Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Module 3-4:

Minerals and Rocks

1
 What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn
in Minerals and Rocks. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

Learning Competency
At the end of this module, the learner shall be able to:
 Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
 Explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and
deposited elsewhere
 Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.
 Describe how magma is formed (magmatism)
 Describe the physical and chemical changes in of rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature (metamorphism)
 Compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous
rocks

This learning is divided into three domains:

Cognitive Domain Demonstrate understanding of common-rock forming
minerals
Discuss the differences between igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks.
Affective Domain Identify certain minerals using specific tests
Classify rocks based on their processes
Psychomotor Domain Perform calculations on density and specific gravity
Investigate a lab activity on rock using vinegar
 Lesson
Igneous, Sedimentary and
1 Metamorphic Rocks
In this lesson, it is important to know the types of rocks because they are used
to describe the geographic regions of the Earth in reference to the systems. It is
important that you understand the structure of the Earth, the Rock Cycle and
plate tectonics. For example, the heat and pressure from within the earth can
change the composition of the rock into metamorphic rock and the tectonic
activity causes the sedimentary rock to be buried deep in the Earth. Igneous
rock is formed from the molten rock in the mantle layer of the Earth. You are
expected to define terms related to the rock cycle, explain the characteristics of
and classify three main types of rock and discuss how rock cycles through the
earth.

What’s In

Let’s review and be familiar with the names of the different types of rocks.
I. Matching type: Match the items in Column A with those in Column B. Write the
letter of the answer on the separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
1. marble
2. pumice
3. limestone
4. granite A. B.

5. basalt

C. D. E.
 What’s New

Rocks are mixtures or aggregates of minerals. There are three basic kinds of
rocks, each type is determined by the process by which the rock forms. The key
characteristics that can help you identify the rocks are texture, composition,
color, and how they are formed.

Activity 1: Where do they belong?

Direction: Sort the words into the correct category. Write them inside the boxes
on a separate sheet of paper.
Marble Coal Granite Siltstone Basalt

Slate conglomerate Quartzite Pumice Chalk

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

What is It

Discussion of Activity 1

Referring to this table, the key characteristics that can help you identify the
rocks
 Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Texture Texture Texture Texture
a. Intrusive- Coarse a. Clastic – are a. Foliated – layered
grained or sandstone and appear
mudstone b.
b. Extrusive-Fine b. non foliated
non-clastic-are
grained
formed from the
remains of plants
and animals
How they forms when Made of pieces Can be made of
are formed magma/lava cools of sediments minerals that look
and harden stuck together like they fit together
color Can be light colors; Can have different Can be striped,
light gray or light colors sometimes with light
pink and dark colors

What’s More

In describing the rock, we can start with magma. This is a rock that it is so hot
to the point of being molten depending on the composition and the pressure
onto the surface and cool fast forming extrusive igneous rock. Magma can cool
slowly within the crust forming intrusive igneous rock. Once the rocks are
exposed to the surface of the Earth, they are weathered, eroded, transported,
and deposited as sediments. They become compressed and cemented into
sedimentary rock. Resulting from plate tectonic activity, these rocks can be
buried deeper within the crust where they are heated up and squeezed to form
metamorphic rocks. The Earth’s process of changing one type of rock into
another type of rock is called the Rock Cycle.

Independent Activity 1 – How Rocks are Formed

Now, let’s examines the Figure 1 below. You are going to understand rock cycle.

Direction: Complete the diagram below by filling up the missing word. Choose
the words from the box below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

sediment igneous metamorphic magma sedimentary

Independent Assessment 1
What are the processes by which each type of rocks form in nature?

Rocks are mixtures of minerals which is determined by the process by which

the rock forms.

Direction: Answer the question by placing a check mark √ in the table.

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

sedimentation
Heat and
pressure
Crystallization
from magma
solidification
Chemical
precipitation
 What I Have Learned

1. Rocks are aggregates of minerals.

2. There are three types of rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks.

a. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material

b. Sedimentary rocks are formed from fragments of other rocks

c. Metamorphic rocks are formed through the transformation of pre-existing

rocks

3. Rocks can be classified based on their textures, color, how they are formed
and composition.

4. Rock cycle is like recycling because it transforms existing material into new
material.

What I Can Do

Home Science Experiment

Let’s test a rock if it really disappears using vinegar.

Materials: plastic cup with vinegar, a rock sample in the cup (chalk)
Procedure:
1. Fill your cup half full with vinegar.

2. Place a chalk/limestone sample in the cup.

3. Observe the chalk for bubbles or fizzing.

4. Record the results. Write your observation and conclusion on your notebook.
 Assessment

Create a collage of Rock Cycle on your notebook. Which kind of rock would you
find on your province?

Your output will be evaluated with the following criteria.

5 points content
5 points organization
5 points creativity
Total =15 points

What I Need to Know

Geomorphology is the study of the nature and origin of landforms, particularly of

the formative processes of weathering and erosion that occur in the atmosphere
and hydrosphere. These geomorphic processes contribute to the changes and
shaping of the earth’s relief and the formation of sedimentary rocks and
associated ore deposits. Everything on earth undergoes perpetual modification
and for that reason, every entity is transitory in nature. Some will exist in just a
split second, while others will take hundreds, if not millions of years, to decipher
the changes. While a number of these alterations are not easily conspicuous to
the naked eye, others are highly evident and merit imperative detection.

Wondering where on earth is the place where change is always inevitable, because
of its dynamism? The fact that the Philippines is an archipelago, touted as having
one the longest coastlines in the world and with a tectonic setting considered as
one among the most active in the world, our country is therefore susceptible to
ceaseless geomorphological processes. In this module, you shall demonstrate a
thorough understanding of how exogenic process, products of weathering,
specifically are carried away by erosion and deposited in a certain area as these
bring changes over the place. The module includes one lesson.

Lesson 1: External Earth Processes

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and
deposited elsewhere (S11/12ES-Ib-12); and
2. foster appreciation to exogenic processes.

What I Know

General Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.

A. Multiple Choices: Select the letter of the best answer.

1. A process called , loosens the rock and mineral debris
produced by physical and chemical breakdown and transports it to new
location.
a. deposition
b. erosion
c. mining
d. weathering

2. A process known as , changes rocks from a hard state, to

become much softer and weaker, making them more easily eroded.
a. deposition
b. erosion
c. mining
d. weathering

3. The decay of rock forming minerals caused by water, temperature,

oxygen, hydrogen and mild acids displays .
a. biological weathering
b. chemical weathering
c. physical weathering
d. none of these

4. The group of processes that are caused by, or assisted by, the presence of
vegetation, or to lesser extent animals demonstrates .
a. biological weathering
b. chemical weathering
c. physical weathering
d. none of these
 5. The group of processes resulting in the mechanical disruption of rocks is
called .
a. biological weathering
b. chemical weathering
c. physical weathering
d. none of these

6. The reaction when water dissolves minerals in a rock producing new

compounds is called .
a. carbonation
b. hydrolysis
c. oxidation
d. erosion

7. Oxygen reacts with rocks through a process called ; rust

formation is an example of this.
a. carbonation
b. hydrolysis
c. oxidation
d. erosion

8. One of the most important results of weathering is the formation of

, which are the basis of agriculture and the ultimate
source of our food.
a. landform
b. rock
c. sediment
d. soil

B. True or False: On the blank provided, write TRUE if the statement displays a
fact and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

9. Mechanical weathering is also known as physical weathering.

10. Chemical weathering causes rocks to break into small pieces with
each piece retaining the characteristics of the original.
11. Gravity alone can erode the land.
12. Climate affects the rate of weathering.
13. Exposure of rocks and minerals by air and water results in both
physical breakdown and chemical change.
14. Weathering is the alteration and breakdown of rock minerals and
rock masses when they are exposed to the atmosphere.
15. Soil erosion in the Philippines is expected because you live in the
typhoon belt and so you experience heavy precipitation or rain.
 Lesson
2
External Earth Processes
Exogenic processes include geological phenomena and processes that originate
externally to the Earth's surface. They are genetically related to the atmosphere,
hydrosphere and biosphere, and therefore to processes of weathering, erosion,
transportation, deposition, denudation etc. This lesson focuses on weathering -
the alteration and breakdown of rock minerals and rock masses when they are
exposed to the atmosphere. It is a fundamental Earth process. Weathering
changes rocks from a hard state, to become much softer and weaker, making
them more easily eroded. Erosion is the geological process in which earthen
materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or
water. At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. explain how erosion carried the products of weathering away and deposited
elsewhere.

What’s New

Refer to the collage of pictures above. What do all of these have in common?
Present your answer through an acrostic-poetic style - letters making up the word
R O C K. Make sure to have rhyming words at the end of each letter in order to
create a poem out of the acrostic. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

R-
O-

C-
K-
 What is It

Weathering refers to the changes occurring at or the surface of the Earth

which includes:
● disintegration - mechanical process that breaks large masses of rocks
into small fragments
● decomposition - chemical process which results in the formation of new
substances such as from elements to rocks. Air, water, and substances
dissolved in water react with elements in rocks.

Fig. 1 - Rock showed disintegration. Fig. 2 - Rock mass exposed to water and
www.britannica.com then decomposed. researchgate.net

Types of Weathering
1. Mechanical Weathering or Physical Weathering cause rocks to break
into small pieces with each piece retaining the characteristics of the
original. How does it occur?
a. Wedging - Water enters into every crack in the rock. When the
temperature becomes cold, liquid water freezes and expands. The
cracks are pushed farther apart. It happens in mountainous areas
where daily-freeze-thaw cycle exists. Sections of rocks are loosened
and may tumble into large piles called talus slopes. (See Fig. 3)
b. Biological Weathering - It is hastened by activities of plants,
borrowing animals, and by people. Plants root penetrate rock
joints in search for minerals and as the roots grow, the wedge
comes farther apart. Borrowing animals cause further
disintegration and move materials to the surface. People blast
mountainsides to construct roads and bridges, dig for mines,
denude forests, quarry, and cultivate the land. (See Fig. 4)
 Fig.3 - Wedging Fig. 4 - Biological Weathering
Photo credit: www.wikipedia.com

2. Chemical Weathering occurs when the internal structure of a mineral is

changed by the removal or addition of elements. How does it happen?
a. Oxidation - Oxygen gas dissolved in water will oxidize iron, basalt,
and other minerals. Carbon dioxide in water (carbonic acid) can
oxidize granite and limestone. Limestone caves are formed by
running water that contains dissolved carbon dioxide. (See Fig. 5)
b. Hydrolysis - Water combines chemically to break apart larger
molecules. (See Fig. 6)
c. Carbonation - When weak acid solutions are able to dissolve
through rock. (See Fig. 7)

Fig. 5 - Oxidation Fig. 6 - Hydrolysis Fig. 7 - Carbonation

encyclopedia.org geolsoc.org.uk www.alamy.com

Sedimentary rocks weather fastest. Rocks weather faster in areas that are
humid and with high precipitation. One of the most important results of
weathering is the formation of soil, which are the basis of agriculture and the
ultimate source of our food. The processes of mechanical and chemical
weathering break down the rock and the resulting products are mixed with
organic materials produce by the decay of plants and minerals.

Weathering Products

Weathering gradually weakens rocks, and eventually produces new

geological materials (rock fragments, sands, silts and clays) that are more
stable in the new environment. Weathering generally produces finer and less
dense rock materials, and weaker, more porous and permeable rock masses.
Essential Question: How do these weathered materials worn away
and deposited elsewhere?
Exposure of rocks and minerals by air and water results in both physical
breakdown and chemical change. Erosion then loosens the rock and mineral
debris produced by weathering and transports it to a new location, lowering
the surface of the landmass from which the material was removed - a process
called denudation. The products of weathering are carried away by erosion
due to the following activities:
a. Kaingin method - Trees are cut and burned and may lead to
accidental fires. Soil loses its fertility.
b. Logging - Practice of illegal logging disturbs the soil.
c. Infrastructure projects such as dams, roads, bridges, irrigations,
and drainage basins, resorts, and hydroelectric plant
d. Mining - Companies loosen and dig rocks.

In addition, there are agents of erosion that carried products of weathering

away namely:
a. Wind - It involves abrasion of solid surfaces and deflation, the
movement of loose particles. Deflation occurs most extensively in
semi-acid or desert regions. The basins left behind when loose
material is picked up and carried away by the wind are known as
blowouts. When obstruction interferes with the transport of sand
along the desert floor, the wind deposits part of its load in mounds
or hills called dunes. An important wind-blown deposit of fine-
grained deposit of clay, silt and very fine sand is called loess.

b. Groundwater - Reservoirs of water lie beneath the surface of the

earth as groundwater, held in the pore spaces of rocks and
sediments. The underground region in which the pore spaces are
filled with water and partly with air is known as the zone of aeration.
The zone where all pores are filled with water is called the zone of
saturation. The uppe surface of this zone is the water table. Much
of the water that sinks into the ground returns to the surface later
in the form of lakes, rivers, springs, wells, and geysers.

c. Running Water - It is the most universal and most important agent

of erosion. About 20-25% of annual rainfall becomes runoffs.
Running water erodes the land surface, transports debris, and
deposits material on stream bottoms or in lakes. Silt and clay are
difficult to erode from the stream bed than fine sand. Once eroded,
they can be transported with lower stream velocities. The bed load
moves several miles downstream during flood time.

d. Waves - Shorelines undergo modification chiefly by the action of

wind-driven waves produced by the frictional drag of the wind on
the water surface. Wave erosion tends to smooth irregular
shorelines. Wind-driven waves coming toward the shore will affect
parts of the wave affected by bottom topography. Then it is slowed
 down. The long term effect of wave refraction is the erosion of the
projecting land masses and the smoothing out of the shoreline.

Fig. 6 - Erosion by wind Fig. 7 - Erosion by water (suspension, solution,

milford.nserl.purdue.edu traction, and saltation)
geologylearn.blogspot.com

Fig. 8 - Limestone
block created by wave
erosion found in
Caramoan, Camarines
Sur.

Photo credits: Mines

and Geoscience
Bureau

Erosion, transportation, deposition, and sedimentation follow a downhill

path in response to gravity. During transportation, sediment is continuously
sorted and abraded, and so the size, shapes, and sorting of particles in a
sedimentary deposit provide clues to the time and distance of transport to the
depositional environment.

Independent Assessment 1

On the blank provided before each number, write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.
1. An important wind-blown deposit of fine-grained deposit of clay,
silt, and very fine sand is called dunes.
2. Running water deposits material on stream bottoms or in lakes.
3. The long term effect of wave refraction is the erosion of the
projecting land masses and the smoothing out of the shoreline.
4. Abrasion occurs most extensively in semi-acid or desert regions.
 5. Much of the water that sinks into the ground returns to the
surface later in the form of lakes, rivers, springs, wells, and
geysers.

Assessment

General Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.

A. Multiple Choices: Select the letter of the best answer.

1. A process called , loosens the rock and mineral debris
produced by physical and chemical breakdown and transports it to new
location.
a. deposition
b. erosion
c. mining
d. weathering
2. A process known as , changes rocks from a hard state, to
become much softer and weaker, making them more easily eroded.
a. deposition
b. erosion
c. mining
d. weathering
3. The decay of rock forming minerals caused by water, temperature,
oxygen, hydrogen and mild acids displays .
a. biological weathering
b. chemical weathering
c. physical weathering
d. none of these
4. The group of processes that are caused by, or assisted by, the presence of
vegetation, or to lesser extent animals demonstrates .
a. biological weathering
b. chemical weathering
c. physical weathering
d. none of these
5. The group of processes resulting in the mechanical disruption of rocks is
called .
a. biological weathering
b. chemical weathering
c. physical weathering
d. none of these
 6. The reaction when water dissolves minerals in a rock producing new
compounds is called .
a. carbonation
b. hydrolysis
c. oxidation
d. erosion
7. Oxygen reacts with rocks through a process called ; rust
formation is an example of this.
a. carbonation
b. hydrolysis
c. oxidation
d. erosion
8. One of the most important results of weathering is the formation of
, which are the basis of agriculture and the ultimate
source of our food.
a. landform
b. rock
c. sediment
d. soil

B. True or False: On the blank provided, write TRUE if the statement displays a
fact and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

9. Mechanical weathering is also known as physical weathering.

10. Chemical weathering causes rocks to break into small pieces with
each piece retaining the characteristics of the original.
11. Gravity alone can erode the land.
12. Climate affects the rate of weathering.
13. Exposure of rocks and minerals by air and water results in both
physical breakdown and chemical change.
14. Weathering is the alteration and breakdown of rock minerals and
rock masses when they are exposed to the atmosphere.
15. Soil erosion in the Philippines is expected because you live in the
typhoon belt and so you experience heavy precipitation or rain.

Lesson
Earth’s Internal Heat
1
Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur beneath the surface of
the Earth. It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth.
The ground we live on is moving all the time. The forces within the earth that
cause the ground to move are called endogenic processes. At the end of the lesson
you are expected to.

1. describe the Earth’s Internal heat comes from; and

2. define how Earth internal heat redistributed.

What’s In

Layer of the Earth consist of mantle, crust and core. Mantle this is part of the
Earth between the core and crust. It is about 1,800 miles (2,800km) thick and
makes nearly 80 percent of the Earth’s total volume. It is made up of magma and
rock. Crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, the crust of the Earth is
composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed
mostly of peridotite. Peridotite is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock
consisting mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. Peridotite is ultramafic,
as the rock contains less than 45% silica. It is high in magnesium (Mg2+),
reflecting the high proportions of magnesium-rich olivine, with appreciable
iron. Core is the innermost part of the Earth, comprised of inner core at the
center of the Earth made of iron and outer core which surrounds the inner core
made of iron and magma, the iron core is very hot. Under this topic the learner
determine the other processes that occur within the Earth. The endogenic
processes wherein they describe the Earth internal heat come. The endogenic
process is a geological process occurs under the earth surface. Many people are
not aware of the fact that the Earth is always moving because they do not feel.
The movement of the Earth goes through is caused by the interior of the Earth.

Photo derived from. https://www.tes.com/lessons/LCmxblthQlmAZg/sun-

earth-and-moon
Independent Activity 1: Hide and Seek
General direction: Find and circle the words below. Then answer the following
question. Copy this activity in a separate sheet of paper.

Core Convection Crust Mantle

Earth Radiation Internal Conduction

E A R T H P R I M O R D I A L S
A R A D I A T I O N O I E R O C
L I I I N T E E O M A N T L E R
F S N P D H A L L D D E R I B U
C O N D U C T I O N S H D E J S
T C E U S C O N V E C T I O N T
R A E C E O N A E T K X C Q C A
E T D T T C E M I N T E R N A L
B H S S C S R S N A W Q P R A S

1. The has three main layers.

2. The is the outermost layer of the Earth.

3. The is between the crust and core.

4. is the transfer of thermal energy through direct

contact.

5. it existing or situated within the limits or

surface of something: such as a situated near the inside of the body.

6. is the transfer of thermal energy through the

movement of a liquid or gas.
7. is the innermost part of the Earth.

8. is the transfer of thermal energy through

thermal emission.

What is It

This lesson learner describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from,
geologic process occur within the Earth thru the process of endogenic processes
as we can say endogenic process is a geological process occurs under the
earth surface.
Internal heat sources of the Earth have two categories. (1) Primordial heat, heat
from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stage of formation.
Example, if you hit a hammer or hand surface several times, the metal in the
hammer will heat up the process transform from kinetic energy into heat
energy.
(2) Radioactive heat, the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay. Its
main source are the four long-lived isotopes (large half-life), namely K40, Th232
U235 and U238 that made a continuing heat source over a geologic time. K
(Potassium) Th (Thorium) U (Uranium). The estimated internal temperature of
the Earth is 10, 800 F. The mantle and asthenosphere are considerably hotter
than the lithosphere, and the core is much hotter than the mantle, Core - mantle
boundary 3,700֯C. Inner core - outer core boundary: 6,300֯C±800֯C. Earths
center: 6,400֯C±600C.

Photo derived from.

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/EarthSci/people/lidunka/GEOL2014/Geophysics8-
Thermalevolution/Heat.

The Earth internal heat is redistributed by conduction, convection, and

radiation. Convection is the transfer of thermal energy through the movement of
a liquid or gas. It occurs at the mantle, but not between the core and mantle, or
even between the asthenosphere and lithosphere (except at sea-floor spreading
zones. The only heat transfer mechanism in this transition zone is through
conduction. Example of convection is hot air balloon a heater inside the balloon
heats the air and so the air moves upward. Conduction is the transfer of thermal
energy through direct contact. Example of conduction a metal spoon becomes
hot from the boiling water inside the pot. Radiation is the transfer of thermal
energy through thermal emission. Example of radiation ultraviolet light from
the sun x- rays from an x-ray machine. Convection Cell when a fluid, such as air
or a liquid is heated and then travel away from the sources, it carries the
thermal energy along. This type of heat transferred is called convection. The
fluid above a hot surface expands become less dense and raises circulation of
heat.
 Photo derived from.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-Arthur-Holmes-convection-of-current-theory

Photo derived from. https://www.solpass.org/science6-8-

new/s8/standards/standard_ps7.html?

Photo derived from. https://www.justscience.in/articles/conduction-convection-

and-radiation/2017

Assessment

I. Multiple Choices. Read the following question carefully then select the letter of
the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Internal heat sources of the Earth composed of two categories
called .

a. Accretion and gas dust

b. Asthenosphere and lithosphere
c. Core and crust
d. Primordial heat and Radioactive heat
2. It is the central part of the earth composed of liquid properties that made
up of iron is called .

a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Inner core
d. Outer Core
3. The transfer of thermal energy through the movement of liquid or gas is
called .

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Primordial
d. Radiation
4. The estimated internal temperature of the Earth is .

a. 10, 600 F
b. 10, 700 F
c. 10, 800 F
d. 10, 900 F
5. The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact is called .

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Primordial
d. Radiation
6. If you hit a hammer or hand surface several times, the metal in the hammer
will heat up. This illustrates one kind of energy transfer.
a. Kinetic energy - Heat energy
b. light energy-heat energy
c. mechanical energy-heat energy
d. mechanical energy-light energy
7. The accretion and bombardment of the earth during the early stage of
formation is called .

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Primordial heat
d. Radioactive heat
8. The innermost part of the Earth composed of iron and nickel is
called .
 a. Crust
b. Inner core
c. Outer Core
d. Mantle
9. The transfer of thermal energy through thermal emission is
called .

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Primordial
d. Radiation
10. The heat generated of radioactive decay, consist of four long-lived isotopes
is called .

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Primordial heat
d. Radioactive heat

Lesson
Magmatism
2
Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and the surface of the outer
layers of terrestrial planets, which solidify as igneous rocks. At the end of the
lesson you are expected to.

1. define magmatism and

2. describe how magma is formed.

What’s In

Instruction. Label the parts of the volcano. Copy the illustration in a separate
sheet of paper.
 Magma chamber Earth’s crust Side vent Vent Lava flows
Crater Pipe Ash clouds

What’s New

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Materials needed:

● Vinegar
● Baking soda
● Empty bottle (Mineral bottle)
● Tray or dish
● Dishwashing liquid

Procedure

1. Place your empty bottle in a shallow tray or dish.

2. Fill the bottle with warm water, leaving just a few centimeters of air
3. Add six drops of dishwashing liquid to the bottle.
4. Add two table spoon of baking soda to the bottle
5. Pour ¼ cup of vinegar into the bottle
 6. Observe what would be the result of your activity.
7. Write your observation on a separate sheet of paper.

What is It

Magmatism in Geology, the motion or activity of magma. Magmatism also defines

as the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer layers of a
terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks. It does so through magmatic
activity or igneous activity, the production, intrusion, and extrusion of magma or
lava. Volcanism is the surface expression of magmatism.(Wikipedia) Magma (from
the Greek word mixture) is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles and
solids that is formed beneath the surface of the Earth, and is expected to exist on
other terrestrial planets. Besides from molten rocks, magma may also contain
suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. It often collects in
magma chambers that may feed a volcano or turn into a pluton. Magma is a
complex high-temperature fluid substance. Temperature of most magma is in
range of 700֯C to 1300C֯ or 1300֯F to 2400֯F. It is capable of intrusion into
adjacent rock, extrusion onto the surface as lava, and explosive ejection as tephra to
form pyroclastic rock. Most magma is crystal that is found beneath the Earth
surface and it is generated in the upper parts of mantle Asthenosphere and the
lower crust. Asthenosphere is the layer below the lithosphere. Type of magma
Primitive magma, primary magma, parental magma, and derivative magma.
Primitive magma they are unmodified magmas that form through anataxis
(melting of mantle rocks that have not been changed in composition since they
formed. Primary magma this magma are any chemically unchanged melt derived
from any kind of pre-existing rocks. All primitive magma is primary but most
primary magma that yields modern rocks is not primitive. Parental magma, the
magma that have given rise to magma. Derivative magma, magma which derived
directly from pre-existing magma.

Photo derived from. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-

geophysical/chapter/magma-composition/

Magma forms from partial melting of mantle rocks. As the rocks move upward (or
have water added to them) they start to melt a little bit. These little blebs of melt
migrate upward and coalesce into larger volumes that continue to move
upward. They may collect in a magma chamber or they may just come straight
up. As they rise, gas molecules in the magma come out of solution and form
bubbles and as the bubbles rise they expand. Eventually the pressure from these
bubbles is stronger than the surroundings solid rock and this surrounding rock
fractures, allowing the magma to get to the surface. Partial melting of solid rocks
to form magma is controlled by three physical parameters its temperature,
pressure, and composition. Magma collects in magma chambers in the crust at
160 kilometers (100 miles) beneath the surface of a volcano. The words that
describe composition of igneous rocks also describe magma composition. Mafic
magmas are low in silica and contain more dark, magnesium and iron rich mafic
minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene. Felsic magmas are higher in silica and
contain lighter colored minerals such as quartz and orthoclase feldspar. The
higher the amount of silica in the magma, the higher is its viscosity. Viscosity is a
liquid’s resistance to flow. Viscosity determines what the magma will do. Mafic
magma is not viscous and will flow easily to the surface. Felsic magma is viscous
and does not flow easily. Most felsic magma will stay deeper in the crust and will
cool to form igneous intrusive rocks such as granite and granodiorite. If felsic
magma rises into a magma chamber, it may be too viscous to move and so it gets
stuck. Dissolved gases become trapped by thick magma and the magma
chamber begins to build pressure. There are three basic types of magma:
basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each of which has a different mineral
composition. All types of magma have a significant percentage of silicon dioxide.
Basaltic magma is high in iron, magnesium, and calcium but low in potassium
and sodium. It ranges in temperature from about 1000oC to 1200oC (1832oF to
2192oF). Andesitic magma has moderate amounts of these minerals, with a
temperature range from about 800oC to 1000oC (1472oF to 1832oF). Rhyolitic
magma is high in potassium and sodium but low in iron, magnesium, and
calcium. It occurs in the temperature range of about 650oC to 800oC (1202oF to
1472oF). Both the temperature and mineral content of magma affect how easily
it flows.
Independent Activity 1.

Identify the characteristic of the following rocks. Complete the table write on a
separate sheet of paper.

Types of rocks Color uses

1. Mafic rocks
2. gabbro rocks
3. basalt rocks
Guide Questions.

1. How magma is formed in magmatism?

2 What are the three type of

magmatism?

What I Have Learned

1. Magmatism also defines as the emplacement of magma within and at the

surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous
rocks.
2. Magma (from the Greek word mixture) is a mixture of molten or semi-
molten rock, volatiles and solids that is formed beneath the surface of the
Earth, and is expected to exist on other terrestrial planets.
3. Besides from molten rocks, magma may also contain suspended crystals,
dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles.
4. Magma is a complex high-temperature fluid substance.
5. Temperature of most magma is in range of 700֯C to 1300֯C or 1300֯F to
2400֯F. It is capable of intrusion into adjacent rock, extrusion onto the
surface as lava, and explosive ejection as tephra to form pyroclastic rock.
6. Primitive magma they are unmodified magmas that form through anataxis
(melting of mantle rocks that have not been changed in composition since
they formed.
7. All primitive magma is primary but most primary magma that yields
modern rocks is not primitive.
8. Primary magma this magma are any chemically unchanged melt derived
from any kind of pre-existing rocks.
9. Parental magma, the magma that have given rise to magma.
10. Derivative magma, magma which derived directly from pre-existing
magma.
11. Partial melting of solid rocks to form magma is controlled by three
physical parameters its temperature, pressure, and composition.
12. Magma collects in magma chambers in the crust at 160 kilometers (100
miles) beneath the surface of a volcano.
13. Mafic magmas are low in silica and contain more dark, magnesium and
iron rich mafic minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene.
 14. Felsic magma is viscous and does not flow easily.
15. Basaltic magma is high in iron, magnesium, and calcium but low in
potassium and sodium.
16. Andesitic magma has moderate amounts of these minerals.
Rhyolitic magma is high in potassium and sodium but low in iron, magnesium,
and calcium

Assessment

I. Multiple Choices. Read the following question carefully then select the letter
of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The decreased in load pressure causes melting temperature of rocks by

process is called .
a. Compression
b. Composition
c. Decompression melting
d. Parameters
2. The emplacement of magma within and the surface of the outer layers of
a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks, is
called .
a. Magmatism
b. Metamorphism
c. Plutonism
d. Volcanism
3. The magma is controlled by three physical parameters temperature,
pressure and .
a. Chemical
b. Composition
c. Component
d. Crystallization
4. The magma that has given rise to magma is called .
a. Derivative magma
b. Parental magma
c. Primary magma
d. Primitive magma
5. The temperature of most magma in Fahrenheit is in range
from .
a. 1300 -2300F֯
b. 1300֯F-2400֯F
c. 1300֯F-2500֯F
d. 1300֯F-2600֯F
 6. The unmodified magma that forms through anataxis is called .
a. Derivative magma
b. Parental magma
c. Primary magma
d. Primitive magma
7. The layer below the lithosphere is called .
a. Asthenosphere
b. Biosphere
c. Hydrosphere
d. Troposphere
8. The Greek word for magma is called .
a. Chemical
b. Composition
c. Mineral
d. Mixture
9. The composition of complex high-temperature fluid substance is
called
a. Andesite
b. Basalt
c. Magma
d. Lava
10. The composition of complex high-temperature fluid substance is
called
a. Andesite
b. Basalt
c. Magma
d. Lava

What’s New

Metamorphism is the process by which the composition texture and internal

structure of rocks are altered due to pressure and extreme heat and even
introduction to new chemical substances.

Direction. Look at the pictures, based on what you see, can you tell something
about the three pictures. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Guide Questions.

1. Can you classify what kind of rock is in the example?

2. Define metamorphic rocks?

What is It

Metamorphic rock is a type of rock which has been changed by extreme heat
and pressure. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks, but
have been changed (metamorphosed) as a result of intense heat and/or
pressure within the Earth’s crust. They are crystalline and often have a
“squashed” (foliated or banded) texture. Metamorphism comes from the Greek
words “meta” meaning change and “morph” meaning form, so it literally means
to change form. In Geology, this is the process by which the composition, texture
and internal structure of rocks are altered due to pressure, extreme heat, and
even introduction to new chemical substances. Each type of metamorphism is
characterized by differences in mechanical deformation and recrystallization.

Types of Metamorphism

1. Dynamic Metamorphism in Geology, dynamic metamorphism produced by

mechanical forces. Dynamic metamorphic rocks are restricted to narrow zones
adjacent to faults or thrusts. The high shear stresses associated with faults and
thrusts crush the adjacent rocks. The rise in temperature is produced by
frictional heat generated within the fault zone. The high shear stresses may be
short-lived or long-lived depending on the activity of the fault or thrust. Dynamic
metamorphism involves high shear stress, high pressure, high strain, high fluid
partial pressure and variable temperature. In many instances, water plays a
fundamental role.

2. Regional metamorphism In Geology metamorphism affecting rocks over an

extensive area as a result of the large-scale action of heat and pressure. Most
metamorphic rocks occur in fold mountain belts or cratonic areas. Such rocks
cover large areas of the Earth's crust and are therefore termed regional
metamorphic rocks. They arise by the combined action of heat, burial pressure,
differential stress, strain and fluids on pre-existing rocks. The resulting rocks are
always deformed (as a result of the differential stress) and commonly exhibit folds,
fractures and cleavages. Large amounts of granitic intrusions are also associated
with regional metamorphic rocks. The most common regional metamorphic rocks
are slates, schists and gneisses. Regional metamorphism covers a wide range of
temperature and pressure conditions from 200° C - 750° C and 2 kbar - 10 kbar
(or 5 km - 35 km depth).

3. Contact metamorphism type of metamorphism in which the mineralogy and

texture of a body of rock are changed by exposure to the pressure and extreme
temperature associated with a body of intruding magma.
 Source: masonsrockcycle.yolasite.com

There are three metamorphic facies within regional metamorphosed rocks, which
from lowest to highest grade are Greenschist it can be further divided into chlorite
and biotite zones. The term greenschist gets its name from the rocks themselves
as many rocks of this facies are grey-green in colour and have a schistose (parallel
arrangement of platy minerals) texture. Amphibolite can be further divided into
the garnet and staurolite zones. The term amphibolite gets its name from the
most common constituent minerals of this facies, minerals of the amphibole
group. Granulite can be further divided into the kyanite and sillimanite zones.
The term granulite reflects the most common texture of these rocks (granular).

What’s More

Independent Activity 1. Metamorphism

Direction. In a separate sheet of paper answer the question based on what you
learned in the discussion about metamorphism. Explain it briefly

1. Why do we care how strong a rock is?

2. How can you tell that this a metamorphic rock?

 What I Have Learned

1. Metamorphic rock is a type of rock which has been changed by extreme heat
and pressure.
2. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been
changed (metamorphosed) as a result of intense heat and/or pressure
within the Earth’s crust. They are crystalline and often have a “squashed”
(foliated or banded) texture.
3. Metamorphism comes from the Greek words “meta” meaning change and
“morph” meaning form, so it literally means to change form.
2. Type of metamorphism is characterized by differences in mechanical
deformation and recrystallization.
3. Dynamic metamorphism produced by mechanical forces.
4. Dynamic metamorphic rocks are restricted to narrow zones adjacent to faults
or thrusts.
5. Regional metamorphism In Geology metamorphism affecting rocks over an
extensive area as a result of the large-scale action of heat and pressure.
6. Contact metamorphism type of metamorphism in which the mineralogy and
texture of a body of rock are changed by exposure to the pressure and
extreme temperature associated with a body of intruding magma.
7. Three metamorphic facies within regional metamorphosed rocks, which from
lowest to highest grade are greenschist it can be further divided into chlorite
and biotite zones, amphibolite it can be further divided into the garnet and
staurolite zones. And granulite it can be further divided into the kyanite and
sillimanite zones.

Assessment

I. Multiple Choices. Read the following question carefully then select the letter
of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The rock of convergent plate boundaries where heat and pressure

cause regional metamorphism is called .
a. Amphibolite
b. Granulite
c. Greenschist
d. Peridotite
 2. involves high shear stress, high pressure, high
fluid partial pressure, and variable temperature.
a. Contact metamorphism
b. Dynamic metamorphism
c. Metamorphism
d. Regional metamorphism
3. The alteration of rock both thermal and mechanical means over a whole region
is called .

a. Contact Metamorphism
b. Dynamic metamorphism
c. Metamorphism
d. Regional metamorphism
4. The general term for describing the relative temperature and pressure
conditions under which metamorphic rocks form is called .

a. Metamorphic grade
b. Contact metamorphism
c. Prograde metamorphism
d. Regional metamorphism
5. The rocks composed mostly of calcite, and less commonly of dolomite is
called .

a. Amphibolite
b. Granulite
c. Marbles
d. Quartz
6. The metamorphism is characterized by differences in mechanical
deformation and .

a. Crystallization
b. Distillation
c. Recrystallization
d. Precipitation
7. The process of changing materials that make up the rock is called .

a. Magmatism
b. Metamorphism
c. Catastrophism
d. Diastrophism
8. The type of metamorphism in which mineralogy and texture of body are
changed by exposure to the pressure and extreme temperature associated
with a body of intruding magma is called .
a. Contact metamorphism
b. Dynamic metamorphism
c. Metamorphism
d. Regional Metamorphism
9. The extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface
is called .

a. Amphibolite
b. Granulite
c. Magma
d. Lava
10. It refers to the original rock, prior to metamorphism is
called .
a. Amphibolite
b. Granulite
c. Phyllite
d. Protolite

Lesson
Types of Igneous Rocks
4
Rocks are solid materials that make up most of the Earth lithosphere. They are
aggregate of minerals they form major part of the Earth crust. They could be
found lying around the surface of the Earth and even beneath it. Rocks
composed of tiny particles in minerals compressed together due to pressure
and temperature. There are two types of igneous rocks intrusive and extrusive.
At the end of the lesson you are expected to.

1. define igneous rock

2. define intrusive and extrusive
compare and contrast the formation of different type of igneous rocks

What is It

On the Earth surface, igneous rocks are slowly broken down into smaller
fragments known as sediments. Through the process of weathering. Igneous
rocks are from the solidification of lava when a volcano erupts. Igneous rocks
are form by the solidification and cooling of magma. Magma is hot, viscous,
siliceous melts containing water vapour and gases. It came from the great depth
below Earth surface it is mainly composed of O, Si, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, Ca, and K.
When magma cones at the surface it called lava. Igneous rocks can be classified
according to their mode of occurrence, texture, mineralogy, chemical
composition, and the geometry of the igneous rocks. There are two basic types
of igneous rocks the intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks and extrusive or
volcanic igneous rocks

Example of igneous rocks from left to right: gabbro, andesite, pegmatite, basalt,
pumice, porphyry, obsidian, granite, and tuff.
Photo derived from. https://www.sandatlas.org/igneous-rocks/

Chemical composition of igneous rocks, acid magma rich in Si, Na and K and
poor in Ca, Mg, Fe. Basic magma is rich in Ca, Fe, Mg and poor in Si, Na, K. Basic
Magma is divided into four groups Ultra basic rock this contain less than 45% of
Si, example periodite. Basic rock this contain Si between 45% to 55% example
gabbro and basalt. Intermediate rock this contain Si between 55% to 65%
example, diorite. Acid rock in this Si contains more than 65% example granite.
Igneous rocks can be classified as. Over saturated contain high amount of Si and
abundant Qtz. and alkali feldspar. Saturated contains sufficient amount of Si and
do not contain Qtz. under saturated contain less Si and high in alkali and
aluminium oxides. Types of igneous rocks (1) Extrusive rocks or volcanic
igneous rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface a volcano and
cools quickly. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples
include basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian. Extrusive igneous rocks are
formed when magma makes its way to Earth's surface. The molten rock erupts
or flows above the surface as lava, and then cools forming rock. The lava comes
from the upper mantle layer, between 50 km and 150 km below the Earth's
surface. Extrusive igneous rock structures Lava flow, lava plateau, Volcano.
Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma hardens above the earth's surface.
Examples of these include pumice and basalt. Pumice is used in toothpaste and
cosmetic products, while basalt is used in the construction of statues and
buildings. (2) Intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks Intrusive rock, also called
plutonic rock, igneous rock formed from magma forced into older rocks at
depths within the Earth's crust, which then slowly solidifies below the Earth's
surface, though it may later be exposed by erosion. Igneous intrusions form a
variety of rock types. Intrusive, or
plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface.
Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals. Examples include granite,
gabbro, diorite and dunite. Intrusive igneous rock is formed when magma cools
and solidifies within small pockets contained within the planet's crust. As this
rock is surrounded by pre-existing rock, the magma cools slowly, which results
in it being coarse grained – example mineral grains are big enough to be
identifiable with the naked eye. Intrusive igneous rocks are divided into two (1)
Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that solidified from a melt at great depth. Magma
rises, bringing minerals and precious metals such as gold, silver, molybdenum, and
lead with it, forcing its way into older rocks. (2) A subvolcanic rock, also known as
a hypabyssal rock, is an intrusive igneous rock that is emplaced at medium to
shallow depths (<2 km) within the crust, and has intermediate grain size and
often porphyritic texture between that of volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks.

Example of Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Photo derived from. http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/extrusive-

igneous-rocks

Example of Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Photo derived from. http://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/intrusive-

igneous-rocks
 What’s More

Instruction. Identify the following pictures of rocks. Write on a

separate sheet of paper

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 Independent Activity 3.
Write IIR if it is Intrusive igneous rocks or EIR for Extrusive Igneous
rocks. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Basalt 6. Dionite
2. Granite 7. Obsidian
3. Gabbro 8. Dunite
4. Rhyolite 9. Pegmatite
5. Andesite 10. Pumice

What I Have Learned

1. Rocks are solid materials that make up most of the Earth lithosphere.
2. Igneous rocks are from the solidification of lava when a volcano erupts.
3. Igneous rocks are form by the solidification and cooling of magma. Magma
is hot, viscous, siliceous melts containing water vapor and gases.
4. It came from the great depth below Earth surface it is mainly composed
of O, Si, Al, Fe, Na, Mg, Ca, and K.
5. Magma cones at the surface it called lava.

6. Igneous rocks can be classified according to their mode of occurrence,

texture, mineralogy, chemical composition, and the geometry of the
igneous rocks.
7. Basic magma is rich in Ca, Fe, Mg and poor in Si, Na, K.

8. Ultra basic rock this contain less than 45% of Si, example periodite.
9. Basic rock this contain Si between 45% to 55% example gabbro and
basalt.

10. Intermediate rock this contain Si between 55% to 65% example, diorite.
11. Acid rock in this Si contains more than 65% example granite.
12. Extrusive rocks or volcanic igneous rocks form when magma reaches
the Earth's surface a volcano and cools quickly.

13. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples include
basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian.
14. Extrusive igneous rock structures Lava flow, lava plateau, Volcano.
 15. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma hardens above the earth's
surface. Examples of these include pumice and basalt
16. Intrusive rock, also called plutonic rock, igneous rock formed from
magma forced into older rocks at depths within the Earth's crust, which
then slowly solidifies below the Earth's surface, though it may later be
exposed by erosion.
17. Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly
below the Earth's surface. Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed
crystals. Examples include granite, gabbro, diorite and dunite.

18. Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that solidified from a melt at great
depth.
19. Subvolcanic rock, also known as a hypabyssal rock, is an intrusive
igneous rock that is emplaced at medium to shallow depths (<2 km)
within the crust, and has intermediate grain size and often porphyritic
texture between that of volcanic rocks and plutonic rocks.

Rocks are solid materials that make up most of the Earth lithosphere. They are
aggregate of minerals they form major part of the Earth crust. They could be found
lying around the surface of the Earth and even beneath it. Rocks composed of tiny
particles in minerals compressed together due to pressure and temperature. There
are two types of igneous rocks intrusive and extrusive. At the end of the lesson you
are expected to.

3. define igneous rock

4. define intrusive and extrusive
5. compare and contrast the formation of different type of igneous rocks.

What I Know

I. Multiple Choices. Read the following question carefully then select the letter of
the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The solid materials that make up most of the Earth lithosphere are
called .
a. Chemical
b. Crust
c. Minerals
d. Rocks
2. The rock is composed of tiny particles in minerals compressed together due
to pressure and .
a. Chemicals
b. Composition
c. Minerals
d. Temperature
3. The rocks form by solidification and cooling of magma is called .
a. Igneous rock
b. Metamorphic rock
c. Sedimentary rock
d. Chemical sedimentary rock
4. The type of igneous rock formed from magma forced into older rocks at depths
within the Earth's crust, which then slowly solidifies below the Earth's
surface, though it may later be exposed by erosion is called .
a. Extrusive rock
b. Intrusive rock
c. Metamorphic rock
d. Sedimentary rock
5. The magma rich in Ca, Fe, Mg and poor in Si, Na, K is called .
a. Acid magma
b. Basic magma
c. Extrusive rock
d. Intrusive rock
6. Basalt is an example of .
a. Extrusive rock
b. Intrusive rock
c. Metamorphic rock
d. Sedimentary rock
7. The subvolcanic rock is also called .
a. Hypabyssal
b. Plutonic
c. Pumice
d. Volcanic
8. This type of rock contain Si between 45% to 55% is called .
a. Acid rock
b. Basic rock
c. Intermediate rock
d. Ultra basic rock
9. The type of rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface and cools
quickly is called .
a. Extrusive rock
b. Intrusive rock
c. Metamorphic rock
d. Sedimentary rock
10. The igneous rocks that solidified from a melt at great depth is called .
a. Metamorphic rock
b. Sedimentary rock
c. Plutonic rock
d. Volcanic rock
 Lesson
Types of stress
5
Stress is the force applied to an object. In geology, stress is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock. Under this topic you are studying influencing rock
behaviour. The compression, confining, shearing and tension. Under this lesson
you are expected to.

1. describe the different type of stress.

be how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression,
confining, Tension and shearing.

What I Know

I. Multiple Choices. Read the following question carefully then select the letter
of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The bent rock layer that is originally horizontal and subsequently deform
is called .
a. anticline
b. faults
c. folds
d. synclines
2. The fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has
occurred on a scale from centimeters to kilometres is
called .

a. anticline
b. faults
c. folds
d. synclines
3. The force per unit area that is placed on a rock is called .
a. compression
b. shearing
c. stress
d. tension
 4. Among the choices, what do you think will happen if more stress is
applied to a rock? .
a. It does not return to its original shape.
b. Its forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions.
c. Nothing change in shape or size that resulting from applied forces.
d. Nothing happens to a rock.
5. The most common stress at convergent is called .
a. compression
b. shearing
c. stress
d. tension

What is It

Stress is the force applied to an object. In geology, stress is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock.

Four types of stresses act on materials.

1. Compression - squeezes rocks together, causing rocks to fold or

fracture (break). Compression is the most common stress at convergent plate
boundaries. Rocks push or squeeze against one another where the stress
produced is directed towards the center.

Photo derived from. https://imgbin.com/png/WGhvkZev/crust-stress-tension-

rock-compression-png

2. Confining stress - A deeply buried rock is pushed down by the weight

of all material above it. Since the rock cannot move, it cannot deform. The
crust become compact, thus making it look smaller
Photo derived from. https://quizlet.com/123595096/geological-stresses-flash-
cards/

3. Tension - rocks under tension lengthen or break apart. Tension is the

major type of stress at divergent plate boundaries. Rocks pulled apart, rocks
may separate in opposite direction.

Photo derived from.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(geology)#/media/File:Tens.tif

4. Shearing - when forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions.

The stress is called shear. Shear stress is the most common stress at
transform plate boundaries. Some portion of a plate at the edge may break
away in different directions. Eventually making the plate smaller inside.

Photo derived from.

https://cstrainingsystems.com/7-best-exercises-for-burning-fat/
 What I Have Learned

1. Stress is the force applied to an object. In geology, stress is the force per unit
area that is placed on a rock.

2. Compression - squeezes rocks together, causing rocks to fold or fracture

(break). Compression is the most common stress at convergent plate
boundaries. Rocks push or squeeze against one another where the stress
produced is directed towards the center.

3. Confining stress - A deeply buried rock is pushed down by the weight of all
material above it. Since the rock cannot move, it cannot deform. The crust
become compact thus makes it look smaller.

4. Tension - rocks under tension lengthen or break apart. Tension is the major
type of stress at divergent plate boundaries. Rocks pulled apart, rocks may
separate in opposite direction.

5. Shearing - when forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions. The
stress is called shear. Shear stress is the most common stress at transform
plate boundaries. Some portion of a plate at the edge may break away in
different directions. Eventually making the plate smaller inside.

Activity

In realization more human experience stress like rocks. Now can you differentiate
stress and tension that happen in human?. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.

What I Can Do

Direction. Answer the following question by looking at the picture below, the hint you
have is the answer in the type fault.

Type of stress Type of stress Type of stress

 Type of fault Type of fault Type of fault
Divergent Boundaries Convergent Boundaries Transform Boundaries

Type of boundary Type of boundary Type of boundary

What is happening? What is happening? What is happening?

Photo derived from. https://slideplayer.com/slide/499062

Assessment

General Direction: Read each statement carefully, and then identify the best
corresponding answer. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. The most common stress at transform plate boundaries

is called .
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
 2. The major type of stress at divergent plate boundaries is
called .
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
3. the most common stress at convergent plate boundaries is
called .
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
4. The rock pushed down by the weight of all materials above it is
called .

a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
5. The illustration show what type of stress?
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
6. The rocks pulled apart, rocks may separate in opposite direction is an
example of .
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension

7. Illustration shown an example

of .

a. Compression
b. Confinng
c. Shearing
d. Tension
8. The force per unit area that is placed on a rock is called .
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Stress
9. The force of two connecting rocks rubbing in opposite directions is an example
of .
 a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
10. When cars driving around a parking lot collide, compression causes the cars
to crumple. This is example of .
a. Compression
b. Confining
c. Shearing
d. Tension
 Answer Key

Lesson 2:
LESSON 5
What’s More
TYPE OF STRESS DESCRIPTION DRAW AN ILLUSTRATION

1. COMPRESSION It squeezes rocks

together, causing rocks
to fold or fracture
(break). It is the most
common stress at
convergent plate
boundaries.

2. CONFINING A deeply buried rock is

pushed down by the
weight of all material
above it. Since the rock
cannot move, it cannot
deform.

3. TENSION
Rocks under tension
lengthen or break
apart. Tension is the
major type of stress at
divergent plate
boundaries. Rocks
pulled apart, rocks
may separate in
opposite direction.

4. SHEARING
When forces are
parallel but moving in
opposite directions.
The stress is called
shear. Shear stress is
the most common
stress at transform
plate boundaries.
Independent Activity 3
Type of Stress Describe each type of stress
1. Compression It targets the center of the rock and can
cause either horizontal or vertical
2. Shearing It is a force that causes layers or parts
to slide upon each other in opposite
directions
3. Tension Under tension rocks pulled apart or
rocks may separate in opposite
direction
4. Confining It cannot deform, the crust become
compact thus it look smaller.
References
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