Laboratory Manual

Electrical Safety - EEE1021

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Name : ……………………………………………………………………………
Reg. No : ……………………………………………………………………………
Slot : ……………………………………………………………………………
Faculty : ……………………………………………………………………………

VIT – A Place to learn : A Chance to grow

Name of Laboratory : Electrical Workshop
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Course Name : Electrical Safety Laboratory

Course Code : EEE1021

Register Number : _____________________________

Certified that this is a bonafide work done by

_______________________________________of________________ Semester

B.Tech. _________________________________ during the academic year Fall

2018 - 2019 submitted for the practical examination held

on __________________ at VIT University, Vellore – 14.

Date : Faculty In – charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Ex. Date of
Title of the Experiment Marks Signature
No. Experiment

CYCLE - I

1 Study of Fuses and Types of Fuses

Study of Miniature Circuit Breakers

(MCB) and Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers
2 (ELCB)

Measurement of Insulation Resistance

3 Withstand of Cables

Measurement of Insulation Resistance

4 Withstand of Motors

Study of Earthing and Measurement of

5 Earth Electrode Resistance

CYCLE - II

6 Continuity Test for a given Electrical Circuit

Study of Various Types of Earthing:

(a) Sizing of Earth Strip for Earthing
7 Arrangement
(b) Sizing of Pipe and Plate Earthing as per IS
3043

8 Sizing and Selection of Neutral Link

Electrical Safety Precaution:

(a) Selection of Earth Mat
9 (b) Selection of Rubber Gloves

Types, Procedure of Operation, Maintenance

and Application of Fire Extinguishers
10

Total Marks Scored : ______________

Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE 1021
Name of School : SELECT

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

When the information about a circuit is required but details of the actual wire connections and
operation of the circuit are not, single line diagram representation of electric circuit is followed. A single line
diagram uses, single lines (indicate the path) and graphic symbols of components of an electric circuit. The
following table shows symbols of many of the commonly used electric components and parts.

MULTICELL ALTERNATING CURRENT, CONNECTION

GENERAL SYMBOL

CROSS, NO CONNECTION DIRECT CURRENT NEUTRAL

POSITIVE POLARITY NEGATIVE POLARITY EARTH

FAULT UNDERGROUND CABLE OVERHEAD LINE

FUSE TERMINALS RESISTANCE/RESISTOR

OR

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

VARIABLE RESISTOR IMPEDANCE CAPACITANCE, CAPACITOR

WINDING MOTOR DC GENERATOR

AC GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS WITH TWO AUTO-TRANSFORMER

SEPARATE WINDINGS

WINDING, STAR WINDING, DELTA CIRCUIT-BREAKER

ISOLATOR SOCKET OUTLET, 5A SOCKET OUTLET, 15A

PLUG VOLTMETER AMMETER

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

WATTMETER OHMMETER WATTHOUR METER

CURRENT TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER LAMP

EMERGENCY LAMP
SPOT LIGHT FLOOD LIGHT

BELL BUZZER CEILING FAN

EXHAUST FAN FAN REGULATOR AERIAL

SINGLE-POLE-SINGLE THROW SINGLE-POLE-DOUBLE THROW DOUBLE-POLE-SINGLE

(SPST) (SPDT) THROW (DPST)

PUSH BUTTON MOMENTARY PUSH BUTTON MOMENTARY TRANSFORMER, IRON CORE

NORMALLY CLOSED (PBNC) NORMALLY OPEN (PBNO)

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Exp. 1 - Study of Fuses and Types of Fuses

Aim:

To study, compare and analyze the role of fuse and various types based on its application

To compute the fuse ratings of re-wirable fuses and carry out a suitable experiment to determine
the blow-out of the fuse

Fuses:

Fuse is a device which is used to protect circuits from over current, overload and ensures the
protection of the circuit. There are many types of fuses available in the market, but the function of
all these fuses is same. Fuse consists of a low resistance metallic wire enclosed in a non-
combustible material. Whenever a short circuit, over current or mismatched load connection
occurs, then the thin wire inside the fuse melts because of the heat generated by the heavy current
flowing through it. Therefore, it disconnects the power supply from the connected system. In
normal operation of the circuit, fuse wire is just a very low resistance component and does not
affect the normal operation of the system connected to the power supply.

Types of Fuses:

There are different types of fuses available in the market and they can be categories on the basis of
different aspects. Fuses are used in AC as well as DC circuits.

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 Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Different Types of Fuses:

Fuses can be divided into two main categories according to the type of input supply voltage.

1. AC fuses
2. DC fuses

AC and DC Fuses

There is a little difference between AC and DC fuses used in AC and DC systems.

In a DC system, when the metallic wire melts because of the heat generated by the over current,
then an arc is produced and it is very difficult to extinguish this arc because of constant DC value. In
order to minimize the fuse arcing, DC fuse are slightly bigger than an AC fuse which increase the
distance between the electrodes to reduce the arc in the fuse. On the other hand, i.e. in the AC
system, voltage with 60Hz or 50Hz frequency changes it amplitude from zero to 60 times every
second, so arc can be extinct easily as compared to DC. Therefore, AC fuses are little bit small in
sizes as compared to DC fuses.
Fuses can also be categorized based on one time or multiple operations.
1) One time use only Fuse 2) Resettable Fuses

One time use only Fuse

One time use fuses contain a metallic wire, which burns out, when an over current, over load or
mismatched load connect event occur, user has to manually replace these fuses, switch fuses are
cheap and widely used in almost all the electronics and electrical systems.
Such types of fuses can be categories on the following basis.

 Current carrying Capacity of Fuse

 Breaking capacity

 I2t value of Fuse

 Response Characteristic
 Rated voltage of Fuse
 Packaging Size

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Other Types of Fuses

 Cartridge fuses
Cartridge fuses are used to protect electrical appliances such as motors air-conditions, refrigerator,
pumps etc, where high voltage rating and currents required. They are available up to 600A and 600V
AC & widely used in industries, commercial and domestic distribution panels.
There are two types of Cartridge fuses. 1. General purpose fuse with no time delay and 2. Heavy-
duty cartridge fuses with time delay. Both are available in 250V AC to 600V AC and its rating can be
found on the end cap or knife blade.

Blade Type fuses:

This type of fuses (also known as spade or plug-in fuses) comes in plastic body and two metal caps
to fit in the socket. Mostly, they used in automobiles for wiring and short circuit protection. Blade
Type fuses: used in automobiles

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Types of fuses include the simple re-wirable fuses, Resettable (SMD) fuses, Axial fuses, Thermal
fuses, HRC (High Rupturing Capacity), High Voltage fuses etc

Resettable Fuses |Image Credit: Wikipedia

Resettable Fuses:

Resettable fuse is a device, which can be used as multiple times without replacing it. They open the
circuit, when an over current event occurs and after some specific time they connect the circuit
again. Polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known as a resettable
fuse, poly-switch or poly-fuse) is a passive electronic component used to protect against short
current faults in electronic circuits.
Application of such fuses is overcome where manually replacing of fuses is difficult or almost
impossible, e.g. fuse in the nuclear system or in aerospace system.

Resettable Fuses |Image Credit: Wikipedia

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

HRC Fuse (High Rupturing Capacity Fuse) and its Types:

This type of fuse contains a fuse wire in it, which carries the short circuit current safely for a given
time period. During this period, if fault is removed, then it does not blow off otherwise it will melt
and remove the circuit from electrical supply hence, the circuit remains safe.

The common material, which is used to make an HRC fuse is glass, though this aspect is not always
the case. Other chemical compounds are also used in HRC fuse manufacturing and construction
based on different factors. Its external enclosure is made fully airtight in order to avoid the effect of
atmosphere on the fuse materials. The major objection on HRC fuse is low and uncertain breaking
capacity of semi-enclosed fuse.

Fig: HRC Fuses |Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org

Construction and Operations of HRC fuse:

HRC Fuse consists of highly heat resistant material (such as ceramic) body having metal-end caps,
which is welded by silver current carrying element. The fuse body internal space is completely
packed with a filling powder. The material, which has filled the inside space, may be plaster of
Plaster of Paris, quartz, chalk, marble, dust and cooling mediums etc. Thus, it carries normal current
without overheating. The heat being produced vaporizes the silver melted element. Chemical
reaction taking place between silver vapor and filling powder results in high resistance substance,
which helps in quenching the arc in fuse.

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Name of School : SELECT

Fig: HRC Fuse Construction and Operation|Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org

Types of HRC Fuses:

 NH Fuse
 Din type
 Blade contact
NH Type H.R.C Fuses:
NH fuse provides overload and short circuit protection for low and medium voltage. They provide
backup protection to motor starters and other equipment against short circuit and overload. They
are light in weight with compact dimension.

Din Type HRC Fuses:

Din type fuses are available in wide range of rated currents. DIN fuse are used for different
purposes with their characteristic at different temperature condition. They types of fuses
are available for different voltages level and can be used in transformer protection even

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

where there is no LV (Low-Voltage) Secondary or backup protection. They have excellent clearing
capability of ideal low over current with short-circuit performance. Other uses and application of
DIN fuses are in air and gas insulated switchgear, mining, transformers and Feeder sectionalizing.

Blade Type HRC Fuses:

This type of fuses (also known as spade or plug-in fuses) comes in plastic body and two metal caps
to fit in the socket. Mostly, they used in automobiles for wiring and short circuit protection. They
are light in weight. It contains low cutoff current. They are also used for short circuit and backup
protection of motors. They are available in different sizes and shapes with different current rating
capacity, which print on the top.

Fig: Types of HRC Fuses |Image Credit: www.electricaltechnology.org

Re-wirable Fuses:

Rewirable fuse is also known as “kit-kat fuse”. It is a simple reusable fuse used in the houses, offices
and in the protection of outdoor distribution transformers. It is a fully enclosed type fuse and is
available in a wide range of ratings. The fuse when blown out can be reused after replacing the fuse
element and the circuit can be restored quickly and easily. Renewable fuses are simple in
construction and operation but less reliable than HRC fuses.

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Construction of Fuse with Fuse Holder:

Renewable fuse consists of a base and a separate fuse element carrier made of porcelain. The base
consists of two terminals one for incoming supply and the other for the outgoing supply. Similarly
fuse carrier also contains two terminals between which fuse element is connected. Usually one or
more strands of fuse wires are used as fuse element. The fuse base and the carrier are designed
such that each terminals of base coincides with a terminal of the fuse element. The circuit will be
closes only if the fuse carrier is inserted into the base and the fuse element is continuous.

Fig: Fuse Holders

Terminologies

 Rated voltage (Un) – the maximum nominal voltage that the fuse-link is designed to interrupt.
The fuse-link may have an a.c. rating, a d.c. rating or both
 Rated current (In) – the maximum value of current that the fuse-link will carry continuously
without deterioration under specified conditions
 Rated breaking Capacity – is the value of prospective current that a fuse is capable of breaking
at a stated voltage under prescribed conditions of use and behaviour. The fuse link may have an
a.c. breaking capacity, a d.c. breaking capacity or both and this is the maximum fault current that
the fuse-link is certified to break
 Conventional non-fusing current (Inf) – is the value of current specified which the fuse-link is
capable of carrying for a specified time (conventional time) without melting

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

 Conventional fusing current (If) – is the value of current specified (usually 1.6 x In) which causes
operation of the fuse-link within a specified time (conventional time). This was previously known
as the ‘minimum fusing current’
 Conventional Time – the time specified for which the fuse-link shall: a) Carry the conventional
non-fusing current without operating and b) Operate within when carrying the conventional
fusing current.
Conventional times for gG, gM, gU, gR and gS fuse-links are
 1 hour for ratings of 63A and below
 2 hours for ratings above 63A and up to 160A
 3 hours for ratings above 160A and up to 400A
 4 hours for ratings above 400A
 Minimum Breaking Current – The minimum value of current that the fuse-link can satisfactorily
interrupt at rated voltage
 Pre-arcing time (melting time) – the interval of time between the beginning of a current large
enough to cause a break in the fuse element and the instant when an arc is initiated
 Arcing time (of a fuse-link) – the interval of time between the instant of the initiation of the arc
in a fuse and the instant of final arc extinction in that fuse
 Operating time (total clearing time) – sum of the pre-arcing time and the arcing time
 Power dissipation (of a fuse-link) – The power released in a fuse-link carrying a stated value of
electric current (usually rated current) under prescribed conditions of use and behaviour.

Table for Standard Wire Gauge

(A) For Copper as Fuse Wire:

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Workshop
Lab Subject Code : EEE1003
Name of School : SELECT

(B) For Lead-tin Alloy Fuse Wire:

(C) Tinned Copper Fuse Wires:

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT
Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Fusing Factor:

The ratio of minimum fusing current and the current rating of fusing element

Fusing Factor Class Fusing Factor Application

P 1-1.25 Semi-conductor protection
Q1 1.25-1.5 General purpose;
Now replaced by utilization
category gG which includes a
cable overload test
Q2 1.5-1.75
R ≥ 1.75 Motor starter short protection;
Now replaced by utilization
category gM

Breaking Range and Utilization Category of Fuses:

The first letter indicates the breaking range:

 “g” fuse-links (full-range breaking capacity fuse-link, typically used for overload and short circuit
protection)
 “a” fuse-links (partial-range breaking capacity fuse-link, typically used for short circuit protection
only)

The second letter indicates the utilization category; this letter defines with accuracy the time-
current characteristics, conventional times and currents

Utilization Classes:

The following Utilization Classes are identified for fuses:

 gG - Full range breaking capability, general applications

 gM - Full range breaking capability, motor circuit protection
 aM - Partial range breaking capability, motor applications
 aR/gR - Semiconductor protection, fast acting
 gS - Semiconductor protection including cable overload protection

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
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Fuse Types & Applications

Table: Application Chart for Choice of Fuses

Fuse-link characteristics

Time-current characteristic:

It is a curve showing the pre-arcing (melting), or operating, time as a function of current. The time-
current curve has a basic tolerance of ±10% in terms of current

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Workshop
Lab Subject Code : EEE1003
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Cut-off characteristic (peak current):

It is a curve showing the cut-off current as a function of prospective current. Cut-off current is the
maximum instantaneous value of current let-through by the fuse-link during one half cycle of
operation under the most onerous conditions of power factor and asymmetry. Note that the
prospective current is expressed in kA r.m.s, whereas the cut-off current is peak kA, so current
limitation does occur even when the cut-off current appears to exceed the prospective current.

I2t characteristic:

It is a curve or chart showing values of ‘pre-arcing’ and ‘operating’ let-through energy as a function
of prospective current and voltage, I²t is proportional to energy and is measured in amperes-
squared-seconds (A²s).

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
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Additional Major Aspects of Fuse Rating Selection:

 Trip Characteristics:
 Quick Acting (F)
 Time Lag (T)
 Time-lag fuses trip at a slower rate at high currents

 Inrush Current:
 Many applications will have inrush or peak currents at start-up and sometimes during normal
operation
 Inrush current in the application should be measured and used to calculate the proper fuse
I2t value
 I2t is the amount of heat energy, in terms of current and time, required to melt the fuse link

Steps for obtaining the Fuse Rating due to Inrush Current:

Step 1: Choose the appropriate waveform that replicates the inrush current related to the
application

Some of the standard wave-shapes are shown in Figure:

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Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Step 2: Calculation of the I2t-value of the application

Application example: Inrush current peak: Ip = 13 A, τ= 0.006 s

Step 3: Considering Pulse Deration Factor

 Continuous exposure to pulses of high current could prematurely age the fuse

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Workshop
Lab Subject Code : EEE1003
Name of School : SELECT

 The number of pulses the fuse would be exposed to in the application should also be considered
when choosing a fuse

Application example: Total number of pulses in life cycle: 10,000

Step 4: Selection of the appropriate Fuse Rating based on the I 2t graph of the relevant
manufacturer

Following are the most common applications related to utility of fuses:

Motors, Air-conditioners, Home distribution boards, General electrical appliances and devices,
Laptops, Cell phones, Game systems, Digital cameras, LCD monitors, Power convertors, Scanners etc

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Circuit Diagram:

Procedure for Calculating Fuse Rating and Range Selection:

A. Traditional Method:
Step 1: For the given application use the Fusing Factor to determine the nearest fuse rating
Step 2: Obtain the appropriate gauge (SWG) of the fuse link (for low rating – tinned lead
and for higher current ratings – tinned copper)
Step 3: Check the gauge with gauge measurement slider
Step 4: Install the rewirable fuse link into the fuse holder
B. Utilizing Characteristic Curves:
Step 1: For the given application use the application chart to determine the application
category of fuse
Step 2: Use the appropriate Current – Time characteristic curve to fix the fuse rating
Step 3: Obtain the appropriate gauge (SWG) of the fuse link (for low rating – tinned lead
and for higher current ratings – tinned copper)
Step 4: Check the gauge with gauge measurement slider
Step 5: Install the rewirable fuse link into the fuse holder

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Exp. 2 - Study of Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) and

Earth leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB)

Aim: Study the applications, types and characteristics of various types of MCBs and ELCBs

MCBs or Miniature Circuit Breakers are electromechanical devices which protect an electric circuit
from an overcurrent. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit, may result from short circuit, overload
or faulty design.

An MCB is a better alternative to a fuse since it does not require replacement once an overload is
detected. Unlike fuse, an MCB can be easily operated and thus offers improved operational safety
and greater convenience without incurring large operating cost.

MCBs are popularly used for load break, protection and isolation of a sub-circuit including motor
sub-circuits, lighting circuits and control circuits. The main usage area of MCBs is low voltage (LV)
side, i.e., mainly in domestic, light-industrial or commercial applications.

These are manufactured in 1, 2, 3 & 4 pole versions of different current and voltage ratings. Similar
to the HRC fuses, these are used for performing two major functions such as over current protection
and short-circuit protection.

Miniature Circuit Breakers are used to protect lower current circuits and have the following
specifications

 Current rating - Amperes

 Short Circuit Rating - Kilo Amperes (kA)
 Operating Characteristics - B, C or D Curves
Miniature Circuit Breakers are usually available in the range of 0.5A to 100A. An MCB's short circuit
rating is given in kiloamps (kA), and this indicates the level of its ability to work. For example a
domestic MCB would normally have a 6kA fault level, whereas those used in an industrial
application may need a unit with a 10kA fault capability.

Working Principle of MCB

The operation of the MCB includes two stages, i.e., thermal operation and short circuit operation.
The former operation based on the thermal effect of over current while the later operation is based
on the electromagnetic effect of over current.

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All MCBs operate on the air-break principle where the arc between the contacts is forced into the
splitter plates through arc runners. This causes to spilt single arc into a series of arcs and then
extinguishes the arc by extracting the energy from the arc and by cooling it.

With the use of bimetallic strip, thermal operation is achieved in case overload conditions. When
overload current flows through the MCB, the bimetallic strip gets heated and causes to deflect. In
doing so, it moves the trip lever and releases the latch mechanism and hence the contacts open
under spring mechanism.

There are two arrangement of operation of an MCB. One due to thermal effect of over current and
other due to electromagnetic effect of over current. The thermal operation of MCB is achieved with
a bimetallic strip.

Whenever continuous over electric current flows through MCB, the bimetallic strip is heated and
deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip releases mechanical latch. As this mechanical
latch is attached with operating mechanism, it causes to open the MCB contacts.

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During the short circuit conditions, the large fault current energizes the solenoid and the magnetic
field of the solenoid attracts the plunger which in turn strikes the trip lever and hence the
immediate release of the latch mechanism.

The arc is produced during the separation of the contacts at overload as well as short circuit
conditions. This arc is moved into the arc-cute stack under the influence of a magnetic field. So the
arc broken down into partial arcs in arc chutes and they no longer exist due to the voltage drop of
the arcs.

Types of MCB

MCBs are of following types

1. Single Pole
2. 1 Pole (with N)
3. 2 Pole (DP)
4. 3 Pole (TP)
5. 3 Pole with N (TPN)
6. 4 Pole (4P)

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MCB Characteristic Curves

Characteristic curve is the curve between release current and tripping time. MCB have
Type B characteristic curves.

 Type C characteristic curves.

 Type D characteristic curves.
The characteristics are depicted below,

MCB Characteristic Curves

The classification of Type B, C or D is based on fault current rating at which magnetic operation
occurs to provide short time protection (typically less than 100ms) against short circuits. It is
important that equipment having high inrush currents should not cause the circuit-breaker to trip
unnecessarily, and yet the device should trip in the event of a short-circuit current that could
damage the circuit cables.

Fig: Types of MCB based on Charactersitic Curves

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Type B:

These devices are generally suitable for domestic applications. They may also be used in light
commercial applications where switching surges are low or non-existent. Type B devices are
designed to trip at fault currents of 3-5 tomes rated current. For example a 10A device will trip at
30-50A.

Type C:

Such devices are the normal choice for commercial and industrial applications where fluorescent
lighting, motors etc. are in use. Type C devices are designed to trip at 5-10 times In (50-100A for a
10A device).

Type D:

These have more limited applications, normally in Industrial use where high inrush currents may be
expected. Examples include large battery charging systems, winding motors, transformers, X-ray
machines and some types of discharge lighting. Type D devices are designed to trip at 10-20 times
(100-200A for a 10A device).

Normal cable ratings relate to continuous service under specified installation conditions. Cables will,
of course, carry higher currents for a short time without suffering permanent damage. Type B and C
circuit breakers can generally be selected to achieve tripping times that will protect the circuit
conductors against normal surge currents in accordance with BS 7671. This is more difficult to
achieve with Type D devices, which may require a lower earth loop impedance (Zs) to achieve tile
operating times required by Regulation 413-02-08.

Surge currents

Surge currents in domestic installations are generally low, so that a Type B device is adequate. For
example Inrush currents associated with one or two fluorescent fittings or the compressor motor in
a refrigerator/freezer are unlikely to cause unwanted tripping. Fluorescent and other discharge
lamps produce surge currents and while one or two fluorescent are unlikely to cause a problem, the
block switching of a number of fluorescent lamps.

A shop, office or factory can produce substantial inrush currents. For this reason Type C devices are
recommended for these applications.

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The magnitude of the surge current will depend on the lamp rating, starting system and type of
control gear used in the luminaires. Reputable MCB manufacturers produce tables listing the
number of fittings of a particular make and type that can be used with their devices.

Unwanted Tripping

Sometimes failure of tungsten filament lamps can trip Type B circuit breakers in domestic and retail
environments. This is caused by high arcing currents occurring at the time of failure and is generally
associated with inferior quality lamps. If possible the user should be encouraged to use better
quality lamps.

A Type C device may be substituted for a Type B device where unwanted tripping persists, especially
in commercial applications. Alternatively it may be possible to use a higher rating Type B MCB, say
10A rather than 6A. Whichever solution is adopted, the installation must be in accordance with BS
7671.

A change from Type C to Type D devices should only be taken after careful consideration of
the installation conditions, in particular the operating times required by Regulation.

Other Considerations:

Some imported products, claiming to have a 6kA short-circuit capacity, had failed dramatically
under test. In contrast the test procedures followed in British ASCTA (Association of Short Circuit
Testing Authorities) laboratories are among the most suitable in the world.

Type B devices should only be used in domestic situations where high inrush currents are unlikely
and Type C devices should be used in all other situations.

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Table: Operating time ranges and current multiples for MCBs over fixed current section of
characteristic

Type B MCB

 This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of three to five times its rated current.
 These are normally used for resistive or small inductive loads where switching surges are very
small
 Therefore, these are suitable for residential or light commercial installations

 Lighting circuits (non-inductive/ small inductive loads)

Type C MCB
 This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of five to ten times its rated current.
 These are normally used for high inductive loads where switching surges are high such as
small motors and florescent lighting. In such cases, type C MCBs are preferred to handle
higher value of short circuit currents.
 Therefore, these are suitable for highly inductive commercial and industrial installations.
 Air conditioners

 Residential / Commercial Pumps

 Fans

 Lighting which uses ballasts with an inductive component

Type D MCB
 This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of ten to twenty five times its rated current.
These are normally used for very high inductive loads where high inrush current are very
frequent. These are suitable for specific industrial and commercial applications.
 The common examples of such applications include x-ray machines, UPS systems,
industrial welding equipment, large winding motors, etc.

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Table: Typical applications based on types of MCB

Fig: Time/current characteristics of a typical MCB-Type C

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Study of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

An ECLB is a kind of safety device used for installing an electrical device with high earth impedance
to avoid shock. These devices identify small stray voltages of the electrical device on the metal
enclosures and intrude the circuit if a dangerous voltage is identified. The main purpose of Earth
leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans & animals due to electric shock.

Early earth leakage circuit breakers were voltage detecting devices, which are now getting switched
over with current sensing devices (RCD/RCCB). Generally, the current sensing devices termed as
RCCB and voltage detecting devices named as Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB). Forty years ago,
the first current ECLBs were introduced and about sixty years ago the first voltage ECLB was
introduced. For several years, both the voltage and current operated ELCBs were both referred to as
ELCBs due to its simple name to remember. But the applications of these two devices gave growth
to the significant mix-up in the electrical industry.

An ELCB is a specific type of latching relay that has a structure’s incoming mains power associated
through its switching contacts so that the circuit breaker detaches the power in an unsafe condition.
The ELCB notices fault currents of human or animal to the earth wire in the connection it guards. If
ample voltage seems across the ELCB’s sense coil, it will turn off the power and remain off until
manually rearrange.

Types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

There are two types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

 Voltage Operated ELCB

 Current Operated ELCB

Voltage Operated ELCB

The working principle of voltage ELCB is quite simple. One terminal of the relay coil is connected to
the metal body of the equipment to be protected against earth leakage and other terminal is
connected to the earth directly.

Page | 30
 Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

If any insulation failure occurs or live phase wire touches the metal body, of the equipment, there
must be a voltage difference appears across the terminal of the coil connected to the equipment
body and earth. This voltage difference produces a current to flow the relay coil.

If the voltage difference crosses, a predetermined limit, the current through the relay becomes
sufficient to actuate the relay for tripping the associated circuit breaker to disconnect the power
supply to the equipment.

Fig: Generic scheme for operation of voltage operated ELCB

Limitations of Voltage Operated ELCB:

 Typically these devices can detect and protect only that equipment or installation with which it is
attached. It cannot detect any leakage of insulation in other parts of the system.

Current ELCB or Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB):

In this CB, one CT (Current Transformer) core is energized from both phase wire and neutral wire.
The polarity of the phase winding and neutral winding on the core is so chosen that, in normal
condition mmf of one winding opposes that of another. As it is assumed that, in normal operating
conditions the current goes through the phase wire will be returned via neutral wire if there’s no
leakage in between. As both currents are same, the resultant mmf produced by these two currents is
also zero-ideally.
Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Fig: General Scheme for single phase current operated ELCB (or) RCCB

The relay coil is connected with another third winding wound on the CT core as secondary. The
terminals of this winding are connected to a relay system. In normal operating condition there would
not be any current circulating in the third winding as here is no flux in the core due to equal phase
and neutral current. When any earth leakage occurs in the equipment, there may be part of phase
current passes to the earth, through the leakage path instead of returning via mental wire. Hence
the magnitude of the neutral current passing through the RCCB is not equal to phase current passing
through it.

In the scheme depicted in figure below, a three winding transformer which comprises two
primary windings and one secondary winding is utilized. Neutral & line wires work as the
two main windings. A wire wound coil is the minor winding. The flow of current through the
minor winding is “0” in the stable condition. In this condition, the flux owed to the current
over the phase wire will be deactivated by the current through the neutral wire, meanwhile
the current, which flows from the phase will be refunded to the neutral.

When an error occurs, a slight current will run into the ground also. This creates confusion
between line and neutral current and that makes an unstable magnetic field. This
encourages a current flow through the minor winding, which is associated with that of the
sensing circuit. This will detect the outflow and direct signal to tripping system.

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Name of Laboratory : Electrical Workshop
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Fig: Typical wiring layout of Current operated ELCB

In a three phase Residual Current Circuit Breaker or Current ELCB, when this difference crosses a
predetermined value, the current in the third secondary winding of the core becomes sufficiently
high to actuate the electromagnetic relay attached to it.

Fig: General Scheme for three phase current operated ELCB (or) RCCB

This relay causes tripping of the associated circuit breaker to disconnect the power supply to the
equipment under protection. Residual current circuit breaker is sometimes also referred as residual
current device (RCD) when we consider the device by disassociating the circuit breaker attached to
RCCB. That means, the entire parts of RCCB except circuit breaker are referred as RCD.

Page | 33
Name of Laboratory : Electrical Safety
Lab Subject Code : EEE1021
Name of School : SELECT

Advantages of Voltage Operated ELCB:

 ELCBs are less sensitive to fault conditions and have few nuisance trips.
 While current and voltage on the ground line generally fault current from a live wire, this is not
continuously the case, therefore there are conditions in which an ELCB can annoyance trip.
 When an installation of the electrical instrument has two contacts to earth, a near high current
lightning attack will root a voltage gradient in the earth, offering the ELCB sense coil with
sufficient voltage to source it to a trip.
 These ELCBs are the necessity for a second connection and the opportunity that any extra
connection to ground on the threatened system can inactivate the detector.
Disadvantages of Voltage Operated ELCB:

 They do not sense errors that don’t permit current through the CPC to the ground rod.
 They do not permit an only building system to be simply divided into many sections with
independent error protection because earthing systems are typically used mutual earth, Rod.
 They may be skipped by outside voltages from something associated with the earthing system
like as metal pipes, a TN-C-S or a TN-S earth mutual neutral and earth.
 As electrical leaky utilizations like washing machines, some water heaters and cookers might
source the ELCB to trip.
 ELCBs present an extra resistance & an extra point of failure in the earthing system.

References:

[1] IEC 60269-Parts 1 to 5: 2011, “Low Voltage Fuses”

*2+ NFPA 70:2014, “National Electric Code”

*3+ British Electrical Manufacturers Association Guide (BEAMA), “Guide to Low Voltage Switch and
Fuse-gear Devices”

[4] BS 7671:2001 (2004), "On-Site Guide- Wiring Regulations", 16th Edition, IEE, 2004

[5] Brian Scaddan, "IEE Wiring Regulations- Explained and Illustrated", 6th Edition, Newnes, 2002

*6+ IS 9926; 1981, “Fuse wires used in re-wirable type electric fuses up to 650 volts”

[7] Weblink: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cstu2F03P_Q – “Miniature Circuit Breaker- How

does it work?”

[8] Weblink: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zH3gsVOtw2c – “Working of ELCB (How

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker work) and Working of RCCB

Page | 34
 Exp. 7 Study of Various Types of Earthing

Sizing of Pipe and Plate Earthing:

Calculation of Plate Earthing as per IS 3043:

Calculate Resistance of Bared Earthing Strip:

 (b) Sizing of Earth Strip for Earthing Arrangement:

Calculate Min. Cross Section area of Earthing Conductor:

GI earthing conductor sizes for various equipment:
Selection of Earthing System:
 Typical Arrangement of Plate Electrode

References:

1. IS 3043: 1987- Reaffirmed 2006, “Code of Practice for Earthing”

2. IEEE 80: 2013, “IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding”
3. IEEE 141: 1993, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants”
 Exp. 8 Sizing and Selection of Neutral Link

Theoretical Background:

In a star-connected three-phase system, the current in the neutral conductor is the vector
sum of the three line currents. With a balanced sinusoidal three-phase system of currents,
this sum is zero at any point in time and the neutral current is therefore zero (Figure 1).

In a three-phase power system feeding linear single-phase loads the current in the neutral
conductor is rarely zero because the load on each phase is different. Typically the
difference is small and is in any case far lower than the line currents (Figure 2).

Where non-linear loads are being supplied, even when the load is well balanced across the
phases, there is likely to be substantial current in the neutral conductor. With non-
sinusoidal currents, the sum of the three line currents, even with the same rms value, may
be different from zero. For example, currents with equal rms values and square shape will
result in a significant neutral current (Figure 3).
In fact, the third harmonic components (and all other harmonics where the order is a
multiple of three - the sixth, ninth, etc.) of the line currents are all in phase with each other
(i.e. they are homopolar components), so they sum arithmetically rather than cancelling by
vector addition (see Figure 4).

The neutral current amplitude may exceed the phase current in amplitude at the supply
frequency due to the third harmonic.
The requirements of the Standard IEC 60364-5-52:2001, ‘Electrical Installations in Buildings
– Part 5-52: Selection and Erection of Electrical Equipment – Wiring Systems’, is concerned
with the safe installation of circuits from the point of view of installation techniques and
conductor sizing. The installation method frequently affects the thermal conditions in which
the cable operates and so affects the cable carrying capacity of the conductor or circuit.
Where cables of several circuits are installed in the same conduit, trunk or void, the current
carrying capacity of each cable is reduced because of the mutual heating effect. In other
words, the current carrying capacity of a cable is determined by the amount of heat
generated by the current flowing and the amount of heat that can be lost from the cable by
convection. Together, these determine the working temperature of the cable which, of
course, must not exceed that appropriate to the insulation material, 70 °C for thermoplastic
insulation (such as PVC) or 90 °C for thermosetting insulation (such as XLPE). The ratings
and adjustment factors given in the Standard are based on practical tests and theoretical
calculations based on typical conditions and need to be modified in the light of known
installation conditions. Since the presence of triple-N harmonics in the neutral conductor
results in higher heat generation, cable size selection must make allowance for this.
Reference to sizing the neutral conductor in case of non-sinusoidal currents can be found in
IEC 60364-5-524. Clause 524.2 indicates that the neutral conductor shall have at least the
same section as the phase conductors:

 In two-conductor single-phase circuits and for all conductor cross-sections ‹

 In multi-phase circuits and in three conductor single-phase1 circuits when the cross-
section of the phase conductors is equal to or less than 16 mm2 for copper or 25
mm2 for aluminium.
 Clause 524.3 states that, for other multi-phase circuits, the neutral conductor may
have a reduced cross-section if all the following conditions are met:
 The maximum expected current, including harmonics, if any, in the neutral
conductor during normal service is not greater than the current carrying capacity of
the reduced cross-sectional area of the neutral ‹ the neutral conductor is protected
against overcurrent ‹ the size of the neutral is at least 16mm2 in copper or 25mm2
in aluminium.
 These clauses are normative – in other words they provide regulations that must be
followed in order to comply with the Standard. However, complying with these
clauses requires knowledge of the type and number of loads that will be in use after
the installation is put into service – unfortunately, this information is rarely available.
The Standard also includes an informative annex – information provided to help the
designer in the form of guidance and recommendation rather than regulation – that
provides a methodology for sizing cables correctly. This section presents this
guidance with the addition of worked examples and some observations regarding
de-rating in shared ducts and the effects of voltage drops.
Procedure for Calculation/ Computation of Neutral Link Sizing:

Extract of IEC summarizes the procedure for calculation of neutral links:

References:

[1] T M Gruzs: “A survey of neutral currents in three-phase computer power systems”, IEEE
Transaction on industry applications, vol. 26, No. 4 July/August 1990.

[2] IEC 364-5-52 - Electrical Installations in Buildings - Part 5-52: Selection and Erection of
Electrical Equipment - Wiring Systems.
 Exp. 10 Types, Procedure of Operation, Maintenance and

Application of Fire Extinguishers

Classification of Fires:

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) classifies fires into five general categories:

Class A fires are ordinary materials like burning paper, lumber, cardboard, plastics etc.

Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and
common organic solvents used in the laboratory.

Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel
boxes, power tools, hot plates and stirrers. Water can be a dangerous extinguishing medium
for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water mist
extinguisher is used.

Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and
sodium as well as pyrophoric organometallic reagents such as alkyl-lithiums, Grignards and
diethylzinc. These materials burn at high temperatures and will react violently with water,
air, and/or other chemicals.
Class K fires are kitchen fires. This class was added to the NFPA portable extinguishers
Standard 10 in 1998.

Types of Fire Extinguishers:

Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of
the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class B or C fires.
The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could create a
shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Principle & Concepts:

Hand fire extinguishers of this type are usually available in 21⁄2 gal (9.46 L) capacity with a
fire extinguishment rating of 2A. Since the agent used is fresh water, this fire extinguisher
cannot be installed in areas subjected to temperatures below 40°F (4°C). This same type of
fire extinguisher is also manufactured in an antifreeze model charged with an approved
solution that affords protection to temperatures as low as −40°F (−40°C). The fire
extinguisher weighs about 30 lb (14 kg) and has a solid stream range of approximately 35 ft
to 40 ft (10.7 m to 12.2 m) horizontally. This fire extinguisher can be operated
intermittently, but under continuous use it has a discharge time of about 55 seconds. The
operating lever is held in a locked position to prevent accidental discharge while being
carried. Most manufacturers use a ring pin that needs to be pulled out before the operating
lever can be depressed. To do this, it is best for the operator to set the fire extinguisher on
the ground and, while loosely holding the combination handle in one hand, pull out the ring
pin (or release a small latch) with the other hand. The operator then would grasp the hose
and nozzle in one hand and squeeze the discharge lever with the other. Fig. shows the
generic arrangement.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen element of the
fire triangle and also by removing the heat with a very cold discharge. Carbon dioxide can be
used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.

This type of fire extinguisher is primarily intended for use on Class B and Class C fires.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers have a limited range and are affected by draft and wind;
thus, initial application needs to start reasonably close to the fire. On all fires, the discharge
should be directed at the base of the flames. The discharge should be applied to the burning
surface even after the flames are extinguished, to allow added time for cooling and to
prevent possible reflash. The most commonly used method of agent application on
contained flammable liquid fires is to start at the near edge and direct the discharge in a
slow, side-to-side sweeping motion, gradually progressing toward the back of the fire. The
other method is called overhead application. The discharge horn is directed in a dagger or
downward position (at an angle of about 45 degrees) toward the center of the burning area.
Generally, the horn is not moved, as in the other method, because the discharge stream
enters the fire from above and spreads out in all directions over the burning surface. For
spill fires, the side-to-side sweeping motion could give better results. On fires involving
electrical equipment, discharge should be directed at the source of the flames. It is
important to deenergize the equipment as soon as possible to eliminate the potential of
reignition. Carbon dioxide agents are not suitable for use on pressurized fuel fires or cooking
grease fires. The carbon dioxide agent extinguishes by diluting the surrounding atmosphere
with an inert gas so that oxygen levels are kept below the percentage required for
combustion. When this type of fire extinguisher is used in an unventilated space, such as a
small room, closet, or other confined area, prolonged occupancy of that space can result in
the loss of consciousness due to oxygen deficiency. Hand fire extinguishers of this type are
usually available at capacitiesfrom21⁄2 lb to 20lb(1.1kgto9.1kg),having fire extinguishment
ratings from 1-B:C to 10-B:C. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers might have a limited effect on
deep-seated fires in electrical enclosures. Wheeled carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are
usually available in capacities from 50 lb to 100 lb (23 kg to 45kg), having fire
extinguishment ratings from10-B: C to 20-B:C. The carbon dioxide is retained under its own
pressure in a fluid condition at room temperature. The agent isself-expelling and is
discharged by operation of a valve that causes the carbon dioxide to be expelled through a
horn in its vapour and solid phase. To be operated, the fire extinguisher is held in an upright
position, the locking ring pin is pulled, and the operating lever is squeezed. On the smaller 2
lb to 5 lb (0.91 kg to 2.3 kg) models, the discharge horn is attached to the valve assembly by
a metal tube/ swing joint connector. The smaller models are designed to be operated with
one hand. On the larger hand portables, the discharge horn is attached to several feet of
flexible hose. These fire extinguishers require a “two-hand” operation. The minimum
discharge time for hand portables varies from 8 seconds to 30 seconds, depending upon
size. The maximum range of the discharge stream is from 3 ft to 8 ft (1mto2.4m).
Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle. Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the
multipurpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works
by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel. Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite
after apparently being extinguished successfully.

There are two methods whereby a dry chemical agent can be discharged from a fire
extinguisher shell, depending on the basic design of the fire extinguisher. They are the
cartridge/cylinder-operated method and the stored-pressure method. Regardless of fire
extinguisher design, the method of agent application is basically the same. Stored-pressure
fire extinguishers are available in capacities from 1 lb to 30 lb (0.5kgto14kg) for hand fire
extinguishers and 125 kg to 250 lb (57 kg to 113.5 kg) for wheeled fire extinguishers.
Cartridge/cylinder-operated fire extinguishers are available in capacities from 4 lb to 30 lb
(1.8 kg to 14 kg) for hand fire extinguishers and 45 lb to 350 lb (20 kg to 159 kg) for wheeled
fire extinguishers. Dry chemical fire extinguishers are also available in non rechargeable, non
refillable types that contain the agent and expellant gas in a single, non reusable, factory-
filled container. Most drychemicalfireextinguishershavingratingsof20-Bandlesswill discharge
their contents in 8 seconds to 20 seconds. Fire extinguishers with higher ratings could take
as long as 30 seconds. Therefore, since there is little time for experimentation, it is
important that the operator be prepared to apply the agent correctly at the outset. All dry
chemical fire extinguishers can be carried and operated simultaneously and can be
discharged intermittently. The discharge stream has a horizontal range of 5 ft to 30 ft (1.5 m
to 9.2 m), depending on fire extinguisher size. When used on outdoor fires, maximum
effectiveness can be achieved when the direction of the wind is on the back of the operator.

Special long-range nozzles are available where potential fire-fighting conditions could
require greater distance. These nozzles are also useful on pressurized gas or liquid fires, or
where strong winds prevail. All dry chemical agents can be used at the same time that water
(straight stream or fog) is being applied. The use of dry chemical fire extinguishers on wet
energized electrical equipment (such as rain-soaked utility poles, high-voltage switch gear,
and transformers) can aggravate electrical leakage problems. The dry chemical, in
combination with moisture, provides an electrical path that can reduce the effectiveness of
insulation protection. The removal of all traces of dry chemical from such equipment after
extinguishment is recommended.

Wet Chemical

Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the fire
triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel
elements. Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high efficiency
deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A fires in
commercial kitchens.

Fire extinguishers of this type are available in hand portable models of 11⁄2 gal (6 L) and
21⁄2 gal(9.46L).The extinguishing agent can be comprised of, but is not limited to, solutions
of water and potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, potassium citrate, or a combination
of these chemicals (which are conductors of electricity). The liquid agent typically has a pH
of 9.0 or less. On Class A fires, the agent works as a coolant. On Class K fires (cooking oil
fires), the agent forms a foam blanket to prevent reignition. The water content of the agent
aids in cooling and reducing the temperature of the hot oils and fats below their auto
ignition point. The agent, when discharged as a fine spray directly at cooking appliances,
reduces the possibility of splashing hot grease and does not present a shock hazard to the
operator. In recent years, the development of high-efficiency cooking equipment with high-
energy input rates and the widespread use of vegetable oils with high auto-ignition
temperatures have highlighted the need for a new Class K fire extinguisher. The wet
chemical extinguisher was the first extinguisher to qualify to the new Class K requirements.
In addition to offering rapid fire extinguishment, a thick foam blanket is formed to prevent
re-ignition while cooling both the appliance and the hot cooking oil. Wet chemical
extinguishers also offer improved visibility during fire fighting as well as minimizing clean up
afterward.
Clean Agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as the newer and
less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire by interrupting the
chemical reaction and/or removing heat from the fire triangle. Clean agent extinguishers are
effective on Class A, B and C fires. Smaller sized handheld extinguishers are not large enough
to obtain a 1A rating and may carry only a Class B and C rating.

Dry Powder

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by
separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire
triangle. However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only.
They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.
Water Mist

Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent
extinguishers where contamination is a concern. Water mist extinguishers are primarily for
Class A fires, although they are safe for use on Class C fires as well.

Cartridge Operated

Dry Chemical Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire
primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle. Like the stored pressure
dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C
fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel
element on Class A fires. Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to
use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire
to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.
Fire Extinguisher Use- General Aspects:

 It is important to know the locations and the types of extinguishers in your

workplace prior to actually using one.
 Fire extinguishers can be heavy, so it's a good idea to practice picking up and holding
an extinguisher to get an idea of the weight and feel.
 Take time to read the operating instructions and warnings found on the fire
extinguisher label. Not all fire extinguishers look alike.
 Practice releasing the discharge hose or horn and aiming it at the base of an
imagined fire. Do not pull the pin or squeeze the lever. This will break the
extinguisher seal and cause it to lose pressure.
 When it is time to use the extinguisher on a fire, just remember PASS!
 Pull the pin.
 Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the recommended safe distance.
 Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing agent.
 Starting at the recommended distance, Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to side
until the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire area as the fire diminishes.
Watch the area in case of re-ignition.
Fire Extinguisher Use- NFPA 10 Guidelines:
The methods of operation of fire extinguishers are most conveniently arranged by
grouping fire extinguishers according to their expelling means. Five methods in common
use are as follows:
(1) Self-expelling, where the agents have sufficient vapor pressure at normal operating
temperatures to expel themselves
(2) Gas cartridge or cylinder, where expellant gas is confined in a separate pressure
vessel until an operator releases it to pressurize the fire extinguisher shell
(3) Stored-pressure, where the extinguishing material and expellant are kept in a single
container
(4) Mechanically pumped, where the operator provides expelling energy by means of a
pump and the vessel containing the agent is not pressurized
(5) Hand-propelled, where the material is applied with a scoop, pail, or bucket
Basic Steps to Operate Extinguishers:
The following are the basic steps necessary to put a fire extinguisher into operation:
(1) Recognition of a device as a fire extinguisher
(2) Selection and suitability of a fire extinguisher
(3) Transport of a fire extinguisher to the fire
(4) Actuation of the fire extinguisher
(5) Application of the extinguishing agent to the fire

References:
*1+ NFPA 10: 2013, “Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers”
[2] IS 1641-1988, Reaffirmed 2002, “Code of Practice for Fire Safety of Building: General
Principles of Fire Grading and Classification”
*3+ IS 2190:2010, “Selection, Installation and Maintenance of First Aid Fire Extinguishers
– Code of Practice”