muscles strengthening exercise at lest 2 times a week.

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  Bone strengthening exercies and resistance exercise.
 Running, swimming, etc. for stamina building.

7. Old age (60 years and above)

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 At least 5 days of moderate intensity activities such as
walking, light-jump etc. It should be done for above 45-
60 minutes. These actions shold be done over a period
of 10-10 minutes.

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 Those who are more active than an eldearly mature,
They should do more than 30 mintues of high-strength
activitiy, combined with the actions of moderate

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intensity. Such as climbing stairs, running etc.

Benefits of Physical Exerises on children

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1. Builds healthy muscles,

2. Good Digestive Process,

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3. Boost Energy level,

4. Improve neuro-muscular co-ordination,

5. Strengthen the lungs & Heart,

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6. Control healthy weight,

7. Improve brains funciton,

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8. Reduce injuries and diseases risk,

9. Improve joint’s flexibilty,

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10. Maintain good postures,

11. Strengthnes bones & musles,

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 Multiple Choice questions 1 Marks
1. Select the correct development during infancy state.
a. Moral values []

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b. Various senses []
c. fine motor skill []
d. Writing skills []

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2. Pre-school children learn things by
a. Imagination []
b. Practice []
c. Lecture
d. Repetition ID []
[]
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c. In the childhood, children’s beheviour is mostly influenced
by
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a. Friends []
b. School []
c. Peer group []
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d. family []
d. In adolscence exerises help to
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a. Strengthens of cardio-vascular system []

b. Increases age toward old []
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c. Move away from society []

d. Remove various senses []

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 5. Choose the correct one
A B
1. Infacny a. 13-18 yrs
2. Old age b. 19 to 59 yrs

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3. aduity hood c. 60 yrs and above
4. adolscences d. 3 to 12 yrs
5. childhood e. 0-2 yrs

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1. 1–a, 2–b, 3–c, 4–d, 5–e []
2. 1–e, 2–c, 3–b, 4–a, 5–d []
3. 1–e, 2–d, 3–c, 4–b, 5–a []

ID
4. 1–b, 2-c, 3-d, 4–a, 5–e

3 Marks Short Questions Answer (80-90 words)

[]
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Q.1. Explain briefly about the motor development in middle
childhood?
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Ans. Middle childhood: The period of middle chiildhood starts for

7th year and continues up till 10th year. During this period
the changes, which takes place are-

a. Children become more energetic,

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b. Strong desire to engage in various physical movements

and activities.
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c. Good eye-hand-leg coordination.

d. Better in balance and postures.

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e. Motor skills are perfected and stabilized.

f. Coordinative abilities develop at the high level, while the

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 flexibility develop at the slow level.

Q.2. Write the benefits of exerises during old age?

Ans. Benefits of exercies during old age

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 In low the chances of heart-related diseases.
 Increases ability to work in daily life without fatigue.
 Slows down ageing process.

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 The mode remains good, which reduces the change of
depression.
 Physcial capacity increases.

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 Bones and muscles remain strengthened.
 Reduces the chance of many lifestyle related diseases,
such as diabetes, cancer and high blood pressure, etc.
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Q.3. Describe the exercies for Adolescnce.
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Ans. Adolescence (13 to 19 years): During adolescence, moderate

to vigorous intensity exercises or physical activities should be
performed for at least 60 minutes or little more daily.
 Adolescents should also indulge in muscle strengthening
exercies at least three days per week.
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 They should also perform bone strengthening exercises.

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 Adolescents or teenagers should avoid sedentary lifestyle.

 Physcial activities or exercises such a running,
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gymnastics, push ups, jumping rope, playing hockey,

basketball, swimming, tennis, and resistance exercises
(weight training) are also very beneficial during
adolescence.
Practice Questions (3 marks)

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  What exercieses shouold be done in old age?
2. Describe the exercise for the adulthood?
3. Explain the benefits of physical exercises on the children?

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5.3 Common Postural Deformities and their Corrective
Measures
Postural deformity is the malformation of any components
are body part or joint of the body.

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Shoulders become
round & tilt in the Bending of legs inword
forward direction direction in covcave shape Disappearing the

Round shoulder Knock knee

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arc of the foot

Bending of legs
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Bowleg in out ward direction
Lordosis
Postural
Deformities
Scoliosis
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Inward curvature
of spine Sideways curvature of the
Kyphosis spine in 'c' or ‘s’ shaped

Excessive outward curvature

of spine, causing hunching
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of the back

Multiple Choice Question (1 Mark)

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a. Deformity means
(a) The mauformation of any component of the body []
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(b) The of malfunction of body’s organs []

(c) The malfunction of joints of the body []
(d) De-spaped of muscles []
b. Lordosis deformity is

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 (a) Lateral curvature of the spine []
(b) Arch of sole of feet []
(c) Abnormal backword curvatue of the thorasic region of
the spin []

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(d) Aggra vated lower curvature of the lumber region []
c. Scoliosis is postural defornity where the person body position
become-
(a) Lateral curvature of the spine []

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(b) Arch of sole of feet []
(c) Wide gap between the knees []
(d) A side way curvature of the spine []

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d. What are the causes of “flat foot’’.
(a) Weak muscles of the foot []
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(b) Improper shoes of carry heavy weight []
(c) Healthly muscles of the body []
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(d) Both (a) & (b) []

d. Choose correct one
1. flat foot a. wide gap
2. Knock knee b. inward bent
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3. Bow legs c. Abnormal arch

(a) 1–a, 2–b, 3–c []
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(b) 1–c, 2–a, 3–b []

(c) 1–c, 2–b, 3–a []
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 (d) 1–b, 2–a, 3–c []
e. A B
1. Round shoulder a. Abdomen is ahead of body
2. Scoliosis b. sideways curvature of the

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spine
3. Lordosis c. Forward rounding of upper

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back
4. Kyphosis d. forward bending of shoulder
(a) 1–a, 2–d, 3–c, 4–b []
(b) 1–d, 2–b, 3–a, 4–c []
(c) 1–d, 2–a, 3–c, 4–b
(d) 1–b, 2–c, 3–d, 4–a ID []
[]
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Short Answer Question (80–90 Words)
Q.1. Explain the symptoms & corrective measures of kyphosis?
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Ans. Symptoms: Distance between the scapula increase.

– The length of the chest muscles become short.
-- Shoulders tilt forward.

-- Neck tilt forward

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-- Upper Body wt. lean forward.

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Corrective Measures :- In order to cure kyphosis such types

of exercises are suggested, those increase the length of the
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pectorals and provide strentgh to the thoracic region muscles.

such as :

1 Back stroke swimming.

2 Chakrasana

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 3 Bhujangasana

4 Dhanurasana

5 Reverse bending on the swiss ball

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6 Reverse butterfly

7 Pillow back extension

8 Marjaryasana (cat pose)

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9 Adhomukha shananasana (Down word dog pose)

10 Ustrasana (Camel pose)

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11 Half wheel pose (Ardha chakaarasana)

Any 3-sypmtoms - Corrective mesures.

Q.1 Mention the symptoms causes & corrective measurs of knock

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knee.

Ans. Symptoms :
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-- Knees touch each other in standing

position.

-- Knees touch each other in walking.

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-- Knees touch each other in running.

Causes :-
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1 Obesity
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2 Defficiency of vit D

3 Rickets

4 Early age walk or standing

5 Malnutrition

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 6 Enlargement of medial ligament of both knees quickly as
compare to lateral ligament.

7 Lifting heavy load for long time.

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Corrective measures :-

1 Horse riding

2 Padamasana

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3 Standing with pillow between the knee
4 Use walking calliper
5 Straight leg lift.
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7 Side kicking the football
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Straight leg knee press on the towel placed under the knee

Any 2-symptoms, causes & corrective measures of knock knee.

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Q.2. Disscus the symptoms, causes & corrective neasuns of flat
feet?
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Ans. Symptoms :
Pain in mid part of feet during standing & walking.
Disappearing the long arch of the feet
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Complete feet print can be seen on the floor.

Causes
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– Weakness of muscles & bones.

– over weight
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– Obesity
– Carrying heavy load for long time.
– Injuries
– Malnutrition
– Faulty shoes.
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 Corrective Measures :-
– Writing with legs
– Walking or running on the sand.
– Jumping on toe

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– Wearing proper shoes
– Pick the pebble with help of feet

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– Walking on toe
– Tadasana
– Vajra-asana
– Ball under the feet game

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– Wear the shoe with hankey inside the mid part of the feet.
Long Answer Question (5 Marks 150-200 Words)
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Q.1. Descibe the symptoms,
causes & corrective
measuring of scoliosis?
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Ans. Scoliosis

Postural adaptation of the

spine in lateral direction is
called scoliosis. In fact,
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these are sideways curves and may be called scoliotic curves.

Indeed these curves are identified as either convexity right of
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right convexity. A simple or single curve to the left or curve.

Scolotic curves may be found in ‘S’ shape.
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(a) Causes of Scoliosis: Scoliosis may be due to many

reasons but the main reasons are diseases in the joints
of bones, under-developed legs, infantile paralysis,
rickets, carrying heavy loads on one shoulder, unhealthy
conditions, like inadequate lighting arrangement,

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 uncomfortable desks, partial deafness and wrong
standing posture. It may be caused by congenited or
acquired abnormalities of vertebrae, muscles or nerves.
(b) Precautions:

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1. Balanced diet should be taken
2. Studying should be avoided in sideways bending
position.

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3. Avoid walking for the long time while carrying weight
in one hand.
(c) Remedies: Scoliosis can be remedied by doing the
following exercises.

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1. Bending exercises should be done on the opposite
side of the ‘C’ shaped curve.
2. Hold the horizontal bar with hands and lift your body
or hange for some time.
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3. Hold the horizotal bar with your hands and swing your
body to the left and right sides.
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4. Swim by using breaststroke technique.

Q.2. Discuss the symptoms, causes & corrective measure of bow
legs?
Ans. Bow legs: There is a wide Gap between the kness.
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Symptoms :
– Gap between the knees are increased
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– Knee moves in outward direction in standing, walking &

running.
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– Shape of legs look like the bow.

Causes :-
– Inlargement of lateral ligment of both knee quickly as
compare to medial ligament.

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 – Weakness of bones and muscle.
– Long time cross leg sitting.
– Faulty style of Walking.
– Obesity

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– Rickets
– Early age standing and walking.

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Corrective measures :
– Walking (feet twisted inward)
– Use of walking callipers.

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– Massage therapy.
– Use those exercise which strengthen the muscles
surrounding the knee such as leg extension in laying
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position.
– Use yoga strap to bind the legs together then make cow
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face posture & forward bending are recomended.

– Pilate exercise such as roll up & ballerina arms are effective
to tone legs.
– Garud Asana, Ardh-Matsyendrasana
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Practice questions (3 marks 80 to 90 words)

1. What do you mean by hump back. Explain the causes
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of it? (1 + ½×4)
2. Discuss the causes & corrective measures of scoliosis?
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(1½+1½)
3. Describe the precautions & remedial for flat foot.
(½+½)

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 4. Explain the symptoms & precautions of round shoulders
(½ + ½)
5. Elucidate spine postural deformities. (1 × 3)

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6. Explain the deformities of knock-knee.
7. Express your view on lower limbs deformities? (1 × 3)
5 Marks 150 to 200 words

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1. Elaborate the factors causes postural deformities.
2. Suggest physical activities as correctivbe measures for
postural deformities.

for kyphosis.
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3. Describe the symptoms, causes & corrective measures
(½ + 1½)
4. Describe the steps taken to protect scoliosis.
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5.4 Sports Participation of Women in India
Sports Participation of women means women Particiapation
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in the field of sports and games. In 1952 Olympic games, the

first India women took part. In 2000 Olympia games, karnam
malleshwari (weight lifting) become the first Indian women to
have won a bronze medal.
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Factors responsible for less participation of women in the field of sports

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Physical factors Psychological factors Sociological factors

1. Lack of fitness and wellness 1. Lack of confidence 1. Lack of legislation
2. Female Athlete Traid 2. Lack of interest of spectators 2. Lack of time for sports activity
3. Less no. of female coaches 3. Male dominated Culture in the sports
4. Less media coverage 4. Attitude of society towards women in
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5. Personal safety sports participation

6. Less education of women

Multiple Choice Questions – 1Mark

1. Select the correct reason for less participation of female in
sports.
(a) Low physical fitness []

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 (b) Lack of education []
(c) Good Legal system []
(d) (a) & (b) both []
2. Select the correct reason to improve participation of female

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in sports
(a) Good legal system []
(b) Female role model []

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(c) Both (a) & (b) []
(d) Improper motivation []
Long Answer Question–5 marks (150 to 200 words)

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1. Express the reasons for woment to have less participation in
sports?
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Ans. 1. Lack of legislation
2. Lack of time
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3. Lack of self-confidence
4. Male dominated caltural of sports
5. Lack of interest of spectators
6. No media coverage of women’s sports
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7. Lack of female sports person as role models

8. Lack of fitness & wellness movement.
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9. Lack of education among women.

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10. Attitudes of society towards women’s sports

participation.
11. Lack of personal safety.
12. Lack of proper scientific equipments & facilities.
13. Sports & games are considered masculine.
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 14. Depression & Aggression level.
15. Competitiveness.
2. Elucidate the steps to improve participation of women in
sports & games.

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Ans. The steps to improve women particiation in the field of sports
and games:
1. Motivation and inspiration to women for participation.

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2. Support from family and parents.
3. To organise camps, seminar and workshops.
4. To provide knowledge and media coverage.
5.
6. ID
Educating women at grass root level for participation.
Provide better infrastructure and facilities.
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7. Ensuring safety and securitiy of women.
8. More opportunity for competition.
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9. Develop new techniques and environments.

10. To build physical and psychological strength.
11. Healthy and balance food.
12. Better incentives and awards.
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13. Change in attitude and perception at village level.

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14. Equality and community mobilizing.

15. Developement of self Confidence.
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16. Financial help

17. Employment and career
18. Designing and implementing government policies.

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 Parctice Questions
Short Answer Question–3 Marks (80 to 90 Words)
a. Explain any three resons for less participation of women in
India?

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b. Describe the social factors of women participation in sports.
c. Suggest techinques to promote participation of women in
sports.

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5.5
Special Consideration

Menarche Menstrual Dysfunction

It is the first menstrual
bleeding and is a central
event of female puberty. ID Irregularity
It is a disorder Irregulaning
of women’s menstrual cycle.
In order words “abnormal
Bleeding” During the
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menstrual cycle
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Multiple Choice Question

a. Menarche is the
1. Very first menstrual bleeding in girls []
2. Last menstrual bleeding in girls. []
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3. Irregular bleeding in girls. []

4. Regular bleeding in girls. []
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b. The average menstrual cycle consists of ____ days.

1. 10–15 days [] 2. 15–25 days []
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3. 21–35 days [] 4. 05-10 days []

c. Define menstrual Dys function
1. Irregular menstrual bleeding []
2. Delay of menstrual cycle []

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 3. Lack of Haemoglobin []
4. Extra amount of Haemoglobin []
d. A B
a. Menarch 1. Irregular menstrual bleeding

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b. Menstrual cycle 2. Very first menstrual bleeding
c. Menstrual dysfunction 3. 21–35 days

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1. a–1, b–2, c–3, [] 2. a–3, b–2, c–1 []
3. a–2, b–3, c–1 [] 4. 1 & 2 both []
Practice Questions
Short Answer Question – 3 Marks (80 to 90 Words)

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1. Discuss the concept of menarch and menstrual cycle. 1½+1½
2. Define menstrual dysfunction? Elaborate the various types of
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problems related to menstral dysfunction. ½ + 2½
5.6 Female Athletes Triad
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Female Athletes Triad

Oesteoporosis Amenorrhoea Eating Disorder

It is a menstrual disorder Eating disorders are
or illness in females of mental illness which
18yrs & above either cause disturbance s of
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never begin menstruolisp an individual's regualr

or absence of diet.
menstruations for three OR
or more months It is a range of
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OR Psycholoigical disorder in
The cessation of which a person's eating
women's menstrual behaviour is abnormal. It
cycle for more than may normal. It may
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three months or more include inadeguate or

excessive food intake
which can ultimately
harm an individuts well-
being.
These types are
a. Anorexia Nervosa
b. Bullimia Nervose

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 Eating Disorders

Bulimia 1. Purging type

Anorexia 1. Restricting type of 2. Non-Purging type
Nervosa Anorexia
2. Purging type of - Genetic Factors
Causes
Anorexia - Psychological Factors

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Causes - Social Factors - To maintain weight
- Biological Factors - Categories in sports
- Psychological Factors - Pressure of performance
Symptoms of in sports
- More worried about
Anorexia Nervosa - Social Factors
physical image Symptoms of
- To exercise excessively Bulimia

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- Frequent episodes of self
- Anaemia -induced vomiting
- Low blood pressure - Feeling of thirst
- Low Pulse rate - Swelling and inflammation
- Denial of illness in food pipe
- Self-induced vomiting - Overeating or episodes of
- Excess eating at times binge eating.
- Laxative or diuretics abuse - Excessive physical activities

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Prevention and - Promotion of physical to remain slim
management activites - Peptic ulcers
- Personalized treatment - Disturbed body image
- Ensuring Proper weight
- Accepting reality
U
Prevention and - Take balanced diet
management - Regular exercise
- Positive self and body image
- Maintaining a proper lifestyle
YG

Multiple Choice Question–1 Mark

1. Oesteoporosis mean.
a. Insufficient calcium in bone []
b. Low bone density []
D

c. a & b both
2. Anorexia nervosa is a
U

a. mental disordere illness []

b. Wrong perception []
ST

c. Normal diet related diseases []

d. Serious disease []

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 3. Amenorrhoea is the caused by
a. Hormonal imbalance, irregularity in diet []
b. Harmonal Imbalance in reproductive system []
c. Hormonal imbalance & irregular in menstrual cycle []

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d. Hormonal balance regular in meustrual period []
4. Bullimia Nervosa is an
a. Eating disorder []

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b. Eating disability []
c. eating of balance diet []
d. eating of habbits []
Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1 ID
(3 Marks each)
What are the causes and risk factors of oesteoporosis?
U
Ans. Oesteoporosis is a sketal disorder which refers as to the
decreased bone material contens. There are various factors,
which lead to oesteoporosis, these are :
YG

A. Insufficient calcium in diet :- The main cause of

oesteoporosis is intake of insufficient calcium in diet.
B. Amenorrhea :- Women suffering from Menstrual dysfunction
or Amenorrhoea for more than 6 months are likely to face
D

oesteoporosis because the secretion of the hormone called

Oestrogen is decreased in those women. This hormone is
U

necessary for absorption of calcium in our body.

C. Eating disorder :- Eating disorder like anorexia and bulimia
ST

etc. may also cause osteoporosis because their can be less

amount of calcium intake.
D. Bad Eating Habits :- Intake of Caffeine, Alchohol, tobacco
or smoking may lead to osteoporosis. These products have a
negative effect on Bone Density.

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 Q.2. Elaborate the various types of disorders/ problems related to
menstrual dysfunction?
Ans.
1. Absence of menstrual periods :- This problem may be due

60
to eating disorder, excessive exercise schedule, extreme level
of stress and medications etc.
2. Premenstrual syndrome :- Many girls may have symptoms

E3
such as acne, backaches, Sore breasts, headaches,
constipation, depression, irritability and feeling anxious etc.
These symptoms may be faced by female before their

ID
menstruation.
3. Abnormal Cramps :- These cramps are caused by a chemical
in the body that makes the muscles in the uterus contract.
U
4. Heavy or prolonged peroid :- It is common for a girl’s
menstrual period to be heavier on some days than others.
YG

5. Irregular menstrual period :- The regular menstrual cycle

for a female is 28 days. However, it may very from 21 to 35
days.
6. Delay in the first menstrual period.
D

Long Answer Type Question (5 Marks 150–200 Words)

Q.1 What do you mean by female triad? Explain the causes of it?
U

Ans. Female triad means a syndrome in which osteoporosis,

amenorrhoea and eating disorders are present in the female.
ST

The triad is a serious disorder or illness with life long health

consequences and can be very fatal. In fact it is syndrom of
three interrelated conditions.
(A)- Osteoporosis :- It is a skelton disorder which refers as
to the decreased bone material contents.

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 a. Insufficient calcium in diet,
b. Amenorrhoea,
c. Eating disorder,

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d. Bed eating habbits,
(B) Amenorrhoea:- It is a menstrual disorder or illness in
female of 18 years or above either never began
menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for

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three mothss and more.
The factors or causes which may inspire or enhance the
chances of amenorrhoea,
A.
B.
C.
Hormone changes
Intensive excises
ID
Intake of less carbohydrates or calories.
U
(C) Eating disorders: When people began to eat more than
normal or very small amounts it is known as earing disorders.
YG

These types are

1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
Q. What do mean by Anorexia Nervosa what are its causes,
D

symptoms and preventions.

Ans. Anorexia Nervosa: This is a psycho-physical condition. It is
characterised by lack of appetite and a associated with the
U

subconscious desire to remain slim. Such a felling usually

develops in young women or adolescene female in order to
retain their body figure and image. As a result of this, there is
ST

a refusal to maintain normal body weight from their fear of

becoming obese and spoiling their figure.
Anorexia is an eating disorder which is affecting the youth
nowadays., It is a dangerous disorder for our health and well
being.

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 Anorexia can lead to many problems such as bone loss, loss
to skin integrity and many even cause menstruation to stop.
It puts great stress on the heart and interreges the risk of
heart attacks and other heart related problems. Individual
suffering from anorexia also face an increased risk of death.

60
Causes of Anorexia : Anorexia is an eating disorder that is
caused by a combination of several psychological social and
biological factors. Several other factors such as family
environment, personality traits and low self-esteem may also

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lead to anorexia. The factors causing anorexia are as follows:
1. Psychological factors: Individuals suffering from anorexia
are generally perfectionists. Due to their obsession with
keeping themselves fit, they are always conscious about

ID
their body. For this, they do not even hesitate to use
artifactual means. Eating too little, excessive exercise,
always being conscious about their body weight and
physical appearance become the main causes of anorexia.
U
2. Social factors: Cultural and social constructs about being
thin and beautiful put severe pressure on individuals and
YG

may cause anorexia. Specific social and cultural ideas

relating to health and beauty, promote weight loss and
begin thin as the ideal indicators of success and self-
worth. Sometimes, parents and relatives may also be
critical or their children’s physical appearance which may
lead to anorexia.
D

3. Biological factors: Biological factors such a circular

hormonal functions and nutritional deficients may cause
U

anorexia. Genetics also play a significant role in anorexia

as parents suffering from anorexia are more prone to having
children who are likely to develop anorexia.
ST

Symptoms of Anorexia
1. Significant underweight: The individual having anorexia
will not be able to maintain BMI and will lose weight
significantly.

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 2. Anaemia: Anorexia may be one of the leading causes of
anaemia. This leads to tiredness in a individual.
3. Low pulse rate: The individual having anorexia will have
low heart rate.

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4. Low blood pressure: Anorexia may led to low blood
pressure.
5. Decrease in body temperature: Low body temperature
is also one of the symptoms of anorexia. Due to low heart

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rate and low blood pressure, temperature of body is not
maintained properly.
6. Failure of menstruations or cessation of the same once
established: Irregular menses or Amenorrhoea may be
one symptom of anorexia. Irregularity in mensuration is

ID
one of the main causes of anorexia.
7. Denial of illness: An individual suffering form anorexia
has the tendency to deny the facts related to the disorder.
U
8. Self-induced vomiting: An individual suffering from
anorexia will go the wash room frequently and induce vomit,
especially after and meal.
YG

9. Excess eating at times. An individual suffering form

anorexia will eat excessively and when he is unable to
digest the food, they will induce vomit.
10. Laxative or derelicta abuse. An individual suffering from
anorexia will use diuretics and drain out fluids from his/
D

her body to remain slim. Individuals also use laxatives or

artificial sweeteners.
U

Prevention and Management of Anorexia

The prevention and management of anorexia and very
ST

important in the treatment of this disorder. The basic preventive

measures used in anorexia are also follows:
1. People should be encourage to inculcate a positive self-
esteem and body image.
2. Body sizes should not be criticized and students should
not be taught to be preoccupied with their weight.
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 3. Students should have knowledge of generic factors that
determine body weight. They should be made to understand
that being thin is not the most important means to be
popular, beautiful or successful.
4. They should have a healthy approach towards their eating

60
and exercising habits and should avoid the company of
those people who are obsessed about their body weight.
Q.3. What is Bulimia? What are its causes symptoms and
prevention.

E3
Ans. Bulimia is an affecting adolescence girls or young women it
is characterised by period of excessive eating (binge)
alternating with normal eating.
Types of Bulimia 1. Purging, 2. Non-purging.

ID
Causes of Bulimia: Bulimia is not the result of a single or
definitive cause. There are many factors that are related to
bulimia.
U
1. Genetic factors: Genetic factors play a vital role in the
development of bulimia if one or both parents of an
individing or siblinigs has bulimia then he/she is most
YG

likely to suffer from this disorder.

2. Psychological Factors: Psychological factors also play
an important role in the development of bulimia in
individuals. If an individual has a problem of low self
esteem and body image,
D

3. To maintain weight categories in sports: Sportspersons

taking part in sports like Judo, wrestling, weight lifiting
etc. which have different weight categories are more
U

likely to suffer from this eating disorder.

4. Pressure of performance in sports: Sportsmen reduced
ST

body weight will enhance their performance in sports

and increase their chances of success, thereby making
them vomit the food that they eat.
5. Social factors: Social factors such as peer pressure
and preconceived notious about body weight and being
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 thin, play a significant role in causing bulimia the media
also encourage the desire to thin among the youth.
Symptoms of Bulimia
– Frequent episodes of self-induced vomiting,

60
– Feeling of thirst,
– Swelling and inflammation in food pipe,
– Overeating or episodes of binge eating,

E3
– Excessive physical activities to remain slim misuse of medical
aids,
– Red coloured eyes due to broken blood vessels caused by

ID
vomiting jerks,
– Peptic ulcers,
– Erosion of dental enamel,
U
– Disturbed body image,
Revelation and management of Bulimia : There is no fixed cure
YG

for Bulimia. This disorder may be prevented upto some extent

by following.
1. Individuals should take a balanced diet and follow healthy eating
habits.
D

2. A proper regimen of exercise should be followed regularly to

maintain a healthy lifestyle.
U

3. Bulimia can also prevented by having a positive self and body

image. Individuals should not be critical of their body shapes
and sizes and focus or maintaining proper lifestyle.
ST

Practice Questions (3 Marks)

1. Describe the childhood exercises. 1×3
2. Discuss the adolescence exercises. 1×3
3. Staying health & active is directly proportion to the good

146
 postures comments. ½×6
4. Explain the suggestion to promote participation of women
is sports of games. ½×6
5. How does menstruation affect women? 1×3

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6. Express the consequence of irregularity in menstruation.
Long Answer Question–5 Marks (150 to 200 Words)
1. Mention any three problem of female athletes.
½+1½+1½+½

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2. Comment on the out looks of Indian society towards the
participation of women is sports. Give supportive reason
on your opinion? 1×5
A Match the following 1×5
1.

2.
Round shoulder’s

Menarch
ID a. Eating Psycholicial
disorder
b. Three female problems
U
3. Female athelate triad c. Loss bone material
clemiry
YG

4. Oesteoporossis d. First menstrual Bleeding

5. Anorexia nervosa e. Posture deformility
D
U
ST

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