BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY, MAKURDI

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM AND TEACHING

Course Title: Advance Statistical Methods in Education

Course Code: EDU 901

Course of Study: PhD Science Education

Presentation Title:

Distinguish between primary sources of data and secondary sources of data

Candidate Names:

Oluwatosin Victor Ajayi

Pg 171778

Lecturers in Charge:
Professor Emmanuel Ijenkeli O’kwu & Benjamin Iortwam Imoko, PhD

September, 2017

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Introduction

Wikipedia (2016) defines data as a set of values of qualitative or quantitative

variables. Data is facts or figures from which conclusions can be drawn. Before one can

present and interpret information, there has to be a process of gathering and sorting data. Just

as trees are the raw material from which paper is produced, so too, can data be viewed as the

raw material from which information is obtained. Data as a general concept refers to the fact

that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable

for better usage or processing. Data is collected and analyzed; data only becomes information

suitable for making decision in some fashion. Gathering data can be accomplished through a

primary source (researcher is the first person to obtain the data) or a secondary source (the

researcher obtains the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data

disseminated in a scientific journal) (Mesly, 2015).

Distinguish between primary data and secondary data

Data collection plays a very crucial role in the statistical analysis. In research, there

are different methods used to gather information, all of which fall into two categories, i.e.

primary and secondary data (Douglas, 2015). As the name suggests, primary data is one

which is collected for the first time by the researcher while secondary data is the data already

collected or produced by others. There are many differences between primary and secondary

data, which are discussed in this work. But the most important difference is that primary data

is factual and original whereas secondary data is just the analysis and interpretation of the

primary data. While primary data is collected with an aim for getting solution to the problem

at hand, secondary data is collected for other purposes. The fundamental differences between

primary and secondary data are; the term primary data refers to the data originated by the

researcher for the first time while secondary data is the already existing data collected by the

investigator agencies and organisations earlier. Primary data is a real-time data whereas

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secondary data is one which relates to the past. Primary data is collected for addressing the

problem at hand while secondary data is collected for purposes other than the problem at

hand. Primary data collection is a very involved process. On the other hand, secondary data

collection process is rapid and easy. Primary data sources include surveys, observations,

experiments, questionnaire, personal interview etc. on the other contrary, secondary data

collection sources are government publications, websites, books, journal articles, internal

records etc.

BASIS FOR PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

2 Data Real time data Past data

3 Process Very involved Quick and easy

4 Source Surveys, observations, Government publications,

5 Cost effectiveness Expensive Economical

6 Collection time Long Short

7 Specific Always specific to the May or may not be specific

8 Available Crude form Refined form

9 Accuracy and Reliability More Relatively less

Distinguish between primary sources of data and secondary sources of data

Primary data refers to the first hand data gathered by the researcher himself. Sources

of primary data are surveys, observations, questionnaires, and interviews as explained below:

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Survey: Survey method is one of the primary sources of data which is used to collect

quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys are used in different areas for

collecting the data even in public and private sectors. A survey may be conducted in the field

by the researcher. The respondents are contacted by the research person personally,

telephonically or through mail. This method takes a lot of time, efforts and money but the

data collected are of high accuracy, current and relevant to the topic. When the questions are

administered by a researcher, the survey is called a structured interview or a researcher-

administered survey.

Observations: Observation as one of the primary sources of data. Observation is a technique

for obtaining information involves measuring variables or gathering of data necessary for

measuring the variable under investigation. Observation is defined as accurate watching and

noting of phenomena as they occur in nature with regards to cause and effect relation.

Interview: Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the

underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews

can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group.

Questionnaires: Questionnaire as one of the primary sources of data is an observational

technique which comprises series of items presented to a respondent in a written form, in

which the individual is expected to respond in writing. Here the respondents are given list of

written items which he responds to by ticking the one he considers appropriate.

While secondary sources means data collected by someone else earlier. Secondary

data are the data collected by a party not related to the research study but

collected these data for some other purpose and at different time in the past. If the researcher

uses these data then these become secondary data for the current users. Sources of secondary

data are government publications websites, books, journal articles, internal records.

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Conclusion

It is evident from the above discussion that primary data is an original and unique data, which

is directly collected by the researcher from a source such as observations, surveys,

questionnaires, case studies and interviews according to his requirements. As opposed to

secondary data which is easily accessible but are not pure as they have undergone through

many statistical treatments. Sources of secondary data are government publications, websites,

books, journal articles, internal records

REFERENCES

Douglas, M. (2015). “Sources of data”. Retrieved on 22nd September, 2017 from

Mesly, O. (2015). Creating models in psychological research. Etats-Unis: Springer press.

Wikipedia (2016). Data-wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from

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